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PRIVATE
PARTNERSHIP
Oleh: Azhar Kasim
Pengertian Public-Private
Partnership
1. Kerjasama pemerintah dengan privat
(swasta) dalam penyelenggaraan
pelayanan atau produksi barang publik,
dalam bentuk kontrak, franchises, atau
grants
2. Privatisasi proyek infrastruktur yang
kompleks dan melibatkan banyak pihak,
swasta dan pemerintah
Pengertian Public-Private
Partnership
3. Kolaborasi formal antara swasta (bisnis
privat), pemerintah daerah dan
pemimpin masyarakat untuk
memperbaiki kondisi fasilitas perkotaan,
seperti sekolah, pelatihan tenaga kerja
(job training), pembangunan perumahan,
dsb
Exclusion
Infeasible
Feasible
Toll Goods
Angkutan Umum
Jalan Tol
Taman Nasional
TV Kabel, Asuransi
Common Pool
Goods
Collective Goods
Individual
Consumption
Joint
E. Savas
Private
Goods
Budgetary Units
Autonomous Unit
Corporatized
Units
Privatized Units
V
V
Toll
Goods
V
V
Collective
Goods
Common
Pool Goods
V
V
X
X
X
X
Figure 3.1 Diagram showing the exclusion and jointconsumption properties of various goods & service. Pure
goods are shown at the four corner points
Consumption
Private Individual
Exclusion
Feasible
Goods
Water
supply,
Refuse removal Stadium
Electric power,
library
Sewer service
Elementary
National Parks
education
On street parking
Fish in stocked lake
Open range
Infeasible
Rivers lake
CommonPool
Goods
Joint
Watching parade,
Fireworks, air show
Central Park
Fire protection
Streets
Watching auto
Police protection
Road race,
marathon
Air and water
Pollution control,
lighthouse
Vaccination
Broadcast TV
National defense
Toll
Goods
Collective
Goods
Belgium
El
om
Te
le c
75%
more than Australia
75%
Austria
Po
st
m
un
ic
Private sector
more than 75%
Public sector
25%
50%
ec
at
t
io
Ga ricit
n
y
s
Oi
lP
Co rod
al uct
io
n
Ra
ilw
ay
Ai
rli s
ne
Mo s
to
rI
St
n
ee d u
st
l
ry
Sh
ip
bu
ild
in
g
na Australia
na Austria
na
Belgium
Brazil
Brazil
Britain
Britain
Canada
Canada
France
na
France
West
Germany
Holland
West
Germany
na
na
India
Italy
Holland
India
na
na
Italy
El
om
Te
le c
75%
more than Japan
75%
Mexico
Po
st
m
un
ic a
Private sector
more than 75%
Public sector
25%
50%
ec
t
t io
Ga ricit
n
y
s
Oi
lP
r
Co odu
ct
al
io
n
Ra
ilw
ay
Ai
rli s
ne
Mo s
to
St r I n
ee du
l
st
ry
Sh
ip
bu
ild
in
g
na
Japan
Mexico
South
Korea
na
South
Korea
Spain
na
Spain
Sweden
na
na
Sweden
Switzerland
na
na
na Switzerland
United
stated
Source: The Economist, 4 January 1986, 72. Reproduced with permission. Includes Conrall.
Note: Extensive denationalization has taken place in Britain Since 1980.
United
stated
Accountability
Linkages
Administrative Obligations
Market
Transactions
Market
Citizen Obligation
Accountability
Linkages
Government
Obligations
Administrative Obligations
Citizen Obligation
Market
Transactions
Market
Accountability
Linkages
Administrative Obligations
Market
Transactions
Market
Citizen Obligation
Administrative Obligations
Market
Transactions
Market
Citizen Obligation
Accountability
Linkages
Administrative Obligations
Market
Transactions
Market
Market
Citizen Obligation
Examination
(Citizen as
Beneficiary)
Implementation Era
(Citizen as
Participant)
Centered
Reforms
(Citizen as
Customer)
Persetujuan
untuk
hubungan
perjanjian
Persetujuan
secara implisit
melalui
penerusan
tempat tinggal
dengan scope
wilayah
pemerintahan
Persetujuan
explisit atau
penerusan
barang bukti
melalui
partisipasi politik
Persetujuan
secara implisit
melalui
penerusan
tempat tinggal
dengan scope
wilayah
pemerintahan
Persetujuan
explisit atau
penerusan
barang bukti
melalui
partisipasi politik
Persetujuan
secara implisit
melibatkan
pengaturan swasta
melalui
peningkatan
tempat tinggal
dengan scope
bidang market
Persetujuan
eksplisit melalui
partisipasi dan
turunan barang
bukti politik melalui
non-oartisipation
dalam market
Persetujuan
secara implisit
melalui
penerusan
tempat tinggal
dengan scope
wilayah
pemerintahan
Persetujuan
explisit atau
penerusan
barang bukti
melalui
partisipasi politik
Factors of
Orthodox Era
Citizen
(Citizen as
Government Owner)
Contract
Relationship
Self
Examination
(Citizen as
Beneficiary)
Diversity
Implementation Era
(Citizen as
Participant)
Market
Centered
Reforms
(Citizen as
Customer)
Obligasi
(peraturan)
warganegara
Warganegara
adalah penerima
jasa
pemerintahan
(new deal)
Warganegara
adalah
participant aktif
dalam
operasional
pemerintahan
Partisipasi
grassroots
dalam
mendukung atau
melawan policy
pemerintahan
Wargenegara
adalah customer
dalam market
dengan ketentuan
pemerintahan
dalam barang dan
jasa
Warga negara
adalah
participant pasif
dalam
pemerintahan
Factors of
Orthodox Era
Citizen
(Citizen as
Government Owner)
Contract
Relationship
Self
Examination
(Citizen as
Beneficiary)
Diversity
Implementation Era
(Citizen as
Participant)
Market
Centered
Reforms
(Citizen as
Customer)
Obligasi
(peraturan)
pemerintah
Pemerintahan
bertindak untuk
menyediakan
batas keamanan
sosial untuk
warga negara
(social security)
Pemerintahan
memperluas
batas keamanan
nasional
pemerintah
bertujuan untuk
menyediakan
perlindungan dari
perasaan
eksternal.
Musuh seperti
komunis
Menarik kembali
batas keamanan
sosial untuk
disadvantage
Memberikan lebih
kebebasan bagi
yang sudah sukses
Pemerintahan
adalah hanya
terbatas kepada
perlindungan
warganegara
dari bahaya
eksternal
Melindungi dari
monopoli
Factors of
Orthodox Era
Citizen
(Citizen as
Government Owner)
Contract
Relationship
Self
Examination
(Citizen as
Beneficiary)
Diversity
Implementation Era
(Citizen as
Participant)
Market
Centered
Reforms
(Citizen as
Customer)
Obligasi
(peraturan)
administration
Adminstration
menjadikan
sadar diri
Administration
sebagai sosial
dan politik
respon
Administrator
sebagai
pelayanan sipil
menurut
kesadaan
bersosialisasi
Administrator
pada grassroots
atau street-level
Administrator
sebagai audit
kontrak
Administrator
adalah
enterpreneur
Administration
sebagai suatu
mekanisme
Self
Examination
(Citizen as
Beneficiary)
Diversity
Implemen-tation
Era (Citizen as
Participant)
Market
Centered
Reforms
(Citizen as
Customer)
Pertanggung
-jawaban/
pengawasan
mekanisme
Pertanggungjawaban melalui
prosedur
mekanisme
Pengawasan
politik melalui
pemilihan,
pembagian
kekuasaan, dan
kekeliruan
legislatif dalam
administrasi
Pertanggungjawaban melalui
prosedur
mekanisme
Pengawasan politik
melalui pemilihan,
pembagian
kekuasaan, dan
kekeliruan legislatif
dalam administrasi
Accountability
(pertanggungjawaban) adalah
definisi orientasi
aktif melalui
efisiensi,
penyampaian
secara efektif dari
outputs
Pertanggungjawaban melalui
prosedur
mekanisme
Pengawasan
politik melalui
pemilihan,
pembagian
kekuasaan, dan
kekeliruan
legislatif dalam
administrasi
Factors of
Citizen
Government
Contract
Relationship
Pertanggung
-jawaban/
pengawasan
mekanisme
Orthodox
Era
(Citizen
as Owner)
Self
Examination
(Citizen as
Beneficiary)
Diversity
Market Centered
Implementation Reforms (Citizen as
Era (Citizen as Customer)
Participant)
Kontrol melalui
keterlibatan
langsung
warganegara atau
keterlibatan
terhadap wakil
warganegara
Factors of
Orthodox Era
Citizen
(Citizen as
Government Owner)
Contract
Relationship
Self
Examination
(Citizen as
Beneficiary)
Diversity
Implementation Era
(Citizen as
Participant)
Market
Centered
Reforms
(Citizen as
Customer)
Pemerintahan
menjadi terlibat
dalam market:
untuk pengganti
kerugian disfungsi
market (depresi)
Mengambil kunci
philosohy untuk
pengeluaraan
Pemerintahan
mendominasi
market selama PD
II
Pemerintahan
semakin terlibat
dalan kontak militer
selama PD II
Pemerintah
melakukan
distribusi kembali
kekayaan melalui
program
pemerintahan
dalam pengadaan
sosial
Pemerintahan
semakin aktif dalam
market dengan
menggunakan alat
market untuk
memberikan
pelayanan umum
Pemerintahan
menyerahkan
beberapa pelayanan
public kepada market
Pemerintahan
dipengaruhi oleh
globalisasi dalam
ekonomi pasar
(market)
Interaksi
pemerintahan
dalam market
adalah terbatas
untuk memecahkan
monopoli dan
memberantas
kolusi (laissez faire)
Membuat
peraturan dalam
industri
Pengaruh Kompetisi
Market
Quasi Non Market
Competition Market Competition
Productivity
+++
Cost Reduction
+++
Quality
++
Fees
++
Personnel
--
+++
++
Work Load
Employment Security
--
0 to -
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
Work Condition
Interdependence of Goals
(Selected Goals)
Ifthen
Market
Quasi Non-market
Competition Market Competition
+++
---
Quality
++
+++
+++
Employment
Kompetisi (1)
1. Elemen kompetisi merupakan unsur
penting dalam menciptakan pelayanan
publik yang efisien dan berkualitas
2. Market competition adalah bentuk
persaingan yang paling cocok untuk
persaingan antar penyelenggara
pelayanan publik oleh sesama oranisasi
privat (private-private competition)
maupun antar org privat dan publik
(private-public competition)
Kompetisi (2)
3. Quasi market adalah bentuk
persaingan antar sesama instansi
pemerintah penyelenggara
pelayanan publik (public-public
competition)
4. Non-market competition adalah
bentuk persaingan berdasarkan tolok
banding (benchmarking)
Kompetisi (3)
5. Privatisasi menjadi lebih mahal
apabila tidak ada persaingan.
6. Proses privatisasi yang tidak
transparan dan tanpa
persaingan sangat rawan
terhadap praktek korupsi, kolusi
dan nepotisme
Characteristics of For-profit
versus Nonprofit Governance
For Profit Sector
NonProfit Sector
Mission
Financial performance
Measure
Financial performance
balanced with other
measures
Leadership
Characteristics of For-profit
versus
Nonprofit
Governance
For Profit Sector
NonProfit Sector
Small
Executive committee is
relatively inactive
No operations
committee
Predictable profiles,
often senior business
professionals
Predictable roles
Predictable hours
Long service
Highly paid
Board
Composition
Large
Executive committee is vital but
can get out of control
Nominating committee
constantly at work
Operations committee essential
Board
Members
Table 1: Client
Contractor Relations
Characteristics of
Goods and Service
Low specificity
mass production
Low strategic
relevance
Type of Interaction
between Client and
Contractor
Weak position of
contractor due to number
of available
Weak adjustment
flexibility, low flexibility of
contractor sufficient
Price as central parameter
Local availability of
contractor is not relevant
Short-term relation,
procurement
High accessibility to
market
Big private enterprise
are dominating
Risk of oligopolies
Table 1: Client
Contractor Relations
Characteristics of
Goods and Service
High specificity
core business
strategic relevance
Low accessibility to
market
Local government
units are dominating
Risk of monopoly
Specificity
High
Low
Low
High
Strategic Relevance
Picot and Wolff 1994, 78 (fig.5)
procurement
Industrial mass
production
Pluralistic
markets
Monopoly
Internal
Lo
production
St ngCo
ra te
m
Make
t e rm
pe
gic c
t it i
pa ont
on
rtn rac
be
er tin
tw
sh g
ee
ips
Sh
n
or
pu
t -t
bli
er
ca
m
nd
co
nt
pr
r
iva
a
Buy
ct i
te
ng
Oligopolistic
markets
High
Specificity
High
Strategic
Relevance
Inter-Unit Competition
Intra-Unit Competition
Public-Private Competition
Private-Private Competition
Market Competitions
Quasi-Market
Competition
Non-Market
Competition
CONTRACTING
OUT SERVICE
DELIVERY
COMPETITIVE
SERVICE
ARRANGEMENT
Private Monopoly
Competition
Unresponsive
Expensive
Improve Quality
Reduce Costs