BASIC

AERODYNAMIC
S
PART I

Federal Aviation
Administration

PRESENTED BY: Dennis H. Whitley

FAASTeam Lead Representative
NORTH FLORIDA REGION

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

MY MOTTO
SHOW ME A PILOT THAT
CANT ANSWER A
CORRELATIVE QUESTION
AND/OR CANT PERFORM A
GIVEN TASK, & ILL SHOW
YOU A PILOT THAT DOESNT
UNDERSTAND WHAT
HE/SHE IS TRYING TO
ACCOMPLISH.
BASIC AERODYNAMICS

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

Federal Aviation
Administration

FLIGHT
INSTRUCTING MUST
NOT BE THE BYPRODUCT OF
BUILDING FLIGHT
HOURS.
NORTH FLORIDA REGION
OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

BUILDING FLIGHT
HOURS MUST BE
THE BY-PRODUCT
OF FLIGHT
INSTRUCTING.
NORTH FLORIDA REGION
OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

SAFETY
COMMITMENT
VS
DEDICATION
NORTH FLORIDA REGION
OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

THIS DISCUSSION IS BASED ON

SUBSONIC AIRCRAFT AND WILL BE
VERY BASIC
NO FORMULAS
VERY LITTLE MATH
NORTH FLORIDA FSDO15
JANUARY 27, 2010

AERODYNAMICS
PART I

Federal Aviation
Administration

WE WILL TALK ABOUT

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
4 FORCES LIFT/WEIGHT/THRUST/DRAG
GROUND EFFECT
TURNING TENDENCIES
TRIM DEVICES
AERODYNAMICS OF SPINS
SLIPS/SKIDS
ADVERSE YAW
NORTH FLORIDA REGION
OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

WHAT IS
ATMOSPHERI
C PRESSURE?
NORTH FLORIDA REGION
OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE IS THE

WEIGHT OF ALL THE AIR UPON THE
SURFACE OF THE EARTH.

WHAT DOES 30 hg
MEANS?
HOW WAS
ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE MEASURED?

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

10

36

T O R IC E L L I'S M E A S U R E M E N T
RULER
YARD
STICK

GLASS TUBE
1 S Q U A R E IN C H IN N E R D IA M E T E R B Y
3 536
I N CINCHES
H E S T A L TALL
L
R IC
O
T
'S M
L
E
AS
E
ME
E
R
U
T
N
E1
L
U
R
RE
A
U
Q
S
SN
A
L
G
H
C
IN
BT
U
T
S
M
IA
D
R
E
Y
B
R
E
HE
C
IN
5
3
L
A
T
S
UR
C
R
E
M
YW
AR
N
O
U
C
R
E
M
H
IT
E
N
Y

M ERCURY

C O N T A IN E R
W IT H
M ERCURY

RULER
YARD STICK

36

T O R IC E L L I'S
M E R C U R IA L
BARO M ETER

RULER
YARD STICK

36

T O R IC E L L I'S
M E R C U R IA L
BARO M ETER

T O R IC E L L I'S
M E R C U R IA L
BARO M ETER

3 0 .0 0

A T M O S P H E R IC
PRESSURE

M ERCURY

SEA LEVEL

HOW WAS THE

DROP OF PRESSURE
WITH ALTITUDE
VERIFIED?

HOW WAS THE

WEIGHT OF THE
AIR DETERMINED?

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

17

M ER C U RY

1 S Q U A R E IN C H

2 9 .9 2 " h g .

1 4 .7 lb s .

1 4 .7 lb s .

WHAT
IS AN ALTIMETER?
A PRESSURE
DIFFERENTIAL
GAUGE
NORTH FLORIDA REGION
OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

20

FROM
SOURCE

15

20

10
5
0

HG

25
30

15
10

3
5
40

15
10

20

5
0

20

25
30
3
5
40

5
0

HG

HG

25
30
3
5
40

FROM
SOURCE

Static
Port

Kollsman
Window

static port
pressure
31.00 hg.

31.00

sea
level
pressure
31.00 hg.

SEA LEVEL

static port
pressure
23.00 hg.
31.00

sea
level
pressure
31.00 hg.

WHAT IS
ALTIMETER
SEA
LEVEL
PRESSURE
SETTING?
CORRECTED FOR
NONSTANDARD
TEMPERATURE.

WHAT IS THE MAIN REASON

THAT AN AIRPLANE IS ABLE
TO FLY?
BECAUSE OF THE WEIGHT
OF THE AIR.
In other words the
aerodynamic effect air has
on the aircraft.
NORTH FLORIDA REGION
OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

26

DEFINITION OF
AERODYNAMICS
The branch of science
that deals with the forces
produced by air flowing
over specially shaped
surfaces called airfoils.
NORTH FLORIDA REGION
OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

27

IS THERE ANY THING WRONG

WITH THIS PICTURE?

TWO THINGS
THE FLOWING OF THE RELATIVE WIND
THE DIRECTION OF THE RELATIVE WIND

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

28

CAN WE FLY WITH A FLAT

WING?

1ST LAW:
Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to
remain in that state of motion unless an external force is
applied to it.
3RD LAW:
For every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction.

AT CRUISE COSTANT ALTITUDE

NORTH FLORIDA REGION
OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

30

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

31

MINIMUM MANEUVERING SPEED

SLOW FLIGHT
NORTH FLORIDA REGION
OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

32

STALL

PA-28 SERIES
NORTH FLORIDA REGION
OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

33

WHAT IS THE DEFINITION

OF FOIL?
TO PREVENT FROM BEING
SUCCESSFUL
TO THWART

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

34

AIRFOIL
Any surface designed to
deflect the airflow passing
over it or striking it, and
thereby obtaining an useful
reaction

AN AIRFOIL IS AN
AIR DEFLECTOR

HOW MANY
AIRFOILS ARE
THERE?

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

36

AIRPLANE WING.
AILERONS.
SLATS
LANDING FLAPS.
VERTICAL STABILIZER.
RUDDER.
HORIZONTAL STABILIZER.
ELEVATOR/STABILATOR
FUSELAGE.
TRIM TABS.
FEARING.
PROPELLER.
STRUTS.
ROTOR BLADE.
NORTH FLORIDA REGION
OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

37

WHAT IS LIFT?

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

38

A FORCE CREATED BY
A DEFLECTION OF AIR
AND PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL AROUND AN
AIRFOIL.
IS CALLED LIFT WHEN IT ACTS UPWARD.
WHEN IT ACTS DOWNWARD IS CALLED
NEGATIVE LIFT.
WHEN IT ACTS SIDEWAYS IS CALLED SIDE
LIFT.
WHEN IT ACTS FORWARD IS CALLED THRUST
NORTH FLORIDA REGION
OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

39

HOW IS LIFT
CREATED?
AIR PASSING BY AN
AIRFOIL
DEFLECTION -- ISSAC
NEWTON
AIRS CHANGE OF DIRECTION--BERNOULLI'S
PRINCIPLE
PRESSURE DIFERENTIAL-- BERNOULLI'S
PRINCIPLE

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

40

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

41

WHATS WRONG WITH THIS

PICTURE

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

42

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

43

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

44

CAN WE FLY
WITHOUT THE HELP
OF BERNOULLIS?

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

45

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

46

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

47

THRUST
Thrust is a reaction force described
quantitatively by Newton's second and
third laws. When a system expels or
accelerates mass in one direction the
accelerated mass will cause a proportional
but opposite force on that system.

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

48

LIFT
LIFT is a reaction force described
quantitatively by Newton's second and
third laws. When a system expels or
accelerates mass in one direction the
accelerated mass will cause a proportional
but opposite force on that system.
Thrust is LIFT DIRECTED FORWARD.

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

49

THE PROPELLERS

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

DEFLECTION OF AIR

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

50

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

51

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

52

DRAG
NORTH FLORIDA REGION
OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

53

PARASITE DRAG
FORM
INTERFERENCE
NORTH FLORIDA REGION
OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

54

INDUCED DRAG
GROUND EFFECT
COMMANDER TYSON
NORTH FLORIDA REGION
OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

55

ASSUMED
ANGLE
OF ATTACK

ASSUMED
LIFT

STAGNATION AREA
UPWASH
RELATIVE WIND
DOWNWASH

ASSUMED RELATIVE WIND

IS THAT RIGHT?

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

56

STAGNATION
AREA
RELATIVE CURRENT

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

UPWASH
DOWNWAS
H

Federal Aviation
Administration

57

INDUCED
ANGLE
OF ATTACK

ASSUMED
LIFT
INDUCED
LIFT

INDUCED RELATIVE WIND

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

58

INDUCED
ANGLE
OF ATTACK

ASSUMED
LIFT

DOWNWAS
H

INDUCED
LIFT

INDUCED RELATIVE WIND

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

59

DOWNWAS
H

ASSUMED
LIFT
INDUCED
ANGLE
OF ATTACK

INDUCED
LIFT

WING
TIP
VORTICE
S
TOTAL ENDUCED DRAG

INDUCED RELATIVE WIND

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

60

WING
THREE-DIMENSIONAL
FLOW

UPWASH MODIFIES
RELATIVE WIND

DOWNWASH PULLS
BACK ON LIFT VECTOR

WING TIP VORTICES PULLS LIFT VECTOR FURTHER BACK

DOWNWAS
H

ASSUMED
LIFT
INDUCED
ANGLE
OF ATTACK

INDUCED
LIFT

WING
TIP
VORTICE
S
TOTAL ENDUCED DRAG

INDUCED RELATIVE WIND

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

62

ASSUMED
LIFT
INDUCED
ANGLE
OF ATTACK

DOWNWAS
H

INDUCED
LIFT

INDUCED RELATIVE WIND

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

63

ASSUMED
LIFT
INDUCED
ANGLE
OF ATTACK

INDUCED
LIFT

INDUCED RELATIVE WIND

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

64

WASHOUT

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

65

WHAT DOES
THE
STABILATOR
DO?

WHAT DOES
THE
ANTI-SERVO
TAB DO?

STABILIZED UNACCELERATED CLIMB

A
B
C

IF DESCENDING
IN A 60 BANK
HOW MANY G S?

DYHEADRAL

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

70

ADVERSE
YAW

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

73

OVERBANKING
TENDENCIES

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

74

MANEUVERING
SPEED VA

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

75

LOAD FACTOR

NORTH FLORIDA REGION

OCTOBER 02, 2010

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Federal Aviation
Administration

76