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awmfrS twnfjyKNyD;jzpfaomfvnf; vlrsKd;pkvTwfawmfrS xyfrHtwnfjyK&ef vkdtyfonfht
avsmuf ,if;Oya'Murf;udk 1959-ck? rwf 16-&ufaeYwiG f usif;yaom vlrsKd;pkvw
T af wmf
tpnf;ta0;wGif 0efBuD;p0f0Pu wifoGif;\/
0efBuD;p0f0P wifoiG ;f aomtqku
d dk rk;d rdwaf pmfbmG ;BuD;p0fceG cf sKdu apmfbmG ;rsm;
tmPmudk rnfopYkd eG v
Yf w
T &f rnfqadk omtcsufEiS yhf wfouf tydik ;f 4-ydik ;f cGjJ cm;NyD; tus,f
w0ifhaxmufcHaqG;aEG;vsuf [oFmwajrmufydkif;wnfNrJtrwf a'gufwmpdefbef;ESifhrtl
yifawmifydkif; oefY&Sif;trwf ocifodef;armifwkdYuvnf; toD;oD; axmufcHaqG;aEG;NyD;
tqkdygOya'Murf;udk vlrsKd;pkvTwfawmfrS xyfrHtwnfjyKvkdufavonf/
vTwfawmfESpf&yfrS xyfrHtwnfjyKjcif;
&Sr;f jynfe,fapmfbmG ;rsm; tmPmpGev
Yf w
T af &;twGuf wifoiG ;f aom 1959-ckEpS ?f
zGpJY nf;tkycf sKyfyt
Hk ajccHOya'('kw,
d jyifqifcsuf)Oya'Murf;udk jynfov
Yl w
T af wmfEiS v
hf rl sKd;
pkvw
T af wmfrsm;rS toD;oD; twnfjyKNyD;jzpfaomfvnf; vTwaf wmfEpS &f yfwb
JG uftpnf;t
a0;rS xyfrt
H wnfjyK&ef vkt
d yfonft
h avsmuf tqkyd gOya'Murf;udk twnfjyKa&;twGuf
vTwfawmf 2-&yfwGJbuftpnf;ta0;udk 1959-ck? rwfv 17-&ufaeYwGif usif;yjyKvkyf
avonf/
8
if;tqku
d dk erf;crf;trwfO;D xGe;f at;ESiahf nmifa&Tajrmufyikd ;f trwfO;D wifuu
kd dk
wkdYu tus,fw0ifh axmufcHaqG;aEG;MuNyD;aemuf tqkdudk rJcGJ&m vTwfawmf 2&yftrwf
aygif; 366-a,muf&Sdonfhteuf? trwfaygif; 318-a,mufu axmufcHrJay;Mu&m t
rwf 3-ykH 2-ykHausmfvGefojzifh 1959-ckESpf? zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'('kwd,jyifqif
csuf)Oya'Murf;onf twnfjzpfNyDjzpfaMumif;ESifhem,uBuD;u ausnmvkdufavonf/
odYk jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmf zGpYJ nf;tkycf sKyfyt
Hk ajccHOya'yk'rf 154? yk'rf
cG(J 2)ESiyhf 'k rf 183(1)jyifqifcsufOya'Murf;udk twnfjyKcJMh uNyD;aemuf &Sr;f jynfe,fjynf
olYtkyfcsKyfa&; yEufcsvufrSwfa&;xkd;yGJBuD;udk awmifBuD;NrdKU 1959-ck? {NyDv 24-&uf
aeYwGif usif;ycJhavonf/
&Srf;jynfe,faumifpDta&;ay:nDvmcH
1959-ck? {NyDv 27-&ufaeYwiG f awmifBuD;NrdKUusif;yaom &Sr;f jynfe,faumif
pDta&;ay:nDvmcH (1) &Sr;f jynfe,f e,f&iS pf 0fzvkrH sm; tmPmpGev
Yf w
T o
f nfu
h pd E iS yhf wf
ouf if;wkdYtm;ay;&rnfhwvkH;wnf;yifpifaiGrsm;twGuf vkdtyfaomaiGrsm;udk jynf
axmifpktpkd;&u &Srf;jynfe,ftpdk;&odkY txl;axmufyHhaiGtjzpf axmufyHhjcif;udk vufcH
&ef? (2) &Srf;jynfe,ftpkd;&ESifhe,f&Sifp0fzvkHwkdY csKyfqkdonfhpmcsKyfrsm;udk twnfjyK&ef?
(3) &Srf;jynfe,f e,f&Sifp0fzvkHrsm;onf rdrdwkdYe,ftwGif; tkyfcsKyfrItmPm? pDrHykdifcGifh
tmPmtp&SdonfhtmPmt00wkdYudk >cif;csufr&Sd jynfe,ftpkd;&vufodkY vTJajymif;jcif;udk
vufcH&ef? (4) &Srf;jynfe,f e,f&Sifp0fzvkHrsm; pGefYvTwfonfhtmPmrsm;ukd vufcHNyD;vQif
&Sr;f jynfe,ftpk;d &ud,
k pf m;? &Sr;f jynfe,fOu|u &Sr;f jynfe,f\e,foel ,fom;rsm;tusKd;
ukd a&SU&I rdrdukd,fwkdifjzpfap? rdrd\vufatmufcHt&m&Sdrsm;rSwqifhjzpfap? jynfaxmif
pkjrefrmEkdifiHawmf zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'yk'fr 161(1)t& qufvuftkyfcsKyfoGm;
&ef? (5) &Srf;jynfe,f\e,f&SifapmfbGm;rsm; pGefYvTwfonfhtmPmrsm;teuf jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEkdifiH\zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya't& jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH\tkyfcsKyfrItm
PmtwGif; usa&mufvmaom udprsm;twGuf jynfaxmifpktpkd;&u &Srf;jynfe,fole,f
om;rsm; tusKd;udk a&SU&I vkt
d yfovkd w&m;Oay'rsm;t& qufvuftyk cf sKyfap&ef? (6)
9
vTwfawmftpnf;ta0; pvQifpjcif; &Srf;jynffe,fOu|BuD;p0f[kHzu 1959-ck

ESpf? zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'('kwd,jyifqifcsuf)Oya'Murf;udk pOf;pm;aqG;aEG;&ef
tqkdwifoGif;\/
A[dt
k pd;k &zGpYJ nf;NyD;aemuf &Sr;f jynfe,fw0ef;vk;H twGuf wlnaD om tcGeaf wmfrsm; aumuf
cH&efEIef;xm;rsm;udk owfrSwfjcif;rjyKEkdifao;rDtwGif;? e,ftoD;oD;wGif aomif;usef;rI
aMumifh &yfqkdif;xm;&aom ,cifu aumufcHcJhonfhtcGefawmfrsm;? tcGefawmfEIef;xm;
rsm;ESifhaumufcH&ef jy|mef;owfrSwfNyD;aomrlrsm;pHepfrsm;twkdif;? ]]jynfe,ftcGefawmf
jyefvnfppD pfa&;tMuHay;tzGYJ zGpYJ nf;NyD; &Sr;f jynfe,ftpk;d &u qufvufaumufco
H mG ;&ef}}
ponfhtqkdrsm;udk aumifpDrS oabmwl twnfjyKaMumif; qkH;jzwfMuavonf/
,if;odkY {NyDv 27-&ufaeYu &Srf;jynfe,faumifpDrS qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfNyD;
aemuf {NyDv 29-&ufaeYwiG f &Sr;f jynfe,f jynfot
Yl yk cf sKyfa&;yEucf s r*Fvmtcrf;tem;
BuD;udk awmifBuD;NrdKU NcdrfhNcdrfhoJoJ wcrf;wem; qif,ifusif;y&m tqkdygtcrf;tem;odkY
Ekid if aH wmforwBuD;OD;0if;armif? Ekid if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyf owk;d oD&o
d "k rAv
dk cf sKyfBuD;ae0if;
ESiw
hf uG jynfe,ftoD;oD;ESijhf ynfrrS{nfo
h nfawmfBuD;rsm;yg wufa&mufMuavonf/
tcrf;tem;BuD;onfum; &Srf;jynfe,f\&mZ0ifwGif armfuGef;wif&rnfhtcrf;tem;BuD;
w&yftjzpf wnf&Sdaernfjzpfayownf;/
10
11
12
a&S;acwfrsm;rSp &Srf;jynfe,f e,f&SifapmfbGm;(p0fzvkH)rsm;onf xkH;wrf;pOf

vm rsKd;&kd;&kduf&mtwkdif; rdrdwkdYe,frsm;twGif;wGif t&yf&yfpD&iftkyfcsKyfrItmPm? w&m;
pD&ifrItmPm? tcGefawmfcefYcGJaumufcHrItmPm pojzifh us,fjyefYaom tmPmrsm;ESifhcH
pm;tkyfcsKyfvmcJh&mrS ,ckacwfodkY a&muf&SdvmonfhtcgwGifrl acwfESifhvkdufavsmudkufnD
onfhjynfolYtkyfcsKyfa&;udk a&S;tkyfcsKyfa&;pHepftpm; ajymif;vJvufcH&ef oabmxm;
BuD;pGmjzifh oabmwlcJhMu&m udprSm &Srf;jynfe,ftwGufomru jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdif
iHawmf\&mZ0iforkid ;f wGif txl;ta&;yg t&ma&mufaomudpw
&yfjzpfonft
h wkid ;f ? if;
udpESifhavsmfnDonfhtcrf;tem;w&yfudk &Srf;jynfe,f awmifBuD;NrdKUwGif jrefrmou&mZf
1321-ckESpf? wef;cl;vjynfhausmf 7-&uf(c&pfou&mZf 1959-ckESpf? {NyDv 29-&uf)aeY
wGif xl;jcm;okdufNrdKufpGm wcrf;wem; usif;ycJhayonf/
if;aeY&uf rwkid rf u
D yifvQif &Sr;f jynfe,f jynfot
Yl yk cf sKyfa&;yEucf syGEJ iS yhf wf
ouf ta&;BuD;aomudpE pS &f yfukd &Sr;f jynfe,faumifpw
D iG f crf;em;odu
k Nf rdKufpmG usif;y
cJhavonf/
udpw
&yfrmS 1959-ckEpS ?f {NyDv 24-&ufaeYu &Sr;f jynfe,faumifpcD ef;raqmif
&Srf;jynfe,ftpdk;&ESifhe,f&SifapmfbGm;rsm;(p0fzvkH)rsm;onf &Srf;jynfe,fwGif jynfolY
tkyfcsKyfa&;yEufcs&efudk ESpfOD;ESpfbuf oabmwlnDaMumif; vufrSwfa&;xkd;Muaom t
crf;tem;jzpfayonf/ tjcm;udpw&yfrSmum; 1959-ck? {NyDv 27-&ufaeYwGif jynfe,f
tpkd;&ESifhe,f&SifapmfbGm;wkdY 1959-ck? {NyDv 24-&ufaeYu vufrSwfa&;xkd;csKyfqkdoGm;
aom oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;udk &Srf;jynfe,faumifpD(vTwfawmf)u xyfrHtwnfjyKonfht
a&;ay:aumifpDnDvmcH tpnf;ta0;yifjzpfayonf/
{NyDv 24-&ufaeYu &Sr;f jynfe,faumifpD cef;raqmiftwGi;f wGif usif;ycJah om
e,f&SifapmfbGm;rsm; pmcsKyfrsm;ay:wGif vufrSwfa&;xkd;aom tcrf;tem;udk usif;y&m
vufrSwfa&;xkd;rnfhapmfbGm;BuD;rsm;? usrkdif;rsm;? udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;ESifh&Srf;jynfe,f
jynfolYvTwfawmftrwfrsm; wufa&mufMuavonf/
13
tcrf;tem;BuD;
if;tcrf;tem;odkY jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHawmftpkd;&\txl;{nfhonfawmf

BuD;rsm;tjzpf EkdifiHawmfw&m;0efBuD;csKyf OD;jrifhodef;? jynfxJa&;ESifhjyefMum;a&;Xme0ef
BuD;OD;cifarmifjzL? Armhwyfrawmfwyfr[m(9)wyfr[mrSL;Akv
d rf LS ;BuD;wifarmif? wyfr[m
(4)wyfr[mrSL; 'k-Akv
d rf LS ;BuD;ode;f 'kw?f wyfr[m(6)wyfr[mrSL; 'k-Akv
d rf LS ;BuD;cifZmrk?H
&Srf;jynfe,ftpkd;&tzGYJ0if0efBuD;rsm;ESifh&Srf;jynfe,ftpkd;&t&m&SdBuD;rsm; pkHnDpGm wuf
a&mufMuonfhtjyif vTwfawmfaumifpD {nfhonfawmfaqmifESpfckvkH;wGifvnf; {nfhonf
awmfrsm; txl;rsm;jym;pGm wufa&mufMuavonf/
&Sr;f jynfe,faumifp(D vTwaf wmf)nDvmcHwiG ;f odYk a&muf&adS eMuaom &Sr;f jynfe,f
e,f&iS af pmfbmG ;BuD;(p0fzvk)H rsm;onf jynfe,fOu|BuD;\,mbufxidk cf rHk sm;wGif if;? &Sr;f
jynfe,fjynfolYvTwfawmftrwfrsm;u Ou|BuD;\0JbufxkdifckHrsm;wGifif; toD;oD;ae
&m,lNyD;aemuf eHeuf 10-em&D 55-rdepftcsdew
f iG f &Sr;f jynfe,fOu|BuD;owk;d r[moa&
pnfopl 0f[zHk onf &Jrif;BuD;? c&kid 0f ef? &JwjYdk cH&v
H suf aumifpn
D v
D mcH(vTwaf wmf)cef;raqmif
a&SUodYk a&muf&v
dS monfEiS w
hf NydKifeuf jynfe,ftpk;d &twGi;f 0efO;D qefqrfu c&D;OD;BudKjyK
NyD; jynfe,fOu|BuD;onf t&m&Sdrsm; jcH&Hvsuf aumifpDnDvmcH(vTwfawmf)cef;raqmif
wGif;odkY 0ifa&mufvmavonf/
xkdYaemuf eHeuf 11-em&DwdwdtcsdefwGif &Srf;jynfe,ftpdk;&ESifhe,f&SifapmfbGm;
(p0fzvkH)rsm; csKyfqkdrnfhoabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;ay:wGif vufrSwfa&;xkd;onfhtcrf;tem;
udk pwifusif;yvQif usif;yjcif;? &Srf;jynfe,fOu|BuD;p0f[kHzu ajrmufodEDapmfbGm;BuD;
taejzifh a&S;OD;pGm oabmwlpmcsKyfay:wGif vufrw
S af &;xk;d tNyD;wGif wzef &Sr;f jynfe,f
Ou|BuD;taejzifh jynfe,fOu|BuD;\pm;yGaJ y:wGif qufvuf vufrw
S af &;xk;d NyD;aemuf
tpDtpOftwkid ;f e,f&iS af pmfbmG ;(p0fzvk)H rsm;? usrkid ;f rsm;ESiu
hf ,
dk pf m;vS,rf sm;u pmcsKyf
rsm;ay:wGif toD;oD; vufrSwfa&;xkd;MuNyD; jynfe,ftpdk;&ESifhe,f&SifapmfbGm;(p0fzvkH)
rsm; csKyfqkdonfhoabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;ay:wGif vufrSwfa&;xkd;onfhtcrf;tem;udk &kyf
odrf;vkdufygonf/
if;aeYu a&Smifwcif usef;rma&;csKdUwJrh aI Mumifh if;? c&D;vrf;yef;a0;vHv
S if;
rvma&mufEkdifaom apmfbGm;BuD; 4-OD;rSty? tcrf;tem;odkYwufa&muf vufrSwfa&;
xkd;Muaom apmfbGm;rsm;\pm&if;rSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfygonf/
(1) ajrmufodEDp0fzvkH owdk;r[moa&pnfol p0f[kHz?
14
(2) usKdif;wkHe,f p0fzvkH p0fpkdif;vkH?

(3) rkd;rdwfe,f p0fzvkH p0fcGefcsKd?
(4) rkd;eJe,f p0fzvkH oa&pnfol p0fjynfh?
(5) awmifydkife,f p0fzvkH r[moa&pnfol p0fcGefyef;pdef?
(6) rkdif;udkife,fp0fzvkH p0fMunf?
(7) awmifodEDe,f p0fzvkH p0fqkd[kHz?
(8) vJcsm;e,f p0fzvkH oa&pnfol p0fEGH?
(9) &yfapmufe,f p0fzvkH p0fcGefqm?
(10) pum;e,f p0fzvkH r[moa&pnfol p0fcGefMunf?
(11) rkdif;yefe,f p0fzvkH oD&dysHcsD p0fa&TMunf?
(12) rkdif;yGefe,f p0fzvkH p0faq[kef? bD?at? (*kPfxl;)
(13) omrkdif;crf;e,f p0fzvkH r[moa&pnfol p0fxGef;at;?
(14) aus;oD;refpHe,f p0fzvkH oa&pnfol p0fa&TrIH?
(15) vG,fvkH(yifavmif;)e,f p0fzvkH oD&dysHcsD p0frkd;ausmf?
(16) abmfe,f p0fzvkH oD&dysHcsD p0fcGefatmif?
(17) rkdif;&Ie,f p0fzvkH 0Pausmfxif p0frefz?
(18) rkdif;aemife,f p0fzvkH p0ftkH;armif?
(19) puG,fe,f p0fzvkH p0fcGefnGefY?
(20) bef;,Ofe,f p0fzvkH p0fpdefnGefY?
(21) usKH;e,f p0fzvkH p0fcGefaqmif;?
(22) &GmiHe,f p0fzvkH p0fcGef&D?
(23) yif;w,e,f p0fzvkH p0f0if;Munf?
(24) ayG;vSe,f p0fzvkH p0fxGef;pdef?
(25) yifrSDe,f usrkdif; p0fcGefOD;?
(26) eef;ckwfaemifrGefe,f usrkdif;udk,fpm; p0fvGef;tkH?
(27) oxkHe,f p0fzvkH p0fatmifjrifhudk,fpm; a':at;oefY?
(28) armufr,fe,f usrkdif; p0fxGef;zudk,fpm; p0fAkdvfcrf;ESifh
(29) [kdykH;e,f usrkdif;cGeftkdYudk,fpm; eef;a&TO
wkjYd zpfMuygonf/
xku
d o
hJ Ykd pmcsKyfrsm; vufrw
S af &;xk;d onft
h crf;tem;usif;yNyD;onfah emuf 1959
-ck? {NyDv 27-&ufaeY eHeuf 11-em&DtcsdefwGif &Srf;jynfe,faumifpD ta&;ay:nDvmcH
15
tpnf;ta0;w&yfukd awmifBuD;NrdKU&Sd aumifpn

D v
D mcHcef;raqmif usif;y&m pum;e,f
apmfbGm;BuD; r[moa&pnfol p0fcGefMunfu obmywdtjzpf aqmif&Gufygonf/
tqkyd gtpnf;ta0;odYk jynfe,fOu|BuD;owk;d r[moa&pnfol p0f[zHk ESijhf ynf

e,ftpkd;&tzGJY0if0efBuD;rsm;? rkd;rdwfapmfbGm;BuD;p0fcGefcsKd? awmifydkifapmfbGm;BuD;r[m
oa&pnfol p0fceG yf ef;pdet
f ygt0if apmfbmG ; 21-OD;? jynfe,fjynfov
Yl w
T af wmftrwfrsm;
ESifhwuG {nfhonfawmfrsm;tjzpf jynfe,ftpkd;&t&m&Sdrsm; wufa&mufMuygonf/
tpDtpOft& aumifpo
D bmywdu tpnf;ta0;pwifaMumif; ausnmtNyD;wGif
a&S;OD;pGm jynfe,ftpkd;& jynfxJa&;Xme0efBuD;0Pausmfxifp0frefzu &Srf;jynfe,f e,f
&Sipf 0fzrsm; tmPmpGev
Yf w
T o
f nfu
h pd E iS yhf wfouf if;wkt
Yd m;ay;&rnfw
h vk;H wnf;yifpif
aiGrsm;twGuf vkdtyfaomaiGrsm;udk jynfaxmifpktpdk;&u &Srf;jynfe,ftpkd;&odkY txl;
axmufyHhaiGtjzpf axmufyHhjcif;udk vufcH&ef? aumifpDu oabmwlygaMumif; tqkdudk
wifoGif;&m erf;crf;trwfOD;xGef;at;? odEDajrmufydkif;trwfp0f[defcrf;(r[ma'0D)ESifh
pum;trwfO;D xGe;f &wku
Yd tqkEd iS yhf wfouf tus,fw0ifh a0befaqG;aEG;MuNyD; aumif
pDtqkdudk trsm;oabmwl twnfjyKvkdufavonf/
xkdYaemuf jynfxJa&;Xme0efBuD;uyif &Srf;jynfe,f e,f&Sifp0fzrsm; tmPmpGefY
vTwaf &;udpE iS yhf wfouf &Sr;f jynfe,ftpk;d &ESiehf ,f&iS pf 0fzvkw
H Ydk csKyfqo
dk nfph mcsKyfrsm;
udk twnfjyK&ef aumifpDu oabmwlnDaMumif; tqkdudk wifoGif;&m erf;crf;trwf
OD;xGe;f at;ESiahf nmifa&Tajrmufyikd ;f trwfO;D wifuu
kd w
kd u
Ydk a0befaqG;aEG;NyD; aumifpu
D
tqkdudk twnfjyKvkdufygonf/
qufvuf &Sr;f jynfe,f jynfxaJ &;Xme0efBuD;u &Sr;f jynfe,f\BuD;yGg;wk;d wuf
a&;udk a&SU&INyD;vQif &Srf;jynfe,f e,f&Sifp0fzwkdYonf rdrdwkdYe,ftwGif; tkyfcsKyfrItmPm?
pDryH ikd cf iG t
hf mPmtp&So
d nfh tmPmt00wku
Yd kd >cif;csufr&S?d &Sr;f jynfe,ftpd;k &vufoYdk vTJ
ajymif;jcif;udk aumifpDu axmufcHygaMumif;tqkdudk vufcH&,lNyD;vQif &Srf;jynfe,f
tpk;d &ud,
k pf m; &Sr;f jynfe,fOu|u &Sr;f jynfe,foel ,fom;rsm;tusKd;ukd a&SU&I rdru
d ,
kd f
wkid jf zpfap? rdrv
d ufatmufcH t&m&Srd sm;rSwqifjh zpfap? jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if zH pYJG nf;tkyf
csKyfykH tajccHOya'yk'fr 161(1)t&? qufvuftkyfcsKyfoGm;&ef aumifpDu jy|mef;t
wnfjyKaMumif;tqkEd iS &hf rS ;f jynfe,f\e,f&iS af pmfbmG ;rsm; pGev
fY w
T o
f nft
h mPmrsm;teuf
16
xkaYd emuf jynfe,ftpk;d &b@ma&;ESit

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aumifpDu tqkdudk twnfjyKvkdufaMumif;/ if;aemuf b@ma&;ESifhtcGefawmfXme0ef
BuD;uyif &Sr;f jynfe,ftpk;d &\1958-58-ckEpS f &-ok;H cefrY eS ;f ajcaiGpm&if;\jznfph u
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pGuftokH;p&dwfaiGaygif; 26063100-usyf(aiGaygif; ESpf&majcmufq,fodef; ajcmuf
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BuD;u jyefvnfajz&Si;f wifjyojzifh tqku
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aemuf aumifpDobmywdu jynfe,fOu|xHrS nDvmcH&kyfodrf;aMumif; jyefwrf;udk zwf
Mum;NyD; nDvmcHudk &kyfodrf;vkdufygonf/
tqdyk gudpr sm;udk aqmif&u
G Mf uNyD;aemuf 1959-ck? {NyDv 29-&ufaeYwiG f usif;
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BuD;OD;cifarmifjzL? &Srf;jynfe,fOu|BuD;p0f[kHz? AkdvfrSL;csKyfpef;,k tp&Sdonfhyk*KdvfBuD;
17
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH\zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya't& jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH\

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udk aqG;aEG;olr&Sd aumifpDu tqkdrsm;udk twnfjyKvkdufygonf/
rsm;tjyif? jynfe,f{nfo
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onf/
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jzifh <ua&muf&m armfawmfum;vrf;ab;wbufwcsuf&Sd NrdKUe,f? aus;&Gmrsm;rS ausmif;
olausmif;om;rsm;tygt0if vlxky&dowftaygif;wkdYu twD;trIwf tutckefrsm;jzifh
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r@yfrsm;xk;d if;? trsKd;orD;rsm;u yef;qufif;? &Sr;f jynfe,fvx
l k ausmif;olausmif;
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aMumforH sm;jzifh if;? jynfaxmifpt
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aomif;aomif;jzjz c&D;OD;BudKjyKMuavonf/
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f iG f Ekid if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyf
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jrefrmEkid if aH wmftpd;k & jynfov
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txl;av,mOfESifhqkdufa&mufvm&m tqkdygjynfolYvTwfawmfOu|BuD; pD;eif;vkdufygvm
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OD;cifarmifBuD;ponf{nfhonfawmfrsm;vnf; &Srf;jynfe,fjynfolYtkyfcsKyfa&;yEufcst
crf;tem;odkY wufa&muf&eftwGuf vkdufygvmMuonf/
1959-ck? {NyDv 28-&ufaeYn 7-em&DtcsdefwGif uarmZtxufwef;ausmif;
&Srf;jynfe,fOu|BuD;p0f[kHzu &Srf;jynfe,fjynfolYtkyfcsKyfa&; yEufcstcrf;tem;
txdrf;trSwf npmpm;yGJw&yf qif,ifusif;y&m? EkdifiHawmforwBuD;OD;0if;armif? EkdifiH
awmf0efBuD;csKyfAkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;? EkdifiHawmfw&m;0efBuD;csKyfOD;jrifhodef;? jynfolYvTwf
awmfOu|BuD;OD;wifwYdk <ua&mufonft
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pGm wufa&mufMuonf/
18
tpDtpOft& xkdaeY eHeuf 6-em&D? rdepf 50-tcsdefwGif ppfa&;jyuGif; ppfa&;jy

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vuf &Sr;f jynfe,fOu|BuD;p0f[zHk u rdecYf eG ;f ajymMum;avonf/ xkaYd emuf Ekid if aH wmf0ef
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(rdefYcGef;rsm;udk wae&mwGif az:jyxm;ygonf)
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xkdaeY 1959-ck? {NyDv 29-&ufaeYn 7-em&DtcsdefwGif awmifBuD;NrdKU&Sd tpkd;&
19
1959-ck? {NyDv 29-&ufaeY eHeuf 7-em&DtcsdefwGif &Srf;jynfe,f jynfolYtkyf

csKyfa&;yEufcsr*Fvmtcrf;tem;udk awmifBuD;NrdKU abmvkH;uGif;BuD; wcrf;wem;qif
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dk cf sKyfBuD;ae0if;
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tdrfawmf EkdifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;u &Srf;jynfe,fjynfolYtkyfcsKyfa&;

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wGif wkd;raygufatmif pnfum;pGm wufa&mufMuavonf/
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jynfe,fjynfolYtkyfcsKyfa&;yEufcs tcrf;tem;BuD;udk atmifjrifpGm usif;yNyD;pD;cJhav
onf/
20
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jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmf\zGpYJ nf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'onf &Sr;f jynfe,f
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t&yf&yfukd todtrSwjf yKxm;aom 'Dru
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udk vufcHusifhokH;aMumif; az:jyxm;ayonf/ &Srf;jynfe,fapmfbGm;rsm;u jynfe,fvlxk
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taqmift&Guyf if jzpfayonf/ wk;d wufajymif;vJaeaomacwf\'Dru
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jzpfouJo
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21
1959-ck? {NyDv 29-&ufaeYwGif awmifBuD;NrdKU usif;yaom &Srf;jynfe,f

jynfolYtkyfcsKyfa&;yEufcs tcrf;tem;wGif rdefYMum;aom EkdifiHawmforw
OD;0if;armif\rdefYcGef;
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jynfaxmifpkBuD; t"GefY&Snfygap/
vGwfvyfa&;BuD; ckdifNrJwnfwHhygap/
'Drkdua&pD wnfNrJygap/
awmifBuD;NrdKU? 1959-ck? {NyDv 29-&uf/
22
vGwfvyfa&;&wJhtcsdefupNyD; udk,fvkd&mudk,fqGJ teuft"dyg,fzGifhxm;wJh'Drkdu

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ESifhzGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'\rlv&nf&G,fcsuf oabmw&m;rsm; taumiftxnf
az:a&; xdef;odrf;a&;rsm;qkdwJh yef;wkdifta&muf jynfaxmifpk[m c&D;Murf;ESifcJh&mrSm
,aeY[mjzifh taESmifht,Suftwm;tqD;wckudk ausmfvGefwJhaeYxl; aeYjrwfwaeY&,fvkdY
jynfaxmifpk&mZ0ifrSm rSwfwrf;wif&ygvdrfhrnf/
jynfaxmifpk zGpYJ nf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'ed'gef;wGif ]]w&m;rQwjcif;? vGwv
f yf
jcif;? nDrQjcif;wnf;[laom avmuygvw&m;rsm;udk tajcjyKum vlow0gcyford ;f wk\
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EkdifrI? vGwfvyfpGm pnf;&kH;EkdifrI? vGwfvyfpGm jyKrlaqmif&GufEkdifrI? tqifhtwef;nDrQrI? t
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qef; 10-&ufaeY(c&pfawmfou&mZf 1947-ckEpS ?f pufwbFmv 24-&ufaeY)wGif zGpYJ nf;
tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'udk uREkfyfwkdYwkdif;jynfvTwfawmf uREkfyfwkdYonf vufcH Oay't
jzpf twnfjyKNyD;vQif uREkfyfwkdYtm; ESif;tyfvkdufonf}}qkdonfhtcsufrsm;u 'Drkdua&pD
ppfppfoabmw&m;udk tajccHtjzpf vufcHxm;aMumif; twdtvif; nTefjyxm;ygonf/
odkYaomfvnf; a&S;ya0oPDupNyD; ,aeYwkdif &Srf;jynfe,frSm usifhokH;aewJhapmf
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wm awGY&ygw,f/
23
1959-ckESpf? {NyDv 29-&ufaeY? awmifBuD;NrdKUusif;yaom? &Srf;jynfe,f

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aewJhOya'tpdwftydkif;awGudk jyifypfMubkdY wifjyvmvdrfhr,fqkdwm AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;
wkdYtaeeJY BudKwifwGufcsufxm;cJhwJhtaMumif;wckaMumifhvJ tJ'Dvkd tajccH&nfrSef;csuf
eJYzDvmusaewJhyk'frawGudk xnfhcJhjcif;jzpfygw,f/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;wkdY wGufcsufrIrSef
uefwJhtaMumif;? vGefcJhwJhrwfvtwGif;u usif;ycJhwJh&Srf;jynfe,faumifpDeJYu,m;jynf
e,faumifprD sm;&JUqk;H jzwfcsufrsm;uif;? azaz:0g&Dv? rwfv vTwaf wmfEpS &f yfaygif;t
pnf;ta0;qk;H jzwfcsufrsm;uif;? ,cktyk cf sKyfa&;opfjzpfajrmufatmif apmfbmG ;BuD;rsm;
ESifhapmzsmrsm;&JU0kdif;0ef;ulnDrIrsm;uif; oufaocHcJhygNyD/
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24
tusift
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jyvkdufMuwmudk awGY&NyDjzpfwJhtwGuf uRefawmhtaeeJY rcsD;usL;bJ raeEkdifawmhygbl;/
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jyemawG ay:aygufvmEkdifygw,f/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tpDtpOfopfw&yfudk ajyajyjypfjypfeJY
ajymif;vJay;cJMh uwJh apmfbmG ;BuD;awG? apmzsmawG? rdrw
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aygufEkdifatmif zefwD;wJhyk*KdvfawGtaejzifh rSwfwrf;wif&ygvdrfhr,f/
'kwd,tcsuftaeeJY uRefawmfajymcsifwmuawmh &Srf;jynfe,f&JUa&SUa&;udpyg
bJ/ ,ckvkd &Srf;jynfe,f&SifapmfbGm;BuD;rsm;[m rdrdwkdY&JUtcGifhtmPmawGudk pGefYvTwfvkduf
MuNyD; acwfeYJavsmfnDwJhjynfolYtkyfcsKyfa&;pHepfudk zefwD;NyD;wJhaemufrSmvnf; vlxkESifh
vufwGJNyD; &Srf;jynfe,f&JUtusKd; jynfaxmifpkBuD;&JUtusKd;udk pGrf;pGrf;wrH aqmif&GufMu
ygvkYd arwm&yfcv
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csifygw,f/ &Srf;jynfe,fvlxkudk arwm&yfcHcsifwmuawmh apmfbGm;BuD;rsm;udk ,cktcg
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ay;cJhwJhyifvkHpdwf"mwfudk xdef;odrf;Muyg/ jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwf? rdom;pkpdwf"mwfudk yGg;
rsm;Muyg/ jynfaxmifpkaoG;cGJa&;orm; jynfaxmifpkopmazmufrsm;udk wkdufzsufMuyg/
usOf;ajrmif;aom vlrsKd;pkpw
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25
&Srf;jynfe,fOu|? odEDapmfbGm;BuD;p0f[kHz\rdefYcGef;
&Srf;jynfe,f&SifapmfbGm;rsm;udk,fwkdif yg0ifNyD; a&;qGJxm;aom jynfaxmifpk
orwjrefrmEkdifiHawmf\zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'onf qkd&S,fvpfyef;wkdifodkY a&SU&I
aeonfukd trsm;jynfolvlxktodyif jzpfavonf/ urmay:&Sd twkdif;wkdif; tjynfjynf
wkdYonf acwfESifhavsmfnDaom 'Drkdua&pDudk BudKufESpfoufMuonfhtwkdif; if;vrf;pOfudk
vdu
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awGYusifhokH;cJhygonf/
1952-ck? atmufwkdbmvtwGif; rkd;rdwfapmfbGm;BuD;OD;pD;aom ,cif&Srf;jynf
e,ftpk;d &u acwfEiS ahf vsmfnaD om 'Dru
dk a&pDtyk cf sKyfa&;&&S&d efEiS jhf ynfe,ftusKd;tzuf
zufwGif wkd;wuf&&Sda&;udk ajrmfukd;NyD; &Srf;jynfe,f&SifapmfbGm;rsm;wkdYonf if;wkdY\tkyf
csKyfrItmPm? w&m;pD&ifrItmPm? tcGefawmfpnf;MuyfrItmPmrsm;udk pGeYfvTwf&ef aus
nmNyD;aMumif; trsm;todyifjzpfavonf/ odaYk omf taumiftxnf ay:onft
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rusa&mufcJhyg/
txufaz:jyyg 0g'vrf;pOftwkdif; ,ckuREkfyfacgif;aqmifaom &Srf;jynfe,ft
pk;d &onf tpk;d &oufyidk ;f vtenf;i,frQyif&adS omfvnf; xdw
k adk wmif;aomtcsdet
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i,fwGif ,cifu r&Sdao;aom tkyfcsKyfa&;puf,E&m;opfudk wDxGifNyD; aeY&ufwGif
&Srf;jynfe,f&SifapmfbGm;rsm;onf if;wkdY\tkyfcsKyfrItmPm? w&m;pD&ifrItmPm? tcGef
awmfpnf;MuyfrItmPmrsm;udk uREkfyfxH pGefYvTwfNyD; tqkdygtmPmrsm;udk uREkfyfu vufcH
aMumif; ausnmtyfygonf/
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rsKd;cspfy*k K v
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jzpfqJjzpfonfhtwkdif; e,fvlxkrsm;ESifhvufwGJNyD; &Srf;jynfe,f\tusKd; jynfaxmifpk\
tusKd;rsm;udk qxufxrf;yd;k OD;vnfrokH aqmif&u
G rf nfukd pdwcf s,kMH unfapvdyk gaMumif;/
26
txufaz:jyyg uREkfyfzGJYpnf;wnfaxmifxm;aom tkyfcsKyfa&;puf,E&m;udk

aemifwiG f b,ftpk;d &wufonfjzpfap? if;puf,E&m;BuD; ykrd Bdk uD;rm;oefprG ;f NyD; jynfe,f
\tkyfcsKyfrIt&yf&yfrsm;ukd pGrf;pGrf;wrH aqmif&GufEkdifyg&ef tm;ay;Muyg[k arwm&yfcH
tyfygaMumif;/
p0f[zHk
&Srf;jynfe,fOu|/
awmifBuD;NrdKU? 1959-ck? {NyDv 29-&uf/
27
jynfaxmifpkBuD; wnfNrJygap/
&Srf;jynfe,ftpkd;&ESifhapmfbGm;rsm;csKyfqkdaom oabmwlpmcsKyfykHpH
oabmwlpmcsKyf
.................e,fESifhxkde,f&Sd e,fole,fom;rsm;\vufiif;rsufarSmuf t
usKd;pD;yGg;twGufif;? &Srf;jynfe,ftpdk;&\tusKd;pDyGg;twGifif;............apmfbGm;
p0f............ onf? rdrde,ftwGif; tkyfcsKyfrItmPm? pDrHydkifcGiftmPm tp&SdonfhtmPm
t00wdYkudk >cif;csufr&Sd? &Srf;jynfe,ftpkd;&\vufodkY vTJajymif;tyfESif;vkdonfjzpfwaMumif;? &Srf;
jynfe,ftpdk;&eSifhjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmftpkd;&wkdYuvnf;? ,if;odkYtmPmvTJajymif;tyfESif;jcif;
udk ESpfaxmif;tm;&pGm vufcHvkdonfvnf;waMumif;?
xdktaMumif;rsm;aMumifh. ...........e,fapmfbGm;? p0f. ...........ESifh
&Srf;jynfe,ftpkd;&\ukd,fpm; &Srf;jynfe,fOu|wkdYonf 1959-ckESpf?............(1320jynfhESpf?............)wGif atmufygtwkdif; oabmwlpmcsKyf csKyfqkdMuygonf/
tykd'f 1
............e,fapmfbGm; p0f............onf? rdrde,ftwGif; tkyfcsKyf
rItmPm? pDrHydkifcGifhtmPm tp&SdonfhtmPmt00wkdYudk? &Srf;jynfe,ftpkd;&\vufodkY 1959-ckESpf?
............(1320-jynfhESpf?............)u tpjyK vkH;0OkH vTJajymif;tyf
ESif;vdkufygonf/
tykd'f 2
,if;odkY tmPmvTJajymif;tyfESif;&onfhtwGuf. ..............e,fapmfbGm;
p0f............u wvkH;wcJwnf; yif&Siftjzpf usyf........(..........)udk
tcGeftaumufvkH;0vGwfuif; vufiif;tNyD;tjywf &&Sdap&rnfhtjyif?
xkdwvkH;wcJwnf; yif&Sifvpmtjzpf &&SdaomaiGxJwGif?............e,f apmfbGm;
p0f............u pmcsKyf rcsKyfqkdrD? yif&Sif&&SdcJhonfhrdrd\aqGawmfrsKd;awmfrsm;tm; oifh
awmfovkd ay;EkdifcGifh&SdonfhaiGaMu;rsm; yg0ifonf[k rSwf,l&rnfhjyif? ukd,f&Hawmf tapmifhtMuyfrsm;
xm;&SdvQif? xkdaiGxJwGif xkdukd,f&Hawmf tapmifhtMuyfrsm;twGuf ukefusp&dwfrsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/
tykd'f 3
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiH\zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'udk aemif rnfodkYyifjyifapumrl?
............e,f apmfbGm; p0f............onf? apmfbGm;uJhodkY qufvufcH,lEkdif
ap&rnf/
tykd'f 4
pmcsKyf csKyfqkdonfhaeY&ufwGif(............e,fu ykdifqkdifaom &kH;rsm;? pmoif
ausmif;rsm;? axmifrsm;? tcsKyfcef;rsm;? wnf;cdk&eftdrfrsm;? aq;&kHrsm;? tjcm;taqmuftODrsm;?
ajruGufrsm;? tp&Sdonfhypnf;rsm;rSty) apmfbGm; p0f............ rdrdyk*vduykdifqkdifonfh
a[mfrsm;? udk,fydkiftdrfrsm;? v,f,majrrsm;? O,smOfrsm;? jcHajrrsm;? vufeufrsm; tp&Sdonfhypnf;
rsm;udk vkH;0ydkifqkdifcGifhESifhw&m;Oya't& okH;pGJcHpm;EkdifcGifh&Sd&rnf/
28
pmcsKyf csKyfqkdonfhaeY&ufwGif apmfbGm; p0f...............yk*vduykdifqkdifonfh

ra&TUrajymif;Ekid af om ypn;f rsm;\pm&if;udk &Sr;f jynfe,ftpk;d &xHoYkd 1959-ckEpS ?f ...........v
.......&ufaeYrwkdifrD ay;oGif;&rnf/
.................e,f apmfbGm; p0f.................onf? rdrde,f
ukd tkyfcsKyfpOfumvtwGif;? oabm&kd;jzifh jyKvkyfaqmif&GufcJhonfhudpt&yf&yfESifh pyfvsOf;aomf
if;? jyKvkyfaqmif&Guf&ef ysufuGufcJhonfhudpt&yf&yfESifhpyfvsOf;aomfif;? &Srf;jynfe,ftpkd;&\
trdefYtmPmjzifh pkHprf;ppfaq;jcif;rjyK&/ xkdYjyif tqkdygudprsm;ESifhpyfvsOf; &Srf;jynfe,f&Sd? rnfonfh
w&m;&kH;wGifrQ w&m;rIcif; pGJqkdjcif;rjyK&/
tykd'f 6
,if;odYk tmPmvTaJ jymif;tyfEiS ;f onfah eY&ufrwkid rf u
D mvtwGi;f ?.............e,f
qkdif&mtrIxrf;tzGJYwGif yg0ifMuonfh&mxrf;rIxrf;rsm;tay:wGif rdrdwkdY\wm0ef 0wfw&m;&Sdonfht
avsmuf odkYr[kwf wm0ef0wfw&m;&Sdonf[k rSwf,l jyKvkyfaqmif&GufcJhonfhudpw&yf&yfESifhpyfvsOf;
&Srf;jynfe,ftpkd;&\oabmwlnDcsuf trdefYr&bJ &mZ0wfrIpGJqkdjcif; rjyK&/
tykd'f 7
(1) 1958-ckESpf? ZGefv 1-&ufaeYwGif.................e,fqkdif&m trIxrf;t
zGJYwGif trIxrf;vsuf&Sdaom apmfbGm; p0f.................\tNrJwrf;&mxrf;rIxrf;rsm;
tm;? tqkdygaeY&ufwGif xkdapmfbGm;\&mxrf;rIxrf;tjzpfjzifh &&SdcJhaom tcGifhta&;rsm;atmuf r
avsmhaomtcGifhta&;rsm;ay; &Srf;jynfe,ftpkd;&\trIawmfudk qufvufxrf;&Gufap&ef? odkYwnf;
r[kwf oifhawmfonfhavsmfaMu;aiGay;&ef? &Srf;jynfe,ftpkd;&u tmrcH wm0ef,lonf/
(2).................e,fqkdif&m? trIxrf;tzGJYwGif &mxrf;rIxrf;jzifh trIawmf
udk xrf;&GufcJh? 1958-ckESpf? ZGefv 1-&ufaeYwGif yif&SiftNidrf;pm;,lNyD;aom t&m&Sdrsm;tm;if;?
yif&Sif,l&ef cGifh&ufESifhaeolrsm;tm;if; ,cifu cGifhjyKonfhyif&SifvpmaiGudk qufvufay;&ef? &Srf;
jynfe,ftpkd;&u tmrcH wm0ef,lonf/
txufwGif az:jycJhonhftykd'frsm;udk ESpfOD;ESpfbuf oabmwlnDMuygojzifh? &Srf;jynfe,ft
pk;d &\ud,
k pf m; &Sr;f jynfe,fOu|ESihf.................apmfbmG ; p0f.............wkYd
onf?.................NrdKU? txufwGif yXraz:jyonfhaeY&uf toD;oD; vufrSwfa&;
xkd;Muonf/ apmfbGm; p0f.................\oabmwl vufrSwfa&;xkd;jcif;onf rdrdt
wGufif;? rdrd\tarGcH tarGpm;rsm;ESifht&kduft&m qufcHolrsm;twGufif;? jzpfonf/
..........................
&Srf;jynfe,ftpkd;&twGuf &Srf;jynfe,fOu|/
..........................
.................apmfbGm;.................
29
tykd'f 5
30
&Srf;jynfe,f
jynfolYtkyfcsKyfa&; yEufcsyGJtcrf;tem;BuD;
&Srf;jynfe,f&mZ0ifwGif armfuGef;wif&rnfh&Srf;jynfe,f jynfolYtkyfcsKyfa&;

yEufcsvufrSwfa&;xkd;yGJ tcrf;tem;usif;yaom
awmifBuD;NrdKU&Sd &Srf;jynfe,faumifpD vTwfawmftaqmuftODBuD;
31
&Srf;jynfe,f jynfolYtkyfcsKyfa&; yEufcsvufrSwfa&;xkd;yGJBuD; usif;yaeykH
32
omrkdif;crf;apmfbGm;BuD; r[moa&pnfol p0fxGef;at; vufrSwfa&;xdk;aeykH
33
AkdvfrSL;BuD;wifarmif? 'k-AkdvfrSL;BuD;cifZmrkH? 'k-AkdvfrSL;BuD;odef;'kwf? 0efBuD;OD;cifarmifjzLESifh

EkdifiHawmfw&m;0efBuD;csKyfOD;jrifhodef;wkdYtm; vufrSwfa&;xkd;yGJtcrf;tem;
tjcm;{nfhonfawmfrsm;ESifhtwl awGYjrif&ykH
34
35
36
{NyDv 28 &ufaeYu [J[dk;avqdyfokdYa&muf&Sdvmaom EkdifiHawmforwOD;0if;armiftm;

&Srf;? Arm? u&if? yavmifESifhytkdYtrsKd;orD;av;rsm;u apmifhBudK yef;qufaeykH
("mwfykHudk armfuGef;wkdufrS aus;Zl;jyKonf)
37
38
39
40
{NyDv 29 &ufaeY eHeufu usif;yaom &Srf;jynfe,f jynfolYtkyfcsKyfa&;yEufcstcrf;tem;BuD;

wyfaygif;pku EkdifiHawmforwtm; tav;jyKaeykHESifhtcrf;tem;BuD;odkY wufa&mufaom ppfbuf
t&m&SdBuD;rsm; (0J rS ,m odkY) 'k-AkdvfrSL;BuD;*Grf&Sdef? 'k-AkdvfrSL;BuD; rsKd;jrifh? 'k-AkdvfrSL;BuD;xGef;tkH?
AkdvfrSL;BuD;boef;? AkdvfrSL;BuD;oef;pdef? AkdvfrSL;BuD;rif;odef;
41
tcrf;tem;BuD;odkY wufa&mufMuaom e,f&SifapmfbGm;BuD;rsm;? jynfrESifhjynfe,ftoD;oD;rS

{nfhonfawmfBuD;rsm;ESifhvlxkwpdyfwa'oukd awGYjrif&ykH
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
&Srf;jynfe,f&mZ0ifwGif armfuGef;wif&rnfh&Srf;jynfe,fjynfolYtkyfcsKyfa&;
yEufcsr*Fvmtcrf;tem;BuD;udk wcrf;wem;atmifjrifpGm BuD;rSL;usif;y jyKvkyfay;cJhMuaom
wyfr[m 9? wyfr[m 6 ESifh wyfr[m 4 wkdYrS ppfbuft&m&SdBuD;rsm;
("mwfykHukd armfuGef;wkdufrS aus;Zl;jyKon)
53
odEDa pmfbGm;BuD;p0f[kHz\twKywdtusOf;csKyf
odEDapmfbGm;BuD; owdk;r[moa&pnfol
p0f[kHzonf aumZmou&mZf 1263-ck(c&pf
ou&mZf 1902 ckESpf) wGif? crnf;awmf odED
apmfbGm;BuD; p0fcGefqHwkef[krf; ESifh r,fawmf
r[ma'0DBuD;wkdYrS arG;zGm;cJhavonf/
1912 ckESpf? touf 12 ESpfwGif awmif
BuD;NrdKU&Sdya'o&mZfapmfbGm;om;rsm;ausmif;
odkY ynmoifMum;NyD;? 1918 ckESpf? yXr urm
ppfBuD;wGif bm;rm;&kdifz,fppfwyf0ifa&muf
trIxrf;&m ply'gtjzpf &mxl; cefYxm;jcif;cH
&onf/ 1921 ckESpfwGif ppfwyfrS xGufNyD;? r
auG;c&kdifodkY e,fydkif 0efaxmuftjzpf ajymif;
a&TUtrIxrf;cJhonf/ if;rS wzef 1925 ckESpf
wGif e,fyikd 0f efaxmuftjzpfrS Ekwx
f u
G
f crnf;awmf apmfbmG ;BuD;\&ku
d &f mjzpfaom odED
apmfbGm;BuD;tjzpf pwiftkyfcsKyfcJhavonf/
1938 ckESpfwGif ppfwyfrS ppfom;a[mif;rsm;tm; jyefvnfac:,laomaMumifh
trSwf(14)bm;rm;&kdifz,fwyfwGif AkdvfBuD;&mxl;jzifh jyefvnfxrf;aqmif&um uavmrS
a&wm&Snftxd wm0ef,l&avonf/ AkdvfBuD;&mxl;rS AkdvfrSL;&mxl;wkd;wufcsD;jrifhjcif; cH
&avonf/
1942 ckESpf? t*Fvdyftpkd;&rsm; qkwfcGgoGm;NyD;aemuf ppfwyfrSxGuf odEDNrdKUokdY
jyefvmNyD; e,fcsKyfrIudprsm;udk qufvufaqmif&Gufae&m 1942 ck? arv 1 &ufaeYwGif
odEDodkY *syefrsm; 0ifa&mufBuD;pkd;odrf;ydkufvmaomaMumifh awmxJodkY a&Smifwdrf;ae&mrS
ZGefvwGif odEDodkYjyefvmNyD; e,ftkyfcsKyfa&;udk qufvufaqmif&Gufae&m *syefrsm;u
t*Fvdyfppfwyf trIxrf;cJholjzpfonfhtwGuf t*FvdyfESifhuif;&Sif;rnfr[kwfaMumif; t
xif&SdNyD; Zlvkdifv 24-&ufaeYwGif apmfbGm;&mxl;rS acwcsxm;NyD; tus,fcsKyf csKyfxm;
jcif;cH&avonf/
54
if;aemuf rkdif;cGefNrdKUodkY ac:aqmifoGm;NyD; *syefrsm;udk rnfonfhtaMumif;

aMumifh ckcw
H u
dk cf u
dk af Mumif;udk ppfaq;ar;jref;jcif;jyKojzif?h apmfbmG ;BuD;u t*Fvyd b
f uf
rSaewku
d cf u
dk &f jcif;onf t*Fvyd t
f m; cspfr[kwaf Mumif;? t*Fvyd t
f pk;d &\vufatmuf
cHwGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vufatmufcHb0ESifhaecJh& if;\opmawmfudk apmifhxdef;jcif;
tm;jzifh ulnw
D u
dk cf u
dk &f aMumif;ESihf tu,f *syefrsm;ESit
hf *Fvyd ef nf;wl aecJ&h yguvnf;
xked nf;wlpmG ulnw
D u
dk cf u
dk af y;&rnfjzpfaMumif; ponfrsm;udk &Si;f vif;ajymjyojzifh *syef
rsm; auseyfrI&&SdoGm;ygonf/ if;aemuf ,cktcg *syefrsm; EkdifonfrSm vufeufaMumifh
om Ekdifygonf/ usKyfwkdYudk EkdifbdkY wckusefygao;onf/ usKyfwdkY\ESvkH;&nfudk Ekdifatmif
wkdufygrS? tm;vkH;Ekdifonf[k jyefajymaomaMumifh *syefAkdvfcsKyfu oabmusNyD; vGwfcGifh
jyKvku
d o
f nf/
1944-45 ckESpf? t*Fvdyfrsm;ESifhr[mrdwfwyfrsm; jrefrmjynfajrmufydkif;odkY jyef
vnfwu
dk cf u
dk v
f m&mwGif awmwGi;f odo
Yk mG ;a&mufaexkid
f e,foel ,fom;rsm;udk pkpnf;NyD;
wyfzu
YJG m acgif;aqmifjyKvky
f *syefrsm;udk jyefvnfawmfveS w
f u
dk cf u
dk o
f nf/ awmfveS af &;
tNyD;wGif odEDe,ftm; tkyfcsKyfa&;opfzGifhum jyefvnftkyfcsKyfcJhonf/
r[mrdwfESifht*Fvdyfrsm; jyefa&mufNyD;aemuf jynfe,frsm;pnf;&kH;a&;udprsm;
tm;jyefvnfaqmif&u
G
f pnf;vk;H rI &&SNd yD;onfaemuf 1946 ckEpS w
f iG f &Sr;f jynfawmifyidk ;f
vJcsm;e,f yifvNHk rdKU ppfatmifyt
JG xdr;f trSwt
f aejzifh jynfe,ftoD;oD;rS apmfbmG ;rsm;
tm; bdwfac:um pnf;a0;yGJBuD;udk usif;yEkdifcJhavonf/
1947-ck? azaz:0g&Dv 12 &ufaeYwGif urmausmf armfuGef;0if yifvkHpmcsKyf
BuD;udk apmfbmG ;rsm; acgif;aqmifwOD;taejzifh vufrw
S x
f ;dk aomyk*K v
d w
f OD;vnf;jzpfonf/
1948 ck? rwfv 28 &ufaeYwGif vm;&Id;NrdKUtm; &JabmfjzLESifhuGefjrLepfwyfeDrsm;
0ifa&mufodrf;ydkuf&mwGif tpkd;&aiGwkdufrS aiGaygif; 15 odef;cefY ygoGm;onfhtjyif? tpkd;
&trIxrf;rsm;xJrS tcsKdU&JabmftrIxrf;rsm;? ppf&rJ sm;ygoGm;&m? &Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f e,f
wGif wkdif;ysufjynfysuf b0odkY a&mufvkqJtcsdefwGif &Srf;jynfe,fESifhjynfaxmifpkBuD;\
tusKd;udk arQmfudk; &&Sdxm;aom vGwfvyfa&;udk rxdckdufap&eftwGuf rdrde,frS &JtrI
xrf;rsm;ESifhe,fwGif;rS vlrsm;pkaqmif;NyD; vm;&Id;NrdKUudk 1948 ck? rwfvtwGif;wGif jyef
vnfwkdufckdufodrf;,lNyD; tpkd;&tm; jyefvnftyfESif;EkdifcJhavonf/ if;aemuf ucsifppf
55
Akv
d af emfqidk ;f onf (au-tif-'D-tk)d rsm;ESiyhf ;l aygif;NyD; vm;&I;d NrdKUtm; 0ifa&mufwu
dk cf u
dk f
&mwGif aiGwu
dk rf S aiGaygif; 6 ode;f cefq
Y ;Hk &I;H jcif;cH&ojzifh jynfaxmifpt
k pd;k &xH tultnD
awmif;&m vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;twGuf apmifha&Smuf&ef u,m;ppf&JwyfcGJwckom ydkYay;
cJah vonf/ odaYk omfvnf; apmfbmG ;BuD;onf ravQmhaomvkv
YH jzifh qlyal omif;usef;olrsm;
tm; tm;oGefBudK;yrf;wkdufckdufacsrIef; vGwfvyfaomEkdifiHtm; umuG,fapmifha&SmufcJh
avonf/
1949 ckEpS ?f ZEm0g&Dv 4 &ufaeY vGwv
f yfa&;txdr;f trSwf atmifyaJG eYwiG f apmf
bGm;BuD;\*kPfowd rsKd;cspfpdwftm; csD;usL;*kPfjyKjcif;tm;jzifh EkdifiHawmforwBuD;u
owdk;r[moa&pnfol [laom bGJYxl;BuD;udk csD;jrifhcJhavonf/
vGwv
f yfa&;&NyD;aemufyikd ;f wGif wkid ;f jynftajctae rNidrrf oufjzpfojzif?h &Sr;f
jynfe,ftwGuf Nidrf0yfydjym;a&;) (Maintenance of Law and Order) rsm;ukd wm0ef
,lNyD; vpmrJh &Srf;jynfe,f txl;wkdif;rif;BuD;\wm0ef0w&m;rsm;ukd 1949 ckESpf? ZGefv
9 &ufaeYwGif apwemh0efxrf;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/
uJhodkY wkdif;rif;BuD; &mxl;udk aqmif&Guf&if; usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmaom w
&kwfjzLtm; Armhwyfrawmf wyfr[m(6)ESifhyl;aygif; 1953 ck? rwfvtwGif; tNyD;wkdif
acsrIef;wkdufckdufEdkifcJhavonf/
z?q?y?v 2jcrf;uGJNyD; jzpfay:vmaom tajctaet&yf&yf jyemwkdYaMumifh
&Srf;jynfe,ftpkd;&tzGJYopfudk jyefvnfzGJYpnf;&m jynfe,fOu|tjzpf aqmif&Guf&ef 3-4
Budrf wku
d w
f eG ;f Muaomfvnf; vufrcHbJ ae&mrS aemufq;Hk rjiif;omawmhbJ jynfe,fOu|
tjzpf 1958 ck? Ed0k bFmv 12 &ufaeYwiG f vufccH o
hJ nf/ odEaD pmfbmG ;BuD;p0f[zHk onf r[m
a'0Dp0feef;qkid [
f ed ;f ESio
hf m;awmf p0fved w
f EYdk iS t
hf wl usef;rmcsrf;ompGmjzifh wkid ;f jynftusKd;
udk onfykd;aqmif&Gufvsuf &Sdavonf/
56
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkid if aH wmfvrl sKd;pkvw

T af wmf em,
uBuD; p0fa&TokdufrSm jrefrm ou&mZf 1257 (c&pf
ou&mZf 1896)ckESpfwGif anmifa&TapmfbGm;BuD;qm
p0farmifESifhr[ma'0DwkdYrS zGg;jrifavonf/
awmifBuD;NrdKU uarmZaumvdyf ynm&ifEaYdk omufpYdk
NyD;vQif? &Sr;f jynfe,f ajrmufoEd eD ,fapmfbmG ;BuD;p0f
[kHz ESpfrawmf p0f[defcrf;ESifh xdrf;jrm; vufxyfNyD;?
om;awmf orD;awmf 8 a,mufxGef;um;cJhavonf/
yXrurmppfBuD;twGif; ppfbufwGif 0ifa&mufxrf;
&GufcJh&m 1920-23 ckESpftwGif; jrefrmjynfta&SU
ajrmufydkif;e,fpyfa'oukd xdef;odrf;&onfhppfonfawmfwOD;jzpfcJhavonf/ 1939 ckESpf
wGif ppfbufodkY xyfrH0ifa&mufcJhonfrSm 1942 ckESpfwkdifatmif jzpfavonf/
1929 ckESpf crnf;awmf apmfbGm;BuD; ewf&GmpHuHawmfukefNyD;csdefwGif anmifa&T
apmfbGm;tjzpfjzifh crnf;awmf\t&dyft&mudk qufcHodrf;ydkufcJhavonf/
apmfbGm;BuD;tjzpfjzifh anmifa&Te,fudk tkyfcsKyfaepOftwGif; acwfrSDapmfbGm;
BuD;wOD;jzpfonfhtavsmuf e,fole,fom; vltrsm;tm; ynmA[kokw wkd;yGg;a&;BuD;
yGg;a&;? zGHYNzdK;a&;? vlrsKd;wkd;wufa&;ponfhta&;t00udk tm;oGefcGefpdkuf xrf;&GufcJhav
onf/
1947 ckESpf? ZGefv 1 &ufaeYwGif jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHawmf zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH
tajccHOya'a&;qG&J m wkid ;f jyKjynfjyKvTwaf wmf Ou|tjzpfjzifh a&G;aumufwifajrmufjcif;
cH&avonf/
1948 ckESpf? ZEm0g&Dv 4 &ufaeY vGwfvyfa&; ausnm&mwGif jynfaxmifpkjref
rmEkdifiHawmf\,m,DorwBuD;tjzpfjzifh a&G;cs,fwifajrmufjcif;cH&NyD; 1952 ckESpf? rwf
v 12 &ufaeYtxd EkdifiHawmforwtjzpfjzifh xrf;&GufcJhavonf/
57
anmifa&TapmfbGm;BuD; em,uBuD; p0fa&Tokduf\twKywdtusOf;csKyf
1952 ckESpf? rwfv 17 &ufaeYwGif orwoufwrf; ukefqkH;csdefrSp ,aeYxuf

wkid f jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmf vlrsKd;pkvw
T af wmf\em,uBuD;tjzpfjzifh aqmif&u
G v
f suf
&Sdayonf/
apmfbGm;BuD;rSm trsKd;? bmom? omoem? ynmponfh ta&;t00wGif pGrf;pGrf;
wrH aiGtm; vltm;jzifh r&yfrem; BudK;yrf;tm;xkwf? tywfwukwf vkyfukdifaqmif&GufcJh
onft
h wGuf Edik if aH wmftpk;d &u (t*r[moa&pnfo)l ESi(hf t*r[moD&o
d "k r)ponfEh idk if H
awmf\tBuD;qkH;aom bGJYxl;BuD;rsm;udk csD;jrifhajrmufpm;jcif;cHcJh&avonf/
58
usKdif;wkHapmfbGm;BuD;p0fpkdif;vkHrSm (1972)ou&mZf
1289 ckEpS w
f iG f zGg;jrifavonf/ (1934) 1296 ckEpS f
rSp usKdi;f wkeH ,fausmif;wGif tajccHynm&yfrsm;ukd
oifMum;cJh&m? wESpfumv tMumwGif 4 wef; txd
wwfajrmufcahJ vonf/
if;aemuf touf 17 ESpt
f &G,w
f iG f t*FvefEikd if o
H Ykd
oGm;a&mufNyD; uifbm&DNrdKU bk&ifynmoifausmif;
wGif wESprf Q ynmoifMum;NyD; 1940 ckEpS w
f iG f usKdi;f
wkHodkY jyefcJhavonf/
1941 ckEpS ?f arvwGif wzef MopaMw;vsEdik if o
H o
Ykd mG ;
a&mufNyD;? tuf'v
D w
d Nf rdKU? pdeyYf w
D maumvdyaf usmif;
1945 ckESpftxd ynmqufvufoifMum;cJhavonf/
1946 ckESpfwGif tpkd;&\wkdufwGef;csuft& MopaMw;vsrS jyefvmNyD; 1947 ck
ESp?f rwfv 1 &ufaeYrpS e,ftyk cf sKyfa&; wm0efucdk ,
H cl g usKdi;f wkaH pmfbmG ;BuD;tjzpfjzifh
xrf;&GufvmcJhavonf/
touf 19 ESpft&G,f (1947 ck) 1308 ckESpfwGif usKdif;wkHe,f vlrsKd;pkvTwfawmf
trwftjzpfjzifh a&G;cs,fwifajrmufjcif;cHc&hJ avonf/ (vlrsKd;pkvw
T af wmfoYkd wufa&muf
Mu&onfhtrwfrsm;teuf? touft&G,f ti,fqkH;trwfjzpfavonf/)
59
usKdif;wkHapmfbGm;BuD; p0fpkdif;vkH\twKywdtusOf;csKyf
oDaygapmfbGm;BuD; p0fMumqdkif\twKywdtusOf;csKyf
oDaygapmfbmG ;BuD;p0fMumqkid o
f nf crnf;awmfp0ft?dk
r,fawmfp0fpd ed v
f mT wkrYd S 1924 ck? Zlvidk v
f wGif &Sr;f jynf
ajrmufyikd ;f oDaygNrdKU zGg;jrifonf/ arG;csif;,ckvuf
&Sd 3 OD;teuf ti,fqkH;jzpfonf/
1932 ckEpS rf S 1935 ckEpS t
f xd arNrdKU pde*f sKd;Zuf uGef
Aifhausmif;wGif ynmoifMum;NyD; 1935 ckrS 1941 ck
ESpftxd awmifBuD;NrdKU &Srf;apmfbGm; om; ajr;rsm;
ausmif;wGif ynmoifMum;onf/ 1941 ckEpS w
f iG f if;
ausmif;rS 10 wef;atmifjrifNyD; tdE,
d jynf? 'g*sDvif
NrdKUpdeaf ygausmif;qufvufoifMum;&m pDe,
D muif;
b&pf(csf) atmifjrifonf/
1944 ckESpfrS 1945 ckESpfwGif rkdif;vkHNrdKUpm;tjzpf cefYtyfjcif;cH&onf/ 1947 ck
ESpf? azaz:0g&Dv oDayge,fvlxk\wifajrmufcsuft& oDaygapmfbGm;tjzpf oDayge,f
tm; zGg;pm;tkyfcsKyfonf/
1949 ck? pufwbFmvwGif tar&duefjynf? aumif&&dk m'drk idk ;f twwfoifMum;onfh
odyHausmif;odkY oGm;a&mufynmoifMum;um? 1953 ckESpfwGif rkdif;eif;tif*sifeD,mbGYJudk
&&SdcJhNyD; 1954 ckESpfwGif jyefcJhonf/
1954 ckESpfyif vlrsKd;pkvTwfawmftrwftjzpf a&G;cs,fjcif;cH&onf/ apmfbGm;
rsm;tpnf;t&k;H wGif 1955 ckEpS rf S ,aeYtxd twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&u
G v
f suf&o
dS nf/
oDaygapmfbGm;BuD;p0fMumqkdifonf taemufwkdif;olESifhvufxyfxdrf;jrm;cJh&mrS
orD;awmf 2 OD;xGef;um;avonf/
60
rkd;rdwf apmfbGm;BuD;p0fcGefcsKdrSm crnf;awmf p0fcif

armifEiS rhf ,fawmfr[ma'0Dp0feef;tdrw
f rYdk S ou&mZf
1273 ckESpf? awmfovif;v (1912 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv
19 &uf)aeYwGif &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif; rkd;rdwfNrdKU zGm;
jrifcahJ vonf/
ou&mZf 1283 ckESpfrS 1287 (1922 rS 1926)ckESpf
txd? arNrdKUtpdk;&t*Fvdyftxufwef;ausmif;wGif
ynm&ifEdkY aomufpkdYcJhNyD;vQif 1288 ckESpfrS 1291
(1927-1934)ckESpftxd t*FvefEkdifiH qyfazghc&kdif?
z&ifvrfwrfaumvdyfif;? 1292 ckESpfrS 1295 ck
(1931-1934)ckESpftxd? uif;b&pf*fNrdKU? ruf(*f)'g
vD;ef (Magdalene) aumvdyf if;? qufvufynm
oifMum;cJ&h m? if;aumvdyrf S r[m0dZm bGx
YJ ;l ukd qGwf
cl;&&SdcJhavonf/
ou&mZf 1297 (1936)ckEpS w
f iG f rk;d rdwef ,f apmfbmG ;BuD;\t&dyt
f &mudk qufcH
odr;f ydu
k Nf yD;aemuf 1301 (1940)ckEpS w
f iG f &Sr;f jynfe,f&dS (Burma Territorial Forces)
ppfwyf 0ifa&mufxrf;&Guf&m? 1302 (1941) ckESpfwGif uufywdef(AkdvfBuD;)&mxl;udk &&Sd
cJhNyD;vQif ppfBuD;tNyD;wGifvnf; qkwHqdyfrsm; &&SdcJhavonf/
1306 ck (1945) ckESpfwGif? Muufoa&aqmif a&TpvG,f&rif;[laom bGJYxl;jzifh
csD;jrifhjcif;cH&avonf/
1308 ckESpf (1947)ck? ZGefvwGif jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHawmf wkdif;jyKjynfjyK
vTwfawmfodkY zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'a&;qGJa&; tzGYJ0ifwOD;tjzpfjzifh wufa&muf
cJhNyD;vQif 1947 ck? Zlvkdifv e,fpyfa'o twkdifyifcH 0efBuD;tjzpfjzifh bk&ifcH\tkyfcsKyf
rItzGw
YJ iG f yg0ifcahJ vonf/ 1947 ckEpS w
f iG f NAdwo
d Qtpd;k &ESiahf wGq
Y &Hk onfh umuG,af &;rpf
&SifESifhb@ma&;rpf&Sifrsm;wGifvnf; tzGJY0ifwOD;tjzpfjzifh yg0ifcJhavonf/
xkrd w
S yg; jynfaxmifpEk iS u
hf rmEh idk if BH uD;i,fwYdk qufqaH &; t00wGif tqifajyrI
61
rkd;rdwfapmfbGm;BuD; p0fcGefcsKd\twKywdtusOf;csKyf
&&Sdap&ef jynfaxmifpkrS ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJYrsm;udk apvTwfcJh&m rMumcP tzGJYukdacgif;

aqmif vSnfhvnfoGm;a&mufcJh&avonf/
xkjYd yif jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmfrS ,k;d ',m;jynfoYkd apvTwo
f nfch spfMunfa&;
rpf&SifwGif acgif;aqmiftjzpfjzifhif;? tdEd,jynf OD;wnfuref;NrdKUwGif usif;yonfh
(ECAFE) nDvmcHoYkd wufa&mufaom jynfaxmifp\
k ud,
k pf m;vS,t
f zGw
YJ iG f acgif;aqmif
tjzpfjzifh if; wufa&mufcahJ vonf/ (ECAFE) nDvmcHoYkd wufa&mufc&hJ mwGif nDvmcH
'kwd,obmywdtjzpfjzifh nDvmcHu wnDwnTwfwnf; a&G;cs,fwifajrmufjcif;udk cHcJh
&avonf/
if;ESpfwGifyif MopaMw;vsjynf? vufypwefNrdKU az:jyyg nDvmcHBuD;udk quf
vufusif;y&m xkdnDvmcHtwGif; rlvobmywd rwufa&mufEkdifonfhtwGuf p0fcGefcsKdu
obmywdtjzpfjzifh qufvufaqmif&GufcJh&avonf/
1951 ckESpfwGif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmf tpkd;&u tif'kdeD;&Sm;odkY cspfMunf
a&;rpf&SiftzGJY apvTwf&mwGif acgif;aqmiftjzpfjzifh vkdufygcJh&avonf/
1954 ckEpS t
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vmcHodkYwufa&mufonfhjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmf\udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJYukdvnf; acgif;
aqmifcJhavonf/
vGwfvyfa&; &&SdNyD;umvwGif 1948 ck? azaz:0g&DvrSp 1958 ck? Ekd0bFmv
txd &Sr;f jynfe,f Ou|tjzpfjzifh aqmif&u
G cf ahJ vonf/ 1950 ckEpS ?f 'DZbFmvrSp Ekid if H
jcm;a&;Xme0efBuD;wm0efuykd g yl;wGaJ qmif&u
G cf ahJ vonf/ 1956 ck? atmufwb
dk mvrSp
1958 ck? atmufwkdbmvtxd? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmf? 'kwd,0efBuD;csKyf EkdifiHjcm;
a&;tjzpfjzifh jynfaxmifpk\wm0eft&yf&yfukd xrf;aqmifcJhavonf/
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmftwGi;f jrefrmjynfwiG f z?q?y?v?tzGcYJ sKyfBuD;u rm;
rm;rwfrwf&yfwnfum vlxkw&yfvkH;tm; a&SUaqmifvsuf &Sdonfhenf;wl &Srf;jynfe,fw
cGiw
f iG f vlxw
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dk m;xm;&m awmifwef;om;pnf;vk;H nDnw
T af &;tzGcYJ sKyfBuD;ukd
62
xkdenf;wlpGm 1951 ckESpfrSp &Srf;jynfe,f apmfbGm;rsm; tpnf;t&kH;\Ou|

taejzifv
h nf; ,aeYxufwidk f aqmif&u
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pk jrefrmEkid if aH wmf\vlrsKd;pkvw
T af wmf ygvDrefwiG f trwftjzpf wkid ;f jynf\tusKd;udk onf
yd;k aqmif&u
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hf rD;
awmfBuD;p0foD&deEra[? orD;i,f p0foD&dyya[ESifhom;awmfBuD; usrkdif;p0fcGefausmfZH?
om;awmfi,f aemfrkdif; p0fcGefaemfqkdifwkdYtm; t*FvefodkY ynmawmfrsm; oifMum;&ef ap
vTwx
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hf wlaexkid
f wkid ;f jynf\tusKd;udk ud,
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pdwfcsrf;ompGmjzifh aqmif&Gufvsuf &Sdaeonf/
63
wnfaxmifNyD;? xdktzGJYcsKyfBuD;\a&SUaqmifOu|BuD;taeESifh ,aeYxufwkdif jynfe,f\

tusKd;udk onfykd;vsuf &Sdaeayonf/
rkd;eJapmfbGm;BuD; p0fjynfh\twKywdtusOf;csKyf
rkd;eJapmfbGm;BuD; oa&pnfol p0fjynfhonf 1914 ck
ESpf? {NyDvwGif rkd;eJNrdKU zGg;jrif crnf;awmfrSm p0f
ausmf[dk;(pD?bD?tD;)jzpfonf/
1921 ckEpS w
f iG f at? bD? trfausmif; ynmoifMum;
cJhonf/ 1922 ckESpfwGif awmifBuD;NrdKU&Sd tpdk;& &Srf;
apmfbGm;om;ajr;rsm;ausmif; ynmrsm; qufvuf
oifMum;cJ&h m 1939 ckEpS ?f rwfvtwGi;f usif;yaom
tpkd;& 10 wef; pmar;yGJukd 0ifa&mufajzqkdNyD;onfh
aemuf ausmif;rSxu
G cf yhJ gonf/ xdak emuf awmifBuD;
NrdKU? NrdKUjytkyfcsKyfa&;XmecsKyf&kH; w&m;olBuD;oif
wef;udk wufa&mufoifMum;cJhygonf/ ausmif;om;
b0 ynmoifMum;vsuf&adS epOf upum;ckepf m; t
rsKd;rsKd;buf tvGe0f goemyg txl;ojzifh abmvk;H uefjcif;bufrmS xl;cRefaomaMumifh
txufArmjynfabmvkH;toif;odkY 1934 ckESpfrS 1938 ckESpftxd yg0ifupm;&ef ta&G;cH
cJh&ygonf/
awmifBuD;NrdKU&Sd NrdKUjytkyfcsKyfa&;XmecsKyf&kH; vufatmufwGif w&m;olBuD;oif
wef; NyD;onfhaemuf 1939 ckESpfwGif &Srf;aoewfudkifwyfwGif 0ifa&muftrIxrf;aqmifcJh
ygonf/ if;aemuf jrefrmjynf &dum o,f,yl aYdk qmifa&; armfawmf,mOfwyfbufoYkd ajymif;
a&TUjyef&m 19139 ckESpf tdEd,jynf? um(vf)ulNrdKUodkY if;wyfrS udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf oif
wef;rsm; wufa&mufoifMum;&ef apvTwcf jhJ cif;cH&ygonf/ xkrd S tdE,
d &dum o,f,yl aYdk qmif
a&;wyfrawmfEiS t
hf wl oifwef;rsm;oifMum;NyD;qk;H onhaf emuf 1939 ckEpS ?f 'DZbFmvwGif
&Srf;aoewfudkifwyfwGif;odkY tvkyf0wfw&m;rsm; xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ 1942 ckESpf? rwfv
wGif AkdvfBuD;&mxl;tqifhtwef;odkY wkd;wufcefYtyfjcif;udk cH,l tdEd,jynfodkY &kyfodrf;
oGm;onftxd trIawmfudk xrf;&GufcJhygonf/ odkYaomf rdrdonf vkdufygroGm;bJ jrefrm
jynfwGif ae&pfcJhygonf/
1938 ckEpS w
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hf ufxyfxrd ;f jrm;cJyh gonf/ 1952 ckEpS f tar&duef
jynfwiG u
f sif;yaom taxGaxG ukvor*nv
D mcHobifoYkd jrefrmjynfrS ud,
k pf m;vS,af wmf
64
tjzpf apvTwfjcif;cHcJh&ygonf/ 1956 ckESpf? ZlvkdifvwGif &Srf;jynfe,ftpkd;&? jynfxJa&;

ESifhw&m;a&;0efBuD;Xme0efBuD;tjzpf ta&G;cHcJh&m 1958 ckESpf? Ekd0bFmv 7 &ufaeYwGif
if;Xme0efBuD;&mxl;rS pGefYvTwfcJhygonf/
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkid if aH wmf vlrsKd;pkvw

T af wmfwiG f ygvDreftrwftjzpfjzifh if;?
&Sr;f jynfe,faumifprD S ,aeYtxd ygvDreftrwfEiS t
hf zG0YJ ifwOD;tjzpfif; aqmif&u
G v
f suf
&Sdaeygonf/
65
awmifydkifapmfbGm;BuD; p0fcGefyef;pdef\twKywdtusOf;csKyf
awmifydkifapmfbGm;BuD; p0fcGefyef;pdefonf c&pfou
&mZf 1894 ckESpf? pufwbFmvwGif zGg;jrifonf/ apmf
bGm;BuD;onf &Srf;jynf wjynfvkH;&SdapmfbGm;rsm;t
euf wOD;wnf;aom yavmiftrsKd;om;apmfbmG ;jzpf
avonf/
a&S;OD;pGm 1906 ckEpS w
f iG f awmifBuD;NrdKU? &Sr;f apmfbmG ;
om;ajr;rsm; ausmif;odkY ynm&yfrsm; qnf;yl; oif
Mum;cJhNyD;? 1916 ckESpf ausmif;rSxGufcg awmifydkif
e,f usrkdif; tjzpf e,ftkyfcsKyfa&; udp t00wGif
crnf;awmfapmfbmG ;BuD;tm; ulnaD qmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf/
1926 ckESpfwGif crnf;awmfapmfbGm;BuD; ewf&GmpH u
awmfuek af omtcg crnf;awmf\&ku
d &f mudk qufvuf
pkd;pHcJh&m ,aeYtxdyif jzpfavonf/
awmifydkifapmfbGm;BuD;p0fcGefyef;pdefonf ewf&GmpH &yfapmufapmfbGm;BuD;p0fcGef
vdwf\orD;awmftBuD; p0fcifEGHtm; vufxyfxdrf;jrm;um r[ma'0Dtjzpf wifajrmufcJh
avonf/ r[ma'0DEiS o
hf m;awmf orD;awmf 6 OD; xGe;f um;cJo
h nf/ r[ma'0Dp0fcifEHG ewf
&GmpHNyD;aemuf? yavmiftrsKd;orD; p0feef;useftm; r[ma'0Dtjzpf qufvufwifajrmuf
&m om;awmf orD;awmf 4 OD;xGef;um;jyefonf/ 'kwd,ajrmuf r[ma'0D\om;awmft
BuD; p0fcGefatmiftm; usrkdif;tjzpf cefYtyfxm;avonf/ if; r[ma'0D uHawmfukefjyef
aomtcg jrefrm-t*Fvdyfujym; a':cifararqkdoltm; r[ma'0D wifajrmufjyef&mwGif
om;awmf orD;awmf 13 OD;xGe;f um;cJo
h nf/ apmfbmG ;BuD;wGif yavmiftrsKd;orD;wOD;ESihf
w&kyftrsKd;orD;wOD;tm;vnf; Muif,mawmftjzpf xm;&Sdavonf/
apmfbGm;BuD;onf yifvkHnDvmcH &Srf;jynfapmfbGm;rsm; tpnf;t&kH;\Ou|t
jzpf pGrf;pGrf;wrH wm0ef,laqmif&GufcJh yifvkHpmcsKyfvufrSwfa&;xkd;cJhol jzpfavonf/
apmfbGm;BuD;onf 1925 ckESpf t*Fvef-jyifopfjynfrsm;odkY av;vMumrQ oGm;
a&mufvSnfhvnfcJhbl;NyD; 1939 ckESpf? 'kwd,urmppfBuD;jzpftHhqJqJwGif rmvm,k? w&kyf
66
apmfbGm;BuD;onf erfhrwlrkdif; bm;rm;aumfykda&;&Sif;wGif jynfaxmifpktpdk;&\

udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf (at)tqifh 'g&kdufwmwOD;tjzpf a&G;cs,fcefYtyfjcif;cH&onfhjyif?
jynfaxmifpk pufrv
I ufrv
I yk if ef;? vbufajcmufxw
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f yk af &;tzG0YJ ifvBl uD;tjzpfvnf; cefY
tyfjcif;cH&avonf/ apmfbGm;BuD;onf wkdif;jyKjynfjyK vTwfawmfacwfrSp ,aeYxd vl
rsKd;pkvTwfawmfwGif ygvDreftrwfwOD;tjzpf a&G;cs,fwifajrmufjcif;cH&avonf/
wkid ;f usKd; jynfusKd;rsm; xrf;aqmifco
hJ nfukd axmuf&
I Ekid if aH wmftpk;d &u 1959
ckESpfwGif r[moa&pnfolbGJYxl;jzifh csD;jrifhcH&avonf/
67
jynf? *syefjynf? [Gefemvlvl? tar&duef? t*Fvef? jyifopf? aemfa0;paom wkdif;jynfrsm;

okdY vSnfhvnfcJhavonf/
rkdif;udkifapmfbGm;BuD; p0fMunf\twKywdtusOf;csKyf
rkdif;ukdife,f apmfbGm;BuD; p0fMunfonf jrefrmou
&mZf 1271 ckEpS ?f waygif;vjynfah usmf 11 &ufaeYwiG f
crnf;awmfapmfbmG ;BuD;p0fceG rf EHk iS rhf ,fawmf r[ma'
0Dp0fjr,fyidk w
f rYdk S zGg;jrifNyD; apmfbmG ;BuD;p0fceG rf \
Hk om;
awmfESpfyg;teuf 'kwd,om;awmfjzpfonf/
ou&mZf 1287 ckEpS w
f iG f crnf;awmfapmfbmG ;BuD;p0f
cGerf Hk ewf&mG pHomG ;ojzifh om;awmftBuD; aemifawmf
p0fEGHonf ou&mZf 1927 ckESpfwGif rkdif;udkife,fapmf
bGm;BuD;\t&kduft&mudk qufcHtkyfcsKyf&onf/
i,fpOf awmifBuD;NrdKU &Srf;apmfbGm;om;ajr;rsm;ausmif; ynmoifMum;NyD;vQif
aemifawmfp0fEGHonf apmfbGm;BuD;tjzpf tkyfcsKyfaepOf if;onf rkdif;ukdife,f\usrkdif;
tjzpfjzifh tcGefawmftrwfBuD;&mxl;udkyg yl;wGJxrf;&GufcJh&onf/
1291 ckESpfavmufwGif aemifawmfapmfbGm;BuD; p0fEGHESifhtwl t*FvefEkdifiHodkY t
xl;ynm&yfrsm; avhvm&ef oGm;a&mufc&hJ onf/ t*FvefEikd if w
H iG f aemifawmfapmfbmG ;BuD;
p0fEGH\usef;rma&; csKdUwJhrIaMumifh rkdif;udkifNrdKUodkY jyefvnfxGufvmcJh&onf/
ou&mZf 1932 ckESpfwGif aemifawmfBuD; p0fEGH ewf&GmpHoGm;ojzifh if;\t&kduf
t&mudk qufvufqufcHtkyfcsKyfcJh&onf/
xkdodkY rkdif;ukdife,fudk apmfbGm;BuD;tjzpfjzifh 1932 ckESpfrSp tkyfcsKyfvmcJhonf
tjyif 'kwd,urmppfBuD;twGif;if;? au?tif?'D?tkdac: u&ifolykefrsm;x<upOftcg
if;? rdrde,fol e,fom;rsm;ESifhwuG tpdk;&tm; tbufbufrS ulnDapmifha&SmufvmcJhol
wOD;jzpfayonf/
if;rS ,cktcsdet
f xd apmfbmG ;BuD;tjzpfjzifh tkycf sKyfvsuf&NdS yD; wk;d wufaeaom
urmBuD;\tajctaet&? wk;d wufopfviG o
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vmEkid &f ef &Sr;f jynfe,f e,f&iS rf sm;u rdrw
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Yf w
T af y;a&;udpw
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txl;pdwf0ifpm;vsuf&Sdaom apmfbGm;BuD;wOD; jzpfayonf/
68
xdkodkYpdwf0ifpm;vsuf&Sdonfhtavsmuf OD;pGmyXr pHjytaejzifh tmPmpGefYvTwf

ay;vdkaom apmfbGm;BuD;wOD;jzpfaMumif;udk if;\ajymqkdrdefYMum;csufrsm;t& od&SdcJh&
avonf/
69
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rkid ;f &,fapmfbmG ;BuD;p0fq[
dk zHk (Sao So Home)onf
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(Sao Sone) ESiv
hf uf&rdS ,fawmf eef;crf;qm(awmif
aqmif)tBuD;wkdY\yXrom;awmfjzpfNyD; jrefrmou
&mZf 1278 ckESpfwGif zGg;jrifawmfrl if;ESifhrd&if;wl
arG;bufESrawmf p0fa&Tcif wa,mufxnf;omvQif
&SdaMumif;/
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f &G,w
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wGif pwifynmoifMum;cJNh yD;? rEav;ESi&hf efuek w
f uov
dk af usmif; (tkid ?f at)txd ynm
oifMum;atmifjrifNyD;aemuf 1937 ckEpS w
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dk af usmif;rS xGucf ahJ vonf/ xkad emuf
1938 ckEpS w
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f m\orD;
awmftBuD;qk;H p0fneT MYf unfEiS v
hf ufxyfr*FvmjyK ,cktcg orD;awmf 8 a,mufomvQif
xGef;um;av&m (1) p0fwifrkdif;? (2) p0fwrf;[kH? (3) p0fprfEGrf;? (4) p0fprfzkH;? (5) p0fprf
crf;? (6) p0fqkdifrkdif;? (7) p0f[D;,m;qkdif? (8) p0fqkdif[def;wkdYjzpfMuonf/
aqmif&GufcJhonfhvkyfief;rsm;
apmfbmG ;BuD;onf ausmif;rSxu
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&mtjzmjzm oifwef;rsm;udk avhvmqnf;yl;cJh crnf;awmfapmfbGm;BuD; &SdpOfuyif e,f
tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif wm0ef,lxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ 1947 ckESpf? azaz:0g&DvwGif qewf&?
uqkefvwGif apmfbGm;tjzpf bdodufr*Fvmudk cH,lygonf/
apmfbmG ;BuD;onf 1949 ckwiG f ajrmufyikd ;f &Sr;f jynfwcGiw
f iG f 0ifa&mufaESmif,
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apmfbGm;BuD;onf &Srf;jynfe,f EkdifiHa&;aqmif&Guf&m apmfbGm;rsm; aumifpDt
70
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yif0goemyg wD;cwfjcif;rsm;? vuform;ynm? yef;bJynm tp&do
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71
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vJcsm;apmfbGm;BuD;p0fEGH\twKywdtusOf;csKyf
c&pfou&mZf 1906 ck? atmufwb
dk mv(jrefrmou
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oifausmif;wGif yOrwef; txd ynm oifMum;NyD;
awmifBuD;NrdKU? &Srf;apmfbGm;om;ajr;rsm; ausmif;
qufvuf txufwef; ynm&yfrsm; qnf;yl; oif
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wef;ausmif;wGif ynmrsm;qufvufoifMum;cJo
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2 ESpfcefYrQ Oya'ynm&yfrsm;udk oifMum; rdwdvmyif e,f0efaxmuf&mxl;jzifh trI
xrf;aqmifNyD; ompnfNrdKUwGif aiGwkduft&m&Sdoifwef;udk 1930 ckESpftxd oifMum;cJhyg
onf/ xkrd w
S zef awmifBuD;NrdKU 0ef&iS af wmfrif;BuD;&k;H wGif bwf*sufa&;qGeJ nf;ynm&yfrsm;
udkvnf; qufvufqnf;yl;avhvmoifMum;cJhygonf/
1931 ckESpfwGif vJcsm;e,f&Sif crnf;awmf\&dyf&m e,f&Sifp0fzvkHtjzpf cH,lchJNyD;
1940 ckESpfwGif 'kwd,urmppftwGif; &Srf;taysmfxrf; ppfwyfeHygwf 13 wGif 'k-Akdvf&m
xl;jzifh arNrdKUwGif trIxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ 1941 ckESpfwGif? *syefacwfwGif vJcsm;e,fodYk
jyefvnfMunf&h t
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d yfaeojzifh e,fukd jyefvnftyk cf sKyfc&hJ onf/
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jcif;udk cH& if;wkdYvufrS xGufajy;wdrf;a&SmifNyD; 5 &uftMumwGif r[mrdwfwyf trSwf
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wGuf jynfaxmifpo
k m;tm;vk;H pnf;vk;H nDnw
T af &;yifvpHk mcsKyf csKyfqMdk u&mwGif &Sr;f aumf
rwDtzGJY0if 14 OD;teuf wOD;tygt0iftjzpf vufrSwfa&;xkd;NyD; vGwfvyfa&;twGuf
BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJh&ygonf/
72
wzefqufvuf ajrmufydkif; &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;? oDayg? ajrmufodED? rkdif;&,f?

0e,f? aus;pD;? rkdif;aemif? rkdif;&I? rkdif;udkif? armufr,f? rkdif;yefe,frsm;rS e,f&SifnDawmf
aemifawmfrsm;ESiu
hf n
l aD pmifah &Smuf&ef vlrsm;udk pk&;Hk vsuf aomif;usef;olrsm; ESrd ef if;a&;
OD;pD;csKyftaejzifh wGef;vSefwkdufckdufNyD; e,frsm;udk jyefvnf odrf;ydkufcJhygonf/ xdkuJhodkY
wGe;f vSew
f u
dk cf u
dk &f mwGif wyfrawmfrS aoewfuidk w
f yf&if;(1)? wyfcw
JG cGu
J kd Akv
d Bf uD;wifO;D
udk,fwkdifOD;pD;vsuf ajrmufydkif;wkdif; AkdvfrSL;csKyfbvdwfu apvTwfcJhygonf/
if;aemuf qufvuf wyfrawmfESifhtwl yl;aygif;NyD; 4 vMumrQ aomif;usef;
olrsm;tm; wGef;vSefwkdufckdufcg awmifBuD;NrdKUawmfudk jyefvnfodrf;,lcJh&m 1951-52 ck
ESpftxd rdkif;udkifESifhvJcsm;e,fwGif <uif;usefaeao;onfhaomifusef;olrsm;tm; quf
vufwGef;vSefNzdKzsufcJhygonf/ xkdYjyifvnf; &Srf;jynfe,f tpkd;&tzGJYwGif jynfolYaiGpm&if;
aumfrwD obmywdtjzpf aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf/
1958 ckESpfwGif jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHawmfrS oa&pnfolbGJYESifha&TwHqdyfqkcsD;
jrifhjcif;cH&NyD; jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmf vlrsKd;pkvTwfawmfwGif trwfwOD;tjzpfjzihf
vnf; vGwfvyfaom jynfaxmifpkBuD;\wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifvsuf &Sdygonf/
73
1949 ckESpfwGif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmf w0ef;vkH;wGif aomif;usef;olrsm;

tiftm;BuD;rm;pOfu &Sr;f jynfe,fwiG v
f nf; au?tif?'D?tk?d rsm;u OD;pD;acgif;aqmifvsuf
&Sr;f jynfe,f\NrdKUawmf awmifBuD;NrdKUrSpNyD; &Sr;f jynfe,fta&SUydik ;f ? ajrmufyikd ;f ESiv
hf ,
G v
f if
ponfhNrdKUtoD;oD;wkdYudk odrf;,lxm;Mu&m vJcsm;ESifhrdk;eJe,fole,fom;rsm;udk pk&kH;NyD; OD;
pD;acgif;aqmifjyKvsuf vG,v
f ifNrdKUudk aomif;usef;olrsm;vufrS jyefvnford ;f ydu
k cf o
hJ nf/
&yfapmufapmfbGm;BuD; p0fcGefqm\twKywdtusOf;csKyf
&yfapmuf apmfbGm;BuD; p0fcGefqmonf 1257 ckESpf?
wefaqmifrek ;f vqef; 5 &ufaeYwiG f crnf;awmfapmf
bGm;BuD;p0fcGefvdwf(K.S.M.)ESifhr,fawmfp0feef; r
jrifhwkdYrS zGg;jrifonfh wOD;wnf;aom om;awmf jzpf
onf/
1272 ckESpfwGif awmifBuD;NrdKU? &Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;\
om;ajr;ausmif; pwif ynmoifMum;NyD; 1280 ck
ESpfwGif ausmif;rS xGufum tkyfcsKyfa&;ynmrsm;ukd
awmifBuD;NrdKU jrLeDpyg,f&;Hk if;? rZsrd 0efaxmuf&;Hk
if;? ta&;ykid &f ;Hk if; wESpw
f mrQ avhvmqnf;yl;
NyD; &yfapmufe,fodkY jyefvmum? w&m;olBuD; tjzpf
if;? e,fcsKyftjzpfif; jyefvnfxrf;aqmifonf/
1267 ckEpS ?f uqkev
f jynfah usmf 10 &ufaeYwiG f &yfapmufe,f usrkid ;f tjzpf crnf;
awmfu ceft
Y yfco
hJ nf/ (1947 ckEpS ?f azaz:0g&Dv 7 &ufaeY) 1308 ck? wykw
Yd v
JG jynfah usmf
7 &ufaeYwiG f crnf;awmf\&ku
d &f mudk qufcrH nfah pmfbmG ;BuD;tjzpf Armjynfb&k ifcu
H cefY
tyfjcif;cH&onf/
apmfbGm;BuD; p0fcGefqmonf 1282 ckESpf? wydkYwGJvqef; 13 &ufaeYwGif usKd;wkH
apmfbmG ;BuD;\orD;awmf p0feef;0if;ausmufEiS x
hf rd ;f jrm;vufxyf&m orD;awmfav;OD;ESihf
om;awmf ESpOf ;D xGe;f um;cJo
h nf/ wkid ;f jyKjynfjyKvTwaf wmfrS ,aeYvrl sKd;pkvw
T af wmftxd
ygvDreftrwfwOD;taejzifh a&G;cs,fjcif;cH&onf/
a&S;OD;pGm vufxyfcJhonfhr[ma'0D ewf&GmpHNyD;aemuf 1319 ck? 0gqkdvqef; 12
&ufaeYwiG f anmifa&TapmfbmG ;BuD;p0fa&Tou
dk \
f wlrawmf p0fEEHG iS ahf emufxyf tdraf xmifjyK
&m aemufxyfom;awmf trTmESpfOD; xGef;um;jyefonf/ ,ck oufawmf 63 ESpf&SdNyD; usef;
rmoefpGrf; &Tifvef;vsuf &Sdavonf/
74
pum;apmfbmG ;BuD; r[moa&pnfol p0fceG Mf unfonf

crnf;awmfol&Jaumif; aiG"g;&? apmfbGm;BuD;p0fpdef
zl;ESifh r,fawmfp0feef;cifjzLwkdYrS 1893 ckESpf? {NyDv
10 &ufaeYwiG f &Sr;f jynfawmifyidk ;f pum;NrdKU zGg;jrif
onf/
touf 8 ESpt
f &G,w
f iG f pum;NrdKU *kP
d ;f csKyfq&mawmf
BuD;ausmif;wGif bmoma&;qkid &f m pmayrsm;udpk wif
avhvmqnf;yl;NyD;? touf 9 ESpft&G,fwGif awmif
BuD;NrdKU 1902 ckESpf? yXrOD;pGm zGifhvSpfonfh &Srf;apmf
bGm;om;ajr;rsm; ausmif;wGif ajymif;a&TU ynmoif
Mum;cJhonf/ xkdausmif;yif e0rwef;atmifjrifNyD;
xkdacwfu 10 wef;r&SdaomaMumifh ausmif;rSxGufcJh&onf/ touf 17 ESpft&G,fwGif c
rnf;&if;awmf apmfbGm;BuD; p0fpdefzl;ewf&GmpHav&m? e,ftkyfcsKyfa&;udprsm;udk aqmif
&Gu&f eftwGuf rZsrd 0efaxmuf&;Hk wGif if;? rif;BuD;&k;H wGif if; tkycf sKyfa&;ynmrsm;udk avh
vmoifMum;&NyD; touf 23 ESpt
f &G,w
f iG f pum;apmfbmG ;BuD;tjzpf ceft
Y yfjcif;cH&onf/
p0fjym;pdkif;rS pwifa&wGufaomf 11 qufajrmufaom pum;apmfbGm;jzpfavonf/
apmfbmG ;BuD;p0fceG Mf unfonf ewf&mG pHo;Hk qufapmfbmG ;BuD;p0fceG b
f ;dk \ajr;? ewf
&GmpH &yfapmufapmfbGm;BuD; Muufoa&aqmifa&TpvG,f&? p0fcGefvdwf\wlrawmf p0feef;
cifarESifhxdrf;jrm;vufxyfcg r[ma'0Dwifajrmuf&m om;awmf orD;awmf 10 OD;xGef;
um;cJhonf/ 1941 ckESpf r[ma'0Dp0feef;cifar ewf&GmpHaomtcg pum;NrdKUol eef;jr
wif? eef;jr&if? eef;jrZifwkdYESifhaemufxyf tdrfaxmifjyK&mrS om;orD; 11 OD; xGef;um;jyef
onf/
1948 ckESpfwGif pum;e,fcsKyfa&;tm; om;awmfusrkdif;tm; e,fcsKyftjzpfcefY
tyfNyD;? &Srf;jynfe,faumifpD(vTwfawmf)obmywdtjzpf a&G;cs,fwifajrmufjcif;cH&&m?
,aeYtxdyif jzpfavonf/
apmfbGm;BuD; p0fcGefMunfonf &Srf;jynfe,fomoema&;tzGJYwGifvnf; apwemh
75
pum;apmfbGm;BuD;p0fcGefMunf\twKywdtusOf;csKyf
0efxdrf;tzGJYOu|tjzpf aqmif&Gufvsuf&SdNyD; jrefrmEkdifiHawmf Ak'omoemtzGJYwGif a'o

ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf yg0ifaqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf/ 1950 ck oD[kdVfwGifusif;yaom urmh
Ak'b
momnDvmcHoYdk jrefrmEdik if u
H ,
kd pf m;vS,t
f zG0YJ ifwOD;tjzpf wufa&mufcNhJ yD; 1952 ck
ESpf *syefjynfwGifusif;yaom urmhAk'bmomnDvmcHodkY jrefrmEkdifiHudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf
wufa&mufcJh&onf/ 1955 ckESpfwGif w&kyfjynfodkY jrwfpGmbk&m;\tHawmfyifhaqmifa&;
tzGJYwGif yg0ifoGm;a&mufcJh&onf/ jynfaxmifjrefrmEkdifiHawmf vGwfvyfa&;atmifyGJ A[kd
aumfrwDwGif 'kwd,Ou|tjzpf ,aeYwkdif aqmif&Gufvsuf &Sdonf/
1958 ckEpS w
f iG f Ekid if aH wmftpd;k &u r[moa&pnfob
l x
JYG ;l jzifh csD;jrijhf cif;cH&onf/
76
rkid ;f yefe,fapmfbmG ;BuD; oD&yd sHcsDp0fa&TMunfonf rkid ;f

yef? rkid ;f wk?H rkid ;f [ef? rkid ;f uRwf? rkid ;f xm; 5 NrdKyY idk rf idk ;f
yef e,fvkH;qkdif&mudk bGm;pm; tkyfcsKyfol ewf&GmpH
(K.S.M) Muufoa&aqmifa&TpvG,f&apmfbGm;BuD;
p0fcGeftkHESifh r[ma'0Dp0feef;,kHwkdYrS aygufzGm; xGef;
um;onfo
h m;orD; ESpOf ;D teuf om;BuD;jzpf? jrefrm
ou&mZf 1282 ck(t*Fvyd o
f u&mZf 1921 ck)ESpw
f iG f
rkdif;yefNrdKU zGg;jrifonf/
apmfbGm;BuD;p0fa&TMunfonf 1931 ckESpfwGif &Srf;
apmfbGm;om;ajr;rsm;ausmif; pwif ynmrsm;oifMum;qnf;yl;NyD;vQif 1940 ckESpf
wGif ausmif;uxGufNyD;? tkyfcsKyfrI uRrf;usifa&;twGuf &kH;tvkyf0wfw&m;rsm; em;vnf
&ef vG,fvif0efaxmuf&kH;wGif wESpftvkyfoif uG,fvGefol &Srf;jynfe,f\acgif;aqmif
BuD;rkid ;f yGeaf pmfbmG ;BuD;p0fpx
H eG ;f xHwiG v
f nf; wESprf Q qufvuf &k;H vkyif ef;rsm;udk qnf;
yl;avhvmcJhygonf/
if;aemuf crnf;awmf\e,ftkyfcsKyfrI tvkyf0wfw&m;rsm;udk ulnDaqmif&Guf
&if; 1940 ckESpfwGif? rkdif;yefusrkdif;tjzpf cefYtyfjcif;cHcJh&ygonf/
p0fa&TMunfonf rkdif;yefNrdKU orm;awmfOD;vIdif\'kwd,orD; p0feef;jrifhESifhxdrf;
jrm;vufxyfcJhygonf/ 1947 ckESpf? ZEm0g&DvtwGif; crnf;awmfapmfbGm;BuD; ewf&GmpH
uHawmfukefaomtcg e,fvlxkrsm;\oabmqEajrmfvifh awmifhwcsufESifhukdufnDpGm
1948 ckESpf? crnf;awmf\&dyf&mudk cH,lvsuf rkdif;yefapmfbGm;tjzpf qufcHtkyfcsKyfvsuf
&Sdygonf/
apmfbGm;BuD;p0fa&TMunfrSm om;axmuforD;cH xGef;um;jcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; ESpfr
awmfp0fyef;pdeEf iS ahf umifpo
D bmywdpum;apmfbmG ;BuD; r[moa&pnfol p0fceG Mf unf\wl
EkdifiHawmfopfxkwfa&; p0fpdefzGifhESifhvufquf xGef;um;aygufzGg;onfh (1) yXrom;BuD;
p0f[wf? (2) 'kwd,om;p0fcGefqpf? (3) wwd,orD; p0fcifaomfwmESifhp0feef;jrifh\wlr
p0fvS0if;wkdYtm; om;orD;rsm; apmifha&SmufNyD; jyKpkvsuf&Sdygonf/
77
rkdif;yefapmfbGm;BuD; p0fa&TMunf\twKywdtusOf;csKyf
1950 ckEpS t
f wGi;f ? a'oE&A[kow
k tjzpf ,k;d ',m;jynf? befaumuf? Zif;r,f
ponfNrdKUrsm;odYkvnf; oGm;a&mufvnfywfcJhygonf/
1949 ckESpfwGif au? tif? 'D? tkd? ta&;ay:aygufvmaomtcg ppf0efxrf;rsm;

pkaqmif;zGJYpnf;&m vG,fvifNrdKUvma&muf aomif;usef;olrsm;udk opm&SdpGm yg0ifwGef;
vSefwkdufckduf&mwGif ppf0efxrf;&dumaxmufyHha&;t&m&Sdtjzpf wm0ef,lulnDaqmif&Guf
cJhygonf/
1952 ckESpfrSp jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmf ygvDrefvlrsKd;pkvTwfawmftrwf
tjzpf a&G;cs,fjcif;cH&onfrSp ,ckwkdif wkdif;jynftusKd;udk onfydk;&Gufaqmifvsuf &Sdyg
onf/
1953 ckEpS w
f iG f jynfaxmifpek ,fajrtwGi;f usL;ausmf0ifa&mufonfh au? trf?
wD? w&kyjf zLrsm;udk wGe;f vSeNf zdKzsufonfeh *g;Edik pf pfqifa&;wGif rdrEd iS w
hf uG e,fov
l x
l rk sm;
yg pdwf"mwfMuHhcdkifpGmjzifh wyfr[m(9)wyfrif;BuD;? AkdvfrSL;BuD;ausmfaZmESifhtwl a&SUwef;
pmrsufESm &Gwf&GwfcRHcRH yg0ifulnDwkdufckdufcJhygonf/
1954 ckEpS w
f iG v
f nf; bk&ifah emifppfqifa&;ESihf wzef jynfaxmifp&k efow
l &kyjf zL
rsm;udk qufvufacsrIe;f &mwGi?f bk&ifah emifvrf;rBuD; pwifazmufvyk &f mif;? wku
d cf u
dk f
acsrIef;&mwGifif;? vkdtyfonfh&Jbufrsm;pk&kH;um? wyfrawmfESifhtwl tm;BudK;rmefwuf
yg0ifulnDcJhygonf/
1955 ckEpS w
f iG f wzef uRrf;usifonfw
h &kyjf zLrsm;udk &efBuD;atmifppfqifa&;ESihf
ESrd ef if;&efvnf; rdred ,frsm;jzpfaom rkid ;f yef-rkid ;f wkaH 'orsm;rS? &Jbufrsm;&&Sad &;twGuf
pGrf;tm;&SdorQ wyfrawmfudk ulnDcJh&ygonf/ uJhodkY &efolw&kyfjzLrsm;udk tBudrfBudrf
wkdufxkwfESdrfeif;&mwGif wyfrawmftm; tBudrfwkdif;wGif rqkwfepfaom vkHYvESifhtbuf
bufrS yg0ifulnDcJh&onf/ vkyfief;pGrf;&nfrsm;aMumifhyif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmf
tpk;d &\ESpaf xmif;tm;&jcif;cH&onfEiS t
hf rQ Ekid if aH wmf0efBuD;csKyfO;D Ekyif vif;&kb
d mum;
wpD;? &ky&f iS jf ypufEiS t
hf if*sifpufwvk;H udk arwmvufaqmiftjzpf qkcsD;jrichf cH &hJ &krH u jynf
axmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmftpkd;&\1956 ck? vGwfvyfa&;ESpfywfvnfatmifyGJtwGuf oD&d
ysHcsDbGJYjzifh csD;jrifhajrmufpm;jcif;cHcJh&ygonf/
78
uJo
h Ykd jynfaxmifpo
k m;aumif;&wemNyDopGm jynfaxmifpak umif;usKd;ukd ud,
k f
pGrf;? PfpGrf;&SdorQ onfydk;&GufaqmifcJhjcif;aMumifh trsm;jynfolwkdY\,kHrSwfukd;pm;jcif;
cHc&hJ onfEiS t
hf rQ 1958 ck? Ek0d bFmv 12 &ufaeYwiG f topfwzef zGpYJ nf;aom &Sr;f jynfe,f
tpk;d &tzGw
YJ iG f ynma&;ESiu
hf sef;rma&;0efBuD;tjzpf a&G;cs,fwifajrmufjcif; cHc&hJ ygonf/
79
rkdif;vif;apmfbGm;BuD; p0frefvdwf\twKywdtusOf;csKyf
rkid ;f vif;apmfbmG ;BuD; p0frefvw
d o
f nf c&pfou&mZf
1919 ckESpf? ZEm0g&Dv 1 &ufaeYwGif rkdif;vif;e,f
(wudwf) &GmwGif zGg;jrif crnf;awmf p0fceef? r,f
awmf p0feef;tkHwkdY\arG;csif; 11 a,mufteuf 'kwd
,ajrmufom;awmfjzpfonf/ apmfbmG ;BuD;p0frefvw
d f
\txufwa,mufrmS orD;awmfjzpfaeyg rdrt
d m;
1939 ESpfwGif crnf;awmfapmfbGm;BuD; ewf&GmpH uH
awmfuek o
f mG ;aomtcg p0frefvw
d o
f nf crnf;awmf
\t&kduft&mudk qufvufcHpm;cJhygonf/
apmfbmG ;BuD;onf acwfynmt*Fvyd b
f momESijhf refrm
bmomrsm;udk wwfuRrf;onfhtjyif rdrdwkdif;&if;ynmjzpfaom &Srf;bmomudk aumif;pGm
wwfuRrf;ygonf/
apmfbGm;rSm om; 2 a,muf? orD; 3 a,muf? om;orD; 5 a,mufxGef;um;onfh
teuf om;ESpfa,mufESifhorD;tBuD; wa,mufwkdYrSm acwfynmudk qnf;yl;Muvsuf&Sdyg
onf/
apmfbmG ;BuD;onf tkycf sKyfrI uRrf;usifr&I o
dS nft
h avsmuf 1953 ckEpS w
f iG f w&kyf
jzLrsm; vma&mufaESmifh,Sufaomfvnf; &yf&Gmvlxkrsm;rSm qkH;&IH;epfjcif;r&SdcJhyg/
apmfbGm;BuD;onf jynfoljynfom;wkdY\tusKd;udk txl;a&SU&IolwOD; jzpfonfht
avsmuf jynfolvlxk\av;pm;jcif;udk cHpm;&olwOD; jzpfygonf/
EkdifiHawmftpkd;&tay:vnf; opm&SdolwOD;jzpfonfhtjyif tpkd;&vkdvm;csuf
rsm;udk tifwkduftm;wkduf aqmif&GufulnDolwOD;jzpfygonf/
80
rkdif;yGefapmfbGm;BuD; p0faq[kHonf AkdvfcsKyfatmif

qef;ESiw
hf uG wkid ;f jynf\aumif;usKd;twGuf touf
ay;oGm;ol trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif rkdif;yGefapmfbGm;
BuD; p0fpHxGef;ESifh rkdif;r[ma'0D p0fcifaomif;wkdY\
om;awmfjzpfavonf/
crnf;awmfapmfbmG ;BuD;p0fpx
H eG ;f ewf&mG pHonfh 1947
ckESpfwGif p0faq[kHrSm touf 12 ESpft&G,frQom &Sd
ao;ojzifh crnf;awmf\&dy&f mawmfudk csufjcif;quf
cHEidk jf cif; r&Scd yhJ g/ r,fawmfp0fcifaomif;vnf; 1945
ckESpfuyif ewf&GmpHuHawmfukefcJhavNyDjzpfojzifh p0f
aq[kHonf bBuD;awmfrkd;rdwfapmfbGm;BuD;p0fcGefcsKd
xHodkY ajymif;a&TUae&if; ynmudk qnf;yl;cJhonf/
rkid ;f yGeef ,furkd l crnf;awmf\aemifawmfu e,fcsKyftaeESihf tkycf sKyfMunf&h aI y;
avonf/ u&ifolykefrsm; BuD;pkd;aomtcsdefwGif e,fcsKyfBuD;u wdrf;a&Smifae&avonf/
rkid ;f yGeef ,ftpk;d &vufwiG ;f odjYk yefa&mufaomtcg &Sr;f jynfe,ftpk;d &\rZsrd 0efaxmufukd
e,fcsKyftaejzifh cefYtyf tkyfcsKyfavonf/
p0faq[ko
H nf ynmoifMum;&mwGif 1952 ckEpS f awmifBuD;NrdKU uarmZausmif;
rSae wuov
dk 0f ifwef;pmar;yGu
J kd aumif;pGmatmifjrifavonf/ 1954 ckEpS w
f iG f &efuek f
wuodkvf Oypm0dZmtwef;wGif yXr&ojzifh qkwHqdyfcsD;jrifhjcif;udk cH&avonf/
1957 ckESpfwGif usif;yaom &efukefwuodkvf\bGJYESif;obiftcrf;tem;wGif
0dZm*kPfxl;bGJYudk csD;jrifhjcif;cH&avonf/ xkdYaemuf &Srf;jynfe,faumifpD\tMuHay;csuf
t& 1957 ck? arv 18 &ufaeYwGif EkdifiHawmforwBuD;onf p0faq[kHtm; rkdif;yGefapmf
bGm;tjzpf cefYtyfvkdufavonf/
81
rkdif;yGefapmfbGm;BuD;p0faq[kH\twKywdtusOf;csKyf
omrkdif;crf;apmfbGm;BuD; p0fxGef;{\twKywdtusOf;csKyf
omrkid ;f crf;apmfbmG ; r[moa&pnfopl 0fxeG ;f {onf
awmfeif;NrdKUpm;BuD; p0fcGefxD;ESifhomrkdif;crf;NrdKUpm;
BuD; at-wD-trfb&YJG p0fceG zf ;dk \orD;awmftBuD;p0f
cifxm;wkdY\ om;awmf jzpfygonf/ p0fxGef;{wGif
armifESpfrokH;a,muf&Sd&m (1) p0fcif&if? (2) p0fcif
pde?f (3) p0fxeG ;f {wkjYd zpfMuygonf/ tpfrawmftBuD;
p0fcif&ifrmS p0farmifEiS t
hf aMumif;ygNyD; ,cktcg if;
\cifyGef;p0farmifrSm omrkdif;crf;e,f udk,fpm;vS,f
awmftjzpf aqmif&u
G v
f suf&ydS gonf/ tpfrawmfp0f
cifpdefrSm &efukefwuodkvfausmif;rS Oypmtxuf
wef;udk atmifjrifNyD; 1939 ck? pufwbFmvwGif uG,fvGefoGm;ygonf/ p0fxGef;{onf
awmifBuD;NrdKU? &Srf;apmfbGm;om;ajr;rsm;ausmif; 10 wef;txd ynm&ifEdkYaomufpdkYcJhyg
onf/ 1936 ckESpfwGif &Srf;jynfe,f c&kdif0ef&Sifawmfrif;BuD;&kH;wGif tkyfcsKyfa&;ynm&yf
rsm;udk ESpfESpfcefY avhvmqnf;yl;cJhNyD; 1937 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 3 &ufaeYrSp a&TpvG,f&
rif; ayG;vSNrdKUpm;BuD;p0fpHjr\vufrS omrkdif;crf;e,fudk vufcH,lNyD; udk,fwkdiftkyfcsKyfcJh
ygonf/
1938 ck? arv 1 &ufaeYwGif &Srf;jynfe,faumifpD obmywdpum;apmfbGm;BuD;
r[moa&pnfol p0fcGefMunf\'kwd,orD;awmf p0fMunfxl;ESifhvufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;jyK
ygonf/ orD;awmfp0fjrpfO;D wa,mufxnf;om xGe;f um;&m ,cktcg ynmoifMum;vsuf
&Sdygonf/ om;awmf&if;csm rxGef;um;ojzifh tpfrawmfp0fcif&if\om;tBuD;p0farmif
&ifudk om;awmftjzpf arG;pm;NyD; omrkdif;crf;e,f\usrkdif;&mxl; csD;jrifhxm;ygonf/
omrkid ;f crf;apmfbmG ;BuD; r[moa&pnfopl 0fxeG ;f {onf 1939 ckEpS w
f iG f &Sr;f jynf
e,ftaemufyikd ;f e,f&iS af pmfbmG ;rsm;\uk,
d pf m;vS,t
f jzpf &Sr;f jynfe,fya'o&mZfaumif
pDwGif aumifpDtrwftjzpf a&G;cs,fwifajrmufjcif;cH&ygonf/ 1942 ckESpf? zufqpf*syef
rsm; pdk;rkd;tkyfcsKyfpOf rdrde,f\pnf;&kH;nDnTwfrItwGuf &Gmwkdif;aph vSnfhvnfum pnf;vkH;
nDnTwfrIudk &,latmifjrifcJhygonf/ 1945 ckESpf? r[mrdwfwkdY jrefrmjynfodkY 0ifa&mufvm
csdew
f iG f Armhvw
G v
f yfa&; wyfrawmftxufArmjynfEiS &hf rS ;f jynf? wkid ;f rSL;Akv
d rf LS ;BuD;Axl;
82
1946 ckESpfwGif yXrtBudrfajrmuf yifvkHnDvmcHBuD;jzpfajrmufa&;udk BudK;yrf;

&if; taemufydkif;apmfbGm;rsm;\acgif;aqmifukd,fpm;vS,fyk*Kdvf jzpfvmcJhonf/ 1947
ckEpS ?f yifvNHk rdKUwGif ArmjynfEiS ahf wmifwef;a'owkYd yl;aygif;um vGwv
f yfa&;udk t&,l&ef
qk;H jzwfco
hJ nfu
h rmausmfyifvpHk mcsKyfBuD;wGif &Sr;f jynfu,
kd pf m;vS,t
f jzpfjzifh vufrw
S af &;
xkd;cJholwOD;jzpfygonf/ 1947 ckESpfrSmyif wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmftrwftjzpf a&G;cs,f
jcif;cH&ygonf/ 1948 ckEpS w
f iG f jyefvnfxal xmifa&;tzG(YJ y?v?u?z)\Ou|ESiahf pmfbmG ;
rsm;tpnf;t&kH;\'kwd,Ou|tjzpf a&G;cs,fwifajrmufjcif;cHcJh&ygonf/
1949 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 13 &ufaeY awmifBuD;NrdKUudk a&mifpkHolykefwkdY odrf;ydkufxm;
pOf taemufydkif;e,f apmfbGm;rsm;ESifhwuG vlxkukd pnf;&kH;um wyfrawmfjzifh yl;aygif;NyD;
wGe;f vSew
f u
dk cf u
dk cf yhJ gonf/ awmifBuD;NrdKUudk olyek rf sm; odr;f ydu
k x
f m;pOf atmifbef;NrdKUwGif
acw&;Hk pku
d
f taemufyidk ;f ESirhf Zsrd ydik ;f qkid &f m apwemh0efxrf;ta&;ykid t
f jzpf aqmif&u
G f
NyD;? awmifBuD;NrdKUudk tpkd;&u jyefvnfodrf;ydkufonfh 1949 ckESpf? Ekd0bFmv 23 &ufaeYrS
p 1952 ckESpf? rwfv 31 &ufaeYtxd &Srf;jynfawmifykdif; ta&;ydkiftjzpf apwemh0ef
xrf;oufouf xyfrHaqmif&GufcJhygonf/ uJhokdY jynfaxmifpkBuD;\tusKd;udk pGrf;pGrf;
wref BudK;pm;aqmif&u
G rf aI Mumifh jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmftpk;d &u ESpaf xmif;tm;&
&SdvSygojzifh 1950 ckESpf? vGwfvyfa&;ESpfywfvnfaeYwGif jynfaxmifpk\om;aumif;&w
emwOD;taejzifh Ekid if aH wmforwBuD;u r[moa&pnfob
l jYJG zifh tyfEiS ;f csD;jrijhf cif;udk cH&
ygonf/
1952 ckESpf? {NyDv 4 &ufaeYwGif &Srf;jynfe,ftpdk;&tzGJY0if jynfolYusef;rma&;
ESifhwkd;wufa&;0efBuD;tjzpf &Srf;jynfe,f ygvDrefaumifpDrS cefYtyfjcif;udk cHcJh&ygonf/
xdkESpfrSmyif w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyf OD;jrifhodef;acgif;aqmifaom tdEd,jynfr[m&mZmapmf
bGm;rsm;\tkycf sKyfa&;tmPmpGev
Yf w
T rf I pkpH rf;a&;aumfr&Siw
f iG f 'kw,
d acgif;aqmiftjzpf
yg0ifcJhygonf/ wzef 1954 ck? rwfvup &Srf;jynfe,f jynfxJa&;? omoema&;? pnf
yifom,ma&;? vlr0I efxrf;? u,fq,fa&;ESijhf yefMum;a&;0efBuD;tjzpf 1956 ck? arvt
xd xrf;&GufcJhygonf/ if;jyif &?w?p?n?zac: &Srf;jynfawmifwef;om;pnf;vkH;nDnTwf
83
\wyfESifhyl;aygif;um ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfBuD;udk tppt&m&mwGif tpGrf;ukeft

ultnDay;cJyh gonf/ wcsdew
f nf;rSmyif &Sr;f jynfe,f taemufyikd ;f e,f&iS af pmfbmG ;rsm;\
pnf;vkH;nDnTwfrIudkvnf; BudK;yrf;cJhygonf/
a&;tzGJY 'kwd,Ou|tjzpfjzifhvnf; yl;wGJaqmif&GufcJhygonf/

1956 ck? ZGefv 1 &ufaeYrSp 1957 ck? arv 31 &ufaeYtxd jynfaxmifpkjref
rmEkdifiHtpkd;&tzGJY0if u,fq,fa&;ESifhjyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&;0efBuD;tjzpf aqmif&Guf
cJhygonf/ xkdYaemuf 1957 ck? ZGefv 1 &ufaeYrSp 1958 ck? atmufwkdbmv 28 &ufaeY
txd? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmftpkd;&tzGJY0if vl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;ESifhtrsKd;om;rSwfykH
wifa&;Xme0efBuD;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhygonf/ tqkdyg0efBuD;tjzpf aqmif&GufaepOfckduf?
1958 ck? rmvm,kjynf uGmvmvHylNrdKUwGif usif;yaom (ECAFE) ac:ta&SUzsm;EkdifiH
pD;yGg;a&;ESiahf cRwmpkaqmif;a&;tpnf;ta0;odYk jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmftpk;d &uk,
d f
pm; acgif;aqmiftjzpf wufa&mufcJhygonf/
1957 ckESpfwGif NAdwdoQbk&ifr tvZbuf\bdodufcHyGJodkY {nfhonfawmftjzpf
wufa&mufNyD; tar&duef (Full Bright) tultnDjzifh tar&duef? jyifopf? [Gef;em;
vl;vl;? *syef? a[mifaumif? ,k;d ',m; tp&Sad omEkid if rH sm;okYd vSnv
hf nfum ynmrsm;qnf;
yl;avhvmcJhygonf/
1958 ckEpS ?f atmufwb
dk mv 28 &ufaeYrpS vlrsKd;pkvw
T af wmftrwftjzpf ,ck
wkdif aqmif&Gufvsuf&SdygaMumif;/
84
aus;oD;refpHapmfbGm;BuD; p0fa&TrIHonf 1907 ck? Zl

vkdifv 20 &ufaeYwGif crnf;awmf aus;oD;refpHapmf
bGm;BuD;p0fcGefvlESifh r,fawmfp0feef;axG;wkdYrS aus;
oD;NrdKUwGif zGm;jrifonf/ nDtpfukd 3 OD;wGif tBuD;qk;H
om;awmfjzpfonf/
touf 10 ESpf aus;oD;NrdKUq&mawmfBuD;ausmif;
13 ESpx
f d ynmoifMum;NyD; if;rSjzL;NrdKU Z,m;bke;f
awmfBuD;ausmif; Ak'bmompmayrsm;udk 1 ESpfrQ
qnf;yl;avhvmonf/ jzL;rSwzef oDaygNrdKUe,f? t*Fvdyf-jrefrmtv,fwef;ausmif;
ynmoifMum;onf/ 1927 ckESpfwGif awmifBuD;NrdKU? &Srf;apmfbGm;om;ajr;rsm;ausmif;odkY
wufa&mufNyD; ynmoifMum; 1930 ckESpfwGif t|rwef; atmifjrifNyD; 1931 ckESpf
rEav;NrdKU? &Jt&m&dSoifwef;ausmif;odkY wufa&mufoifMum;onf/
rEav;ausmif;rS qif;NyD; awmifBuD;NrdKU rif;BuD;&kH;wGif 4 vrQ tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif
&m tvky0f wfw&m;rsm;udk avhvmqnf;yl;cJo
h nf/ ,if;odYk tkycf sKyfa&;ynmrsm; avhvm
aepOf 1931 ckESpf? arv aus;oD;usrkdif;tjzpf cefYtyfjcif;cH&onf/
rif;BuD;&k;H rS wzef NrdKUr0efaxmuf&;Hk wGif 'kw,
d wef; tmPm&w&m;olBuD;tjzpf
1 ESpfvkyfudkifaqmif&GufNyD; aiGwkduf0efaxmuf&kH;wGif 4 vrQ aiGpm&if;rsm;udk avhvmoif
Mum;onf/ if;rSwzef w&m;r w&m;olBuD;tjzpf 6 vrQ Oya'rsm;udk avhvmoifMum;
onf/
1933 ckESpfwGif aus;oD;refpHe,fodkYjyefum trwfcsKyftjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/
if;ESpfyif yXrwef;tmPm&w&m;olBuD;tjzpf cefYtyfjcif;cH&onf/ 1945 ck? azaz:
0g&Dv 5 &ufaeYrSp r[mrdwfwkdY\(101)eHygwfppfwyfESifhtquftoG,f,lum zufqpf
*syefrsm;tm; rdrdudk,fwkdif acgif;aqmifNyD; awmfvSefwkdufckdufcJh&m rkdif;&,fe,fpyfrS rkd;eJ
txd vkdufvH wkdufxkwfcJhonf/
1947 ck? Zlvkdifv 20 &ufaeYwGif crnf;awmfapmfbGm;BuD; ewf&GmpHaomtcg c
85
aus;oD;refpHapmfbGm;BuD; p0fa&TrIH\twKywdtusOf;csKyf
rnf;awmf\&ku
d &f mudk qufvufcpH m;cJo
h nf/ if;ESpf yif wkid ;f jyKjynfjyKvTwaf wmftrwf
tjzpf a&G;cs,fjcif;cH&onf/ 1949 ckESpf? au?tif?'D?tkdrsm; qlylaomif;usef;csdefwGif ppf
0efxrf;rsm;zGpJY nf;um vG,v
f ifukd A[kjd yK [dyk ;Hk teD; EGm;vydaYk wmiftxd wku
d cf u
dk cf o
hJ nf/
1951 ckESpf? &Srf;jynfapmfbGm;rsm; tmPmpGefYvTwf&eftwGuf tdEd,jynf? r[m
&mZmapmfbGm;rsm;\pHepfudk oGm;a&mufavhvmonfhtzGJYwGif tzGJY0ifwOD;tjzpf a&G;cs,f
jcif;cH&onf/ 1954 ckESpfwGif *syefjynfodkY ukdvHbkdpDrHudef;t& tdrfwGif;pufrIvufrIvkyf
ief;&yfrsm;ukd oGm;a&mufavhvmcJhonf/
&Srf;jynfe,fwGif apmfbGm;rsm; tmPmpGefYvTwfNyD;aemuf a&SUtem*wfwGif &Srf;
jynftm; rnforYkd nfyHk qufvuftyk cf sKyf&ef pkpH rf;a&;aumfr&Si\
f Ou|tjzpf 1958 ckEpS f
&Srf;jynfw0ef;vkH; vSnfhvnfpkHprf; ppfaq;chJonf/
1950 ckESpfwGif EkdifiHawmforwBuD;u oa&pnfolbGJYjzifh csD;jrifhjcif;cH&onf/
86
oD&dysHcsDp0frkd;ausmfonf Muufoa&aqmifa&TpvG,f
&? vG,v
f aHk pmfbmG ;BuD;p0fceG cf rf;csKyfEiS phf 0fjrpfppfwYdk
\yXrom;awmfjzpf 1917 ckEpS ?f Zlvidk v
f 5 &ufaeY
wGif arG;zGg;onf/
if;onf awmifBuD;NrdKU &Srf;apmfbGm;om;ajr;rsm;
ausmif;ESiu
hf avmNrdKU pde*f Ref;ausmif;wGif ynmoif
Mum;cJhonf/
1938 ckESpfwGif if;\bcrnf;awmf uG,fvGefoGm;
NyD; uavmNrdKU taemufyidk ;f qkid &f me,fr0I efaxmufrif;&k;H ESiahf wmifBuD;NrdKU? NrdKUr0efaxmuf
rif;&kH;wGif ynmoifMum;&m 'kwd,wef; &mZ0wfw&m;olBuD;txd olaumif;jyK csD;jrifh
jcif;cH&onf/
vG,fvkH e,fole,fom;rsm;wkdY\qEt& tvkyfoifae&mrS 1941 ckESpf? azaz:
0g&Dv 1 &ufaeYwGif crnf;awmf&dyf&m vG,fvkHe,fudk tkyfcsKyf&eftwGuf apmfbGm;tjzpf
cefYxm;jcif;cH&onf/ *syefacwftwGif;vnf; e,fudk qufvuftkyfcsKyfcJhonf/
1947 ckESpftwGif; ysOf;rem;rS vG,fvkHe,f taemufykdif;odkY 0ifa&mufvmaom
tvHjzLuGefjrLepfolykefwkdYudk rdrde,f&JESifhzGJYxm;aom apwemh0efxrf; umuG,fa&;orm;
rsm;tm; OD;pD; ESdrfeif;cJhavonf/
1948 ckESpfwGif jrefrmjynf? ysOf;rem;e,fwGif au? tif? 'D? tkdESifhuGefjrLepfwkdY zd
ESdyf&ufpufrIudk rcHEkdif qkwfajy;cJhMuaom tpkd;&trIxrf; t&mxrf;? 0efxrf;wyfom;
ESifht&yfolt&yfom;rsm; waxmifausmfwkdYudk tultnDrsm;ay;NyD; u,fwifcJhonf/
if;jyif u,m;e,f? vG,faumfNrdKUudk aomif;usef;ol au?tif?'D?tkdwkdY wkdufcdkuf
rIaMumifh qkwfajy;cJh&aom u,m;ta&;ykdifESifhwuG tpkd;&tzGJYom;rsm;? ppf0efxrf;rsm;
wkdYudkvnf; 2 Budrfwkdifwkdif ulnDay;cJhonf/
1949 ckESpfwGif awmifBuD;NrdKUudk a&mifpkolykefrsm; 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufaepOf &Srf;
87
yifavmif;apmfbGm;BuD;p0frkd;ausmf\twKywdtusOf;csKyf
jynfe,fOu|BuD;trdefYt& taemufydkif;e,f ppf0efxrf;(vJAD;) 250 cefYudkzGJY uGyfuJap

NyD; pum;e,fwGif wm0ef,lapmifhxdef;apcJhonf/
1950-51 ckEpS w
f iG f a&mifpek o
f yl ek w
f o
Ydk nf yifavmif;NrdKUudk tBudrBf udr0f ifa&muf
wku
d cf u
dk af omfvnf; apmfbmG ;BuD;OD;pD;aom e,f&t
J zG?YJ vJA;D ESi&hf yf&mG umuG,af &;wku
Yd &Gwf
&GwfcRHcRH wGef;vSefwkdufckduf ESdrfeif;cJhavonf/
uJo
h Ykd jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkid if aH wmfBuD;\tusKd;udk &Gw&f w
G cf RHcRH tm;BudK;rmef
wuf aqmif&Gufojzifh jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHawmftpkd;&u ESpfaxmif;tm;&&SdvSojzifh
1952 ckESpf? vGwfvyfa&; txdrf;trSwf atmifyGJwGif jrefrmEkdifiHawmforwBuD;u oD&d
ysHcsDbGJYwHqdyfBuD;udk csD;jrifjcif;cH&onf/
1952 ckESpfrSp jrefrmEkdifiHawmf vlrsKd;pkvTwfawmftrwftjzpf wkdif;jynf\t
usKd;udk aqmif&u
G v
f m&m 1957 ckEpS ?f atmufwb
dk mv? Ek0d bFmvtwGi;f &Sr;f jynfe,fOu|
trdefYt& tdrfwGif;pufrIvufrI ynmqnf;yl;&ef *syefjynfodkY apvTwfcJhNyD; w&kyf-jrefrm
cspfMunfa&; tpnf;ta0;okdY &Srf;jynfe,f\udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf wufa&muf&eftwGuf
w&kyjf ynf ,leefe,f? ref;&S;D NrdKUodYk tzG0YJ iftjzpf oGm;a&mufc&hJ onf/ vG,v
f eHk ,f apmfbmG ;
BuD; p0fr;dk ausmfonf aygif;oif;qufqaH &;wGif if;? e,ftyk cf sKyfa&;wGif if; txl;aumif;
rGefol jzpfonfhtavsmuf e,fole,fom;? rdwfaqGo*F[rsm;\cspfMunfrIudk cH,l&&SdNyD;
rdryd idk ef ,fukd {csrf;pGm tkycf sKyfvsuf&o
dS nfjh yif &Sr;f jynfe,faumifp\
D trwftjzpfjzifh if;
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmfvlrsKd;pkvTwfawmfygvDrefwGifif; trwftjzpf wkdif;jynf\
tusKd;udk onfydk;xrf;aqmifvsuf &Sdavonf/ apmfbGm;BuD;onf r[ma'0Deef;vSwifESifh
om;awmf orD;awmf 4 a,mufESifhtwl usef;rmcsrf;om aysmf&TifpGmjzifh &Sdaeavonf/
88
abmfe,frmS &Sr;f jynfe,fajrvyfyidk ;f &Sd e,fwe,fjzpf

onfhatmifbef;NrdKU\ ajrmufwnfhwnfhwGif wnf&Sd
onf/ abmfe,fapmfbGm;\&kH;pkduf&ma'orSm a&OD;
jzpf jrefrmjynfausmufqnfNrdKUe,fEiS ehf ,fjcif;quf
pyfvsuf&Sdayonf/ atmifbef;NrdKUrS um;jzifh oGm;yg
rl usKH;NrdKUudkjzwf oGm;&\/ 40 rkdifuGma0;onf/
e,f\tus,ft0ef;rSm pwk&ef;rkdif 740 &SdNyD; vlOD;
a&rSm (9000)uk;d axmifausmfrQom &Sad yonf/ awm
awmifxlxyfaome,fjzpfNyD; aexkdifMuaom vlrsKd;rsm;rSm "EkvlrsKd;rsm;om jzpfMuay
onf/ if;wkdY\toufarG;0rf;ausmif; tvkyftukdifrSm awmif,myJcifpkdufysKd;vkyfudkif
jcif;omjzpfNyD; vufrIynmjzifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif; &SmazGpm;aomufol r&Sdoavmuf
yif jzpfonf/
abmfapmfbGm;p0fcGefatmifrSm NrdKUpm;BuD;OD;ndKvIdif;at?wD?trf/(au?tuf(pf)?
trf\ajr;jzpf tbp0fcefpdefESifhtrda':pdefOwkdY\om;rsm;teuf 'kwd,ajrmufom;
jzpfonf/ i,f&G,fpOftcgwGif rEav;NrdKU Ak'bmomomoemhEk*[t*Fvdyftxufwef;
ausmif;wGif ynmoifMum;cJhNyD; 1936 ckESpf 9 wef; atmifjrifcJhavonf/
1936 ckESpfwGif ausmif;rSxGufNyD; awmifBuD;NrdKU tkyfcsKyfa&;ynmudk oifMum;
&m &JbufwGif trIvkduft&m&SdESifhpkHprf;a&;t&m&Sdjzifhif;? w&m;bufwGif wwd,wef;
w&m;olBuD;tjzpfjzifh if; wESpo
f ifMum;NyD;aemuf aemifawmfNrdKUpm; p0fceG af emif\vuf
atmufwGif trwfBuD;tjzpfjzifh trIxrf;cJhavonf/
1938 ckEpS f rEav;NrdKU &Sr;f yG&J yfae yGpJ m;BuD; OD;bpde-f a':jr&ifw\
Ydk orD; rvS
arESit
hf rd af xmifjyKNyD; aemifawmfNrdKUpm;BuD;p0fceG af emif ewf&mG pHaomtcg if;\&ku
d &f m
udk qufcH&avonf/
xkdpOf a&OD; yXrNrdKUpm;&mxl; qufcH&ef xyfrH tvkyfoifap&m 1939 ckESpf
rS 1942 ckESpf? rwfvukef NAdwdoQwkdY qkwfcGmonfhtxd awmifBuD;NrdKU NrdKUr0efaxmufBuD;
89
abmfapmfbGm;BuD; p0fcGefatmif\twKywdtusOf;csKyf
&kH;wGif w&m;buf tvkyfoifcJhavonf/
*syefacwftwGif; abmfe,f jyefvnfaexkdif NAdwdoQrsm; jyefvnf0ifa&muf

vmonfhtcg 1945 ck? ZEm0g&DvwGif NrdKUpm;&mxl; cefYtyfjcif;cH&ojzifh xdktcsdefrSp
NrdKUpm;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhavonf/
1945 ckESpfrSp abmfe,fvlxkw&yfvkH;\BuD;yGg;a&;? pD;yGg;a&;? vlrItqifht
wef;jrifha&; ta&;BuD;qkH;rSm vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&; ajyjypfrIomvQif t&if;cHjzpfonf
[k ,kHMunfonfhtwkdif; a&OD;ESifhausmufqnftMum; vlxktm;? aiGtm;jzifh 37 rkdif&Snf
vsm;aom um;vrf;rBuD;udk 1951 ckEpS t
f xd 6 ESpw
f idk w
f idk f atmifjrifonft
h xd ZGaJ umif;
aumif;jzifh azmufvkyfatmifjrifcJhavonf/
1952 ckESpfwGif ygvDreftrwftjzpf qufvufaqmif&GufcGifh &avonf/
1951 ckESpfwGif w&m;0efBuD;OD;jrifhodef; acgif;aqmifvsuf tdEd,jynf apmfbGm;
rsm;tajctae pkHprf;rIaumfr&SifzGJYpnf;&mwGif tzGJY0iftjzpf yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhayonf/
&Sr;f jynfe,fu apmfbmG ;rsm; tkycf sKyfru
I kd vkv
d m;rI &Sd r&Sd pkpH rf;a&;w&yfukd 1952
ckEpS f w&m;0efBuD;OD;jrifo
h ed ;f acgif;aqmif aumfr&Sizf pYJG nf;jyef&mwGiv
f nf; tzG0YJ ift
jzpfjzifh yg0ifcJhayonf/
if;jyif 1949 ckEpS w
f iG f &Sr;f jynfe,ftpk;d &u ceft
Y yfaom [J[;dk avaMumif;bkwf
tzGJY 'kwd,Ou|tjzpfjzifhif;? 1953 ckESpf apmfbGm;BuD;OD;pD;onfharmufr,fapmfbGm;
a&G;cs,fa&;tzG0YJ iftjzpfjzifh if;? 1954 ckrS 1956 ckEpS t
f xd &Sr;f jynfe,ftpk;d & wuov
dk f
ynmoifaxmufyHha&; bkwftzGJY0iftjzpfjzifhif;? 1954 ckrSp ,aeYwkdif &Srf;jynfe,f
awmifwef;om; pnf;vkH;nDnTwfa&;tzGJY(&?w?p?n?z)wGif taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf
tjzpfjzifhif; yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf/
1953 ckEpS f jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmforwBuD;u oD&yd sHcsDbx
YJG ;l jzifh csD;jrihf
jcif;cH&avonf/
90
1956 ckESpf &Srf;jynfe,f aumifpDrS 0efBuD;tjzpf a&G;aumufwifajrmuf&m jyef

Mum;a&;Xme0efBuD;tjzpf 1958 ck? Ekd0bFmvtxd xrf;aqmifcJhavonf/
abmfe,fwiG f e,fy,ftyk cf sKyfrt

I &yf&yfukd 1953 ckEpS rf pS twGi;f 0efO;D wifO;D
tm;vTJtyfNyD;aemuf EkdifiHa&;bufwGif (&?w?p?n?z)tzGJY xrf;aqmifvsuf ,cktcg
apmfbGm;BuD; om;rsm;jzpfaom p0faevif;? p0fae0if;? p0faerif;? orD;p0fjrifhar? ZeD;
a':vSarESifhtwl awmifBuD;NrdKU aexkdifvsuf &Sdavonf/
91
rdkif;&IapmfbGm;BuD;p0frefz\twKywdtusOf;csKyf
rkdif;&IapmfbGm;BuD;0Pausmfxifp0frefzonf crnf;
awmfrkdif;&IapmfbGm;BuD; p0fcGefxGef;ESifh r,fawmf p0f
eef;crf;wkdY\om;awmforD;awmf 4 yg;teuf 'kwd,
om;awmfjzpfNyD; t*Fvdyf ou&mZf 1922 ckESpf? {NyD
v 2 &ufaeYwGif zGg;jrifonf/ touf 8 ESpft&G,frS
pwif awmifydkif;&Srf;jynf awmifBuD;NrdKU apmfbGm;
om;ajr;rsm;ausmif;wGif pwif ynmrsm; avhvm
qnf;yl;cJhonf/
xkdausmif;BuD;wGif ynmrsm;udk avhvm qnf;yl;pOf
t*Fvdyfou&mZf 1937 ckESpf rkdif;&INrdKUwGif rkdif;&I
usrkid ;f &mxl;tjzpfceft
Y yfjcif;cHNyD; qufvuf txufwef;ynm&yfrsm;udk oifMum;vsuf
&Sd&m 1940 ckESpf? 'kwd,urmppfBuD;jzpfvmcsdefwGif ausmif;rSxGufcJh&onf/
1947 ckESpfwGif crnf;awmfjzpfaom rkdif;&IapmfbGm;BuD;p0fcGefxGef;onf rrmr
usef;jzpfvmonfESifh rkdif;&IapmfbGm;BuD;p0frefzonf rkdif;&INrdKUe,fcsKyfBuD;tjzpf cefYtyf
jcif;cH&jyefayonf/
1953-54 ckESpf? au?tif?'D?tkd?w&kyfjzLrsm; 0ifa&mufusL;ausmfonfwGif rkdif;
&IapmfbmG ;BuD;p0frefzonf jynfaxmifpAk rmhwyfrawmfajcvsifwyf&if;(4)ESihf csif;wyf&if;
(4)wkdYESifhyl;aygif;NyD; jynfaxmifpkBuD;tm; 0ifa&mufusL;ausmfaom w&kyfjzLwkdYudk wkduf
ckdufacsrIef;&mwGif udk,fxdvufa&muf yg0ifqifETJcJhaomaMumifh jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH
awmftpkd;&u ESpfaxmif;tm;&&SdvSojzifh 1956 ck? vGwfvyfa&;txdrf;trSwf atmifyGJ
wGif EkdifiHawmforwBuD;u 0Pausmfxif[laom bGJYxl;BuD;udk csD;jrifhjcif;cH&avonf/
1952 ckESpf? pufwbFmvtwGif; crnf;awmfBuD;p0fcGefxGef; ewf&GmpHvGefaom
tcg 'kw,
d om;awmfBuD;jzpfonfh rkid ;f &IapmfbmG ;BuD;p0frefzonf apmfbmG ;BuD;tjzpf crnf;
awmf\&dyf&mawmfudk qufcH&avonf/
rkid ;f &IapmfbmG ;BuD;p0frefzonf 1953 ckEpS w
f iG f jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkid if aH wmf ygvD
92
apmfbGm;BuD;onf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmfESifh*syefEkdifiHwkdY\ppfavsmfaMu;
t& ypnf;rsm; 0,f,la&;wGif jynfaxmifpktpkd;& t0,fawmfrpf&SiftzGJY\tzGJY0ifwOD;
tjzpf cefx
Y m;jcif;cH&NyD;aemuf xkt
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f iG f wBudr?f 1958 ckEpS f
twGif; wBudrf? 2 Budrfwkdifwkdif *syefjynfodkY oGm;a&muf&jyefayonf/
1958 ckEpS ?f Ek0d bFmv rEav;NrdKUwGif zGpYJ nf;wnfaxmifonfh rEav;wuov
dk f
aumifpDwGif aumifpDvlBuD;rif;tjzpf xyfrHa&G;aumufwifajrmufjcif;cH&um if;ESpf Ekd
0bFmv 12 &ufaeYyif topfwzef jyefvnfzGJYpnf;aom &Srfjynfe,ftpkd;&tzGJY jynfxJ
a&;ESifhw&m;a&;Xme0efBuD;tjzpf jyefvnf ta&G;cH&jyefavonf/
rkid ;f &IapmfbmG ;BuD; 0Pausmfxifp0frefzonf 1957 ckEpS w
f iG f ZeD;jzpfol uG,v
f eG f
oGm;NyD;aemuf ,cktcg r[ma'0Dtopf qufvufvufxyfjcif; rjyKao;bJ om;awmf
orD;awmf 5 a,mufESifhtwl ,cktcg usef;rmaysmf&Tifvsuf &Sdavonf/
93
refwGif vlrsKd;pkvTwfawmftrwftjzpf &Srf;jynfe,fapmfbGm;rsm; tpnf;t&kH;rS a&G;cs,f

jcif;cH&NyD; aemufwzef &Srf;jynfe,fapmfbGm;BuD;tpnf;t&kH; ]]twGif;a&;rSL;}}tjzpf
1954-55 ckESpfwGif wifajrmufjcif;cH&jyefonf/ if;aemuf Mo*kwfv 1 &ufaeYwGif &Srf;
jynfe,ftpdk;& ynma&;ESifhusef;rma&;XmewGif jynfe,f0efBuD;tjzpf a&G;aumufwif
ajrmufjcif;cH&avonf/
udk;uefYapmfbGm;BuD;&efMuif;qkdif\twKywdtusOf;csKyf
c&pfou&mZf 1918 ckESpf? azaz:0g&Dv 2 &ufaeY
wGif ukd;uefYNrdKUe,f pifudkifNrdKUwGif zGg;jrifyg crnf;
awmf(&ef0ifjyif;ESifhr,fawmfusrf;wD) wkdY\arG;csif;
14 a,muf &do
S nft
h euf 'kw,
d ajrmufom;awmfjzpf
ygonf/ rdrd\txuf wa,mufrSm crnf;awmf&SdpOf
tcguyifewf&mG pHavonf/ crnf;awmfapmfbmG ;BuD;
oufawmfBuD;jrifh trIawmfudk rxrf;aqmifEkdifyg
awmhojzifh rdrdtm; 1939 ckESpfwGif crnf;awmfBuD;
\t&kduft&mudk vTJtyfay;cJhjcif;aMumifh ,aeYwkdif
qufvuf cHpm;vsuf&Sdygonf/
apmfbmG ;BuD;onf awmifBuD;NrdKU apmfbmG ;om;ajr;rsm;ausmif;wGif wuov
dk 0f if
wef;atmifjrifcJhNyD; &efukefNrdKU&Sd wuodkvfausmif;wGif Oypm (c)wef;udk atmifjrifcJhyg
onf/ &Srf;pmESifhw&kyfpmvnf; aumif;pGm a&;EkdifbwfEkdifygonf/ apmfbGm;\om;orD;
rsm;rSm 8 a,mufjzpf om;axG;rSvGJ useforD; 6 a,mufESifhom;wa,mufrSm acwf
ynmrsm;udk qnf;yl;Muvsuf&Sdygonf/
apmfbmG ;BuD;onf tkycf sKyfa&;bufwiG f txl;uRrf;usifow
l OD;jzpfNyD;vQif acwf
ynmwwfajrmuf tjrifus,folwOD;jzpfonfhtavsmuf rdrd\e,fol e,fom;rsm;wkd;
wufrnfhta&;ukd a&S;&I udk;uefYe,frS t&G,fa&mufausmif;olausmif;omrsm;tm;
axmufoifah xmufxu
dk af om axmufyahH Mu;rsm;ay; acwfynmrsm;udq
k nf;yl;aponf/
if;jyif e,ftwGi;f vnf; jyify&eforl sm; 0ifa&mufwu
dk cf u
dk f apmfum;rIrsm; rjzpfay:vm
Ekdifap&eftvkdYiSg e,fapmifh&JtzGJYrsm;tm; txl;tiftm;BuD;rm; ckdifcHhpGm OD;pm;ay; zGJY
pnf;ay;xm;ygonf/
1949 ckEpS w
f iG f ud;k uefeY ,ftwGi;f odYk w&kyjf zLrsm;0ifa&muf apmfum;jcif;udk apmf
bGm;BuD;ESifhtzGJYom;rsm;u atmifjrifpGm wGef;vSef wkdufckdufcJhbl;ygonf/
apmfbGm;BuD;onf opfyifpkduf0goemygolwOD;jzpfonfhtavsmuf rdrde,fwGif;
94
vbufyifrsm;pdkufapygojzifh? (udk;uefY)vbufajcmufonf jrefrmjynf emrnfxif&Sm;

ausmfaZmaom vbufajcmufjzpfygonf/
95
rkdif;aemifapmfbGm;BuD; p0ftkH;armif\twKywdtusOf;csKyf
rkid ;f aemifapmfbmG ;BuD; p0ft;Hk armifukd 1275 ckEpS w
f iG f
crnf;awmfapmfbmG ;BuD; p0fceG v
f EHk iS rhf ,fawmfBuD;p0f
eef;crf;rS zGg;jrifonf/
i,fpOf touf 11 ESpw
f iG f awmifBuD;NrdKU at?bD?trf
ausmif; ynmoifMum; 1937 ckEpS w
f iG f ausmif;rS
xGufNyD; rEav;NrdKU &Jt&m&Sd oifwef;ausmif;wGif
qufvufynmoifMum;cJo
h nf/ if;ausmif;rSxu
G
f
awmifBuD;NrdKU? 0ef&Sifawmfrif;BuD;&kH; tvkyfrsm;ukd
qufvufoifMum;cJNh yD;aemuf? 1939 ckEpS w
f iG f arNrdKU
&Srf;taysmfxrf;ppfwyfwGif ppfoifwef;wufa&muf
oifMum; atmifjrifcJhonf/
1940 ckEpS w
f iG f awmifBuD;NrdKUodYk wzef jyefa&mufcNhJ yD;aemuf tdE,
d jynf armfawmf
um;wyfwGif 4 vMumrQ oifwef;wufa&mufoifMum; if;rS awmifBuD;NrdKU o,f,lykdY
aqmifa&;wyfwGif jyefvnftrIxrf;cJhonf/
xkdtcsdeftcgwGif 'kwd,urmppfBuD;jzpfyGg; *syefrsm; jrefrmjynfodkY 0ifa&muf
vm&mwGif r[mrdwfrsm;\armfawmfum;wyfwGif 'kwd,AkdvfBuD;&mxl;jzifh OD;pD;uGyfuJ
a&SUwef;ppfrsufEmS odYk cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrpS r[mrdwpf pfwyfukd o,f,yl aYkd qmifay;cJo
h nf/
1942 ckESpfwGif *syefrsm; jrefrmjynfodkY0ifa&muf odrf;ydkufpOfwGif rkdif;aemife,f
awmf\tcGeaf wmfXmewGif wm0ef0ifa&mufxrf;&Gucf o
hJ nf/ 1945 ckEpS ?f *syefrsm; jrefrm
jynfrS ppf&;HI qkwcf gG xGuaf jy;csdef r[mrdwpf pfwyfrsm; jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmonft
h cg
wGif r[mrdww
f \
Ydk (101)ppfwyf ply'g&mxl;jzifh *syefrsm;udk rkid ;f aemif? rk;d eJ? armufr,f?
rkdif;yefe,frsm;rSae jyefvnfawmfvSefarmif;xkwfcJhonf/
*syefawmfvSefa&;udp NyD;qkH;NyD;aemuf oufqkdif&mrS emrnfaumif;vufrSwfESifh
wuG aoewf 3 vufudk qktjzpf csD;jrifhjcif;cHcJh&onf/ xkdrS rdrd\e,fwGif jyefvnf0if
a&muf wm0efrsm;xrf;&Gufaeckduf 1949 ckESpfwGif au?tif?'D?tkd?rsm; jynfaxmifpkjref
96
if;rSae rk;d eJe,foYkd au?tif?'D?tkrd sm;udk ckcw

H u
dk cf u
dk &f ef rSmMum; rk;d eJ? vJcsm;
e,frsm;rS &SdorQ tiftm;jzifhpk vG,fvifNrdKUudk xkdau?tif?'D?tkdwkdYvufrS jyefvnfwkduf
ckdufodrf;,lcJhonf/
if;olyek &f ef{csrf;onftxd vG,v
f ifNrdKUrSmyif trIxrf;cJ&h NyD;? wkid ;f jynfNidro
f uf
{csrf;oGm;NyD;aemuf rdrde,fodkY jyef e,f\tvkyfwm0efrsm;udk xrf;&GufchJ&m 1944 ckESpf
wGif aemifawmfapmfbGm;BuD; p0fcGefqm ewf&GmpHuHawmfukefoGm;ojzifh e,fcsKyfBuD;tjzpf
cefYtyfjcif;cH& tvkyfwm0efrsm;udk qufvufwm0ef,l xrf;&GufcJhonf/
if;e,fcsKyfBuD;tjzpfrS wzef ,cktcsdeftxd rkdif;aemife,fudk apmfbGm;BuD;t
jzpf qufvuftkyfcsKyfvsuf&Sdonf/
97
rmEkdifiHawmftwGif;&Sd NrdKU&Gmtrsm;tjym;ukd odrf;ydkufcJh&mwGif &Srf;jynfe,fwGif NrdKU&Gmt

csKdUudyk g todr;f cHc&hJ mrS ,ck&rS ;f jynfe,fOu|BuD;(odEaD pmfbmG ;BuD;)u rkid ;f aemife,f? uGef
[de;f wHwm;wGif vlaygif; 50 cefEY iS x
hf adk u?tif?'D?tkw
d aYdk b;rSumuG,&f ef oGm;a&mufapmifh
a&SmufapcJhonf/
puG,fapmfbGm;BuD; p0fcGefnGefY\twKywdtusOf;csKyf
puG,af pmfbmG ;BuD;p0fceG n
f eG o
Yf nf 1242 ck? waygif;
vqef; 9 &ufaeYwGif zGg;jrif bcrnf;awmf p0fcGef
xkH? trdr,fawmf p0feef;crf;\om;awmf orD;awmf
3 a,mufteuf wOD;wnf;aom om;awmfjzpfonf/
touf 12 ESpft&G,fwGif puG,fNrdKUrS bkef;awmfBuD;
ausmif;wGif ynmoifMum; touf 25 ESpw
f iG v
f ,
G f
aygwku
d t
f yk [
f ed t
f jzpf trIawmfudk xrf;aqmif&av
onf/
1274 ckEpS ?f wydw
Yk v
JG jynfah usmf 6 &ufaeYwiG f crnf;
awmf p0fceG x
f Hk ewf&mG pH&m crnf;awmf\&dy&f mukd qufc&H ef acwtyk cf sKyfprD o
H nf/ 1276
ckEpS ?f 0gacgifvjynfah usmf 7 &ufaeYwiG f acwtyk cf sKyf&mrS jrefrmEkid if aH wmf bk&ifcq
H m[m
ukwfbwfwvmbk&ifcHu tNrJwef; tkyfcsKyfap&ef puG,fNrdKUpm;&mxl;udk csD;jrifhjcif;cH&
avonf/
1303 ckESpf? c&pfou&mZf 1942 ckESpf? pufwbFmv 15 &ufaeYwGif jrefrmEkdifiH
awmf ppfaoemywdcsKyf *sife&,f tD;'g;u puG,Nf rdKUpm;tjzpf todtrSwjf yKvsuf cefpY m
ESifhwuG cefYtyfjcif;cH&avonf/
1307 ckESpf? c&pfou&mZf 1945 ckESpf? t*FvdyfppftkyfcsKyfa&; jyefvnfa&muf
&SdvmonfhtcgwGif puG,fNrdKUpm;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKcH&onf/ 1309 ck? c&pfou&mZf
1948 ck? vGwv
f yfa&;&aomtcg apmfbmG ;rsm; tpOftvku
d f p0fzvk[
H k todtrSwjf yKav
onf/
98
bef;,OfapmfbGm;BuD; p0fpdefnGefYrSm crnf;awmf p0f

cGef,kdESifhr,fawmf p0feef;xGef;wkdYrS jrefrmou&mZf
1282 ckEpS ?f uqkev
f wGif bef;,OfNrdKU zGg;jrifonf/
zGg;jrifNyD;aemuf bef;,OfapmfbGm;BuD;p0fcGef0kdufESifh
p0feef;a[mfwkdYu i,fpOfawmifaus; uav;b0rSp
arG;pm;cJhonf/
5 ESpo
f m;t&G,o
f Ykd a&mufaomf bef;,OfNrdKU rlvwef;
ausmif; ynm oifMum;NyD;aemuf 1934 ckESpfwGif
awmifBuD;NrdKU &Srf;apmfbGm;om;ajr;rsm;ausmif;
qufvuf ynmrsm;udk oifMum;cJhonf/ xkduJhodkY ynmoifMum;aepOfyif usrkdif;&mxl;
ukd cefYtyfjcif; cH&onf/ 1942 ckESpfwGif ausmif;rSxGufonf/
1945 ckESpfwGif crnf;awmfewf&GmpH uHawmfukefNyD;onfhaemuf? crnf;awmf\
&du
k &f mudk qufvufc,
H Nl yD; e,fukd OD;pD;tkycf sKyfvsufaepOf? r[mrdwrf sm;ESit
hf wl zufqpf
*syefrsm;udk aemifrGef? eef;ckwf? [dkykH;e,f tp&Sdonfhe,frsm;w0dkufwGif awmfvSefwkdufcdkuf
cJhonf/
1946 ckEpS w
f iG f awmifBuD;NrdKU ta&;ykid &f ;Hk wGif e,ftyk cf sKyfa&;bufqidk &f m ynm
&yfrsm;ukd oifMum;qnf;yl;cJhNyD;vQif e,fodkY jyefvnftkyfcsKyfonf/
1950 ckESpf? Ekd0bFmv 27 &ufaeYwGif EkdifiHawmforw bef;,OfapmfbGm;&mxl;
cefYtyfjcif; cH&onf/
1952 ckEpS ?f yXra&G;aumufyjJG yKvkyNf yD;aemuf vlrsKd;pkvw
T af wmfwiG f trwfwOD;
tjzpfyg0ifta&G;cH&NyD;? &Srf;jynfe,ftpdk;&wGif jynfolYaiGpm&if;aumfrwD aumfrwD0if
tjzpfyg0if wkdif;jynftusKd;udk aqmif&Gufvsuf &Sdonf/
99
bef;,OfapmfbGm;BuD; p0fpdefnGefY\twKywdtusOf;csKyf
usKH;apmfbGm;BuD; p0fcGefaqmif;\twKywdtusOf;csKyf
usKH;e,fapmfbGm;BuD; p0fcGefaqmif;onf usKH;e,f\
26 qufajrmufaom e,f&Sif(OD;bkd;wif)ESifhyifrSDapmf
bGm;BuD;\orD;awmf apmcifESif;wkdYrS zGg;jrifNyD; &Srf;
jynfe,fajrvyfyidk ;f &Sd apmfbmG ;rsm;ESiahf qGrsKd;awmfpyf
rIwGif tquftoG,f trsm;qkH;aom "EktrsKd;om;
apmfbGm; jzpfonf/ apmfbGm;BuD;\nDawmf ESrawmf
rsm;rSm (1) nDrawmf a':cifMunf? (2) a':cif&D? (3)
nDawmfceG o
f ef;(ac:)yGpJ m;oef?Y (4) p0fcifarmif ac:
armifcifarmifwjYdk zpfNyD; r[ma'0DrmS a':{jzpf om;
awmfrsm;rSm (1) p0fcGefoef;?(usrkdif;ESifhe,fcsKyftjzpf aqmif&Gufaeonf)? (2) p0fcGefpdef?
(3) p0fcGefodef;ESifh (4) p0fae0if;wkdY jzpfMuonf/
apmfbGm;BuD; p0fcGefaqmif;onf ,cift*FvdyfacwfESifh*syefacwf crnf;awmf
vufxufwiG f trwfcsKyfBuD;tjzpf aqmif&u
G
f e,fvx
l rk sm;tm; vufyeG ;f wwD;aexkid f
NyD; tkyfcsKyfrIudpt00wkdYudk aqmif&GufcJh&m e,fvlxk\cspfMunfrIudk txl;yif&&SdcJhonf/
1946 ckEpS ?f crnf;awmf ewf&mG pHveG af omtcg crnf;awmf\&dy&f m usKH;e,fawmfukd quf
cHodrf;ydkufNyD; e,fvlxk\axmufcHrIjzifh e,f&SifapmfbGm;tjzpf qufcHcJhonf/
apmfbGm;BuD; p0fcGefaqmif;onf 1952 ckESpfrSp ,cktcsdeftxd jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEkid if aH wmf vlrsKd;pkvw
T af wmfygvDreftrwftjzpf jynfaxmifpEk iS jhf ynfe,f\tusKd;
udk onfy;kd xrf;aqmifvsuf &So
d nf/ apmfbmG ;BuD;onf 1953 ckEpS rf pS e,ftyk cf sKyfru
I pd
t00wku
Yd kd ud,
k w
f idk u
f ,
dk u
f s rtkycf sKyfawmhbJ om;awmfBuD;jzpfonfh p0fceG o
f ef;tm; e,f
csKyfBuD;tjzpf cefYtyfNyD; tkyfcsKyfrIudp&yfrsm;udk vTJtyfcg xm;&Sdavonf/
usKH;e,fonf &Srf;jynfe,ftwGif;&Sd jynfe,frsm;wGif ti,fqkH;aom e,fjzpf
onf/ tus,ft0ef;rSm pwk&ef; 24 rkdifrQom&SdNyD; vlOD;a&rSm 3000 ausmfrQ&Sdonf/ e,f
twGif;aexkdifMuaom vlrsKd;rSm (1) ol&JvlrsKd;(ac:)&Srf;vlrsKd;? (2) ytkd0f;? (3) "Ek? (4)
awmif&kd; paom vlrsKd;rsm; aexkdifMuonf/ apmfbGm;BuD;p0fcGefaqmif;rSm "EkvlrsKd;jzpf
NyD; touf 55 ESpf&Sd usef;rmoefpGrf;vsuf &Sdonf/
100
&GmiHapmfbmG ;BuD; p0fceG &f o

D nf &GmiHapmfbmG ;BuD; p0fv
az:\om;awmfjzpfNyD; 1912 ckEpS ?f pufwbFmvwGif
zGg;jrifonf/ p0fceG &f o
D nf 1920 ckEpS w
f iG f awmifBuD;
NrdKU apmfbGm;om;ajr;rsm;ausmif; 10 wef; txd
ynmrsm; qnf;yl;NyD;? 1932 ckEpS w
f iG f ausmif;rSxu
G f
crnf;awmfapmfbGm;BuD;\&kH;wGifyif 0ifa&muf
vkyfief; udp t00rsm;udk ulnD aqmif&GufcJhygonf/
if;aemuf &GmiHNrdKU? ukefonfOD;aygatmif - a':cif
omwkdY\orD; rndef;jrESifhvufxyfNyD; ,cktcg om;
awmfESifhorD;awmf 6 a,mufrQ xGef;um;cJhygonf/
p0fcGef&Donf 1934 ckESpf &GmiHe,fapmfbGm;BuD;&kH; w&m;olBuD;tjzpf cefYtyf
jcif;cH&NyD; qufvuf trIawmfukd xrf;&Guv
f m&m vGwv
f yfa&;&NyD;onftxd jzpfonf/
1955 ckESpf? Ekd0bFmvwGif wzef&Srf;jynfe,ftpdk;&\jynfolY0efxrf;tzGJYodkYajymif; 0if
a&muftrIxrf;jyef&m 1955 ckESpf? 'DZbFmvwGif NrdKYykdiftjzpf cefYtyfjcif;cH&NyD; usKdif;wkH
NrdKUodkY ajymif;a&TU EkdifiHawmftpkd;&\trIawmfudk xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ 1956 ckESpf? rwf
vwGif crnf;awmfapmfbGm;BuD;p0fvaz: ewf&GmpHaomtcg &GmiHe,fodkYjyefvmNyD; crnf;
awmf\&dy&f mwGif &GmiHe,f apmfbmG ;tjzpf ceft
Y yfjcif;udck &H onf/ 1956 ckEpS ?f ZGev
f rSp
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmf vlrsKd;pkvw
T af wmfwiG f ygvDreftrwftjzpf 0ifa&mufaqmif
&Guf&ef &Srf;jynfe,fapmfbGm;rsm;tzGJYrS a&G;cs,fjcif;udk cH&onf/ if;\&kd;om;ajzmifhrwf
wnfMunfrI\*kPfodumaMumifh jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmf tpkd;&\jynfaxmifpkygvD
refudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJYwGif tzGJY0iftjzpfjzifh w&kyfjynfolYorwEkdifiHawmfESifhqkdAD,ufjynf
axmifpkEkdifiHawmf? csufudkpvkdaA;uD;,m;? &l;ar;eD;,m;? ajrmufAD,uferfpaom EkdifiH
rsm;odYk jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmfEiS t
hf "Ge&Yf n
S pf mG cspfMunfr&I &SEd idk &f ef cspfMunfa&;udp
&yfrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&ef oGm;a&mufcJhonf/
&GmiHapmfbmG ;BuD; p0fceG &f o
D nf vlrsKd;pkvw
T af wmfygvDrefwiG f ygvDreftrwftjzpf
jynfaxmifpkBuD;ESifh jynfe,f\tusKd;udk onfykd;aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf/
101
&GmiHapmfbGm;BuD; p0fcGef&D\twKywdtusOf;csKyf
yif;w,apmfbGm;BuD; p0f0if;Munf\twKywdtusOf;csKyf
yif;w,apmfbmG ;BuD; p0f0if;Munfonf apmfbmG ;BuD;
p0fcGefndKESifhp0fcifEkwkdY\om;awmfBuD;jzpfNyD; 1924
ckEpS w
f iG f zGg;jrifavonf/ 1938 ckEpS w
f iG f awmifBuD;
NrdKU &Sr;f apmfbmG ;om;ajr;rsm;ausmif; ynmqnf;yl;
aepOf crnf;awmf ewf&mG pHojzifh 1941 ckEpS ?f 'kw,
d
urmppfBuD;jzpfvmaomtcg ausmif;rS EkwfxGufcJh&
avonf/ 1945 ckEpS w
f iG f ppfBuD;NyD;onft
h csderf pS
uavmNrdKU0efaxmuf&;Hk wGif tkycf sKyfa&;ynm&yfrsm;
udk avhvm qnf;yl;vsuf &Sdae&m 1947 ck? yifvkHNrdKU
wGif usif;yaom &Sr;f jynfe,facgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;ESihf
jynfrrS acgif;aqmifBuD;AkdvfcsKyfBuD;OD;atmifqef;
OD;aqmifaom acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;wk\
Yd vGwv
f yfa&;&&Srd t
I wGuf yl;aygif;aqmif&u
G af om
yifvkHtpnf;ta0;BuD;odkY yif;w,e,f\e,f&Siftjzpf tm;BudK;rmefwuf wufa&muf
aqmif&GufcJhavonf/
apmfbmG ;BuD;onf 1948 ckEpS w
f iG f &Sr;f jynfe,f\NrdKUawmfjzpfaom awmifBuD;NrdKU
tm; au?tif?'D?tkdESifhaomif;usef;olrsm; 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufxm;pOf EkdifiHawmftpkd;&\
aomif;usef;rIESdrfeif;a&;tzGJY\t&m&Sdtjzpf aqmif&GufNyD; ArmhwyfrawmfESifhyl;aygif;cg
&Sr;f jynf\NrdKUawmfjzpfaom awmifBuD;NrdKUtm; jyefvnford ;f ydu
k Ef idk o
f nftxd oufpeG BYf udK;
yrf;aqmif&GufcJhavonf/
1952 ckEpS w
f iG f jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkid if aH wmf vlrsKd;pkygvDrefvw
T af wmfoYkd vlrsKd;
pktrwftjzpf apmfbGm;BuD;rsm;tzGJYrS a&G;cs,fwifajrmufjcif;udk cH&avonf/ apmfbGm;
BuD;onf 1952 ckESpfwGif vlrsKd;pkygvDrefodkY ygvDreftrwftjzpf cefYtyfjcif;cH&vifhupm;
1956 ckESpfwGifrS crnf;awmf\&dyf&mjzpfaom yif;w,e,fawmfBuD;udk tkyfcsKyf&ef apmf
bGm;tjzpf wifajrmufjcif;udk cHcJh&avonf/ 1956 ckESpfrSp apmfbGm;BuD;rsm;tpnf;t
&kH;wGif trIaqmiftzGJY0iftjzpf a&G;cs,fjcif;cH&jyefavonf/
apmfbGm;BuD;onf i,f&G,foljzpfonfhtavsmuf wkdif;jynf\vkyfief;udp&yfrsm;
102
apmfbmG ;BuD;onf touftm;jzifh 35 ESpcf ef&Y NdS yD; r[ma'0Deef;jroDEiS t

hf wl usef;
rmaysmf&Tifvsuf &Sdavonf/
103
udk pdwftm;xufoefvsuf &SdonfESifhtrQ vuf&Sdaqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdaom Xmersm;rSm (1)

jynfoaYl iGpm&if;aumfrwD? (2) jynfoyYl nmawmfoifaxmufyahH &;bkwt
f zG?JY (3) ,majrjyK
pka&;aumfrwD? (4) apmfbGm;BuD;rsm;tpnf;t&kH; trIaqmiftzGJY0ifpaom wkdif;jynfudp
&yfrsm;udk aqmif&u
G v
f suf &So
d nfjh yif txufvrl sKd;pkvw
T af wmf\ygvDreftrwftjzpfvnf;
,ckxufwkdifatmif aqmif&Gufvsuf &Sdavonf/
ayG;vSapmfbGm;BuD; p0fxGef;pdef\twKywdtusOf;csKyf
ayG;vSapmfbmG ;BuD;p0fxeG ;f pdeo
f nf crnf;awmfayG;vS
NrdKUpm;BuD;p0fpHjr au?tuf(pf)?trf? ESif hr,fawmf
a':eef;wifwkdY\om;awmf orD;awmf 7 a,muf t
euf om;awmfBuD;jzpfNyD;? 1921 ckEpS f 'DZbFmv 2&uf
aeYwGif zGg;jrifonf/ 1933 ckESpfwGif awmifBuD;NrdKU&Sd
apmfbGm;rsm;\om;ajr;rsm; ausmif;wGif ynmoif
Mum;NyD; 'kw,
d urmppfBuD;jzpfvmaomtcg &Sr;f wyf
&if;(1)wGif ppfxJodkY ppfrIxrf;tjzpf 0ifa&muf trI
xrf;&m *sr'g&mxl;xd &mxl;wkd;jrifhjcif;cH&ygonf/
ppfxJrSxGufvmNyD;aemuf uavmNrdKU0efaxmuf&kH;wGif tkyfcsKyfa&;ynmrsm; oifMum;cJh
avonf/ if;aemuf 1946 ckESpfwGif crnf;awmf\&dyf&mudk qufcHNyD;aemuf &efukefNrdKU
ae ukefonfOD;bvIdif-a':rrav;\orD; a':rdrdav;ESifhvufxyfNyD; r[ma'0Dtjzpf
wifajrmufcJhavonf/ a':rdrdav;ESifh orD;awmfwa,muf xGef;um;avonf/
1949 ckEpS w
f iG f &Sr;f jynfe,ftyk cf sKyfa&;ESiyhf wfoufonfh awmifBuD;NrdKUwGif usif;
yonfh jynfe,fapmfbGm;rsm;tpnf;ta0;odkY wufa&muf&m tjyefwGif [J[kd;bufrS vrf;
rsm; ydwfqkdYaeojzifh aemifrGefrSwqifh anmifa&TodkY jyef&mvrf; aemifygvefNrdKUodkYa&muf
aomtcg aomif;usef;ol au?tif?'D?tkrd sm;ESiahf wGq
Y NHk yD; aemifygvefNrdKUpm;ESit
hf wl au?
tif?'D?tkdrsm;\ypfcwfjcif;udk cH&&m aemifygvefNrdKUpm;rSm usqkH;oGm;NyD; ayG;vSapmfbGm;
BuD;p0fxeG ;f pderf mS aygifou
Ydk snfqx
H rd eS Nf yD; q&m0efrsm;ESiu
hf o
k &m oufrrI &&Sb
d J aygifjzwf
ypf&onftxd cH&ygonf/
ayG;vSapmfbGm;BuD; p0fxGef;pdefonf &kd;om;wnfMunfajzmifhrwfonfhyk*KdvfBuD;
jzpfonfhtavsmuf trsm;\cspfMunfav;pm;jcif;udk cH&ojzifh 1952 ckESpfrSp jynf
axmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmf vlrsKd;pkvw
T af wmf ygvDreftrwftjzpf apmfbmG ;rsm;tpnf;t&k;H
rS a&G;aumufwifajrmufjcif;cH&NyD; wkdif;jynftusKd;twGuf ygvDreftrwftjzpf aqmif
&Gufvm&mrS 1958 ck? Ekd0bFmv 12 &ufaeYrSp &Srf;jynfe,faumifpD\'kwd,obmywd
tjzpf &Srf;jynfe,faumifpD vTwfawmfrS a&G;cs,fcefYtyfjcif;cH&onf/ apmfbGm;BuD;onf
,cktcg touf 38 ESpf&dSNyD; aumif;rGefpGm usef;rmvsuf&Sdonf/
104
1913 ckkESpf? Mo*kwfv 24 &ufaeYwGif yifrSDapmfbGm;

BuD;OD;cGerf if;ESiahf ':at;ndKwkrYd S arG;zGg;aomom;BuD;
jzpfygonf/ arG;csif;aygufaz: nDtpfudk armifESpfr
11 a,muf&Sdygonf/
touf 10 ESprf jynfrh DS atmifbef;ESiahf wmifiNl rdKUrsm;
wGif jrefrmpmukd oifMum;cJNh yD; 1923 ckEpS ?f ZGev
f wGif
&Sr;f jynfawmifyidk ;f awmifBuD;NrdKU&Sd &Sr;f apmfbmG ;om;
ajr;rsm; txufwef;ausmif; t*Fvdyf-jrefrm 10
wef;txd oifMum;cJyh gonf/ Foot-ball, Hockey,
Cricket, Boxing, Rugby, Tennis and Gymnastic ESiahf jy;ckeu
f pm;yGrJ sm;wGif yg0if
,SOfNydKifupm;cJh&m Foot-ball, Hockey and Cricket upm;&m yXrtoif;wGif
yg0ifygonf/ ausmif;wGif txufwef;rsm; ynmoifMum;pOfu taqmifrLS ; (Perfect,
Head Perfect) tjzpf wm0efay;tyfjcif;cHcJh&ygonf/
1934 ckESpfwGif ausmif;rS xGufNyD;aemuf awmifBuD;NrdKU &Srf;jynf0ef&Sifawmfrif;
BuD;ESiNhf rdKUr0efaxmuf&;Hk rsm;wGif 1936 ckEpS u
f ek t
f xd taxGaxGtpk;d &tvkyrf sm;udk oif
Mum;cJhygonf/
1937 ckESpfwGif rEav;NrdKU qyfausmif;odkYwufa&muf ynmoifMum;NyD; &Jbuf
trIxrf;cJyh gonf/ xkpd Of 1938-39 ckEpS af vmufwiG f rdr&d yd &f mqufcEH idk &f ef tpk;d &tod
trSwfjyK usrkdif;&mxl;cefYtyfjcif; cH&ygonf/
1940 ckESpfrSpNyD; 1942 ckESpftxd? trSwf(1) Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;ESifhtrSwf
(13)Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;(jynfapmifh)wkdYwGif odED? anmifa&T? rkd;rdwf? rkd;eJapmfbGm;rsm;
ESifhtwl ppfrIxrf;cJhygonf/ ppftajccHynmrsm;udk arNrdKU oifMum;cJhygonf/ xkdtcsdef
wGif &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;? ajrmufydkif;e,fajrrsm;wGif vSnfhvnf ppfwm0efjzifh umuG,f
a&;twGuf xrf;aqmifcJhygonf/ if;ppfrIxrf;pOf *smr'g? ZlaA'g? ZlaA'g*smr'gESifhbk&ifh
jyefwrf;0ift&m&Sdtxd wkd;wufcefYxm;jcif;cH&ygonf/ xkdpOf vufeufi,f pdefajymif;ESifh
ppfajrjyifynm (Field Works Course) oifwef;wkdrsm;udk oifMum;cJhbl;ygonf/
105
yifrSDusrkdif;AkdvfBuD;p0fcGefOD;\twKywdtusOf;csKyf
wkdif;jynfysufNyD; *syefacwfwGif ocifapmfbGm;\ukd,fpm; e,fcsKyfrIwm0efrsm;

udk vkyfukdifxrf;aqmifcJhygonf/
1946-47 ckESpfrsm;wGif awmifwef;a'oESifhjynfrwkYd nDnGwfrI&,lMuonfhtcg
u rdrdwwfEkdifonfhbufrS yg0ifulnDcJhonfhtjyif yifvkHnDvmcHBuD;wGif Nidrf0yfydjym;rIESifh
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhjynfracgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;wkYd\vkHjcKHrIudk wm0ef,lcJhygonf/ xkdt
csdefu AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; &Srf;jynfnDnGwfaoG;pnf;a&;twGuf pnf;a0;yGJvkyfwkdif;vkdvkd
yif xdktcsdefu ocifapmfbGm;BuD;ESifhtwl wufa&mufyg0ifcJhygonf/
1947 ckESpf? arvwGif yif;w,apmfbGm;\tpfr apmjrcifESifhtdrfaxmifjyKvuf
xyfc&hJ m 1948 ckwiG f om;(p0fMunfoef;)ESi1hf 949 ckwiG f orD; (p0f0if;jrif)h arG;zGg;ygonf/
om;rSm uavmNrdKU b&if*sDoDv&ifausmif; ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;tjzpfESifhynmoif
Mum;vsuf&Sdygonf/ orD;rSmvnf; if;ausmif; ynmoifqJ 1957 ck? atmufwkdbmv
wGif aoqkH;oGm;ygonf/
1947 ckEpS ?f atmufwb
dk mvwGif Armhwyfrawmfxo
J Ykd jyefvnf0ifa&muftrIxrf;
&m Akv
d &f mxl;&&S
d 1949 ckEpS w
f iG f Akv
d Bf uD;&mxl;okYd wk;d wufcefx
Y m;jcif;cH&ygonf/ 1948
ck? arNrdKUAkdvfoifwef;ausmif;rSqif;NyD; ysOf;rem;trSwf(4) Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;? ppf
om;pkaqmif;a&;wyfokdY a&muf&SdtrIxrf;cJhygonf/ 1949 ck? rEav;NrdKUESifharNrdKUwkdYwGif
Akv
d rf LS ;usif(uG,v
f eG o
f )l \vufatmufwiG f trIxrf;cJyh gonf/ if; 1949 ckEpS u
f ek af vmuf
rSm &Srf;aoewfukdifwyf&if;odkY a&muf&SdvmNyD; ppfpnf;urf;Oya'rsm;udk &kdaopGm vkdufem
ppfrIxrf;aqmifvsuf&Sdygonf/
p0fcGefOD;onf ,cktcg Armhwyfrawmf&Srf;wyf&if; OD;pD;wyfcGJrSL;tjzpf wm0ef
xrf;aqmifvsuf &Sdygonf/
106
c&pfou&mZf 1942 ck? jrefrmou&mZf 1303 ckESpf

wGif crnf;awmfaemfreG af pmfbmG ;BuD;p0fzESirhf ,fawmf
r[ma'0Dp0feef;EGHwkdYrS om;awmfp0faomif;a&Ttm;
aemifrGefNrdKU zGg;jrifonf/
zGg;jrifNyD;aemuf? 4 ESpo
f m;t&G,o
f aYkd &mufvwfaomf
awmifBuD;NrdKU? pdet
f if;ausmif;ynmrsm;udo
k ifMum;
onf/
1959 ckESpfwGif awmifBuD;NrdKU uarmZ aumvdyf
ausmif;odkYajymif;a&TU ynmrsm; qufvufavhvm qnf;yl;vsuf&Sd&m 1959 ckESpfwGif 6
wef;ynm&yfrsm;ukd oifMum;vsuf&Sdonf/
p0faomif;a&T\crnf;awmfaemifrGefapmfbGm;BuD;rSm if;i,f&G,fpOftcguyif
ewf&GmpHoGm;ygonf/
107
aemifrGefapmfbGm;BuD;\om;awmf usrkdif;p0faomif;a&T\twKywdtusOf;csKyf
oxkHapmfbGm;BuD; p0fatmifjrifh\twKywdtusOf;csKyf
oxkHe,fapmfbGm;BuD; p0fatmifjrifhonf ewf&GmpH c
rnf;awmfoxkHapmfbGm;BuD;p0fcGefMunfESifhr,fawmf
r[ma'0Da':at;oefw
Y Ydk om;awmforD;awmfrsm; 5
a,mufteuf 'kwd,ajrmufom;awmfjzpfNyD; 1934
ckEpS ?f 'DZbFmv 31 &ufaeYwiG f awmifBuD;NrdKU zGg;jrif
avonf/
p0fatmifjrifhonf touf 4 ESpft&G,frSp awmif
BuD;NrdKU&Sd pdet
f if;t*Fvyd af usmif; pwif ynmrsm;
oifMum;NyD;? 1939 ckEpS w
f iG f &efuek Nf rdKUpdeaf ygausmif;
odkYajymif;a&TU ynmqufvuf oifMum;vsuf&SdpOf
jrefrmbk&ifcHu 1940 ckESpfwGif oxkHe,fapmfbGm;BuD;\t&dyft&mcHEkdif&eftwGuf (tdrf
a&SUpH)usrkdif;tjzpf cefYtyfjcif;cH&avonf/
1954 ckEpS w
f iG f wuov
dk 0f ifpmar;yGBJ uD;udk acsmarmpGm atmifjrifonfjh yif? bm
om&yf 2 ukdyif *kPfxl;jzifh atmifjrifcJhavonf/ if;aemuf wuokdvfodkYqufvufwuf
a&muf pufrv
I ufrt
I if*sife,
D mynm&yfukd &Sr;f jynfe,ftpk;d &\taxmuftyHjh zifh oif
Mum;&m wwd,ESpfpmar;yGJBuD;atmifjrifcJhNyD;? 1957 ckESpfwGif tar&duefjynf? tkd[kdif,kd
wuov
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110

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