PRODUCTO N 2 HUERTAS PREZ, CARLOS HUGO

1.

Desbloquear esquema HR.

2.

Conectarse a HR y consultar catlogo

3.

Describir estructura de una tabla

4.

Creacin de un esquema de usuario de bd

Creacin de Tablas

Restricciones

1. AGREGAR UNA FILA DE DATOS A UNA TABLA

INSERT INTO HR.DEPARTMENTS (DEPARTMENT_ID, DEPARTMENT_NAME,MANAGER_ID,
LOCATION_ID) VALUES(280,'PUBLIC RELATIONS1',100,1700);
SELECT * FROM DEPARTMENTS;

2. INSERTAR VALORES NULOS

INSERT INTO HR.DEPARTMENTS VALUES(290,'PUBLIC RELATIONS2',(NULL),(NULL));
SELECT * FROM DEPARTMENTS;

Mtodo Implcito

INSERT INTO DEPARTMENTS (DEPARTMENT_ID,DEPARTMENT_NAME) VALUES(300,'RR.HH');

SELECT * FROM DEPARTMENTS;

3. INSERTAR VALORES ESPECIALES

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEES INSERT INTO HR.EMPLOYEES
VALUES(207,'DEN','RAPLEALY','DRAPHEAL','515.127.4461',TO_DATE(HIRE_DATE,'01-FEB2000'),'MK_MAN',11000,(NULL),100,30);
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES;

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEES(EMPLOYEE_ID,FIRST_NAME,LAST_NAME,EMAIL,PHONE_NUMBER,HIRE_DATE,JOB_ID,SALARY,COMMISSION_PCT,MANAGER_ID,DEPARTMENT_ID)

VALUES(113,'LUIS','POPP','LPOPP','512.124.4565',SYSDATE,'AC_ACCOUNT',6900,(NULL),205,100);
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES;

4. INSERTAR VALORES MEDIANTE VARIABLES DE SUSTITUCIN

INSERT INTO DEPARTMENTS(DEPARTMENT_ID,DEPARTMENT_NAME,LOCATION_ID)
VALUES (&DEPARTMENT_ID,'&DEPARTMENT_NAME',&LOCATION_ID);

5. MODIFICAR LAS FILAS EN UNA TABLA

UPDATE EMPLOYEES SET DEPARTMENT_ID=70 WHERE EMPLOYEE_ID=113;
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES;

6. ELIMINAR FILAS DE UNA TABLA

DELETE FROM DEPARTMENTS WHERE DEPARTMENT_NAME='PUBLIC RELATIONS1';
SELECT * FROM DEPARTMENTS;

7. VALOR POR DEFECTO

7.1 Default en una Insercin
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENTS(DEPARTMENT_ID,DEPARTMENT_NAME,MANAGER_ID)
VALUES(301,'ENGINEERING',DEFAULT);
SELECT * FROM DEPARTMENTS;

7.2 Default en una Actualizacin

UPDATE DEPARTMENTS SET MANAGER_ID=DEFAULT WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID=10;
SELECT * FROM DEPARTMENTS;

SELECCIONA TODAS LAS FILAS Y COLUMNAS DE UNA TABLA USANDO

SELECT * FROM JOBS;

SELECCIONAR COLUMNAS ESPECFICAS LISTANDO LAS COLUMNAS

EN EL ORDEN DESEADO
SELECT JOB_TITLE,MIN_SALARY FROM JOBS;

USO DE ALIAS PARA RENOMBRAR ENCABEZADOS DE COLUMNAS

MEDIANTE AS
SELECT JOB_TITLE AS TITULOS,MIN_SALARY AS "SALARIO MINIMO" FROM JOBS;

USO DE VALORES NICOS PARA ELIMINAR FILAS DUPLICADAS

MEDIANTE DISTINCT
SELECT DISTINCT DEPARTMENT_ID FROM EMPLOYEES;

OPERADORES DE CONCATENACIN USANDO ||

SELECT LAST_NAME || JOB_ID AS EMPLOYEES FROM EMPLOYEES;

EXPRESIN LITERAL CONCATENANDO STRING DE CARACTERES

SELECT LAST_NAME ||' is a '|| JOB_ID AS "EMPLOYEES DETAILS" FROM EMPLOYEES;

USO DE EXPRESIONES ARITMTICAS DE COLUMNAS DE TIPO NUMBER

O DATE
SELECT LAST_NAME,SALARY, SALARY+300 FROM EMPLOYEES;

RESTRINGIR LAS FILAS SELECCIONADAS USANDO WHERE PARA

MOSTRAR SOLO LOS QUE CUMPLE CON LA CONDICIN
SELECT FIRST_NAME||LAST_NAME,DEPARTMENT_ID FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE
DEPARTMENT_ID='90';

USO DE LA CONDICIN BETWEEN PARA MOSTRAR LAS FILAS

BASADAS EN UN RANGO DE VALORES.
SELECT FIRST_NAME, SALARY FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE SALARY BETWEEN 2500 AND
3500;

USO DE LA CONDICIN IN PARA EVALUAR LOS VALORES EN UNA

LISTA
SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID,FIRST_NAME,SALARY,MANAGER_ID FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE
MANAGER_ID IN (100,101,201);

USO DE LA CONDICIN LIKE PARA BUSCAR CADENAS LITERALES

CONTENIDAS EN LOS DATOS
SELECT FIRST_NAME FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE LAST_NAME LIKE 'S%';

USO DE LA CONDICIN IS NULL PARA EVALUAR CAMPOS VACOS

SELECT FIRST_NAME, MANAGER_ID FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE MANAGER_ID IS NULL;

DEFINIR MLTIPLES CONDICIONES USANDO AND

SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID,FIRST_NAME, JOB_ID,SALARY FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE
SALARY >=10000 AND JOB_ID LIKE '%MAN%';

DEFINIR MLTIPLES CONDICIONES USANDO OR

SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID,FIRST_NAME, JOB_ID,SALARY FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE
SALARY >=10000 OR JOB_ID LIKE '%MAN%';

USO DEL OPERADOR NOT PARA INVERTIR OTROS OPERADORES SQL

SELECT FIRST_NAME, JOB_ID FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE JOB_ID NOT IN
('IT_PROG','ST_CLERK','SA_REP');

USO DEL OPERADOR ANY

SELECT FIRST_NAME ||' '|| LAST_NAME, DEPARTMENT_ID FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE
DEPARTMENT_ID <= ANY (10,15,20,25);

USO DEL OPERADOR ALL

SELECT FIRST_NAME ||' '|| LAST_NAME, DEPARTMENT_ID FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE
DEPARTMENT_ID >= ALL (80,90,100);

ORDENAR FILAS
SELECT FIRST_NAME,LAST_NAME FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID=90
ORDER BY FIRST_NAME;

ESPECIFICANDO EL TIPO DE ORDEN EN MLTIPLES COLUMNAS

SELECT FIRST_NAME, HIRE_DATE, SALARY,MANAGER_ID MID FROM EMPLOYEES
WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID IN (110,100) ORDER BY MID ASC, SALARY DESC, HIRE_DATE;

FUNCIONES DE MANIPULACION DE CARACTERES

SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID, CONCAT(FIRST_NAME,LAST_NAME)
JOB_ID,LENGTH(LAST_NAME),
INSTR(LAST_NAME,'a') "CONTAINS 'a' 7"
FROM EMPLOYEES
WHERE SUBSTR(JOB_ID,4)='REP';

FUNCIN DE CONVERSIN DE CARACTERES

SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID, LAST_NAME,DEPARTMENT_ID
FROM EMPLOYEES
WHERE LOWER(LAST_NAME)='higgins';

FUNCIONES NUMRICAS
SELECT ROUND(45.923,2), ROUND(45.923,0), ROUND(45.923,-1)FROM DUAL;

SELECT TRUNC(45.923,2), TRUNC(45.923), TRUNC(45.923,-2)FROM DUAL;

FORMATO DE FECHAS
SELECT LAST_NAME,HIRE_DATE FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE HIRE_DATE <'01-FEB-02';

SYSDATE es una funcin de fecha que no toma ningn input y retorna la fecha
actual del sistema
SELECT LAST_NAME,(SYSDATE-HIRE_DATE)/7 AS WEEKS FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE
DEPARTMENT_ID=90;

OPERACIONES CON FECHAS

SELECT SYSDATE AS HOY, EXTRACT(YEAR FROM SYSDATE) AS AO FROM DUAL;

SELECT SYSDATE AS HOY, EXTRACT(MONTH FROM SYSDATE) AS MES FROM DUAL;

SELECT SYSDATE AS HOY, EXTRACT(DAY FROM SYSDATE) AS DIA FROM DUAL;

CAMBIOS DE TIPOS DE DATOS

SELECT LAST_NAME,
TO_CHAR(HIRE_DATE,'FMDD MONTH YYYY') AS HIREDATE
FROM EMPLOYEES;

SELECT TO_CHAR(SALARY,'&99,999.00') SALARY FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE

LAST_NAME='ERNST';

FUNCIN NVL
SELECT LAST_NAME,SALARY,NVL(COMMISSION_PCT,0), (SALARY*12) +
(SALARY*12*NVL(COMMISSION_PCT,0)) AN_SAL FROM EMPLOYEES;

FUNCION NVL2
SELECT LAST_NAME,SALARY,
COMMISSION_PCT,NVL2(COMMISSION_PCT,'SAL+COMM','SAL') INCOME FROM
EMPLOYEES WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID IN(50,60);

FUNCION NULLIF
SELECT FIRST_NAME, LENGTH(FIRST_NAME) "EXPR1",
LAST_NAME,LENGTH(LAST_NAME) "EXPR2",
NULLIF(LENGTH(FIRST_NAME),LENGTH(LAST_NAME)) RESULT FROM EMPLOYEES;

FUNCION COALESCE
SELECT LAST_NAME, COALESCE(MANAGER_ID,COMMISSION_PCT, -1) COMM FROM
EMPLOYEES ORDER BY COMMISSION_PCT;

FUNCION DECODE
SELECT LAST_NAME,JOB_ID,SALARY, DECODE(JOB_ID,'IT_PROG',1.10*SALARY,
'ST_CLERK',1.15*SALARY, 'ST_CLERK',1.20*SALARY,SALARY) REVISED_SALARY FROM
EMPLOYEES;

FUNCION DE GRUPO
SELECT AVG(SALARY), MAX(SALARY),
MIN(SALARY), SUM(SALARY)
FROM EMPLOYEES
WHERE JOB_ID LIKE '%REP%';

COUNT(*) CUENTA LA CANTIDAD DE FILAS DE UNA TABLA

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID=50;

COUNT (EXPR) CUENTA LA CANTIDAD DE FILAS CON VALORES NO

NULOS QUE CUMPLAN CON LA EXPRESIN
SELECT COUNT(COMMISSION_PCT) FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID=80;

COUNT (DISTINCT EXPR) CUENTA EL NMERO DE DISTINTOS

VALORES NO NULOS DE LA EXPRESIN
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT DEPARTMENT_ID) FROM EMPLOYEES;

MANEJO DE VALORES NULOS EN LAS FUNCIONES DE GRUPO

Las funciones de grupo excluyen a los valores nulos
SELECT AVG(COMMISSION_PCT) FROM EMPLOYEES;

LA FUNCIN NVL FUERZA A LAS FUNCIONES DE GRUPO A INCLUIR

LOS VALORES NULOS
SELECT AVG(NVL(COMMISSION_PCT,0)) FROM EMPLOYEES;

AGRUPACIN DE DATOS
SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID,AVG(SALARY) FROM EMPLOYEES GROUP BY
DEPARTMENT_ID;

RESTRINGIR LOS RESULTADOS DE LOS GRUPO

SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID, MAX(SALARY) FROM EMPLOYEES GROUP BY
DEPARTMENT_ID HAVING MAX(SALARY)>10000;

OPERADOR DE UNIN
SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID,JOB_ID FROM EMPLOYEES UNION SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID,JOB_ID
FROM JOB_HISTORY;

OPERADOR UNION ALL

SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID,JOB_ID,DEPARTMENT_ID FROM EMPLOYEES UNION ALL SELECT
EMPLOYEE_ID,JOB_ID,DEPARTMENT_ID FROM JOB_HISTORY ORDER BY EMPLOYEE_ID;

OPERADOR INTERSECT
SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID,JOB_ID FROM EMPLOYEES INTERSECT SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID,
JOB_ID FROM JOB_HISTORY;

OPERADOR MINUS
SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID,JOB_ID FROM EMPLOYEES MINUS SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID,JOB_ID
FROM JOB_HISTORY;

TOP-N
SELECT ROWNUM AS RANK,LAST_NAME,SALARY FROM (SELECT LAST_NAME, SALARY
FROM EMPLOYEES ORDER BY SALARY DESC) WHERE ROWNUM<=3;

ROLLUP
SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID,JOB_ID,SUM(SALARY) FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID<60 GROUP BY ROLLUP (DEPARTMENT_ID,JOB_ID);

OBTENCIN DE DATOS DESDE MLTIPLES TABLAS

USO DE ALIAS

MTODOS DE UNIN ENTRE TABLAS

- UNIN DE MS DE DOS TABLAS

NATURAL JOINS
SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID, DEPARTMENT_NAME, LOCATION_ID,CITY FROM DEPARTMENTS NATURAL JOIN LOCATIONS;

NO-EQUIJOINS
SELECT E.LAST_NAME,E.SALARY, J.GRADE_LEVEL FROM EMPLOYEES E JOIN
JOB_GRADES J ON SALARY BETWEEN J.LOWEST_SAL AND J.HIGHEST_SAL;

TABLA JOB_GRADES NO EXISTE, POR ESO GENERA ERROR LA CONSULTA

OUTER JOIN (+)
SELECT E.LAST_NAME, E.DEPARTMENT_ID, D.DEPARTMENT_NAME FROM EMPLOYEES E,
DEPARTMENTS D WHERE E.DEPARTMENT ID(+) =D.DEPARTMENT ID;

SELF JOIN O AUTO JOIN

CROSS JOINS

SINTAXIS DEL USO DE SUBCONSULTAS

SUBCONSULTAS DE FILA SIMPLE

USO DEL OPERADOR ANY

USO DEL OPERADOR ALL

USO DEL OPERADOR IN CON VALORES NULOS

FUNCIONES DE GRUPO EN UNA SUBCONSULTA

SUB CONSULTAS ANINADAS A N NIVELES

CREACIN DE TABLAS USANDO SUBCONSULTAS

INSERCIN DE DATOS USANDO SUBCONSULTAS

ACTUALIZACIN DE DATOS USANDO SUBCONSULTAS

ELIMINACIN DE DATOS USANDO SUBCONSULTAS

SUB CONSULTAS CORRELACIONADAS

EL OPERADOR EXIST