WHITE, K., CHILES, C., UGOH, L., MARAIS, I., & FERNS, I.

[DOCUMENT TITLE]

GROUP 3 GRID
OMDE 601

Distance Education
WAVE 1: Correspondence/Independent Study

Socio -Cultural

Systems Model

Educational Theory

*Mining

*Home Study

*Farming

(Moore & Kearsley, 2012)

*Education of Women

*Independent Study

*Pre-Industrial Era:
Conversational Model
Public debate is central in
learning experience

(Moore & Kearsley, 2012)

(Peters, 2001)

*Society to Encourage Study

At Home (1873) (Moore &

*Chautauqua Movement

Kearsley 2012)

(Moore & Kearsley, 2012)

*Correspondence Education
in the Armed Forces (1941)

*International
Correspondence School
(Moore & Kearsley, 2012)

(Moore & Kearsley, 2012)

*Industrial Revolution
* Mass printing
* Popular demand
* Money

Technology

* (1873) The University of

Cape Good Hope Correspondence Study
(Peters, 2001)

*Industrial Era (17501850): Teacher Model

Objective Driven. Teaching
via text. Mass production
of information (Peters, 2001)
*Victorian Era (1832-1901):
Correspondence Model
Independent study
(Peters, 2001)

Authors/Important People

Instructional Pedagogy

*1873 - Anna Eliot Ticknor

Est 1st Home Study School
(Moore, and Kearsley, 2012)

*Mail/Postal system
*Railroads

*Individualized
instruction at a distance

*Printing Press

*Asynchronous mode

*Industrial Revolution

*Personal Tone in letters

(Empathy)
*Answering Behavior
* Learning by reading
printed material
(Bates, 2001)

*1878 - Richard Moulton

Responsible for the idea of using
the mail for education
(Moore, and Kearsley, 2012)

* 1878 Bishop John H. Vincent,

started the Chautauqua Literary &
Scientific Circle, a four year
correspondence course
(Moore and Kearsley, 2012)

*1892 - William R. Harper

started the worlds first university
DE program (Moore and Kearsley, 2012)
*1941- 1943 USAFI
*Brje Holmberg - empathy, guided
pedagogic conversation

WHITE, K., CHILES, C., UGOH, L., MARAIS, I., & FERNS, I.

[DOCUMENT TITLE]

GROUP 3 GRID
OMDE 601

Distance Education
WAVE 2: Systems Approach to Education

Socio-Cultural
*Open University UK - greater
access to higher learning (Bates,
2011)
*Giving access to previously
excluded individuals (Miller,
2010)
*All support systems aimed at
non-traditional students/ social
justice mandate (Miller, 2010)
*Massification of DE where
education is a commodity to be
consumed (Shale, 2010)
*Continued low esteem of DE
(Shale, 2010)

Systems Model
*Academic tutors

Educational Theory

*Private instructors

*Andragogy: understanding

*Further industrialisation

adult learning (Bullen, 1995)

*From Industrial era to

information era (Miller, 2010)

*Transactional distance
between student and
teacher

*Dedicated DE universities
(Shale, 2010)
*Mega-universities (Shale,
2010)
*From DE to open distance
education (Shale, 2010)
*Massification of DE (Shale,
2010)

* Provide more students W/

access to education

* OU & economies of scale to

address Massification of HE

*Increase in white collar workers

* Dual mode Institutions

*Symbolic learning: learners

absorb what is taught to
them, as opposed to
situated learning where
learners are taught to make
their own meaning
(Jonassen et al., 2010).

* Labor moving to cities

Technology
*correspondence learning
*study centers (Shale, 2010)
*multimedia mix: radio, TV
*specially-designed print products
*computer-mediated
communication, collaboration, and
learning allowed for more creativity
in course design (Jonassen et al.,
1995)
*telecourses - 1st via TV then via
low-cost videos cassettes (Miller,
2010)
*Moved from local geographic
delivery via land-line delivery to
satelite delivery that removed
geographic limits (Miller, 2010)
*public broadcasters in the United
States
*Interactive tele-conferencing
(Miller,2010)

Instructional Pedagogy
*Interdisciplinary courses
*The Academics made decisions
about curriculum/teaching methods
(Bates, 2011)
*Because of computer-mediated
tech, teachers are no longer the sole
source of knowledge (Jonassen et
al., 2010)
*Collaboration and conversation
between dyads or larger groups
(Jonassen et al., 2010)
*Blended approach where
telecourse replaced classroom
lectures, but without eliminating
classroom sessions (Miller, 2010)
*Course teams: academic, graphic &
instructional designer (Shale, 2010)

Authors/Important
People
*1969 Tony Bates Open University UK
*1980 Malcom
Knowles: andragogy adult learning
*1972 Otto Peters: DE
is the most
industrialized form of
education

WHITE, K., CHILES, C., UGOH, L., MARAIS, I., & FERNS, I.

[DOCUMENT TITLE]

GROUP 3 GRID
OMDE 601

Distance Education
WAVE 3:

Socio-Cultural

Systems Model

Educational Theory

*Learning in a Knowledge
Building Community

(Moore & Kearsley, 2012)

*Community of Inquiry:
educational experience
influeced by social, teacher
and cognitive presence

*Virtual Universities

(Anderson, 2008)

* Technological
Affordances

*Home Schooling

*Social Constructivist &

Inquiry oriented
approaches (ClevelandInnes & Garrison, 2010,
p.109)

*Open Universities

*Learning Equivalancy
Theory: interaction between
teacher, student, content
(Anderson, 2010)

*Globalization

Technology

*Consortia (Networks of
universities and colleges)

*K-12 Virtual Schools

*Dual Mode Institutions
* For Profit Virtual
Institutions

Instructional Pedagogy

*Constructivism: building
knowledge through
discussion (Anderson & Dron,
2011)

Authors/Important
People

*Laptops

*Online Education

*Smart Phones

*2003 - Anderson, T.

*Massice Open Online

Courses (MOOCs)

Learning Equivalency
Theorem

*Tablets
*Desk Tops
*Learning Management
Systems
*Multimedia Integration

*Course Authoring
Software
* Collaborative Tools
(Google Drive, Discussion
Boards, Chats, E-Mails,
Text Messaging)

*Digitized learning
environments: learning
through hypertext and
hypermedia (Peters,
2010)
*Computer Conferences

*2013 - Akyol, Z.
Community of Inquiry
*2000 - Otto Peters:
First Pedagogical
Analysis

WHITE, K., CHILES, C., UGOH, L., MARAIS, I., & FERNS, I.

[DOCUMENT TITLE]

GROUP 3 GRID
OMDE 601

Distance Education
CURRENT TRENDS:

Socio-Cultural
*Powerful yet low-cost
communication
(Anderson, 2010)
*move from content scarcity
to abandunce (Anderson,
2010)
*Ability to synthesize &
curate large quantities of
data by autonomous agents
(Anderson, 2010)
*Massive open online
learning courses (Schwier,
2011)

Technology
*The semantic web
*The Internet
*Web2.0 and 3.0 tools
*Social media
*Smart-phones, smart
watches, e-readers etc.
*Learning Management
Systems
*Learning analytics (Schwier,
2011)

Systems Model
* Learner-centric view:
Students play a
significant role in the
learning process (Hase &
Kenyon, 2011)
*Knowledge economy:
endless opportunities to
learn and apply new
skills
(Blaschke, 2012)

Instructional Pedagogy
* Network infused
environments (Anderson,
2010)
*Blended and online
learning
*Connectivism
*Learner-centered
learning (Hase & Kenyon,
2000)

Educational Theory
*Connectivism: networked
learning (Anderson &
Dron, 2011)
*Heutagogy: selfdetermined learning (Hase
& Kenyon, 2011)
*Complexity theory:
(Anderson, 2010)
*Pedagogy of nearness
(Anderson, 2010)
*Net-centric learning
theories (Anderson, 2010)

Authors/Important
People
* George Siemens Connectivism, Learning
Analytics
* Terry Anderson - Interaction
Equivalency Theory
* Lisa Blaschke - Life Long
Learning
* Hase & Kenyon- Heutagogy
* Stephen Downes Connectivism, MOOCs
* Otto Peters - Importance of
digitized environments

WHITE, K., CHILES, C., UGOH, L., MARAIS, I., & FERNS, I.

[DOCUMENT TITLE]

References

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