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\f0\charscalex100 {, 4(03), 161-166
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\b \i {Asian Journal of}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-493\slmult0 \fs44\cf1\f0\ch
arscalex100\b \i {Food and Agro-Industry}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li2733\ri0\sl-253\slm
ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {ISSN 1906-3040}\b0 \par\pard\li960\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Available online at }\fs22\cf2\f0\charscale
x100\ul {www.ajofai.info}\ul0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213
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b {Evaluation of amino acid compositio}\b0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {n and p
rotein solu}\b0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {bility profile of}\b0 \par\pard\li
706\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {commercially available sesa
me and groundnut seed meal }\b0 \par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li720\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {S. Maneemegalai*}\b
0 {\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1}\b0 }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
{ and Reena Prasad}\b0 {\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2}\b0 }\par\par
d\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs14\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Department of Biochemistry, Bha
rathidasan University College for Women, Orathanadu \uc1\u8211X 614 625,}\par\pa
rd\li706\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, In
dia.}\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Department of Bioc
hemistry, Prince Shri Venkateshwara Arts and Science College, Gowrivakkam, }\par
\pard\li706\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Chennai- 600 073, Tam
ilnadu, India.}\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li706\ri0\s
l-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {*}\b0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul
{Email: }\ul0 \fs22\cf2\f0\charscalex100\ul {maneedevi@yahoo.co.in}\ul0 \par\par
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\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Abstract}\b0 \p
ar\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sesame and groundnut are important crops and a source o
f edible oil and protein. Amino acid}\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {content of both meals was analyzed and studies made on the p
rotein solubility of defatted sesame }\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {and groundnut meal in aqueous solution over various pH and
in various salt solutions. Valine,}\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {isoleucine, arginine, aspartic acid and glutamine were present
in high concentration in both the }\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {defatted meals. Apart from these amino acids high levels of l
eucine and phenyl alanine were also }\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {observed in groundnut meal. The protein solubility was found
to be more in alkaline pH than in}\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {acidic pH in aqueous solution and the solubility }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {was found to be high at pH 10. Protein solubility }\par\pard\li7
20\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of sesame and groundnut meal w
as high at 0.8M solution of sodium sulphite, 0.4M solution of }\par\pard\li720\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ammonium sulphate and 0.2M solutio
n of disodium phosphate. In sodium chloride solution it was}\par\pard\li720\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {observed that the solubility was high
at 0.6M for sesame meal and 0.8M for groundnut meal.}\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213
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b {Keywords}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {: Sesame meal, groundnut meal, anima
l feed, India}\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl
-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Introduction}\b0 \par\pard\li720\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Plant oilseeds constitute a major source of protein and they are the impo
rtant unconventional }\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {sources of protein. The defatted meal after oil extraction is added to seve
ral food preparations like }\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {bread, biscuits, cookies and as ingredient in live stock feeds. Groun
dnut (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Arachis hypogaea L}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {.) }\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {and s

esame (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Sesamum indicum L}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {.) are the major oil seed crops of India. Groundnut is mainly used }\par
\pard\li720\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {for oil extraction an
d the by products are utilized for feed and food purposes [1, 2]. Ground nut }\p
ar\pard\li720\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {meal is a good vege
table protein for poultry feed.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
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\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {As. J
. Food Ag-Ind. }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2011}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {, 4(03), 161-166 }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
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par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
162}\par\par
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ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {Sesamum indicum, L}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. is an importan
t crop widely cultivat}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ed all over the world. Seeds
of sesame }\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {are us
ed to garnish bread loafs, in preparation of sweets and desserts and after extra
ction of oil is }\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
used as a cattle feed [3]. Sinc}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e antiquity sesame m
eal has been used for human and animal }\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nutrition. It was also reported that sesame seed meal can
be incorporated at a higher level in the }\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {diet of fish fingerlings after suitable processing [4]
. Oil free sesame contains 40-50% protein. It is }\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {necessary to modify the meal so that it could b
e used for human consumption. }\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li706\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The aim of the present
investigation is to study the amino acid content and the solubility profile of
}\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {protein in vario
us salt solutions for better extraction and valuable utilization. }\par\pard\li7
06\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\b {Materials and Methods}\b0 \par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Samples of
de-oiled commercially available groundnut and sesame seed meal were collected fr
om}\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Chengalpet, Ta
milnadu, India. The meals were powdered and used for the estimation. The amino }
\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {acid assay was ca
rried out at the Central Institute of Brackish Water Aquaculture (CIBA),}\par\pa
rd\li706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Chennai, Tamilnadu, Indi
a, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Aliquot}\par\pard\li706\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {quantities of 50-100mg were accur
a}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tely weighed for hydrolysis w}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {ith 6N hydrochloric acid at }\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {120C for 24 h in sealed glass tube. The sample was cooled and
acid was removed under vacuum. }\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {The dried tubes were kept in sodium hydroxide desiccator to remo
ve traces of acid from sample.}\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {The hydrolyzed amino acid samples were brought in}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {to solution and filtered through microfilters of }\par\pard\li706\ri
0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0.4micron. The filtered sample solu
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tion was injected in HPLC and amino acid analysis w
as carried}\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {out in
Shimadzu LC-10A HPLC. The individual amino acids were detected using post colum
n }\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {derivatization
with orthopthalaldehyde in fluorescent detector. The quantitative estimation of
}\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {amino acid was
done using Sigma amino acid standard for fluorescent detector. }\par\pard\li706\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {Protein solubility profile was determined by the me}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {thod of Guerra and Park [5]. The commercially}\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {available meal was defatted to remove th
e residual oil by several extractions with chloroform: }\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {methanol at room temperature until the oi
l co}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ntent was less than 1%. Residual solvent was}\p
ar\pard\li706\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {removed and the mea
l dried in air and sieved. The fine fraction was used for protein solubility tes
t. }\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-320\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Extraction of protein}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li70
6\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Extraction of protein from meal
was carried out at}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { room temperature for 30 minutes
using distilled}\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
water to meal ratio of 15:1 (v/w). The pH of extraction was adjusted to 2,3,4,5
and 6 by adding}\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0
.5M hydrochloric acid and adjusted to 7,8,9,10,11 and 12 by adding 0.5 M sodium
hydroxide. }\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The p
H was rechecked and readjusted after 30 minutes. 2.0g samples were used for prot
ein}\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {extraction, a
nd the volume of solution was brought to 30ml after final pH adjustment. After}\
par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {centrifugation at
8200xg for 20 minutes, the suspensions were filtered through Whatman filter}\par
\pard\li706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {paper no 1 to remove
insoluble materials. 0.02 ml of the aliquot of each extract was used for}\par\pa
rd\li706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {protein estimation [6].
}\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-320\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Protein solubility profile of groundnut and sesame
seed meal in several different salt solutions }\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {such as sodium chloride, sodium sulphite, disodium
hydrogen phosphate, and ammonium sulphate}\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {were carried out in varied concentrations of salt sol
utions ( 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 M) at pH 8.0}\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {adjusted by the addition of 0.5M sodium hydroxide.
}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pa
rd\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft1266\shptop9866\shpright1280\shpbottom10146\shpfhdr0\shp
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{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft1266\shptop10146\shpright7173\shpbottom10146\shpfhdr0\sh
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{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn13
3\margtsxn666\margbsxn466\cols2\colno1\colw9120\colsr-0\colno2\colw1973\pard\li7
20\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {As. J. Food Ag-Ind. }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2
011}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, 4(03), 161-166 }\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\b {Results and Discussion }\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
163}\p
ar\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\
li706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Table 1 shows the presence of essential amino acids of sesame a
nd groundnut meal. Sesame meal }\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {contains a high level of valine , isoleucine (more than 2%) and g
roundnut meal contains a high }\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {level of valine, isoleucine, leucine and arginine. }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Phenyl alanine level was found to be higher in}\par\pard\li706\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {groundnut meal. Table 2 presents the
non essential amino acids in sesame and groundnut meal.}\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Aspartic acid and glutamine are found to
be in high concentration in sesame meal and groundnut }\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {meal. That both essential and non-essenti
al amino acids are present in the meal shows the richness}\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of protein in the meal. Johnson }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {et al}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { [7] reported that
sesame protein has a unique balance of }\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {amino acids and it performs better than other oil seeds
in baking applications. It was also observed}\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {that defatted sesame meal is very important as a pro
tein source for human consumption due to the }\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {presence of sulphur containing amino acids mainly}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { methionine [8]. Gandhi and Taimini [9] have}\par\par
d\li706\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {reported that de-hulled a
nd defatted sesame meal has potential use in food products as a protein}\par\par
d\li706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {supplement and could be u
tilized for edible purposes.}\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li706\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Table 1. Essential ami
no acids of sesame meal and groundnut meal. }\b0 \par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \*\tx2240\*\tx4266\fs24\cf3\f0\charscalex100\b {Amino acid }\b0 \tab \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\b {Sesame meal (%)}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Gr
oundnut meal (%) }\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\margl
sxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw4266\colsr-0\colno2\colw6826\pard\li720\ri0\
sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Valine 2.2004}\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-
280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Methionine 0.2896}\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl

-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Isoleucine 2.1997}\par\column\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.9705}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0.3394}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.0425}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn168
40\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw2240\colsr-0\colno2\colw2026\colsr-0
\colno3\colw6826\pard\li720\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Leuci
ne}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.0828}\p
ar\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.0656}\par\pa
rd\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\coln
o1\colw4266\colsr-0\colno2\colw6826\pard\li720\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Tyrosine 0.7335}\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Phenylalanine 1.1842}\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Histidine 0.6505}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0.867}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {1.7052 }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0.
5785}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn13
3\cols3\colno1\colw2240\colsr-0\colno2\colw2026\colsr-0\colno3\colw6826\pard\li7
20\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Lysine}\par\column\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0.7126}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0.4582}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgws
xn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw4266\colsr-0\colno2
\colw6826\pard\li720\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Arginine 1.8
154}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3.3551}\
par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard
\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\b {Table 2. Nonessential amino acids of}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\b { sesame meal and groundnut meal.}\b0 \par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \*\tx2160\*\tx4266\fs24\cf3\f0\charscalex100\b {Amino acid }\b0 \tab \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\b {Sesame meal (%)}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Gro
undnut meal (%) }\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\margls
xn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw4266\colsr-0\colno2\colw6826\pard\li720\ri0\s
l-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Aspartic acid 2.9254}\par\column\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3.6182 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\
sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw2160\co
lsr-0\colno2\colw2106\colsr-0\colno3\colw6826\pard\li720\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Threonine}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.3269}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {1.9403}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\mar
glsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw4266\colsr-0\colno2\colw6826\pard\li720\ri
0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Serine 1.1203}\par\pard\li720\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Glutamine 4.873}\par\column\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.4528}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3.9025}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn1189
3\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw2160\colsr-0\colno2\colw2
106\colsr-0\colno3\colw6826\pard\li720\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {Proline}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{0.6629}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.7
99}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\
cols2\colno1\colw4266\colsr-0\colno2\colw6826\pard\li720\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Glycine 1.2989}\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Alanine 1.1281}\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {Cysteine 0.116}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.4446}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {1.7279}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0
.4921}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn1
33\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {The high le
vels of glutamic acid and aspartic acid in the sesame meal agrees with the resul
t }\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {reported by Ba
hkali}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {et al}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { [1

0]. Inyang and Wayo [11] have reported that de-hulled sesame seed }\par\pard\li7
06\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {meal was used to fortify cooki
es and the protein content of the cookies increased. It was quoted by }\par\pard
\li706\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Asibuo }{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {et al}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { [12] that groundnut cake a
fter oil extraction contains nearly 40-60% protein. The}\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {defatted meal after oil extraction is an
ingredient }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in livestock feed, added to several cere
al based}\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {preparat
ions for infants to improve the diets of }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {malnourish
ed people in developing countries. }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pgh
sxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn13
3\margtsxn666\margbsxn466\cols2\colno1\colw9120\colsr-0\colno2\colw1973\pard\li7
20\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {As. J. Food Ag-Ind. }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2
011}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, 4(03), 161-166 }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {
164}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\margls
xn666\margrsxn133\pard\li706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Table 3. Protein solubility (mg of pro
tein/g }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {meal) of sesame meal and groundnut mea
l in }\b0 \par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {aqueo
us solution at various pH. }\b0 \par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {(values are expressed as mean SEM for six replicates) }\par\pard
\li1093\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx1706\fs24\cf3\f0\charscalex100\b {pH }\b0 \tab \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Sesame meal }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Gr
oundnut meal}\b0 \par\pard\li1093\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1093\r
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx1706\*\tx3213\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.0}\tab \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {1.012 0.20 }\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.125 0.106 }\
par\pard\li1093\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx1706\*\tx3213\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{3.0}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.185 0.19 }\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {1.136 0.037 }\par\pard\li1093\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx1706\*\tx3213\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {4.0}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.323 0.09 }\tab \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {1.2 0.10 }\par\pard\li1093\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx1706\*\tx
3213\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5.0}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.411 0.21
}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.218 0.027 }\par\pard\li1093\ri0\sl-280\slmul
t0 \*\tx1706\*\tx3213\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6.0}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {1.5 0.212 }\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.894 0.345 }\par\pard\li1093\
ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx1706\*\tx3213\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7.0}\tab \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.565 0.36 }\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.64 1.2 }\pa
r\pard\li1093\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx1706\*\tx3213\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8
.0}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.782 0.18 }\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{2.765 0.58 }\par\pard\li1093\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx1706\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {9.0}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.105 0.559 3.975 0.53 }\par\pard\li1
093\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10.0 3.555 0.806 4.387 0.208
}\par\pard\li1093\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx3213\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11.0
3.05 0.487 }\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4.225 0.624 }\par\pard\li1093\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx3213\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12.0 2.06 0.74 }\tab \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4.087 0.194 }\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Table 4. Protein
solubility (mg protein/ g meal) }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {level of ses
ame meal and groundnut meal in}\b0 \par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\b {different concentrations of sodium chloride}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\b {, sodium sulphite, ammonium sulphate and }\b0 \par\pard\li720\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {disodium hydrogen phosphate sol
utions. }\b0 \par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(va
lues are expressed as mean SEM for 6 replicates) }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\p
gwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols7\colno1\colw2053\colsr-0\col
no2\colw1106\colsr-0\colno3\colw1386\colsr-0\colno4\colw1226\colsr-0\colno5\colw
1240\colsr-0\colno6\colw1160\colsr-0\colno7\colw2920\pard\li720\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf3\f0\charscalex100\b {Salt }\b0 \par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \f
s24\cf3\f0\charscalex100\b {solutions}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs24\cf3\f0\charscalex100\b {Meal}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {0.2M }\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1.0M }\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn1189
3\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw2053\colsr-0\colno2\colw9
040\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sodium }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx1
106\*\tx2480\*\tx4960\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sesame }\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {3.50 0.10}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4.10 0.15 4.350.18}\tab \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3.950.12 3.800.20 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893
\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw2053\colsr-0\colno2\colw11
06\colsr-0\colno3\colw7933\pard\li720\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {chloride }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Ground}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nut}\par\
column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx2613\*\tx3853\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{3.750.21 5.050.27}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5.400.34}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {5.550.29 5.450.37}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\
marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw2053\colsr-0\colno2\colw3720\colsr-0\co
lno3\colw5320\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-333\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sodium }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \*\tx1106\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sesame }\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{9.9750.9 10.351.0}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx1240\*\tx2400\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11.100.9}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12.601.4}\tab \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11.921.1}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsx
n16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw2053\colsr-0\colno2\colw1106\col
sr-0\colno3\colw7933\pard\li720\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s
ulphite }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Gro
und }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nut}\par\colum
n\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx2626\*\tx3853\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9.600
.81 9.820.9}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10.351.2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {11.551.0 11.020.9}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\margls
xn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw2053\colsr-0\colno2\colw2493\colsr-0\colno3\c
olw6546\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-333\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ammonium }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\*\tx1106\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sesame }\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4.
950.21}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx1226\*\tx2466\*\tx3626\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {10.650.9}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7.350.42}\tab \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7.050.39}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6.750.34}\par\par
d\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols5\colno
1\colw2053\colsr-0\colno2\colw1106\colsr-0\colno3\colw1386\colsr-0\colno4\colw36
26\colsr-0\colno5\colw2920\pard\li720\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {sulphate}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Ground }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nut}\par\
column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12.751.2}\par\colu
mn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx1226\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {13.201.4}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11.11.3 6.450.49}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5.850.32}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893
\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw2053\colsr-0\colno2\colw90
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Disodium }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx
1106\*\tx3720\*\tx4960\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sesame }\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {8.850.83 6.600.42}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6.450.53}\tab \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {6.000.42 5.400.32}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pg
hsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw2053\colsr-0\colno2\colw1106\
colsr-0\colno3\colw7933\pard\li720\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{hydrogen }\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {phosp
hate }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ground
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nut}\par\column\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12.751.09 11.101.4 10.50.96
10.350.9 8.700.59}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666
\margrsxn133\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li720\ri0\
sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Protein solubility profile of se}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {same and groundnut meal in aque}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {ous solution at various pH is}\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {shown in Table 3. It was observed from the results that protein
extraction was found to be higher }\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {in alkaline pH than in acidic pH. The solubility }\fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {was found to be high at pH 10. Protein solubility }\par\pard\li
706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {levels of sesame and groundnu
t meal in different }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {concentrations of various salt
solutions were}\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sh
own in Table 4. Protein solubility was found to be high at 0.8M concentration of
sodium }\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sulphite
, 0.4M concentration of ammonium sulphate and 0.2M concentration of disodium }\p
ar\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\
sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\m
argbsxn493\cols2\colno1\colw9120\colsr-0\colno2\colw1973\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li720\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\i {As. J. Food Ag-Ind. }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2011}\b0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {, 4(03), 161-166 }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
165}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn1
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hydrogen phosphate for sesame an}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {d groundnut meal. In sodium ch}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {loride solutio
n,}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { solubility was}\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {found to be high at 0.6M for sesame meal and 0.8M
for groundnut meal. }\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li70
6\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Conclusion }\b0 \par\pard\li7
06\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Sesame and groundnut meal are a rich source of protein as shown by
the presence of both essential}\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {and nonessential amino acids. The high protein solubility charact
eristics of sesame and groundnut}\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {meal in various salt solutions can be used to prepare a protein
isolate and that could be used for }\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {commercial preparations, fortifications and improving nutriti
onal status.}\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {References }\b0 \par\pard\li706\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx1413\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {1. }\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Jambunathan, R. (1991). Groun
dnut quality char}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {acteristics. In uses of tropical g
rain}\par\pard\li1413\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {legumes: Pr
oceedings of a consultants meeting 27-30 March 1989, ICRISAT center, }\par\pard\
li1413\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Andhrapradesh, India. pp 2
67-275.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsx
n133\cols2\colno1\colw1413\colsr-0\colno2\colw9680\pard\li706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2. }\pa
r\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Spadaro, J.J. (1979). Uses of defatted and partially
defatted pea nut flours.}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Journal of the}\b0

\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {American O
il Chemist\uc1\u8217Xs Society,}\b0 \i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 56, 474-475
.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\p
ard\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx14
13\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3. }\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Bahkali, A.H.
and Moslem, M.A. (1996). Seed borne fungal contaminants of sesame }\par\pard\li
1413\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {Sesamum indicum L}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) seed in Saudi Arabia. }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research,}\b0 \i
0 \par\pard\li1413\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {14(1), 155-167
.}\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-320\slmult0
\*\tx1413\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4. }\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Mukho
padhyay, N. (2001). Effect of fermentation on apparent total and nutrient }\par\
pard\li1413\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {digestibility of sesa
me (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Sesamum indicum}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {) seed meal in rohu,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Labeo rohita}\i0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 { (Hamilton),}\par\pard\li1413\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {fingerlings}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {. Acta Ichthylog
ica et Piscatoria,}\b0 \i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 31(2), 19-28. }\par\pard
\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1
\colw1413\colsr-0\colno2\colw9680\pard\li706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li706\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5. }\par\pard\li706\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {6. }\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li706\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {7. }\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {8. }\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li706\ri0
\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9. }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\
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erra, M.J. and Park, Y.K. (1975). Extraction of sesame seed protein and determin
ation }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of its molec
ular weight by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.}\par\
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ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randall, R.J.
(1951). Protein measurement}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {with the Folin Phenol reagent. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Journa
l of Biological Chemistry,}\b0 \i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 193 (1), 265-275
. }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Johnson, L.A., Suleiman, T.M. and Lusas, E.W. (1979).
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calex100 {prospects.}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Journal of American Oil
Chemists Society,}\b0 \i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 56, 463-468.}\par\pard\l
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tion of Papain-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx5680\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
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-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Gandhi, A.P. and Taimini, V. (2009). Or
ga}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {noleptic and nutritional assessment of sesame }\p
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alex100\i {Sesamum indicum L}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) biscuits.}{ }\fs2
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Protein and oil composition of }\par\pard\li1413\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {sesame seeds (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Sesamum indicum, L
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w9120\colsr-0\colno2\colw1973\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
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ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
166}\par\pard\sect\sectd\
sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li706\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx1413\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {11.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Inyang, U.E., Wayo, A.U. (2006). For
tifica}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tion of cookies with dehulled sesame seed}\pa
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\charscalex100\b \i {Tropical Science,}\b0 \i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 45(3
), 103-105. }\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li706\ri0\sl320\slmult0 \*\tx1413\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {Asibuo, J.Y., Akromah, R. Adu-Dapaah, H.K.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { an
d Safo.Kantanka, O. (2008). Evaluation }\par\pard\li1413\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {of nutritional quality of groundnut (}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {Arachis hypogaea L}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.) from Ghana.}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {African Journal of}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li1413\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Food Agricultural Nutrition an
d Development,}\b0 \i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 8(2), 133-150.}\par}

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