Rod Pump (Beam Pump)

Gas Lift

Beam Pump
PC Pumps

ESP

Hydraulic Pumps

Out Flow

Out Flow

Pr

Pwf

QL

In Flow

In Flow

Qmax

Qmax
QL

Out Flow

Pout
Pr

Artificial Lift

Pwf

In Flow

Pin

Qmax

Qmax
QL

QL

USAGE OF ARTIFICIAL LIFT (%)

IN USA

C it Si
Cerita
Singkat
k t SRP
T
Teknologi
k l i Pompa
P
Ai mulai
Air
l i berkembang
b k b
di
China sekitar 400 BC, dan di Mesir 476 BC
Sumur air Zaman Romawi (Abad 1)
menggunakan sejenis pompa angguk
Dua per tiga sumur-sumur
sumur sumur minyak/air di dunia
menggunakan SRP
Terutama di lapangan dangkal
SRP besar mampu berproduksi sampai 4000
bbl/d
Kedalaman bisa mencapai 10 000 feet
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10

Pumping Unit
K
Komponen
S
Surface
f
d
dan S
Subsurface
b
f

Keunggulan :
Komponen permukaan mudah
Diperbaiki
Mudah mengatur
g
laju
j p
produksi
Cepat diketahui kalau mati
Kerugian :
memerlukan tempat luas
tidak bisa dipasang di offshore
tidak untuk sumur miring

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11

Tiga Jenis Pumping Unit

Dibedakan berdasarkan letak titik pusat
putaran p
p
pada walking
g beam ((Samson
post), yaitu:
Di tengah
Di ujung
Di ujung + air tank

3/1/2015

: Conventional
: Mark II
: Air Balanced

12

Jenis Pumping Unit (1)

CONVENTIONAL UNITS
Th LUFKIN Conventional
The
C
ti
l Crank
C k
Balanced Unit, widely known and
accepted, is the old reliable "WORK
HORSE" of the oil patch. This is the
most universally adaptable unit in the
LUFKIN LINE,, simple
p to operate
p
and
requires minimum maintenance.
Shown here is the twopoint base
design installed on front and rear
concrete blocks.

13

Jenis Pumping Unit (2)

MARK II UNITORQUE UNITS
Th Mark
The
M k II unit,
it due
d to
t its
it unique
i
geometry and phased counterbalance
feature, lowers peak torque and
horsepower requirements. The
unusual geometry of the Mark II
produces a somewhat slower up
p
p
stroke and faster down stroke with
reduced acceleration where the load is
greatest resulting in lower peak loads
greatest,
and longer rod life.

14

Jenis Pumping Unit (3)

AIR BALANCED UNITS
The utilization of compressed air
instead of heavy cast iron
counterweights allows more accurate
fi
fingertip
ti control
t l off counterbalance.
t b l
A
As
a result, the weight of the unit is
greatly reduced, significantly lowering
transportation and installation costs.
Air Balanced units have a distinct
advantage
g in the larger
g sizes with long
g
strokes, where cast iron
counterweights on conventional crank
counterbalanced units must be so
massive that their use is practically
15
prohibitive.

Tiga
g Type
yp Pumping
p g Unit
yang sering digunakan

Conventional Pumping Unit

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Air Balanced Pumping Unit

16

Mark II Pumping Unit

3
3/1/2015

17

Beberapa Bentuk Pumping Unit

BEAM BALANCED UNIT: Sumur dangkal

LOW PROFILE : Unit Kecil

3/1/2015

REVERSED MARK UNIT

CONVENTIONAL PORTABLE

18

Pompa Angguk

Pumping Unit
K
Komponen
S
Surface
f
d
dan S
Subsurface
b
f

Komponen Peralatan pokok

SRP :
1.
2.
3.
4.

3/1/2015

Motor penggerak
p gg
Peralatan Permukaan
Peralatan Bawah Permukaan
Rods (Sucker Rod dan Polished
Rod)

21

S b f
SubsurfaceEquipment
E i
t
T u b in g P u m p w ith
1 . 5 S p e c ia l P lu n g e r

Sucker Rod

Sub Surface
Equipments
qu p e ts

Coupling

1.5 Feet

Pup

15 Pump Barrel
1.5 Special Plunger

Plunger

Coupling

Standing
g Valve
Assembly

Standing Valve
C
Coupling
li
Pump Shoe

@Johnz-26910

Tubing
Suckerrod
Barrel
Plunger
Traveling Valve
TravelingValve
StandingValve

The line of sucker rods is

represented in this diagram by the
solid black line in the center of the
well

C i
Casing

Fluida ditarik
keatas

Fluida ditarik
keatas

Fluida Masuk

Fluida Ditahan

Two types of plunger pumps ( Nind, 1964)

JJenis
i Pompa
P
Tubing Pump dan
Rod Pump

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29

Jenis Plunger

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30

DOWN STROKE

UPSTROKE

MPRL
(Min Polish Rod Load)

PPRL
(Peak Polish Rod Load)

THE AMERICAN PETROLEUM

INSTITUTE (API) UNIT RATINGS
The API has established designations for sucker rod pumping units using a string
of characters containing four fields, for example:

C 228D 200 - 74
Stroke Length in Inches
Type of pumping units:
A Air Balanced
B Beam Counterbalance
C Conventional
M Mark
M k II Unitorque
U it

PRL rating in hundreds of

pounds
d

Peak Torque
q Rating
g In Thousands
of Inch Pounds
D - Double Reduction Gear

2 c d1
d2

2 c d1
d2

12

c d1
d2

S
24

Load to the Pumping Unit

The load exerted to the pumping unit depends on well
depth, rod size, fluid properties, and system dynamics.
The maximum Polished Rod Load ( PRL ) and peak
torque are major concerns for pumping unit.

M i
Maximum
Polished
P li h d Rod
R d Load
L d
(PRL)
The PRL is the sum of
1. weight of fluid being lifted,
2 weight
2.
i ht off plunger,
l
3. weight of sucker rods string,
4 dynamic
d
i load
l d due
d to
t acceleration,
l ti
4.
5. friction force,
6 and
6.
d the
th up-thrust
th t from
f
b l
below
on
plunger.

Maximum PRL

Then, the equation above becomes

If Sf = 0.87 and s = specific weight of steel = 490

lb/ft3, above equation becomes:

Where

Wf Sf (62.4)

D Ap
144

Mi i
Minimum
PRL
The minimum PRL occurs while the
Traveling Valve (TV) is open so that the
fluid column weight is carried by the tubing
and not the rod.
The minimum load is at or near the top of
the stroke.

Neglecting the weight of the plunger and friction

term, the minimum PRL is

Counterweights (C)
To
reduce
the
power
requirements for the prime
mover, a counterbalance load is
used on the walking beam
(small units) or the rotary crank.
The ideal counterbalance load
C is the average PRL.
Therefore,

Counter
Weight

PEAK TORQUE
Peak Torque is at the peak load when the Crank arm is horizontal

The line of sucker rods is

represented in this diagram by the
solid black line in the center of the
well

C i
Casing

N limit
Conventional Unit

Air-Balanced Unit

Maximum
allowable
acceleration
factor (L)

N limit (1)

The (-) sign is for conventional units and the (+) sign for airbalanced units.

Example Problem 12
12.1
1

Solution (1)
C 320D 213 - 86
Stroke Length : 86 in
Type of pumping units:
C Conventional
PRL rating : 21 300 lb

Peak Torque : 320 000 in-lb

Solution (2)
(a) What is the maximum allowable pumping speed if L = 0
(a).
0.4
4 is used?

Solution (3)
(b) What is expected maximum polished rod load
(b).

Solution (4)
(c) What is the expected peak torque?
(c).

Solution (5)
(d). What is the desired counterbalance weight to be placed at the
(d)
maximum position on the crank?

Jenis Rods
Polished Rods : the topmost portion of a string of sucker

rods. It is used for lifting fluid by the rod-pumping method and It has a
uniform diameter.

Sucker Rods : Lengths

L
th are 25 or 30 ffeett (7
(7.6
6 or 9
9.1
1 meters);
t )
diameter varies from 1/2 to 1-1/8 inches (12 to 30 millimeters).

Pony Rods : 1.1 a sucker rod

rod, shorter than usual
usual, used to make

up a sucker rod string of desired length. Pony rods are usually placed just
below the polished rod. 2. the rod joined to the connecting rod and piston
rod in a mud pump

Sinker Bars : a heavy weight placed on or near a lightweight

provides weight
g so that the tool will lower p
properly
p y
wireline tool. The bar p
into the well.

Stabilizer Bars
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58

Sucker Rod & Pony Rod

Sucker Rods are manufactured from micro alloyed
alloyed,
modified, special bar quality hot rolled carbon or
alloy steel. Bar and sucker rod dimensions and
tolerances conform to API Spec 11B
11B, latest edition
edition,
and AISI Steel Products Manual. Sucker rods are
available in 5/8" (15.88mm), 3/4" (19.05mm), 7/8"
(22.23mm), 1"
1 (25.40mm), and 1 1/8"
1/8 (28.58mm)
body diameter and in 25' (7.62m) and 30' (9.14m)
lengths, depending on grade.

Pony rods are manufactured to the same chemical

properties, rod diameters, dimensions, and tolerances
as sucker rods. Standard lengths: 2ft(.61 m), 4 ft
(1.22 m), 6 ft (1.83 m), and 8 ft (2.44 m). Other
lengths
g
are available on special
p
order
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59
Norris A Dover Company

Polished Rod & Sinker Bars

Norris A Dover Company

Polished Rod - Piston Steel

Polished rods are made from cold finish 1045 carbon steel.
They are recommended for moderate-to-heavy loads where
corrosion is not a factor.
Polished Rod - Alloy Steel
Polished rods are made from cold finish 4140 alloy steel
steel. They
are recommended for moderate-to-heavy loads under mild
corrosive conditions.
Polished Rod - Sprayloy
These hard surfaced polished rods are made from cold finish
1045 carbon steel with a hard spraymetal surface applied to the
O.D. They are recommended for abrasive and corrosive
conditions under moderate-to-heavy loads
loads.
Sinker bars provide concentrated weight above the pump to
help keep the rod string straight and in tension.

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60

Stabilizer Bars

Stabilizer Bars provide strength and stability for

th pump plunger.
the
l

Norris A Dover Company

3/1/2015

61

Liquid
q
Flow Rate Delivered by
y the Plunger
g Pump
p

where Sp is the effective plunger stroke length (in.), Ev is the

volumetric efficiency
y of the p
plunger,
g
and Bo formation volume
factor of the fluid.

Effective Plunger
g Stroke Length
g
The
e motion
ot o o
of tthe
e p
plunger
u ge at tthe
e pu
pump-setting
p sett g dept
depth a
and
d
the motion of the polished rod do not coincide in time and
in magnitude because sucker rods and tubing strings are
elastic.

THE ROD STRETCH IS

THE ROD STRETCH DUE THE VERTICAL

FORCES

THE TUBING STRETCH IS

THE ROD STRETCH DUE THE VERTICAL

FORCES

PLUNGER STROKE ( Sp )

S = 490 lbs/ft3 ; E = 30 x 106 lb/m2

Volumetric Efficiency
The actual production rate at the surface, Q, may be
l
less
th
than
th total
the
t t l theoretical
th
ti l pump displacement,
di l
t
because of volumetric efficiency, EV of the pump:
Q
or Q Ev PD
Ev
PD
Volumetric efficiencies can vary over a wide range but
commonly 70 80 %.

Pump Displacement
PD A p x S p x N x

1440 min/day
9702 in 3 / bbl

PD

= Total pump displacement, B/D

Ap

= The cross
cross-sectional
sectional area of the pump
plunger, in2

Sp

= The effective plunger stroke, in

= The pumping speed in number of

strokes per minute

PD = 0.1484 Ap Sp N
Jika K = 0.1484
0 1484 Ap , maka pers diatas
dapat dituliskan sebagai :

PD = K Sp N

Down Stroke

Slippage rate , q (bbl/day), through the annulus

between the plunger and the barrel:

Kp = 2.77 x 106 to 6.36 x 106 or average is 4.17 x 106

Power Requirements
Th prime
The
i
mover should
h ld be
b properly
l sized
i d to
t provide
id
adequate power to lift the production fluid, to
overcome friction loss in the pump, in the rod string
and polished rod, and in the pumping unit. The power
required for lifting fluid is called hydraulic power. It is
usually
ll expressed
d in
i terms
t
off nett lift:
lift
Ph = 7
7.36
36 x 106 q L LN
Ph = hydraulic power
power, hp ; q = liquid production rate
rate, bbl/day , L =
liquid specific gravity, water = 1 ; LN = net Lift, ft.

Power Requirements
Ph = 7.36
7 36 x 106 q L LN

LN H

p tf
0.433 l

Ph = hydraulic power, hp ; q = liquid production rate, bbl/day , L =

liquid specific gravity, water = 1 ; LN = net Lift, ft. ; H = depth to
average fluid level in the annulus, ft ; ptf = flowing tubing head
pressure, psig

Power Requirements to overcome friction losses

can be empirically estimated using
Pf = 6.31 x 10 -7 Wr S N
Th required
The
i d prime
i
mover power can b
be expressed
d as :
Ppm = FS ( Ph + Pf )

FS = safety factor of 1.25

1 25 - 1.50
1 50

Ph = hydraulic power, hp ; q = liquid production rate, bbl/day , L =

liquid specific gravity, water = 1 ; LN = net Lift, ft. ; H = depth to
average
a
e age fluid
u d level
e e in the
ea
annulus,
u us, ft ; ptf = flowing
o
g tubing
ub g head
ead
pressure, psig

Perancangan Prime Mover

Prime Mover
Dua jenis Prime Mover, yaitu:
Internal Combustion Engine
Single-, dual-, atau multi-cylinder

Electric Motor, lebih banyak digunakan

karena sangat reliable,dan trouble-free.
Pembahasan selanjutnya tentang Prime Mover
akan ditekankan pada Electric Motor. Namun
demikian parameter yang digunakan tidak
jauh berbeda dengan parameter pada
internal combustion engine
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74

Perancangan Prime Mover (1)

Prime Mover diharapkan dapat memenuhi
kebutuhan power, untuk:

Hydraulic horsepower
Surface equipment losses
S b f
Subsurface
l
losses
Cyclic load factor (CLF), yang disebabkan perubahan
beban selama upstroke dan downstroke.
downstroke

Perubahan beban tersebut menyebabkan

kebutuhan arus listrik yang selalu berubah.
Harga CLF tergantung pada jenis Motor Listrik
yyang
g digunakan
g
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75

Perancangan Prime Mover (2)

Cyclic Load Factor (CLF)
Conventional & Air Balanced

NEMA D
Electric Motor
Slow speed engine

1.375
3 5

NEMA D
Electric Motor
Multi-Cylinders
engine

3/1/2015

Mark II

NEMA D
Electric
ect c Motor
oto
Slow speed engine

1.10
0

NEMA D
1 897
1.897

Electric Motor
Multi-Cylinders
engine

1 517
1.517

76

Speed Reduction & Engine Sheave Size

M
Menghitung
hit
h
hubungan
b
antara
t
sheave
h
pada
d
motor dengan sheave pada pumping unit.
Kedua sheave tersebut dihubungkan dengan
BELT
Nu du
de
Ne

Dimana :

3/1/2015

de
du
Ne
Nu

= diameter engine sheave, inches

= diameter p
pumping
p g unit sheave,, inches
= kecepatan putaran engine sheave, rpm
= kecepatan putaran pumping unit sheave, rpm
77

Gerak Naik-Turun Sucker Rod

(Summary)
Gerak Naik Turun Sucker Rod merupakan gerak harmonik,
dengan jarak gerak yang sama dan kecepatan gerak yang
tetap
Gerak harmonik tersebut dapat direpresentasikan dalam
bentuk gerak melingkar suatu partikel, dimana posisi dari
partikel tersebut diproyeksikan
p
p y
ke diagonal
g
lingkaran
g
Posisi dari partikel dalam gerak melingkar tersebut, pada
garis tengah lingkaran merupakan gerak harmonik naik
turun
Fenomena gerak harmonik ini digunakan untuk menurunkan
percepatan gerak up-stroke dan down stroke dari sucker rod,
yyang
g selanjutnya
j y digunakan
g
untuk menghitung
g
g beban
percepatan

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78