Chapter 27 Magnetic Field and Magnetic Forces

C
Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem
Fundamental nature
of Magnetism
Interaction of moving
electric charges
Magnetic forces arise in two stages:

1. Moving charge or a collection of moving charges
produces a magnetic field.
2. Current or moving charge responds to this
magnetic field and so experiences a magnetic
force.
Chapter 27
Magnetic Field and Magnetic Forces
27-1 Magnetism
27-2 Magnetic Field
27-3 Magnetic Field lines and Magnetic Flux
27-4 Motion of Charged Particles in a Magnetic Field
27-6 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor
27-7 Force and Torque on a Current Loop
Objective
Describe the interaction between poles of magnets
Magnetic phenomena
1st observed at least 2500 years ago in fragments of magnetized
iron ores in Magnesia
Magnetized iron ores
Permanent magnets
N: North pole
S: South pole
S: South pole
N: North pole
S: South pole
N: North pole
Either pole of a bar magnet attracts an

unmagnetized object that contains iron.
Magnetic Poles versus Electric Charge

may seem
analogous to
But this is misleading!

1. There is no such thing as magnetic monopole.
2. Poles always appear in pairs.
Magnetic Poles versus Electric Charge
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Example:
Consider various configurations of a bar magnet (shown here with its
polarity labeled N and S), an iron bar with ends labeled (U and D), and an
unknown magnet with its magnetic field lines (X and Y). Which of the
following configurations shown is stable?
X
U
D
U
D
D
U
D
U
N
S
S
N
N
S
S
N
A.
B.
C.
D.
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Seatwork:
Three bar magnets are arranged in a stable configuration as shown in A.
The polarities V, W, X, and Y are unknown. N (S) indicates North
(South). Which among configurations I to III is/are stable?
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EXAM RESULTS
85 out of 95 passed the exam
TOP SCORERS:
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Del Carmen, Maru Feriel

Nogales, Emilio Paul
Ngo, Arvy Daniel
Timbreza, Hanz
Opulencia, Jasper Amadeus
Lapuz, Carlin Drew
Estarija, Dan David
Aggari, Kristine Issabelle
Yutuc, Bryan
Guico, Ronald Eldrick
Sevilleno, Angelo Christian
Tupag, Xerxes
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Chapter 27
27-1 Magnetism
27-2 Magnetic Field
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Objectives
Differentiate electric interactions from magnetic interactions
Determine the net force on a moving point charge in the
presence of both magnetic and electric fields
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Electric Interactions
1. A distribution of electric charge at rest creates an electric field
in the surrounding space.
2. The electric field exerts a force
that is present in the field.
on any other charge q
Magnetic Interactions
1. A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the
surrounding space (in addition to its electric field).
2. The magnetic field exerts a force
on any other moving
charge or current that is present in the field.
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Magnetic Field
1. It is a vector quantity.
2. It is represented by
3. Its direction is defined as the direction in which the north pole of
a compass needle tends to point.
SI Unit of B:
1 (N s)/(C m) = 1 T (Tesla)
1 T = 1 N/(A m)
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Magnetic Forces on Moving Charges
4 key characteristics of magnetic force on moving charges

1. Magnitude is proportional to magnitude of charge.
2. Magnitude is proportional to strength of field.
3. Magnetic force depends on particles velocity
4. Magnetic force does not have same direction as

always perpendicular to both
and
. It is
.
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1. Magnitude of magnetic force
2. Direction of magnetic force

Use right hand rule.
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For positive moving charge:
For negative moving charge:
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When a charged particle moves through a region of space

where both electric and magnetic fields are present, both
fields exert forces on the particle.
Magnetic
force
Electric
force
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Example:
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Example:
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Seatwork:
A proton is placed in a region of uniform electric (-i) and
magnetic fields (+j) as shown in the figure. What are the
components of the net force acting on the proton when it
is at rest?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
+i, +k
+i, -k
-i, -k
-i
-k
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Example:
The figure shows a uniform magnetic field directed into the
plane of the paper (shown by the blue X's). If a particle with a
negative charge moves in the plane. Which of the three
paths-I, 2, or 3-does the particle follow?
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Chapter 27
27-1 Magnetism
27-2 Magnetic Field
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Objectives
Given the magnetic field lines, deduce the magnetic field
vector and the magnetic force on a moving charged particle
Argue why the magnetic flux on a closed surface is zero
Evaluate the total magnetic flux through an open surrface
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Magnetic field lines
represent any magnetic field.
The direction of the

magnetic field at each
point is unique.
never intersect.
have no ends.
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Example:
Which of the following figures may illustrate magnetic field
lines?
Answer: I and II
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Example:
The figure shows the magnetic field lines produced by a
moving charge Y . A positive charge X is moving into the
page. What is the direction of the magnetic force felt by X at
the instant it is beside Y?
Hint:
Answer: to the left

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Magnetic Flux
number of magnetic field lines crossing a surface
SI unit of magnetic flux:

1 T m2 = 1 Wb (Weber)
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Magnetic Flux
Magnetic Flux thru an open surface
If
is uniform, then
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Magnetic Flux
Magnetic Flux thru an open surface
If
is not uniform, then
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Example:
A square with side of length 2m is perpendicular to a magnetic
field of strength 10T. If the square is rotated such that the area
vector A makes an angle of 60 with the magnetic field B,
what is the change in magnetic flux through the square?
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Magnetic Flux thru a closed surface

Since there is no magnetic monopole,
(Gausss Law for Magnetism)
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Magnetic Flux thru a closed surface
spherical Gaussian
surface
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Example:
The magnetic flux through one face of a cube is +0.120 Wb.
What must the total magnetic flux through the other five
faces of the cube be?
Hint:
Answer: - 0.120 Wb
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Seatwork:
The magnetic flux through all the triangular faces of a
pyramid due to a wire carrying a current I is 4aB where a is
the area of one triangular face. What is the magnetic flux
through the square base?
Hint:
Answer: - 4aB
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Example:
Which of the following is TRUE about the magnetic flux
through the imaginary closed surfaces whose cross-sections
are shown in the figure?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A>B>C
B>A>C
A=B=C
A=B<C
A=B>C
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Chapter 27
27-1 Magnetism
27-2 Magnetic Field
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Objective
Describe the motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field
in terms of its speed, acceleration, cyclotron radius,
cyclotron frequency and kinetic energy
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Motion of a charged particle under the

action of a magnetic field alone is
always motion with constant speed.
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Radius R of a circular orbit in a magnetic field
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Angular speed
Cyclotron frequency f
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Radius R of a circular orbit in a magnetic field
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Angular speed
Cyclotron frequency f
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Example:
A positive charge q with mass m enters a uniform magnetic
field
with a velocity
. Find the following
properties of the charges resulting trajectory.
a) Magnitude of magnetic force F
b) Cyclotron radius R
c) Cyclotron angular speed
d) Cyclotron period T
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Example:
An electron with initial velocity v = v0 j enters a region with uniform
electric and magnetic fields given by E = E0k and B = B0k,
respectively. Which of the following best describes the approximate
trajectory of the electron? Note: v0, E0, and B0 > 0.
A. A helix going to the positive z-direction
B. A helix going to the negative z-direction
C. Circular and counterclockwise as viewed from the positive zdirection
D. Circular and clockwise as viewed from the positive z-direction
E. Parabola opening to the positive z-direction
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Example:
Three particles of identical speeds and charges, immersed in
a uniform magnetic field that is directed out of the page,
follow the paths shown. Which of the following particles is/are

negative?
Answer: a, c
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Example:
An electron at point A has a speed vo of
1.41x106 m/s. Find
a) the magnitude and direction of the
magnetic field that will cause the

electron to follow the semicircular
path from A to B, and

b) the time required for the electron to
move from A to B.
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Application of Motion of Charged Particles

Velocity Selector
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Application of Motion of Charged Particles

Velocity Selector
For the charged particle to

be undeflected:
Only particles with speeds equal to v can pass

through without being deflected by the fields.
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Chapter 27
27-1 Magnetism
27-2 Magnetic Field
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Objective
Evaluate the magnetic force on a wire segment in a uniform
magnetic field
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What is the force experienced by the wire?
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Magnetic Force on a Straight Wire Segment
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Magnitude of Magnetic Force
Direction of Magnetic Force
Use RHR.
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y
x
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Example:
Answer: downward
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Example:
Answer: A
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Example:
Consider a wire bent as shown. The
vertical segments are 1m long while
the horizontal segment is 0.5m long.
Current I = 2A flows in the direction
indicated by the arrows. If the wire is
immersed in a uniform magnetic field
B = 1.0 T pointing to the right, what is
the magnitude and direction of the net
magnetic force experienced by the
whole wire?
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Seatwork:
A 4-m long wire with negligible thickness is bent as shown
(the horizontal is 2m and the verticals are 1m each. If the
wire carries a current equal to 1A in a uniform external
magnetic field of magnitude 1T directed out of the page,
what is the magnitude of the force acting on the wire?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
zero
1N
2N
3N
4N
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What if the wire is not straight?
What is the magnetic force

experienced by this segment?
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Magnetic force on an infinitesimal wire section
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Magnetic force on an infinitesimal wire section
Use RHR.
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Chapter 27
27-1 Magnetism
27-2 Magnetic Field
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Objective
Discuss the motion of a magnetic dipole in a uniform
magnetic field
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A current loop with area A and current I in a

uniform magnetic field experiences no net
magnetic force.
I
a
R
I
A = ab
A = R2
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But it does experience a magnetic torque of

magnitude
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Define:
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I
a
R
b
I
A = ab
A = R2
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Magnetic Torque
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Note:
A current loop, or any other body that

experiences a magnetic torque is also
called a magnetic dipole.
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Define:
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For N planar loops close together:
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Example:
For the next two questions, consider 5 identical current
Your text
here in a region of uniform
carrying rectangular loops
placed
magnetic field directed in the negative z-axis. The wires
are oriented as shown in the figure.
1. Which of the orientations is the
torque maximum? A Answer: A
2. Which orientation will give the
minimum potential energy? E
Answer: E
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Example:
For the next two questions, consider a circular loop of wire
carries a current I flowing in the clockwise direction. This loop
is immersed in a uniform magnetic field directed to the left.
1. What is the direction of the total magnetic force
experienced by the loop?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Into the page

Out of the page
In the +y-direction
In the +x-direction
Total magnetic force is zero.
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Example:
For the next two questions, consider a circular loop of wire
carries a current I flowing in the clockwise direction. This loop
is immersed in a uniform magnetic field directed to the left.
2. The circular loop is hinged and is free to rotate about point
P, what is the direction of the torque at point A?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
+x-direction
+y-direction
Into the page
Out of the page
counterclockwise
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Seatwork:
Consider the two loops shown which carry equal currents I in
the direction indicated. If each loop is in a uniform magnetic
field in the +y-direction, which of the following statements
is/are TRUE about the loops?
I.
Loop A is in a stable
position.
II. Loop A experiences no
torque.
III. Loop B experiences a
torque that is maximum.
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C

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Magnetic forces arise in two stages:

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Magnetized iron ores

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Either pole of a bar magnet attracts an

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Magnetic Poles versus Electric Charge

But this is misleading!

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Magnetic Poles versus Electric Charge

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Del Carmen, Maru Feriel

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

on any other charge q

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

3. Its direction is defined as the direction in which the north pole of

a compass needle tends to point.

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Magnetic Forces on Moving Charges

4 key characteristics of magnetic force on moving charges

4. Magnetic force does not have same direction as

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

1. Magnitude of magnetic force

2. Direction of magnetic force

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

For positive moving charge:

For negative moving charge:

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

When a charged particle moves through a region of space

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Magnetic field lines

represent any magnetic field.

The direction of the

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Answer: to the left

SI unit of magnetic flux:

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

is not uniform, then

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Magnetic Flux thru a closed surface

(Gausss Law for Magnetism)

Physics 72 Bareza AY 15-16 1st sem

Magnetic Flux thru a closed surface