GENDER FOR ESL

TEACHER KATHY
CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES AT HUEY DENG
HIGH SCHOOL

TABLE OF CONTENTS
STEREOTYPES
GENDER BIAS
READING: YOUNG CHILDREN MUST BE PROTECTED
SEXISM
BEIJING DECLARATION
WAGE GAP
ASIAN GLASS CEILING
BODY IMAGE

What I know

GENDER KWL CHART

Gender rolesGender
stereotypes(in the
workplace,
parenting,
language)
Gender vs. sex-

What I want to
know

What I learned

TRADITIONAL GENDER STEREOTYPES

Feminine

Masculine

Not aggressive

Aggressive

Dependent

Independent

Submissive

Dominant

Passive

Active

Home Oriented

Worldly

Easily Hurt Emotionally

Not Easily hurt emotionally

Indecisive

Decisive

Talkative

Not talkative

Gentle

Tough

Run Like a Girl (Video)

Throw like a Girl (Myth Busters)

ACTIVITY
GET IN SMALL GROUPS AND LIST 5 BENEFITS OF BEING YOUR SEX . THEN
IMAGINE YOU ARE THE OPPOSITE SEX, IMAGINE 5 DISADVANTAGES.

BENEFIT DISADVANTAGE
(5)
(5)
1.

1.

2.

2.

GENDER VS SEX

Gender is a word commonly used for a persons sex

(male or female). When people use the word gender in
this way, it is often becausesexhas many other
meanings, making it easy to misunderstand. Butthere
is a difference between sex and gender. The word
sex describes someones body. It says whether
someone isphysicallymale or female,while the word
gender describes someones personality or character.
It says if someonefeels or actsmore like a female
(feminine) or more like a male (masculine).
Watch Video: TRANSWOMAN SEX VS GENDER

GENDER REVIEW VOCABULARY:

FEMININE
MASCULINE
GENDER ROLES- LEARNED CHARACTERISTICS THROUGH
SOCIALIZATION; RIGHTS, RESPONSIBILITIES EXPECTATIONS OF
MEN AND WOMEN
SEX- PHYSICALLY FEMALE OR MALE
GENDER- SELF, INNER IDENTITY OF FEMALE OR MALE
. GENDER BIAS WHEN SOMEONE ISTREATEDLESS WELL
BECAUSE OFTHEIRSEX, USUALLY WHEN A WOMAN
ISTREATEDLESS WELL THAN A MAN
(GENDER STEREOTYPES REVIEW GAME)

ROLE REVERSAL
ROLE REVERSAL IN ADS (VIDEO)
1. WHAT IS ROLE REVERSAL?
2. IF ITS RIDICULOUS TO SEE MEN IN THESE ADS WHY ISN'T IT EQUALLY
RIDICULOUS FOR WOMEN?

Group Questions
I. Characteristics

WHAT DO WOMEN TEND TO BE BETTER AT THAN MEN? (GIRLS)

WHAT DO MEN TEND TO BE BETTER AT THAN WOMEN? (BOYS)
WHAT BEHAVIORS ARE SEEN AS APPROPRIATE FOR MEN BUT
INAPPROPRIATE FOR WOMEN?
WHY IS IT SOMETIMES SEEN AS A SIGN OF WEAKNESS FOR MEN
TO CRY?
HOW DO THE FRIENDSHIPS BETWEEN MEN DIFFER FROM THE
FRIENDSHIPS BETWEEN WOMEN? (BOTH)
ARE MEN AND WOMEN EQUAL IN ABILITY AND INTELLIGENCE?

GROUP Questions
II. Employment

1. WHAT ARE THE TYPICAL JOBS FOR MEN AND WOMEN

OF YOUR PARENTS GENERATION? YOUR GENERATION?

2. ARE THERE MORE MALE OR FEMALE MANAGERS AND

EXECUTIVES? CAN WOMEN MAKE EFFECTIVE
MANAGERS AND BOSSES?

3. ARE THERE DIFFERENT BARRIERS FOR MEN AND

WOMEN AT WORK?

GROUP QUESTIONS
III. PARENTING

4. IN TAIWAN ARE THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF A MOTHER THE SAME

AS THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF A FATHER TO THEIR FAMILIES?
5. ARE FATHERS CAPABLE OF CARRYING OUT THE DUTIES OF A
MOTHER?
6. ARE THERE DIFFERENT EXPECTATIONS FOR SONS AND
DAUGHTERS?
7. SHOULD BOYS AND GIRLS BE BROUGHT UP DIFFERENTLY?
8. WHAT ARE THE TYPICAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF A FATHER?
9. WHAT ARE THE TYPICAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF A MOTHER?
10. WHO DO YOU THINK IS EASIER TO RAISE, BOYS OR GIRLS?
11. IS IT OK FOR BOYS TO PLAY WITH GIRLS TOYS AND VICE VERSA?

MY WORLD ACTIVITY

Female

Male

THINK ABOUT YOUR FAVORITE TV SHOWS/MOVIES. WHAT PROFESSIONS DO

MALE AND FEMALE CHARACTERS HOLD IN THESE SHOWS AND MOVIES?
IN THE T-CHART LIST AT LEAST 5 MALE CHARACTERS AND 5 FEMALE
CHARACTERS FROM THE SHOWS AND MOVIES YOU ENJOY. NEXT, IDENTIFY
THE PROFESSION EACH ONE PORTRAYS IN A PARTICULAR SHOW OR MOVIE.

1. Who do you think has life easier,

girls or guys? Why?

2. What do women dislike most about

men and vice versa?

3. Do you think it is fair for there to

be different laws for men and women?
(see next slide)

4. Can people in your country change

their gender under the law?

5. Are gender roles changing in your

country?

6. How have the roles of men and

women in society changed over the
last fifty years?
Video: Does Sexism Hurts Guys?

DIFFERENT LAWS FOR MEN AND WOMEN (EXAMPLES)

1. SEXUAL SUBJUGATION
2. ONLY MEN CAN DRIVE (SAUDI ARABIA)
3. CLOTHING REQUIREMENTS
4. RIGHT TO DIVORCE
5. RIGHT TO EDUCATION
6. RIGHT TO TRAVEL
7. CUSTODY RIGHTS
8. 1 CHILD POLICY= FEMALE INFANTICIDE
9. CHILD MARRIAGE


READING: YOUNG CHILDREN MUST BE PROTECTED FROM INGRAINED GENDER STEREOTYPES

VOCABULARY:
1. GENDER BIAS- WHEN SOMEONE ISTREATEDLESS WELL BECAUSE
OFTHEIRSEX, USUALLY WHEN A WOMAN ISTREATEDLESS WELL THAN A MAN
2. IMPLICATIONS- THEEFFECTTHAT ANACTIONORDECISIONWILL HAVE ON
SOMETHINGELSEIN THEFUTURE
THECOMPANYISCUTTINGBACKITSSPENDINGAND IWONDERWHAT THE
IMPLICATIONS WILL BEFOROURDEPARTMENT.

WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONSOFTHE NEWLAW?

3. UNDERESTIMATED

VOCABULARY (CONTINUED)

4. OVERESTIMATED- TOTHINKTHAT SOMETHING IS OR WILL BEGREATER,

MOREEXTREMEOR MOREIMPORTANTTHAN IT REALLY IS

THEBENEFITSOFNUCLEARTECHNOLOGY, SHE SAID, HAD BEENGROSSLY

OVERESTIMATED.
THEY WEREFORCEDTO THECONCLUSIONTHAT THEY HAD OVERESTIMATED
HIM/HIS ABILITIES.
I OVERESTIMATED AND THERE WAS A LOT OFFOODLEFTOVER AFTER
THEPARTY.
5. GENDER STEREOTYPES- AFIXEDIDEATHATPEOPLEHAVE ABOUT WHAT
MEN OR WOMEN SHOULD BE LIKE,ESPECIALLYANIDEATHAT ISWRONG OR
HARMFUL
6. PROLIFERATE- TOINCREASEA LOT ANDSUDDENLYINNUMBER

VOCABULARY
7. EXPOSED TO- TO MAKE ITLIKELYTHAT SOMEONE
WILLEXPERIENCESOMETHING HARMFULORUNPLEASANT

ABOUT 800,000CHILDRENAREEXPOSEDTOPOISONSEACHYEAR.
80
IT ISFEAREDTHATPEOPLELIVINGNEAR THEPOWERSTATIONMAY HAVE BEEN
EXPOSEDTORADIATION.
8. INFLUENCED- TOAFFECTORCHANGEHOW SOMEONE OR
SOMETHINGDEVELOPS, BEHAVESORTHINKS
9. THRUST UPON- TOFORCESOMEONE TOACCEPTORDEALWITH
SOMETHING
10. HEEDLESSLY- NOT GIVINGATTENTIONTO ARISKORPOSSIBLEDIFFICULTY

VOCABULARY
11. PLATITUDES- AREMARKORSTATEMENTTHAT MAY BETRUEBUT ISBORINGAND HAS
NO MEANINGBECAUSE IT HAS BEEN SAID SO MANYTIMESBEFORE

12. STRICTLY- IN A VERYLIMITEDORLIMITINGWAY THAT COULD BRING

PUNISHMENT
13. SEGREGATED- TOKEEPONE THINGSEPARATEFROM ANOTHER
SEGREGATEDSCHOOLS
14. INCIDENT- ANEVENTWHICH IS EITHERUNPLEASANTORUNUSUAL

15. DISMISSED- TODECIDETHAT SOMETHING OR SOMEONE IS NOTIMPORTANTAND NOT

WORTHCONSIDERING
16. ASSUMPTIONS- SOMETHING THAT YOUACCEPTASTRUEWITHOUTQUESTIONORPROOF

PEOPLETENDTOMAKEASSUMPTIONSABOUTYOU WHEN YOU HAVE A DISABILITY.

THESECALCULATIONSAREBASEDONTHE ASSUMPTION THATPRICESWILL

CONTINUETORISE.

VOCABULARY

17. CRITICAL- SAYING THAT SOMEONE OR SOMETHING ISBADORWRONG

18. ANALYZE- TOSTUDYOREXAMINESOMETHING INDETAIL,

INORDERTODISCOVER MORE ABOUT IT

19. PROBE- TOTRYTODISCOVERINFORMATIONTHAT OTHERPEOPLEDO

NOTWANTYOU TOKNOW, BYASKINGQUESTIONSCAREFULLYAND
NOTDIRECTLY
20.ABSORBED- TO TAKE SOMETHING IN,ESPECIALLYGRADUALLY
21. SILVER LINING- EVERYDIFFICULTORUNPLEASANTSITUATION HAS
SOMEADVANTAGE
22. GENDER SEGREGATION FORCED SEPARATION BY GENDER

CAMPAIGNS
DEFINITION:
APLANNEDGROUPOFESPECIALLYPOLITICAL,BUSINESSORMILITARY
ACTIVITIESWHICH AREINTENDEDTOACHIEVEAPARTICULARAIM
THEPROTESTSWEREPARTOFTHEIRCAMPAIGNAGAINSTTHEPROPOSED
BUILDINGDEVELOPMENTIN THEAREA.

THIS IS THELATESTACTOFTERRORISMIN ALONG-STANDINGANDBLOODY

CAMPAIGNOFVIOLENCE.
THEENDLESSPUBLICAPPEARANCESARE ANINEVITABLEPARTOF ANELECTION
CAMPAIGN.
SHE'S THE CAMPAIGNORGANIZERFOR THELABOURPARTY.
THEGOVERNMENTHAVE JUSTLAUNCHED(=BEGUN)THEIRANNUALCHRISTMAS
CAMPAIGNTOSTOPDRUNKENDRIVING.

ACONTROVERSIALNEWADVERTISINGCAMPAIGN

HARASSMENT
DEFINITION: BEHAVIORTHATANNOYSORUPSETSSOMEONE
SEXUALHARASSMENT - BULLYING, SEXUAL COERCION, INAPPROPRIATE
AND UNWELCOME PROMISE OF REWARDS IN EXCHANGE FOR SEXUAL FAVORS
SEXUAL HARASSMENT SKIT

READING: YOUNG CHILDREN MUST BE PROTECTED FROM INGRAINED GENDER STEREOTYPES

PRE-READING QUESTIONS:
1. HAVE YOU SEEN TEACHERS SHOW GENDER BIAS IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL?
WHAT DID THAT LOOK LIKE?

2. IN TAIWAN ARE GIRLS AND BOYS EQUALLY PROFICIENT IN MATH AND SCIENCE?

3. DO PARENTS IN TAIWAN BUY CLOTHES AND TOYS TO FIT A STEREOTYPE? HOW

MUCH OF AN INFLUENCE IS THIS TO A CHILD?

4. WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT CAMPAIGN FOR ENDING GENDER STEREOTYPES BY

TOY COMPANIES OR PARENTS?

READING: YOUNG CHILDREN MUST BE PROTECTED FROM INGRAINED GENDER STEREOTYPES

A NEW STUDY PUBLISHED THIS MONTH BY THE US-BASED NATIONAL BUREA
U OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH
SUGGESTS THAT GENDER BIAS AT PRIMARY SCHOOL MAY IN FACT HAVE
LONG-TERM IMPLICATIONS FOR PUPILS. THE STUDY SAW SEVERAL GROUPS
OF STUDENTS TAKE TWO EXAMS, ONE MARKED BLIND BY OUTSIDE
EXAMINERS, THE OTHER MARKED BY TEACHERS WHO KNEW THE STUDENTS
NAMES. IN MATH, GIRLS OUTPERFORMED BOYS ON THE ANONYMOUSLY
MARKED EXAM, BUT BOYS OUTPERFORMED GIRLS WHEN ASSESSED BY
TEACHERS WHO KNEW THEIR NAMES, SUGGESTING THAT THEY MAY HAVE
OVERESTIMATED THE BOYS ABILITIES AND UNDERESTIMATED THE GIRLS.
TRACKING THE PUPILS TO THE END OF HIGH SCHOOL, THE RESEARCHERS
FOUND THAT BOYS WHO WERE GIVEN ENCOURAGEMENT AS YOUNGSTERS
NOT ONLY PERFORMED BETTER LATER ON, BUT WERE ALSO MORE LIKELY TO
TAKE ADVANCED COURSES INVOLVING MATH, COMPARED WITH GIRLS WHO
HAD BEEN DISCOURAGED.

READING CONT

THEY CONCLUDED: TEACHERS OVER-ASSESSMENT OF BOYS IN A

SPECIFIC SUBJECT HAS A POSITIVE AND SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON
BOYS OVERALL FUTURE ACHIEVEMENTS IN THAT SUBJECT, WHILE
HAVING A SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE EFFECT ON GIRLS.
OF COURSE, MANY TEACHERS ACTIVELY ENCOURAGE GIRLS INTO
STEM (SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS)
SUBJECTS. BUT GENDER STEREOTYPES ARE NOT ONLY PASSED
ON AT SCHOOL. THEY ALSO PROLIFERATE IN THE ADVERTISING,
TELEVISION, BOOKS, MAGAZINES AND CONVERSATIONS THAT
CHILDREN ARE EXPOSED TO FROM A YOUNG AGE

READING CONT

ONE PARENT RECENTLY RECOUNTED TO ME THE MOMENT THAT THEIR THREEYEAR-OLD DAUGHTER PICKED UP A TOY STETHOSCOPE, ONLY FOR ANOTHER WELLMEANING ADULT TO SWOOP IN AND COMMENT: AH, ARE YOU GOING TO BE A
NURSE? NOT, OF COURSE, THAT IT WOULDNT BE A FINE CHOICE OF PROFESSION,
BUT WHAT WOULD THE CORRESPONDING COMMENT HAVE BEEN HAD A LITTLE BOY
CHANCED UPON THE SAME TOY?
THAT YOUNG PEOPLE MIGHT BE DEEPLY INFLUENCED BY THE GENDER
STEREOTYPES THRUST UPON THEM SHOULD GIVE US ALL PAUSE. HOW OFTEN DO
WE HEEDLESSLY SHOWER LITTLE GIRLS WITH PLATITUDES ABOUT PRETTINESS
AND LOOKS, OR COMMENT ON HOW BIG AND STRONG THEIR BROTHERS ARE
GROWING? WE HEAR COMMENTS ABOUT THE SWEETNESS AND POLITENESS OF
DAUGHTERS, WHILE SONS ARE PROUDLY DESCRIBED AS BOISTEROUS INSTEAD.
IN THE STRICTLY SEGREGATED AISLES OF MANY TOY STORES, BLUE SHELVES
MARK OFF CHEMISTRY SETS, DINOSAURS AND BUILDING TOOLS AS THE DOMAIN
OF BOYS, WHILE GIRLS ARE LEFT HOLDING THE (PLASTIC) BABY.

READING CONT
EACH INDIVIDUAL INCIDENT IS EASILY DISMISSED AS HARMLESS. AND, OF
COURSE, THERES NOTHING WRONG WITH AN INDIVIDUAL CHILD CHOOSING TO
IDENTIFY WITH ANY OF THESE ROLES. BUT ITS THE ASSUMPTIONS MADE FOR
THEM THAT MATTER. YOUNG CHILDREN ARE NOT ALWAYS EQUIPPED, AS MOST
ADULTS ARE, WITH THE CRITICAL TOOLS TO ANALYZE AND PROBE
INFORMATION WHAT IS PRESENTED AS FACT IS OFTEN ABSORBED WITHOUT
QUESTION.
THE SILVER LINING IS THAT CHANGE IS HAPPENING. SEVERAL TOY STORES
HAVE ABANDONED GENDER SEGREGATION, PARTLY THANKS TO THE EFFORTS
OF CAMPAIGNS SUCH ASPINKSTINKS ANDLET TOYS BE TOYS. THE PARENT
WHOSE TWEET FIRST CAUGHT MY EYE LATER REPORTED AN EXCELLENT
RESPONSE AND APOLOGY FROM THE SCHOOL. THERE IS HOPE, TOO, IN THE
REACTIONS OF CHILDREN THEMSELVES. ACCORDING TO ONE PROJECT ENTRY, A
GIRL WHO FACED HER FIRST EXPERIENCE OF STREET HARASSMENT AGED
EIGHT, WHEN A PASSING MAN TOLD HER THE MUFFIN SHE WAS EATING WOULD
GO STRAIGHT TO [HER] HIPS, PATIENTLY DREW ON HER BIOLOGY KNOWLEDGE
TO EXPLAIN: NO, IT WONT, IT HAS TO GO TO MY STOMACH FIRST.

READING COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS:

1. WHAT WAS THE STUDYS CONCLUSION IN YOUR OWN WORDS?

2. WHAT WAS THE DEFINING FACTOR THAT AFFECTED THE KIDS
MATH TEST RESULTS?
3. WHAT WAS THE DEFINING FACTOR THAT AFFECTED THE KIDS
PERFORMANCE AND MATH PROGRESS IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL?
4. BESIDES SCHOOL, WHERE DO GENDER STEREOTYPES COME
FROM?
5. HOW ARE GENDER STEREOTYPES THRUST UPON CHILDREN? (2)
6. WHAT IS THE SILVER LINING?

SEXISM
GENDER
GENDER ROLES
GENDER INEQUALITY
FEMINISM
RAPE CULTURE

(RAPE- )

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

MALE PRIVILEGE (PRIVILEGE- )

ACTIVITY 1: THREE LISTS OF 8

List the 8 most
important
characteristics
that an ideal
person should
have.

List the 8 most

important
characteristics
that an ideal
woman should
have.

List the 8 most

important
characteristics
that an ideal man
should have.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

1. DO WE HAVE SEXISM TODAY EVEN AFTER WOMEN HAVE THE

RIGHT TO VOTE?
2. GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF SEXISM IN THE MEDIA.
3. GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF SEXISM IN EVERYDAY LANGUAGE.

HOW SOCIETY POLICES WOMENS

CLOTHING

SEXISM
Misogyny- women hating
Misandry- men hating

SEXISM: FROM IDENTIFICATION TO ACTIVIS

M
1. PICK ONE OF THE 4 EXAMPLES OF SEXISM:
INDIVIDUAL BELIEFS, INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIORS, USE OF
LANGUAGE, INSTITUTIONAL

2. IF YOU HEARD OR SAW THIS FORM OF SEXISM WOULD

YOU SPEAK OUT? IF NO, THEN WHY NOT? ("IT WONT
MAKE A DIFFERENCE," OR "I DONT WANT TO CAUSE
TROUBLE.")
3. LIST SOME REASONS WHY YOU SHOULD SPEAK OUT
AGAINST SEXISM IN YOUR EXAMPLE. ("ITS THE RIGHT
THING TO DO," OR .")

SEXISM: INDIVIDUAL BELIEFS

EXAMPLES:
MEN ARE SMARTER THAN WOMEN.
ITS O.K. IF MALE STUDENTS ACT UP IN CLASS, BECAUSE,
AS THE SAYING GOES, "BOYS WILL BE BOYS."

SEXISM: INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIORS

EXAMPLE:
A TEACHER CALLS ON MALE STUDENTS MORE OFTEN
THAN HE OR SHE CALLS ON FEMALE STUDENTS.
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: E.G., "A HUSBAND JUSTIFIES HIS
USE OF PHYSICAL FORCE TO SETTLE A DOMESTIC
DISPUTE BY ASSERTING THAT HE IS 'THE HEAD OF THE
FAMILY.'"

SEXISM: INDIVIDUAL USE OF LANGUAGE

EXAMPLES:
SEXIST SLURS, JOKES OR VERBAL EXPRESSIONS:
E.G., "A MALE MANAGER ALWAYS COMMENTS ABOUT THE
APPEARANCE OF FEMALE STAFF."
A TEACHER PHRASES HISTORICAL INFORMATION IN A WAY
THAT SUGGESTS WOMEN ARE PROPERTY OR ARE
OTHERWISE NOT EQUAL TO MEN: E.G., "A SLAVE COULD
NOT CLAIM HIS WIFE OR CHILDREN AS HIS OWN,
BECAUSE THE LAWS DID NOT RECOGNIZE SLAVE
MARRIAGES."

SEXISM: INSTITUTIONAL POLICY

EXAMPLE: A SCHOOL USES TEXTBOOKS THAT IGNORE
OR MINIMIZE THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF WOMEN.
POLICE DEPARTMENTS SOMETIMES TREAT INSTANCES OF
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AS "FAMILY DISPUTES" AND NOT
AS CRIMES.

ACTION IS MORE FAVORABLE THAN INACTION

ALLIANCES/ALLIES: WITH WHOM DO WE NEED TO BE WORKING ON THIS
ISSUE?
RESEARCH: WHAT TYPES OF THINGS DO WE NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THIS
ISSUE? WHAT STATISTICS, IF ANY, MIGHT PROVE HELPFUL? HOW CAN WE
GET THE NECESSARY INFORMATION?

TACTICS: WHAT ARE SOME THINGS WE MIGHT DO TO RAISE AWARENESS

ABOUT THIS ISSUE OR TO EFFECT CHANGE?
WORDS: WHAT ARE SOME WORDS OR PHRASES WE MIGHT USE TO
CHALLENGE THIS FORM OF SEXISM?

EXAMPLE: THE EXCLUSION OF WOMEN IN TEXTBOOKS

(INSTITUTIONAL)
WHY NOT TO SPEAK OUT? A: I DONT WANT TO CAUSE TROUBLE
WHY SPEAK OUT? A: "I WANT A FULL EDUCATION.
FOR EXAMPLE, IF STUDENTS WANT TO CHALLENGE THE LACK OF FEMALE
REPRESENTATION IN TEXTBOOKS, THEY WILL NEED TO BUILD ALLIANCES WITH
OTHER STUDENTS, TEACHERS, ADMINISTRATORS, SCHOOL BOARD MEMBERS,
PARENTS AND COMMUNITY LEADERS. THEY WILL PROBABLY HAVE TO DO SOME
RESEARCH TO UNCOVER THE WAYS IN WHICH CURRENT TEXTBOOKS MINIMIZE
OR IGNORE WOMEN AND ALSO TO FIND OUT WHAT TYPES OF OTHER, MORE
INCLUSIVE, TEXTBOOKS ARE AVAILABLE. STUDENTS MAY WANT TO RAISE
AWARENESS ABOUT THE ISSUE BY PLACING AN AD IN THE SCHOOL
NEWSPAPER OR BY MAKING A PUBLIC APPEAL AT A SCHOOL BOARD MEETING.
AND THEY MAY CHOOSE TO CRAFT LOGOS OR CATCH PHRASES TO ARTICULATE
THEIR POSITION ON THE ISSUE.

DEFEATING SEXISM IN SPORTS CULTURE

SKIM THE ARTICLE, GIRLS INSPIRED BY WORLD CUP WINS

ANSWER THE QUESTIONS:
1. THE WOMENS WORLD CUP WAS INSANELY POPULAR ALL OVER THE
WORLD, SO WHY WASNT IT EVEN COVERED MY TAIWANESE SPORTS MEDIA?
2. HOW WAS THE US SOCCER TEAM DIVERSE?
3. HOW WAS FIFA SEXIST?
4. HOW ARE FEMALE SPORTS STARS POSITIVE ROLE MODELS? WHAT ARE
THE SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM EFFECTS?
VIDEOS: AMY POELER AND SETH MEYERS
HOW TO WIN THE WORLD CUP
EMOTIONAL JAPAN STUN USA IN FINAL
WORLD CUP WINS INSPIRES YOUNG

THE BEIJING DECLARATION

(VIDEO)

THE BEIJING PLATFORM IS A STANDALONE DOCUMENT FOCUSING ON 12

"CRITICAL AREAS OF CONCERN" THAT MUST BE ADDRESSED TO ACHIEVE
GENDER QUALITY AND WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT:
WOMEN AND POVERTY
EDUCATION AND TRAINING OF WOMEN
WOMEN AND HEALTH
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
WOMEN AND ARMED CONFLICT
WOMEN AND THE ECONOMY
WOMEN IN POWER AND DECISION-MAKING
INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF WOMEN
HUMAN RIGHTS OF WOMEN
WOMEN AND THE MEDIA
WOMEN AND THE ENVIRONMENT
THE GIRL CHILD

SINCE 1995?
THE BEIJING DECLARATION AND PLATFORM FOR ACTION, APPROVED IN
SEPTEMBER 1995 AT THE FOURTH WORLD CONFERENCE ON WOMEN, IS A
GLOBAL COMMITMENT TO ACHIEVING EQUALITY, DEVELOPMENT AND PEACE
FOR WOMEN WORLDWIDE. AS DEFINED IN THE MISSION STATEMENT OF THE
123-PAGE DOCUMENT.
THE BEIJING DECLARATION AND PLATFORM FOR ACTION WAS APPROVED
UNANIMOUSLY BY REPRESENTATIVES FROM 189 COUNTRIES ATTENDING THE
FORTH WORLD CONFERENCE ON WOMEN, HELD DURING THE 50TH
ANNIVERSARY YEAR OF THE FOUNDING OF THE UNITED NATIONS.

WOMEN'S RIGHTS, 20 YEARS AFTER THE BEIJING DECLARATION (VIDEO)

THE WAGE GAP GLOBALLY

READING: GENDER PAY GAP WILL NOT CLOSE FOR 70 YEARS AT CURRENT RATE, SAYS UN

1. WHY IS SEXISM IN THE WORKPLACE PROFITABLE FOR GLOBAL BUSINESS?

2. HOW ARE MEN AND WOMEN TREATED DIFFERENTLY WHEN THEY BECOME
PARENTS?
3. WHAT DOES THE ILO STAND FOR?
4. WHAT IS MATERNITY/ PATERNITY LEAVE? WHAT IS TAIWANS POLICY ON SUCH
LEAVE?
5. IS THE MOST SIGNIFICANT EFFECT FOR IMPROVING GENDER EQUALITY IN THE
WORKPLACE?
6. IMAGINE YOU ARE AN ADULT AT WORK. IF YOU ARE MALE, HOW DOES IT MAKE
YOU FEEL THAT YOUR FEMALE COWORKER WITH THE SAME EDUCATION AND
EXPERIENCE BACKGROUND AS YOU, EARNS LESS THAN YOU? IF YOU ARE
FEMALE, HOW DOES IT MAKE YOU FEEL THAT YOU EARN LESS THAN YOUR MALE
COWORKERS?

READING: 5 THINGS YOUR DIDNT KNOW ABOUT THE GENDER PAY GAP

THE GENDER PAY GAP IN THE WESTERN WORLD IS BACK IN THE

SPOTLIGHT, AFTER THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT ANNOUNCED ALL
LARGE BUSINESSES WILL HAVE TO
PUBLISH DETAILS OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EARNINGS FOR
MEN AND WOMEN
. ABOUT TIME, MANY WILL SAY. ALTHOUGH THIS YEAR MARKED
THE 45TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE COUNTRYS EQUAL PAY ACT,
WOMEN STILL EARN ON AVERAGE 20% LESS THAN MEN. THAT
MAKES THE UKS PAY GAP THE
SIXTH LARGEST IN THE EUROPEAN UNION.

1. THE GENDER PAY GAP INCREASES WITH AGE

THERE IS A GENDER PAY GAP ACROSS ALL AGE GROUPS,

BUT IT STARTS OFF NARROWER: IN THE US, BETWEEN
THE AGES OF 25 AND 34,
FEMALE EMPLOYEES EARN AROUND 90% COMPARED WIT
H THEIR MALE COUNTERPARTS
. AS WOMEN GET OLDER, THAT GAP GETS BIGGER.
WOMEN OVER 65 WHO WORK FULL TIME MAKE JUST
72.5 CENTS FOR EVERY DOLLAR EARNED BY MEN.

GENDER PAY GAP IN THE US BY AGE

2. WHEN WORKERS ARE UNIONIZED, THE

GENDER PAY GAP SHRINKS
RESEARCH FROM
THE NATIONAL WOMENS LAW CENTERREVEALS THAT
THE GENDER PAY GAP FOR UNIONIZED WORKERS IS
HALF THE SIZE OF THAT AMONG NON-UNIONIZED
WORKERS. IT ALSO FOUND THAT UNIONIZED WOMEN
EARN ON AVERAGE $200 A WEEK MORE THAN WOMEN
WHO ARE NOT A MEMBER OF A UNION.

3. WOMEN EXPECT TO EARN LESS THAN MEN

THERE ISNT JUST A GENDER PAY GAP; THERES

A GENDER PAY-EXPECTATION GAP. INA RECENT
GLASSDOOR SURVEYOF THE BRITISH LABOUR
MARKET, 40% OF MEN SAID THEY WERE
CONFIDENT THEY WILL RECEIVE A PAY RISE
OVER THE NEXT YEAR; JUST OVER A QUARTER
OF WOMEN SAID THE SAME.

2015 UK EMPLOYMENT CONFIDENCE SURVEY, BY GENDER

EXPECTATION GAP CONTINUED

ASTUDY FROM RESEARCHERS AT COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PUT THIS EXPECTATION
GAP DOWN TO 2 FACTORS: 1.) OVERCONFIDENCE AND 2.)COMPETITIVENESS.
ACCORDING TO THEIR RESEARCH, MEN HAVE A HIGHER LEVEL OF
COMPETITIVENESS AND ARE TWICE AS LIKELY AS WOMEN TO OVERESTIMATE
THEIR TRUE ABILITY; THEY CALCULATE THAT THESE TWO FACTORS ACCOUNT
FOR 18% OF THE EXPECTATION GAP.
THE AUTHORS CONCLUDE THAT THE EXPECTATION GAP ALSO GOES SOME WAY
TO EXPLAINING THE DIFFERENCE IN REAL EARNINGS: INDIVIDUALS WITH LOW
EARNINGS EXPECTATIONS ARE MORE WILLING TO ACCEPT A LOW-PAYING JOB
OFFER BECAUSE IT IS IN LINE WITH THEIR BELIEFS, AND THEY ARE ALSO LESS
LIKELY TO NEGOTIATE FOR A HIGHER SALARY SINCE THE OFFER IS CONSISTENT
WITH THEIR BENCHMARK.

4.WOMEN PAY A MOTHERHOOD PENALTY WHILE MEN GET A FATHERHOOD BONUS

WHILE THE GENDER PAY GAP HAS BEEN DECREASING, THE PAY
GAP RELATED TO PARENTHOOD IS INCREASING. THOSE ARE
THE FINDINGS OF MICHELLE BUDIG, A PROFESSOR WHO HAS
SPENT YEARS RESEARCHING THE ISSUE AND HOW IT PLAYS OUT
IN THE US.

FATHERHOOD BONUS
FATHERHOOD, IT SEEMS, IS HIGHLY VALUED IN THE WORLD OF WORK:
FATHERS ARE MORE LIKELY TO BE HIRED THAN THEIR CHILDLESS
COUNTERPARTS AND MEN TEND TO SEE THEIR EARNINGS INCREASE BY
AROUND 6% AFTER HAVING CHILDREN.

MOTHERHOOD PENALTY
WOMEN, ON THE OTHER HAND, PAY A PENALTY OF AROUND 4% PER CHILD.
THE PENALTY IS HIGHER FOR LOW-PAID WORKERS.

FAT HE RHO OD BON US IN DOL L A RS, BY P RO FE SSI ONA L S TATU S, OC CUPATIO NAL CO GN ITI VE DEM AN DS (OC D) AND RAC E/E THN IC ITY

EFFECTS OF EACH ADDITIONAL CHILD ON WOMENS HOURLY

WAGE

5. IT COULD BE ANOTHER 80 YEARS BEFORE WE ACHIEVE GENDER PARITY IN

THE WORKPLACE

THE FORUM STARTED MEASURING THE GLOBAL GENDER GAP BACK IN 2006. AT THE
TIME, THE GAP FOR ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION STOOD AT 56%. TODAY, ITS 60%.
WHILE THATS PROGRESS, ITS TOO SLOW IF WE CONTINUE AT THE SAME PACE,
WE WONT ACHIEVE GENDER PARITY AT WORK UNTIL 2095. THAT MEANS MOST OF
US READING THIS WONT LIVE TO SEE WORKPLACE GENDER EQUALITY.
WHILE STATISTICS ON THE GENDER PAY GAP AND THE SLOW PACE AT WHICH
THINGS ARE CHANGING CAN SEEM DEPRESSING, MOVES LIKE THE UKS
MANDATORY GENDER PAY AUDITS ARE STEPS IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION. AS DAVID
CAMERON, THE BRITISH PRIME MINISTER,
SAID WHEN HE ANNOUNCED THE NEW MEASURE, TRANSPARENCY WILL GO A LONG
WAY TO CLOSING THE GAP: CASTING SUNLIGHT ON THE DISCREPANCIES WILL
CREATE THE PRESSURE WE NEED FOR CHANGE, DRIVING WOMENS WAGES UP.

READING: WOMEN
IN ASIA CRACK GLASS CEILING, FAIL TO B
VOCABULARY:
REAK
THROUGH
1. ENTRENCHED
IT'S VERYDIFFICULTTOCHANGEATTITUDESTHAT
HAVEBECOMESODEEPLY ENTRENCHED OVER THEYEARS.

THEORGANIZATIONWAS OFTENCRITICIZEDFOR BEING TOO

ENTRENCHEDINITS VIEWS.

VOCAB
2. SCALING
THEPRISONERSCALED THE HIGHPRISONWALLANDRANOFF.

3. STAGNATED
THEELECTRONICSINDUSTRYISSHOWINGSIGNSOF STAGNATING
AFTER 15YEARS OFTREMENDOUSGROWTH. 15

4. STANDOUT
WHILE ALL THEDESSERTSAREPRETTYGOOD,
THECLEARSTANDOUT IS THELEMON PIE.

VOCAB

5. SLUMPED
THEVALUEOFPROPERTYHAS SLUMPED.
6.FEEDBACK
HAVE YOUHADANY FEEDBACKFROMCUSTOMERSABOUT
THE NEWSOAP?
POSITIVE/NEGATIVEFEEDBACK

7.CONFINED
LET'SCONFINEOURDISCUSSIONTOTHEMATTERINQUESTIO
N,PLEASE!
PLEASE CONFINEYOURUSE OF
THETELEPHONETOBUSINESSCALLS.

GLASS CEILING

VARIOUSREASONSARE GIVEN FOR

THEAPPARENTGLASSCEILINGWOMENHITIN
MANYPROFESSIONS.

VOCAB
9.DISPARITY
THEGROWINGDISPARITYBETWEENRICHA
NDPOOR
10.MATRIARCHAL

WOMEN IN ASIA CRACK GLASS CEILING, FA

IL
TO BREAK THROUGH
ASIAS WOMEN ARE TAKING ONE STEP FORWARD, TWO STEPS
BACK WHEN IT COMES TO GENDER EQUALITY. FAMILY
STRUCTURES AND ENTRENCHED NOTIONS OF WHAT
CONSTITUTES WOMENS WORK ARE HOLDING BACK THE
REGIONS FEMALE POPULATION FROM SCALING THE CORPORATE
LADDER, ACCORDING TO THE INTERNATIONAL LABOR
ORGANIZATION (ILO).THE PROPORTION OF WOMEN GRADUATES
WHO STUDIED CONSTRUCTION, ENGINEERING AND
MANUFACTURING HAS STAGNATED OR EVEN FALLEN IN SOME
COUNTRIES, INCLUDING MALAYSIA, MONGOLIA AND JAPAN,
UNESCO DATA SHOW.

ASIAN GLASS CEILING

A STANDOUT IS SOUTH KOREA, WHERE THE PROPORTION OF
FEMALE GRADUATES CHOOSING THESE FIELDS HAS SLUMPED TO
ALMOST ONE IN 10 IN 2013 FROM MORE THAN ONE IN FIVE IN
1998. KOREAN WOMEN ALSO MAKE UP A SMALLER SHARE OF
CONSTRUCTION, ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING GRADUATES
COMPARED WITH PREVIOUSLY.
THERE CAN BE A NEGATIVE FEEDBACK CYCLE WHEN FEMALE
GRADUATES IN THESE FIELDS FIND IT DIFFICULT TO FIND
EMPLOYMENT OR STAY ON THE JOB DUE TO GENDER BIAS IN AREAS
TRADITIONALLY DOMINATED BY MEN, ACCORDING TO THE ILO.

ASIAN GLASS CEILING

WHILE WOMEN OWN AND MANAGE ALMOST 30
PERCENT OF BUSINESSES IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION,
FEMALE EMPLOYERS ARE MAINLY CONFINED TO MICRO
AND SMALL ENTERPRISES, THE ILO SAID IN A REPORT.
THE SHARE OF WOMEN BOSSES INCREASED IN
COUNTRIES SUCH AS SINGAPORE, THAILAND AND THE
PHILIPPINES FROM 2008 TO 2013, DESPITE MANY
MAJOR COMPANIES STILL LACKING FEMALE VOICES ON
THEIR BOARDS.

CONCLUSION:

THE MAJOR OBSTACLE WE STILL FIND IS THAT GENDER

STEREOTYPING IS STILL THERE, PERHAPS LINKED TO THE FACT
THAT FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES ARE STILL MAINLY ASSIGNED TO
WOMEN, ILO BUREAU FOR EMPLOYERS ACTIVITIES DIRECTOR
DEBORAH FRANCE-MASSIN SAID. THE GLASS CEILING IS
CRACKED, BUT IT IS STILL FAR FROM BROKEN.
PAY DISPARITY ALSO REMAINS AN ISSUE IN ASIA. MEN IN INDIA
AND SOUTH KOREA MAKE MORE THAN 30 PERCENT MORE THAN
THEIR FEMALE COUNTERPARTS, THE ILO SAID. YET, THERE ARE
EXCEPTIONS: IN THE PHILIPPINES MATRIARCHAL SOCIETY,
WOMEN ACTUALLY EARN MORE THAN MEN ON AVERAGE.

QUESTIONS

1. WHAT FACTORS HELP CREATE THE GLASS CEILING FOR

FEMALE WORKERS IN ASIA?

2. WHICH COUNTRIES ARE THE WORST? WHY DO THEY HAVE

MORE PAY DISPARITY OR LESS WOMEN IN TRADITIONALLY MALE
JOBS?
3. WHICH COUNTRIES ARE THE BEST? WHY DO THEY HAVE LESS
PAY DISPARITY OR MORE WOMEN IN TRADITIONALLY MALE
JOBS?

BODY IMAGE VOCABULARY

1. COMPROMISING
2. SUBMISSIVE
HE WASLOOKINGFOR
AQUIETSUBMISSIVEWIFEWHO
WOULDOBEYHIS EVERY WORD.

VULNERABLE
IFELTVERY VULNERABLE,STANDINGTHERE WITHOUT
ANYCLOTHESON.

IT IS ONECONOMICPOLICYTHAT THEGOVERNMENTIS MOST

VULNERABLE.
TOURISTS ARE MORE VULNERABLETOATTACK, BECAUSE THEY DO
NOTKNOW WHICHAREASOF THECITYTOAVOID.

BODY IMAGE VOCAB

4. SEXUALIZATION MAKING SOMETHING SEXY,
SEXUALIZED THAT WASNT BEFORE
5. COMPULSIVEEATINGDISORDER
IE. ANOREXIA
OR BULIMIA

BODY IMAGE INTRODUCTION

DISTINGUISHED SOCIOLOGIST ERVING GOFFMAN
NOTED THAT WOMEN IN PHOTOGRAPHS ARE OFTEN
PORTRAYED IN COMPROMISING OR SUBMISSIVE
SITUATIONS SUCH AS HAVING THE HEAD TURNED
UPWARDS TO EXPOSE THE NECK OR IN A CONTORTED
STANCES OFTEN WITH LIGHT SELF-TOUCHING. SUCH
POSES INVITE THE GAZE OF THE VIEWER AND MAKE
THE SUBJECT OF THE PHOTOGRAPH SEEM
VULNERABLE AND EXPOSED TO SEXUALIZATION.

1. Why did the age female

beginning to diet start to
fall?
2. Why is it dangerous for 8
year olds to start to diet?
3. Are you surprised that
young girls worry about
getting fat?
4. Young women would
rather be ________ or ________
than fat. They would rather
have what happen to them
than be fat?
5. How have you contributed
to poor self body image of
women?

THE MEDIA AND BODY IMAGE PROJECT

FIND A MAGAZINE PHOTO THAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF WOMEN IN A

COMPROMISING, SUBMISSIVE OR VULNERABLE POSE. THEN WRITE A
PARAGRAPH EXPLAINING HOW YOUR IMAGE CONTRIBUTES TO WOMENS
NEGATIVE BODY IMAGE.

CASE STUDY: SERENA WILLIAMS

AS A WOMAN IN THE PUBLIC EYE, IT SEEMS LIKE EVEN BEING ONE OF THE
MOST GIFTED ATHLETES ISN'T ENOUGH TO STOP THE MEDIA FROM CALLING
YOU FAT.ON FRIDAY, JUST AS SERENA WILLIAMS WAS PREPARING TO CLEAN
UP HER HISTORIC SIXTH WIMBLEDON VICTORY, THE
NEW YORK TIMES DECIDEDIT WAS A GOOD TIME TO CRITIQUE HER BODY:
WILLIAMS, WHO WILL BE VYING FOR THE WIMBLEDON TITLE AGAINST
GARBIE MUGURUZA ON SATURDAY, HAS LARGE BICEPS AND A MOLDBREAKING MUSCULAR FRAME, WHICH PACKS THE POWER AND ATHLETICISM
THAT HAVE DOMINATED WOMENS TENNIS FOR YEARS. HER RIVALS COULD
TRY TO EMULATE HER PHYSIQUE, BUT MOST OF THEM CHOOSE NOT TO.

 THE REAL DISGUSTING PART OF THIS, THOUGH, IS THAT THE TIMES DIDNT
REALLY CRITIQUE WILLIAMS. INSTEAD, IT LET HER COMPETITORS DO IT BY
EXPLAINING THAT THEY DON'T ENVY WILLIAMS' PHYSIQUE EVEN AS SHE
USES IT TO DOMINATE THEM. IN THE STORY, THE TIMES PRINTED THE
WORDS OF SEVERAL TOP FEMALE TENNIS PLAYERS UNLOADING ABOUT THEIR
BODY IMAGE ISSUES AND DESCRIBING THEIR WISH TO BE SEEN AS SMALL.
PEOPLE SAY, OH, YOURE SO SKINNY, I ALWAYS THOUGHT YOU WERE
HUGE, [ANDREA PETKOVIC] SAID. AND THEN I FEEL LIKE THERE ARE 80
MILLION PEOPLE IN GERMANY WHO THINK IM A BODYBUILDER. THEN, WHEN
THEY SEE ME IN PERSON, THEY THINK IM O.K.

 BODY IMAGE ISSUES ARE SOMETHING THAT SHOULD BE DISCUSSED WITH A THERAPIST,
NOT A NEW YORK TIMES REPORTER.THAT WOMEN EVERYWHERE HAVE BODY IMAGE
ISSUES ISNT EXACTLY NEWS. ITS THE OPPOSITE OF NEWS. IT HELPS NO ONE TO HAVE
THOSE INSECURITIES VALIDATED AS WORTHY OF CONSIDERING BY BEING PARADED
AROUND IN THE PAGES OF THE NEW YORK TIMES.
I DONT REALLY UNDERSTAND HOW PUBLISHING FEMALE TENNIS PLAYERS EXPRESSING
THEIR DESIRE TO BE PERCEIVED AS PETITE DOES ANYTHING OTHER THAN ADDING TO
THE PUBLIC PERCEPTION THAT WOMEN SHOULD BE CONSTANTLY CRITICAL OF THEIR
BODIES. AND IT'S ALL ESPECIALLY SILLY SINCE WILLIAMS' BODY TYPE THAT THEY'RE
BELITTLING IS REGULARLY BEATING THEM AT THEIR OWN GAME.

 SAYING WE SHOULDN'T ATTACK MUSCULAR WOMEN LIKE WILLIAMS FOR

THEIR BODY TYPES ISNT JUST ABOUT SEXISM OR BODY POSITIVITY. ITS
ABOUT HEALTH. ACCORDING TO THE
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ANOREXIA NERVOSA AND ASSOCIATED DISORDE
RS
, ELITE ATHLETES HAVE A SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER RATE OF EATING
DISORDERS (20%) THAN THE AVERAGE GROUP OF WOMEN (ABOUT 9%),
WHO IN TURN HAVE A HIGHER RATE OF EATING DISORDERS THAN MEN.

 THATS IN PART BECAUSE MANY OF THE PERSONALITY TRAITS THAT A

PERSON NEEDS TO BE AN ELITE ATHLETE ALSO SHOW UP IN PATIENTS WITH
EATING DISORDERS. THE ANAD SAYS THESE ARE ALL THE COMMON
PSYCHOLOGICAL PROFILES IN COMMON BETWEEN ELITE ATHLETES AND
PEOPLE WHO DEVELOP ANOREXIA: