AP Human

Geography
-Chapter 4Study Guide: Culture

*Key Issue One

1. Where are Folk and Popular Leisure Activities
distributed?
2. Compare the origin, diffusion and distribution of folk
and popular culture
3. Compare the Characteristics of folk and popular music
4. Describe how sports have been transformed from folk to
popular culture
Key
#1-4: Main things you need to know
BOLD: Main, general question of key
issue

Summary:
Culture can be divided
into folk and popular
culture. Leisure
activities, such as music
and sports, can be
classified as folk or
popular, depending on
their characteristics.

* Where are folk

and popular
leisure
activities
distributed?

Details:
* Two elements of culture: Food, clothing,
shelter, and Arts, recreation.
* Culture: Influences behavior
* Habit: A Repetitive act that a particular
individual performs every day
* Custom: Repetitive acts of a group, a specific
element of culture
* Culture: A groups collection of customs-People
bring culture when the migrate
* Limited interactions between groups in the
same area creates differences in their Culture
* Popular Culture is more dominant than folk
culture, found in large societies that share
certain habits despite personality differencesHeterogeneous
* Popular culture covers large areas
* Diffusion is stimulated by technology
* Folk culture is practiced in small groups, in
isolated, rural areas-Homogeneous

Summary:
* Folk culture is more likely
to have an anonymous
origin and to diffuse
slowly through migration,
where as popular culture
is more likely to be
invented and diffuse
rapidly with the use of
modern communications.

* Compare the

origin,
diffusion, and
distribution of
folk and popular
culture.

Details: pg: 110-111

Origin: where something starts
* The hearth is where an idea originates
* Folk culture usually originates from unknown people, at an unknown
date-can have more then one hearth
* Popular culture is a often a product of developed countries
* Popular culture is traceable to a specific person or corporation, at a
specific place. (ex: Bad Blood is written by Taylor Swift)
* Popular music originated (started) around 1900-Mostly was in North
America and Europe at first
* Other elements of popular culture (ex: food or clothing) start from
technology and increased free time.
* Technology allows popular culture to be mass produced and spread
faster
* Free time increased when people stopped farming and started working
in manufacturing jobs
Diffusion: how something spreads
* Folk culture spreads slowly across small areas of land-mostly spreads
through migration
* Popular culture spreads quickly-mostly through hierarchical diffusion
using technology (ex: famous people put out music on iTunes-music
gets famous)
Distribution: how something is shared
* Popular culture is spread all over many countries-physical features do
not matter
* Popular culture isnt distributed to everyone because of lack of income
to purchase needed material (ex: a rural African farmer with no
internet, cant hear the top ten songs on iTunes)
* Folk culture is affected by physical and cultural factors
* Limited interactions between folk cultures create large differences,
even if the cultures are very close to each other

Summary:

*Popular music has

wide global
distribution
because of
connections among
artists and styles.

* Compare the

Characteristics
of folk and
popular music

Details: pg: 112-113

Folk Music
* Folk music are originated anonymously
* Folk music is spread orally (by people talking)
* Folk music may be modified from one generation to the
next
* Folk music travels with people as they migrate
* Folk music is based on daily life
* Folk music can tell a story or teach about life-cycle events
(ex: birth, death, marriage, climate, agriculture)
* Folk music conveys themes
* Folk music can be about environment (ex: trees, birds,
flowers, water sources)
Popular Music
* Popular music is written by specific people to be sold or
performed
* Most of the time includes using technology (to record, edit,
and adjust the song)
* Places that are close together like similar music styles (ex:
country music mostly comes from the West)
* In the past: Music was tied to a culture-(ex: Jazz in New
Orleans), now with globalization of music, all types of
singers are gathering together despite the style of music
they play (ex: A lot of singers live in Nashville or LA)
* Popular musicians are attracted to large clusters of people
(so that people can book live performances)

Summary:

*Sports that

originated as
isolated folk
customs have been
organized into
popular culture with
global distribution.

* Describe how

sports have been

transformed
from folk to
popular culture.

Details: pg 114-115
Folk-To-Popular Culture:
Soccer
Folk Soccer:
* Origins are obscure
* First documented game somewhere between 1018-1042-workers found a Danish
soldiers head and started kicking it
* Game was copied by a boy-Ball was first an inflated cow bladder
* At first, villages would gather to kick the ball, whoever kicked the ball into the
other village first would win
* King Henry II banned football-it was unbanned in 1603 by King James I-at this
point soccer was a English folk custom, not global popular custom
Popular Soccer:
* Soccer went from folk to popular in the 1800s
* Soccer was played by churches, workers on breaks, and in school
* Increased free time permitted people to play and view the sport
* In 1863 several British clubs gathered to make standard rules and to open
professional teams
* Making soccer into an organized sport ^ is what made soccer into a Popular
sport!
Popular Sports:
* Olympics: Despite the diversity in the spread of sports across the world,
organized sports are a part of popular culture
* The common theme in popular sports is people being willing to pay to watch the
sport-in person or on TV-played by professional athletes
Folk Sports:
* Most folk sports have not diffused as much as soccer has
* Cricket is played mostly in the UK, South Asia, the South Pacific, and the
Caribbean islands
* Wushu and other martial arts are Chinas most popular sport
* Baseball is mostly played in North America-it became popular in Japan after
American soldiers taught the sport to the Japanese after World War II

*Key issue 1-Summary

*Folk culture and popular culture have distinctive
patterns of origin, diffusion, and distribution.
*Folk leisure activities typically have and
anonymous origins, diffuse through relocation
diffusion, and have limited distribution.
*Popular leisure activities typically originate with
identifiable individuals or corporations, diffuse
rapidly through hierarchical diffusion, and have
widespread distribution.

*Key Issue 2
1. Where are Folk and Popular material culture
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

distributed?
Compare reasons for distribution of clothing styles in folk
and popular.
Understand reasons for folk food preferences and taboos.
Describe regional variations in popular food preferences.
Understand the factors that influence patterns of folk
housing.
Understand variations in time and space of housing in the
United States.

Summary:

*Important elements

of material culture
include clothing,
food, and shelter.
Folk and popular
material culture have
different origins,
patterns of diffusion,
and distribution.

* Where are folk

and Popular
material
culture
distributed

Summary:

*Folk clothing is more

likely to respond to
environmental
conditions and
cultural values,
whereas clothing
styles vary more in
that in place.

* Compare

Reasons for
distribution of
clothing styles in
folk and popular.

Details: pg 116-119
* Material culture includes the 3 necessities of life: clothing, food, and

shelter
* Material elements of Folk culture usually have unknown or multiple
origins
* Folk material elements spread through relocation diffusion (migration)
* Folk material elements change with place
* Folk clothing is worn because of climate or distinctive agricultural
practices (ex: wooden shoes in the wet lands of the Netherlands, fur
boots in the artic)
* Religion can effect Folk clothing
* Travel and technology have introduced some Folk clothing to North
America and Europe (Ex: ponchos, originally from South America, are
now worn all over the world)
* Some Folk clothing is worn to preserve past memories or to attract
tourists, not because of climate
* Wearing Folk clothing in a popular clothing culture can be controversial,
so can wearing popular clothing in a Folk clothing culture (Ex: the head
coverings and veils of Muslim women is encouraged and expected to worn
in the middle east, but its forbidden to wear in some European countries
* Popular clothing is worn because of your occupation and income. (Ex:
Lawyer wears a suit, janitor wears jump suit. Wealthy persons wears
latest fashions, homeless person doesnt)
* Popular material elements originate from a specific person or corporation
* Popular material elements spread (diffuse) rapidly across the earth in
many different environments
* Popular material elements have some differences-but in the past there
was many more differences then there is now
* Popular material elements change with time
* Communications have helped spread popular clothing across the earth

Summary:

*Folk food culture

is especially
strongly
embedded in
environmental
conditions.

* Understand

reasons for
folk food
preferences
and taboos.

Details: pg 118-119
Folk Food:
*Food preferences are based on availability of products (doesnt necessarily mean you only eat
what your culture has)
*What food we choose to eat depends on our social, religion, and ethnic membership
*Folk food is mostly influenced by the environment
*Humans mostly eat plants and animals that are in their region
*People who in in an area have to think of soil, climate, terrain, vegetation, and other
characteristics of the environment to decide what food to plant
*Terroir is how a physical environment effects how a food tastes
*Certain people believe that certain foods enhance abilities (Ex: Abipone people in Paraguay
eat jaguars, stags, and bulls to make them strong, brave, and swift. They believe consuming
hens or tortoise makes them cowardly)
*Food can com from gardens
*Bostans, small gardens in Istanbul, produce 10-20 different types of veg. at different times in
the year-the gardens are mostly farmed by older men and harvested by both men and women
*People adapt their food preferences to conditions in their environment (ex: rice is grown in
moist regions of Asia, In Northern Europe lots of wood encourages slow stewing and roasting
foods, fuel is scarce in Asia so they use beans that dont take a long time to cook
*Many folk customs believe everything in nature carries a distinct characteristic based on its
appearance and natural properties, people avoid certain foods for this reason
*Taboos are when people refuse to eat a certain food because they believe it will have harmful
effects
*Taboos are everywhere, but most common in food
*Reasons for taboos: protect the environment (Hindus dont eat cows because cows are used to
pull carts), held endangered animals, conserve resources, religious reasons (that usually come
from the Bible) Ex: Hindus dont eat cows because cows are used to pull carts, Hebrews dont
eat animals that have cloven feet because it says so in the Bible, Muslims dont eat pork
because pigs would be hard to raise in the Arabian Peninsula
*Environmental factors arent the only reasons people have food taboos, we know this because
people in the same environment dont always follow the same taboos
*Social values are another reason (Christians ignore food taboos from the Bible to distinguish
themselves from Jews)

Summary:
*Popular food

culture can
display some
regional
variations.

* Describe

regional
variations
in popular
food
preferences

Details: pg 120-121

Popular food preferences are influences more by cultural values than environmental
factors
* Differences Among Countries: Coca-Cola and Pepsi-the beverages are very similar, yet
have different sale patterns
Coca-Cola:
Pepsi:

Accounts for of the worlds cola chares

Pepsi accounts for another of the

Cola preferences are influenced by political

worlds cola shares

factors
Pepsi is preferred in Qubec, Canada

The soviet union allowed Pepsi to be sold:

because Pepsi advertises with things that

When the soviet union broke up coke

are unique to French Canadian culture
became more popular because Pepsi was
associated with the fallen government

Regional Differences: Fast Food in the U.S.

Dunkin donuts preferred in the Northeast

Krispy Kreme preferred in the Southeast

White Castle preferred in the Midwest

In N Out Burger preferred in the Southwest

Food preferences can be based on food that is produced, grown, or imported locally

Ex: Wine consumption is high in California because thats where lots of grapes for wine are
grown, southerners eat lots of pork rines because hogs are raised in the south

Cultural backgrounds affect the amount and types of alcohol and snack food consumed

Ex: Utah has low alcohol consumption because of the high concentration of LDS church
members, who dont believe in drinking alcohol, Nevada has high alcohol consumption
because of all the casinos and gambling there-Vegas

Geographers cannot explain most of the regional variations in food preferences

Variations in the U.S. are much less significant than differences in developing countries
Wine Production: Environmental Factors:
Climate: Vineyards grow best in places where there are long, hot summers, and cold, rainy
winters-because diseases in plants are active in hot, wet places
Topography: Vineyards need to be on hills to maximize sunlight and drainage
Soil: The Soil needs to be coarse, and well drained, and only used to grow grapes
Cultural Factors:
Wine is sold in places where: people like wine, wine is sold well, and people around can
afford the wine
Monasteries used to make wine, Now wine is made by people and companies, not churches
Religious Reasons:
Wine production is discourages in areas with lots of Christians
Wine is limited in the Middle East because Hindus and Muslims avoid alcohol

Summary:
*Folk housing

styles, like other

folk material
culture, respond
to
environmental
and cultural
factors.

* Understand
the factors
that
influence
patterns
of folk
housing

Details: 122-123
Folk Housing
* Housing is a product of cultural traditions and natural conditions
* Housing reflects cultural heritage, current fashions, functional needs, and the
environment
Environmental Influences
* Pitched roofs are important in wet or snowy climates-for run off
* Windows may face south to take advantage of the suns heat and light
* What a building is made out of is based on resources available
* Wood: Preferred building material, easy to build with, past-pioneers build log cabins, nowpeople cut wood by machine into needed shapes
* Brick: Used in hot, dry climates, made by baking wet mud in the sun, Stone is used to build
houses in parts of Europe and South America-or to decorated the outside of brick or wood
homes
* Folk houses vary because of minor environmental differences-even if they have similar
climates-Examples: Differences based on local cultural preferences in Chinese Villages
1. Kashgar-have 2nd floor, open air patios so residents can catch evening breezes, fruit trees
are planted around the house because the village has a river running through it
2. Turpan-small open courtyards for social gatherings, no second story patios because of
strong winds in the area
3. Yinchuan-houses build around large, open-air courtyards that have tall trees for shade,
Muslims used courtyards as private spaces away from outsiders
4. Dunhuang-houses have walled, covered, courtyards. Covers allow fresh air, but provides
shade from direct summer heat. Have sloped roofs so rainfall can run off, its influences
by Dunhuags closeness to the population center of Eastern China-where sloped roofs are
all over
Religion and Housing
*.Religion influences forms of folk housing
*.Houses can have sacred walls or corners-Ex: front doors always face south in the island of
Java to honor the South Sea Goddess, Madagascar-main door is on the west-the most
important direction, the northeastern corner is the most sacred, North wall is for honoring
ancestors
*.People who speak the same language dont orient their houses in the same way

Summary:

Details: pg 124-125

*U.S. housing has

Housing in the U.S.

* Older U.S. houses display Folk Culture
* Housing customs change more in time that in place
* Newer U.S. housing is built to reflect fashionable house forms
Folk Housing:
* 1700-1800s pioneers used trees to build houses, barns, and
fences (they cleared trees for farm land and used those trees to
build with)
* Folk Housing is diffused through migration
Folk Housing Types:
* Middle Atlantic: The I house-2 stories, 1 room deep, 2 rooms
wide-diffused from Middle Atlantic to the Ohio Valley and along
the Appalachian Mountains
* Lower Chesapeake/Tidewater: 1 story, steep roof and chimneys at
both ends of the house-Diffused from Chesapeake Bay, Virginia to
the Southeast Coast-in wet areas houses were raised on stilts
* New England: Box shaped with a central hall, found throughout
the Great Lakes Region to far west Wisconsin
Popular Housing
* Popular housing characteristics started in the mid-twentieth
century
* Housing styles are growing to be the same in all regions because
of: rapid communication, transportation, and mass production of
housing by construction companies

roots in folk
culture, but newer
housing displays
features of
popular culture.

* Understand

variations
in time
and space
of housing
of the
United
States

*Key Issue 2 Summary

* Regional variations in folk food, clothing, and

shelter derive from the physical environment, as

well as from religion and other cultural values
* Popular preferences in food, clothing, and
shelter vary more in time than in place.
However, some regional variations in
preferences persist

*Key Issue 3

1. Why is access to Folk and Popular

culture unequal?
2. Describe the origin, diffusion, and
distribution of TV around the world.
3. Compare the diffusion of the
Internet and social media with the
diffusion of TV
4. Understand external and internal
threats to folk culture posed by
electronic media.

Summary:
* Popular culture is diffused
around the world through
electronic media. TV was
dominant format in the
twentieth century. Social
media formats are
expanding in the twentyfirst century.

*Why is access to Folk

and Popular culture
unequal?

Summary:
TV diffused
during the
twentieth
century from
the United
States to Europe
and then to
developing
countries.

Describe the
origin
diffusion,
and
distribution
of TV around
the world.

Details: pg 126-127
Electronic Diffusion:
* Popular culture diffuses quickly-mostly through electronic media
* Electronic media allows many people to view popular culture
* The main obstacle to diffusing popular culture is lack of income not
allowing access to electronic media
* The most important electronic media is TV
* TV is important because; 1.Watching TV is the most popular leisure activity
in the world (the average human watches 3.1 hours of TV per day) 2. TV
has been the most important way to spread popular culture (ex:
professional sports)
Early twentieth century: TV is invented in the UK, France, Germany, Japan,
The Soviet Union, and the U.S. all at the same time-at first the U.S. held a
monopoly on TV broadcasting
Mid twentieth century: U.S. owns 86% of the worlds TV sets in 1954
Late twentieth century: TV diffuses to Europe, U.S. owns 1/4 of the words
TVs-1970 of worlds countries dont have TVs
Early twenty-first century: By 2005 almost complete universal access to TVs
* U.S. still is mostly likely to watch TV; As of 2010-Males: 7 hours on TV per
weekend, Females: 6 hours on TV per weekend
What are they watching?
* Sports in North America, fictional shows in South Asia, Reality Shows, in
Europe and China, News in Russia
* 33% of shows are watched live, 37% of shows are watched through cable,
26% of shows are watched through satellite, 5% of shows are watched on
the internet

Summary:
Diffusion of the
internet and of
social media has
followed the
pattern of TV,
but at a much
faster rate.

Compare
the
diffusion of
the internet
and social
media with
the
diffusion of
TV

Details: pg 128-129
Internet:
* 1995: 40 million internet users world wide (25 million in the U.S.)-not in
most countries
* 1995-2000: U.S. users goes from 9%-44% of population use the internet, Goes
from 40 million world wide internet users to 361 million internet users, 31%
of internet users are in the U.S.
* 2000-2011: Internet is still rapidly increasing in the U.S.-77% of U.S.
population using internet, only 10% of the worlds internet users are in the
U.S.
Facebook:
* Founded in 2004
* 208 U.S. has 1/3 of users
* 2011 U.S. has 1/5 of users
* Facebook is expected to diffuse to other parts of the world or be replaced by
another social network
Twitter:
* U.S. was source of 1/3 of tweets in 2011
* Other 1/3 from India, Japan, Germany, Brazil, Canada, & UK
* 2nd leading user of twitter is India
* Above bullet shows that: Social functions may spread to developing
countries, not just developed countries
YouTube:
* U.S. is 30% of world users in 2011
* 17 other countries make up the other 70%-mostly Europe
* Most countries in 2011 didnt have YouTube

Summary:

Folk culture may

be threatened by
the dominance of
popular culture in
the media and by
decreasing ability
to control
peoples access to
media.

Understand
external
and
internal
threats to
folk culture
posed by
electronic
media

Details: pg 130-131
Threats to Folk Culture:
*Diffusion of popular culture through electronic media is threatening folk culture
*Folk culture threat can be internal or external
External Threat: most content diffused by electronic media originates in a handful of countries
*3 developed countries dominate the TV industry: Japan, the UK, and the US
*Many developing countries think TV is a form of cultural imperialism (Ex: American TV only shows American
beliefs and social forms) These (beliefs and social forms) conflict folk culture
*To avoid offending folk culture many TV providers in developing countries block certain unacceptable programs,
instead of these programs shows that emphasize family values are played
*Edgy cultural, economic, and political content are avoided
*News: In developing countries the government controls the news service
*Independent news stations dont have enough money to gather world wide news-so they buy rights to other
peoples news stories
*Diffusion of information to newspapers is controlled by the Associated Press (AP) and Reuters (Owned by
American and British companies)
*The worlds 25 largest media companies are all based in developed countries: 25% in U.S., 4% in UK, 2% in
France, Germany, and Japan
*African and Asian governments say western freedom of pressdoes not provide a balanced view of every country
(American shows only show American beliefs), news stations are only interested in sensational disasters not
meaningful, less dramatic stories, (ex: birth control, health care, local construction)
Internal Threat:
*TV is an important tool for cultural integration
*Cultural integration can include: people turning on their TV sets and watching what the government wants them
to see, showing exploits of government leaders, or showing accomplishments of the political system
*Blocking channels used to be easy for governments, when only a few channels were played over the air
*Satellite dishes and the internet allow people to choose and watch shows from other countries
*Governments have little success shutting down satellite technology because satellite dishes are so small they can
easily be snuck into the country
*Governments try to limit 4 types of internet:
1.Political content that shows opposing vies of government values
2.Social content related to sexuality, gambling, and illegal drugs/alcohol
3.Security content related to armed conflict, border dispute, separatists movement, and militant groups
4.Internet tools-email, searching
*.Social media is breaking government control over information
*.Block social media is much harder than blocking satellite and internet

*Key Issue 3 Summary

*Popular culture diffuses primarily through

electronic media, especially TV, as well as

increasingly through other formats
*Electronic media can pose a combination of
external and internal threats to developing
countries

*Key Issue 4
1. Why do Folk and Popular culture face
2.
3.
4.

sustainability challenges?
Summarize challenges for folk culture from
diffusion of popular culture
Summarize the two principal ways that popular
culture can adversely affect the environment
Summarize major sources of waste and the
extent to which each is recycled

Summary:

*Popular culture

threatens
traditional
elements of
cultural identity
in folk culture.

Summarize
challenges for
folk culture
from
diffusion of
popular
culture.

Details: pg 132-133
* Folk culture: the challenges are to maintain unique local landscape in an age of globalization
* Popular culture: The challenges derive from the sustainability of practices designed to

promote uniform landscape

* Loss of folk culture fuels the demands for possessions in popular culture
* When people turn away from folk culture to popular culture they loose societys traditional
values
Challenges of folk culture:
* Increased connection of popular culture makes it difficult to maintain folk culture customs
* Example: The Amish-Amish culture is shown in at least 19 states
* Amish shun mechanical and electric power, they travel by horse and buggy, use and told for
farming, and have distinct clothing, farming, and religious practices
* Amish migration show how Amish cultures distributed
* The Amish migrated from Switzerland to Europe in the 1700s for religious freedom
* In Europe they merged with other churches
* 1700s migrants came to Pennsylvania, 1800s migrants came to Ohio, Illinois, and Iowa, from
here Amish migrated to places with cheap land
* Amish live in rural, isolated groups and kept their traditional customs when they migrated to
the U.S.
* Amish folk culture is slowly spreading throughout the U.S.
* Amish families migrate to areas with farmland available
* Amish live on isolated farms to avoid tourists
* Example: Women in India
* The spread of popular culture creates challenges in Folk Culture where women arent equal
to men
* Folk Culture: Women may be expected to clean, cook, have kids, watch kids, if they did work
it was working on a farm or selling crafts
* Popular culture has had a negative impact on women in India
* Dowry's (a gift from a brides family to the groom) used to be a sign of respect
* Dowry's are now an important source of income of a groom
* Dowries can be cash, electronics, and household appliances
* If a brides family can not pay dowry-the bride is cast onto the street
* Over 8,391 women have been killed because their families couldnt pay dowry
* Dowry disputes have led to 90,000+ abuse cases

Summary:
* Popular

culture can
deplete scarce
resources and
pollute the
landscape.

Summarize
the two
principal
ways that
popular
culture can
adversely
affect the
environment.

Details: pg 134-135
Landscapes:
* Popular culture can significantly modify or control the environment
* The diffusion of popular culture can impact the environment in two ways; 1. pollution of the
landscape, 2. Depletion of scarce natural resources
* Popular culture uses the environment to promote leisure activity-making activity's look all natural
(ex: Ski Resort)
* Popular culture pollutes the environment by modifying it with little regard to local environment
conditions
* Uniform landscape: hills and valleys flattened/filled in, the same building materials are used
regardless of location
* The spread of popular culture around the world creates uniform landscape
* Popular culture businesses want their building to look as similar as possible all over the world for
product recognition (Ex: McDonalds uses a yellow m braid)
* Names, symbols, trademarks, and building styles are used so people traveling recognize the
company, whether nationality or regionally traveling
* Why do people eat fast food? Convenient, Cheap
* Fast food restaurants are brightly colored to attract customers
* Gas stations, supermarkets, and hotels all are built similar so people know what they are-even if
theyve never seen the brand before
* American businesses have spread to other countries because people want to try what they see on
American TV
Forcing Popular culture onto the environment:
Golf Courses* Golf became popular when old and young people had more flexible work hours
* Golf in social clubs is an important part of popular culture
* Golf courses slightly conform to the environment; grass that will thrive in that environment is grown
on the course, trees and other natural plants are kept if possible
* BUT golf courses still remake the environment-creating/flattening hills, cutting grass, expanding
water, or by digging sand traps
Environmental Capacity:
* Popular culture creates a high amount of waste-that must be absorbed into the environment (cans,
bottles, old cars, paper plastic) most of this waste isnt recycled
* Folk culture can harm the environment when natural processes are ignored (ex: high soil erosion)

Summary:
* Paper is the

principal source
of solid waste
before recycling,
but plastics and
food waste are
the leading
sources after
recycling

Summarize
major
sources of
waste and
the extent
to which
each is
recycled?

Details: pg 136-137
* Popular culture can strain the capacity of the environment
* As popular culture diffuses, demand for some animal products, and raw materials (minerals) increases
* Demand for animal products can lead to endangerment or extinction of an animal
* Animals are killed for their skin to make fashionable clothing
* Folk culture may also have a demand for animal skins, but the demand is much smaller
* Increased meat consumption does not usually bring animals to extinction-like cows, we eat a lot, but then
simply breed more
* Animal consumption is an inefficient way to gain calories
* Animals must also eat grain to get fat before we eat them-this wastes a lot of grain
* Many people believe with so many people in the world starving it is a waste to use grain that could feed
people directly, to feed animals
* Time and money must be used to control the use of resources used to make products of popular culture
* Recycling unwanted products helps reuse resources-recycling is slowly increasing in the U.S.
* Because of recycling 85 million tons out of 250 million tons of solid waste is reused in the U.S. (2010)
* The amount of waste recycled increased by 50 million tons from 1990 to 2010
* 63% of paper is recycled, 58% of yard waste, 8% of plastic and paper, 3% of food scraps
* Recycling has two main steps: Pick up and processing and Manufacturing

Pick up and Processing: Materials that would other wise be thrown away are collected and sorted in one of four ways.
* 1-Curbside: A separate garbage can for your recycled materials-picked up as at a specific time each week
* 2-Drop off centers: Sites with several large containers (one for plastic, one for paper, etc.) for people to leave their
recyclable materials,
* 3-Buy back centers: Commercial operations pay people for their recycled materials-mostly bottles and cans
* 4-Deposit programs-Glass and aluminum can sometimes be returned to retailers, consumer may sometimes get 5 or 10
cents back for returning the container
Manufacturing: Materials are manufactured into new products, important inputs into manufacturing are
* Paper-Most paper can be recycled, newspapers have been recycled for decades, recycling of computer paper is growing
* Plastic-Different types of plastic cant be mixed, Its impossible to tell plastic apart by touch so most containers are
marked type 1 or type 2 (the 2 most common recycled types)
* Glass-glass is 100% recyclable and can be recycled with no loss of quality, the process of creating new glass is old and
very efficient and uses no waste or unwanted by product. Broken glass is hard to sort and colored glass is worthless to
be recycled
* Aluminum-Mostly comes from soda cans, Alumni replaced glass bottles in the 1950s and 60s, Alumni scrap is readily
accepted for recycling-other metals are not
* Paper mills, steel mills, plastic converters, and iron/ steel factories are mainly used for recycling

*Key Issue 4-Summary

*Folk culture faces loss of traditional values in the face
of rapid diffusion of popular culture
*Popular culture can cause two environmental
concerns-pollution of the landscape and depletion of
scarce resources