GSM .

.

gprs CDMA
UMTS .
GSM
.
..


/ GSM
..........

GSM


:

Channels
Capacity Quality B.W Channel
GSM .
:






.

 : error
Noise
error .
.


.
..


:

.
:

:

GSM .
:B.W
B.W
Frequency

CH 1

 :

. Channel

 :
Channel2

. .


GSM

 frequency division multiplexing FDM

carrier user carrier

. capacity

 time division multiplexing TDM

channel time slots

user time slot .
capacity
carrier time slots
time .

 mhz 900 mhz 1000

mhz 100 frequency
. .
mhz 100
100 10 10
(. 2
)
100 100 .
.... 2

.. GSM
carrier 200..



TDM. .
8 20
.....

..

.......


frequency division multiple access FDMA
FDM user carrier carriers


time division multiple access TDMA
channel frames
frame time slots
user time slot
users radio frequency
.

time division multiple access/frequency division multiple
access
TDMA / FDMA
band channels
channel frames frame time slots user time slot
user carriers
time slots frame
TDMA TDMA / FDMA


power

First Generation


analog system analog
analog systemdigital system



analog systems

FDMA
Frequency Modulation

Second Generation


.
digital system data
SMS
GPRS

 TDMA capacity ( TDMA

) TDMA/FDMA

 ..
G2
Third Generation

WCDMA
smart anttena ...........


digital system analog
digital
analog digital

 : capacity

bits B.w
analog system
:
GSM ISDN

:
hardware

:

 analog noise

digital 0 1
noise . noise 0
1
bit 0 1


error ditection and correction
:
analog

digital .

GSM

Base Transceiver Station
Base Station
BTS cell
cell . cell
interference .

interference

 dead zone
.... cell cell
cell
cell
... cells ......
cell



GSM cells

cell cell

carriers carriers
channels system capacity
cells cell
...
cell ... cell

 cell ..
capacity chanels
cell ....
cells ...7

cells cluster ...... cluster

cells7

 cell
cell
cells cell
cell co-channels cell
reuse distance

cell sectorization

co-channels
GSM cell
...

 M cells
( ) cells 6
.. M
cell ( sector )
..
cell

 cell 6
6
.
cell ,

 ..
cells ... cell channels

cluster
channels cluster ..
cluster cell.. cell 7 channels
cell channels cell channels
...
cell channels ..
cell ...

cell
power
cells
channels power

 power cells
.. splitting cell

cell splitting capacity .....

 cell cluster
cells

 : macrocell
20
: microcell
3
: picocell

200.

picocells
: highway cell

cluster
cells cluster ....
cells

 cluster cells 3 9
cells ....
: Fixed Channel Assignment Teq
cells
cell
cell cells .

: Dynamic Channel Assignment Teq
cell


: Hybrid Channel Assignment Teq

 cells

BTS MS
Mobile Station
Adaptive Power Control

MS BTS
power BTS MS ...
BTS MS power
MS
...

MS power
cell

 MS
power BTS power MS
power BTS MS power
power
...... ...
BTS MS

Multipath Fading

..
BTS MS
.
phase ..
.. 0 ..
paths

 .....
Multipath Fading
: Rician fading

MS BTS Line Of Side

MS BTS power

: Rayleigh Fading

 MS BTS No Line Of Side

..
0 .
Rayleigh
Rayleigh
Fading .
fading

Microscopic Diversity Techniques


: Time Diversity Technique

T ......

0 t
....

... ...
: Frequency Diversity Technique

.. ...
.... Rayleigh
.

 ( )
fading..

... .

..
: Space Diversity Technique
.. cell .
. 2
... ...

.... ..
BTS ..
fading ...
....

 : Selective Technique

: Maximal Ratio

.

: The Equal Gain

...

 : Frequency Hopping

fading . Frequency
Hopping fading
. .. 217 hop/sec
: Interleaving Technique
.
.. Interleaver
: Adaptive Power Control
Power fading

Multipath Fading rician rayleigh

Shadow Fading


.. BTS ..
... MS BTSs
BTS Handover ..
.. MS BTS
BTS BTS
BSC ... ....

Doppler Shift

 ..

..
...
. .
..
..

 ..

....
user
...
MS BTS
. MS
MS MS
Band Pase Filter MS ...

Synchronization BTS MS
MS

Co-Channel Interference

 cells
cell cell sectorization
power BTS MS

Adjacent Channel Interference

 "
cluster
cells .... cell
....

band pase filter Ms
Idle
cell ..
...
..
....

 cell
cell Channel Management

Delay Spread OR Time Dispersion


..
bit
bit
Delay Equalizer bits
bits Training Sequance


Distance Between MS and BTS

 BTS Power
Control Power Power
Power MS BTS
Power ...

A B BTS
Time Slote T2 A
Time Slote T3 B
Frame
B
A BTS
TS 0.577 msec
TS TS
A BTS A
B

 MS BTS BTS
BTS BTS MS

BTS

Path Loss

Power ..

 Power BTS
.. .
...
BTSs Power
Power Power...
Noise

CH 1
CH 2

 GSM


.
. . .
: Mobile Station MS

..
: attached
: ideal

1 - registration
.
BTS
registration
..
2 - Location Area LA

Location Area
.
MS LA LA
LA

.
.

LA LA..
3 - paging
MS
LA LA ..
MS ..

LA LA
CEll
paging
MS LA .
4 - roaming
.

registration .
: active
1 - Ongoing call
MS
2 - HO
Ms

 BTS BTS.
Hand Over
MS Cell
Cell
.
MS BTS
.
3 - Monitoring power & quality of its BTS
MS Power
BTS
BSC BTS
Power
Power
BSC Hand Over
Power Control
...
4 - Monitoring power of neighboring BTSs
Signals
BTS's
480 BSC
: detached
1 - IMSI de.
MS

..
2 - Implicit de.

.. MS
.. Periodic Registration
MS's .
....


IMEI
Interntional Mobile Equipment Identity

 digit 15

.



Spare
IMEI ..
SIM

: Subscriber Identity Module


..

..

 MSISDN

 ..
digit15
+
20
010 011

digit7
MSISDN .
IMSI

 MS


MS's
IMSI
..
IMEI

MSRN

 MSISDN
Location Area MS

TMSI


IMSI
.
TMSI . IMSI
TMSI
LA LA
TMSI...
Base Station Subsystem BSS

1 - Base Transceiver Station BTS
2 - Base Station Controler BSC
3 - Transcoding and Rate Adaptation Unit TRAU
The Mobile service Switching Center MSC

 exchange ..
MS's ...
...
MSC's ...
MSC BSC's
15 BSC ..20
MSC ..
MSC

MSC Getway MSC .

 MSC
.

... MSC
...


1 - Home Location Register HLR


1 MSISDN IMSI .
2 MSC Area USER MSC . 3 4 USER HLR MSC PSTN ..
HLR *500#

2 - Visitor Location Register VLR

 MSC MSC VLR

MSC
VLR

 USER MSC VLR

MSRN IMSI TMSI USER MSC
MSC MSC MSC..

3 - Authentication

 IMSI

..
IMSI
HLR ...
IMSI

IMSI

... . MS IMSI
TMSI
IMSI ... IMSI ....

IMSI ....
....
....

 IMSI
.. IMSI
Authentication Center AUC
AUC..
IMSI Indivual Key Ki
Ki IMSI
.. Ki AUC ...
Ki ..
Ki AlgorithmA3
AUC
. Signed Response SRES
AUC MS
MS ..
Ki A3
SRES
.... . SRES
SRES MS
. MS ..

 ....
IMSI Ki .. A3 ...
Ki Ki ...
AUC Ki
A8 Key Ciphering Kc

 ..
Kc ...
Kc SRES Triplet
:
1 MS 2 LAMS 3 MSC LA MS 4 5 -

4. EIR Equipment Identity Register


... IMEI . EIR
..
EIR
White list
IMEI

Black list
IMEI
Gray list
IMEI software
IMEI

Black list block

...
GSM

3-The Operation and Maintenance Center OMC

Self Test
OMC OMC Alarm
BSS MSC ...
..
Quality ...

 OMC

 GSM BOSSNEMO

BOSSNEMO

Base Station Subsystem BSS

1 - Base Transceiver Station BTS

Microwave BTS BSC Line Of Site

Cell BTS


BSC
..

BTS


2 - Base Station Controler BSC

 BSC BTS Power Control

H.O BTS
.. :
1- Paging
MS BSC BTS's MSRN
MS BTS;s BSC MS
Paging . BTS MS BSC
BSC Paging ... Paging
LA MS LA
....
2 - Channel Allocation
T.S MS

3 - Handover
MS BTS
BSC Handover MS BTS ....
4 - Frequency Hopping
. BSC

BSC 20 30 BTS
BSC Remote BTS BTS
Co-located BTS BTS
BSC
BTS

 BSC
BSC BTS's
BSC BTS's ..
1 - Cascade

 . BTS
...
2 - loop

 .. BTS 2
.. BTS's
BTS ....
3 - Star

 .. BTS BSC
BTS .......
BSC BTS's Microwave
Optical
3 - Transcoding and Rate Adaptation Unit TRAU

 GSM
... MSC BSC ..
Rate 64 kbps MSC BSC
BTS 64 kpbs B.W
... Data Rate Data Rate
B.W.... TRAU
64 kbps 16 kbps Multiplexing
4 BSC ... 13
kbps 3 bit Control BTS
13 kbps MS's

 TRAU
Geographic network areas
GSM

Public Land Mobile Network PLMN

 PLMN MSC area

 MSC area Location Area LA

 LA CElls
Location Update
Paging

 LA

 Cell GSM

 Cell
CGI Cell Global Identity

 GSM

 GSM 900 GSM 1800GSM 1900


Channels
TS Frame

 GSM 900
GSM 1800
GSM 1900 GSM
1800 GSM 1900
3G 2.1

 GSM 900 Primary-GSM 900

G 1 Extended-GSM 900
Uplink Downlink
E-GSM 900 880 960 80

. BTS MS
BTS Uplink.
BTS MS Downlink

 880 915 Uplink 35

925 960 Downlink 35
MS 880 Time Slot 3 BTS
Uplink ?? .......
925 TS 3 BTS
MS ..
UPlink Downlink 45
Duplex Distance
35 Uplink 35 Downlink

Frame 200
35 Carrier Carrier 200 .....
35 200 .....
174 E-GSM 900
GSM Uplink

Downlink
Carrier 8 TS 174 8 1392
Channels Time Slot Users
Cluster E-GSM 900
Uplink BTS Downlink MS
Downlink Uplink
Noise Power Noise
Power BTS Power MS
.
80 E-GSM 900 35 Uplink
35 Downlink 70
915 925
6 915 921 Downlink 870 876 Uplink

4 921 925 Downlink 876 880
Uplink
GSM - R
.

.
Pico Cell Micro Cell
.
4 . 4
200 8 160 Channels ..

 TDMA Carriers
Carrier Time Slot 8 Time Slot
Burst
Burst Time Slot
TS Burst

 Burst

156.25 bits
Data bits 114

 Hide Bits Tail Bits 3 bit

Data
Training Sequence
.....
Dealy Spread Training Seq
....
Stealing Flags bits 2 data

0 0
1 0 Power BTS
0 1 ( Timing Advance
)
1 1 Hand Over
Guard Period
Burst Burst
8.25 bits ..... Burst ...
Burst 156.25 bits

 Frame Time Slot

...............
Bit Rate GSM 270.833 Kb/s

Bit Duration bit
33 270.8
3.96
Time Slot 3.69 156.25
TS 0.577 msec
Frame 8 msec4.615

 physical Time Slot

Logic

 Logic Channels Traffic Channel Control

Channels
Traffic Channels
Control Channels MSs
Traffic Channels

Full Rate -1
Data Rate Speech 13 Kb/sec
Redundancy Kb/sec22.8
Redundancy

Enhance Full Rate -2

Redundancy
Half Rate -3

 Capacity
Rate TS User2
Control Channel

: BroadCast Channel

 BroadCast Control Channel

Location Area
Cell Downlink BTS
.
Frequency Correction Channel
BTS
Synchronization Channel
Frame
TS
SCH FCCH

 . Downlink
: Common Control Channels

 Paging Channel PCH

TMSI
Downlink
Random Channel RACH
Paging Uplink
Access Grand Channel AGCH

..
Control
Channel SDCCh AGCH SDCCH th

 downlink
: Dedicated Control Channel DCCH

 Stand_alone Dedication Control Channel SDCCH

DownlinkUplink
Slow Associated Control Channel SACCH
Power Downlink
Uplink
Fast Associated Control Channel FACCH
Hand Over BTS
Downlink Uplink
Control Channels


Frame 8 TS
Control Channels TS 2 Frame Control
Channels Frame Traffic Channels

2TS

 FACCH SACCH 2 bit Stealing

Flag
Burst
2 bit 1 1 Burst Hand Over
FACCH
TS 2
TS0 Uplink RACH
Downlink BCH , FCCH , SCH , PCH , AGCH

TS1 SDCCH Uplink Downlink

 .



Acoustic Signal
.

Analog Electrical Speech Signal
Digital Analog
Digital
Speech Encoder Digital

 Bit Rate 13 kb/sec

...
Channel Encoder
Redundence Bits Bite Rate 22.8 kb/sec
Interleaver Burst
Error Detection And Correction
Ciphering
Burst Assembling And Multiplexing
Tail Bits Hide BitsStealing Flags
Bits Bit Rate 33.85 kb/sec
Modulation


...

Speech Encoder - 1
.
Speech Encoder
Bit Rate
Channels
Band
Width


..

 ..
GSM
.. ...
Speech Encoder Analog
Digital

GSM Pulse Code Modulation .

PCM

Bandlimiting

 Low Pass Filter

B W

Sampling

 Electronic Switch
khz 8 8000 sample / sec

 sampling

3.4 khz 6.8
khz
8 khz
Quantizing

 Sampling
.
Levels ... 2 23
8192 Levels
13 bits /sec
Encoding

 Quantizing Levels
Level bits
Encoder bits
Rate 104 kb/sec
Speech Encoder Segmentation

 bits
B.W TS

.
.
.
1.4 khz
20 msec
.
20 msec
20 msec bit 2080 bit
rate 104 kb/sec
rate 20 msec .
bits 2080 Frame
Frame
8 TS 2080 bits TS 1

8
260 bits TS
Predictive Coding

.
Predictive Coding
Speech Coder Predictive Coding
Voice Activity Detection VAD
Discontinuous Transmission DTX
DTX Noise
VAD
. 0 3.4
KHZ

 DTX
VID Noise Noise

DTX VID Noise
DTX TX
Co - Channel Interference .
TX

.
DTX
Silence Descriptor SID

SID Frame (Noise ) .

Frame
Comfort Noise
SID Frame

 Noise SID Update Noise

SID Noise DTX
SID Noise DTX
BOSSNEMO BOSSNEMO

Predictive Coder

 Bad Frame Replacement

Frame Bad Frame Replacement
Frame .
Frame Bad Frame Indicator BFI
Speech Coder
Channel Coding

Noise Interference
Data . Error
.
Error Detection and Correction
Channel Coding Redundancy Bits Error Detection
and Correction


Error Detection and Correction
GSM:
1 - Block Coder
Error Detection 3 Bits Parity Check Bits
Convolutional Coder - 2
Error Correction
Data

Very Important Data
Power 50 bits
Important Data
Power bits
132 bits
Non Important Data
Power bits 78 bits
Data
Error Correction Data
Data B.W
Data Power Very
Important bits 50
50 78 132 .. .... 260
Bits Frame Data
.

 Convolutional Coder

bits 50
Block Coder Parity Check Bits 3
bits
Error Detection .. Block Coder
53 bits
Convolutional Coder bits 132
Important Data
tail bits 4 0000 Convolutional
Coder Initial State
Convolutional Coder .
Convolutional Coder 378 bits
378 bits 78 bits Non Important Data
Convolutional Coder 456 bits

 bits 20 msec 456 bits bits

22.8
kb/sec
kb/sec 9.8 kb/sec 13 Redundancy Bits

Traffic Channels .
456 bits Interleaver
Interleaver - 3

Bits

Interleaver Data Error
Interleaving
Deinterleaving Error Bits
Error.
Interleaver
Interleaver
1- Block Interleaver

 8 Data
Bits 1, 9 , 17 , 25 , .......... , 449
2 Burst
Bits 1 449 Error
Errors
.
57 bits Burst/2 ...
Burst 57*2 bits
Burst Interleaver - 2

 2 Burst Burst
25 % 20 msec 8 .. .
20 msec Burst
20 msec Burst ... 20 msec
Burst 20 msec Burst ..
Burst 12.5% 20 msec
20 msec

100 msec
Ciphering - 4

 Security GSM
Passive

Active

 C C
A B
C B A
C A B
C Block B
GSM Gaming

GSM

 IMSI Triplet
AUC

AUC IMEI Check


Ciphering

 Kc . Ki Rand
A8

 Ciphering
* Kc MS AUC
* AUC Kc VLR
* VLR Cipher Mode Command CMC
* VLR Kc CMC BTS
* BTS Kc CMC MS
* MS CMC Kc FN A5
FN Frame No
A5 A8 A3

* MS BTS Kc FN
* BTS . CMC
* CMC CMC VLR Ciphering

c FN A5 .

Kc FN A5
..

5 - Burst Assembly and Multiplexing

 Training Seq Flags T.B H.B

Modulation - 6

Gaussion Minimum Shift

Keying

Transmission - 1
Signaling Data Voice Data

2 - Radio Resource Management

Power Control - 1
Power MS BTS
MS BTS

 .
Power
. Interference Cells
.
* Power Control Pico Cell
Power
* Power Control Uplink Downlink
BTS Power Control BTS
* Power MS BTS 480
Signal Quality Signal Strength BTS
* Power Control MS BTS

Max Power

MS BTS Power BTS

Power
MS A BTS
Power .
MS BTS
MS BTS 480 BSC
MS BSC
MSBTS .
BSC MS BTS Power db 2
Hand Over - 2

 TCH TCH
Hand Over Types

 H.O Cell TCH

Cell . .
H.O Cell Intra BTS
H.O Cell Cell BSC
Inter BTS - Intra BSC
H.O

Execution Speed - 1
H.O


Reliability - 2
H.O .
H.O .
. MS BTS
H.O . MS H.O
BTS .

Transparent To Users - 3
H.O
Service - Dependent - 4
H.O Data Voice
H.O
MS BTS
Power BTS BTS
H.O ....... Power BTS
Equal Point . MS
..
.... MS BTS
Power BTS
H.O .. H.O H.O Margin
Power BTS ...
...
: BTS Power ????? Equal Point
... BTS Power .
Power Co - Channel
Interference .....
H.O BTS Power
MS Power BTS.
: MS H.O Margin BTS
MS BTS ....
H.O .... H.O H.O
Margin BTS...

 MS H.O H.O

MS Downlink BTS
. BTS 6

 BTS MS .
MS
MS BTS BSC
MS H.O
H.O
Soft H.O - 1
MS Channel CDMA
Capacity

Hard H.O - 2

 MS H.O
.. GSM

Softer H.O - 3
MS 3 .....

H.O

10 20 H.o ..
.. H.O ..

 H.O
....

N-time retry - 1
H.O MS H.O .....
. MS Cell Cell
H.O Margin H.O 10 .. MS
H.O Cell H.O
MS MS
Handover Queue - 2

 MSs H.O
Sub-rating algorithm - 3
H.O Half Rate
MS Full Rate MS 2 Half Rate H.O .....
H.O

H.O Cell Cell BSC

" "

* 1 MS BTS BSC
H.O . BSC New BTS
Tch MS
* 2 BSC New BTS MS Old BTS
* 3 MS Access Burst New BTS
..
* 4 New BTS MS H.O Power
Timing Advance ...
* 5 New BTS BSC H.O ...
* 6 BSC Old BTS H.O Old BTS
MS ....
*** MS Framreplacement Fram
Control Data Control Channel
H.O Cell 2 BSC 2

*1 Old BSC H.O New Cell BSC

Old BSC MSC
* 2 MSC Cell BSC
H.O
* 3 New BSC New BTS H.O New
BTS Tch
*4 New BTS New BSC Tch
Tch . New BTS MSC
MSC Old BSC Old BTS MS
MS Tch ...

* 5 MS Access Burst New BTS

*6 New BTS MS
Power Timing Advance
* 7 MS New BTS
New BTS New BSC H.O MSC
*8 MSC Old BSC H.O Old
BTS MS ....
Old BSC MSC H.O MSC
New Cell MSC...

 Old MSC New MSC

]PSTN[/size

. Cells
H.O
....

IMSI Attach and Detach - 1

 MS IMSI MS
IMSI AUC
TMSI MS TMSI MS MS
.
MS
..

Location Update - 2
MS Cell Cell Location Area

 MS Cell Cell LA Location Update

MS LA LA
MSC/VLR Location Area

*** MS BCCH LA LA
LA TMSI Location
Update
*1 BCCH LA Cell
*2 MS TMSI New BTS VLR
VLR TMSI MS MSC/VLR Area
* 3 VLR TMSI HLR HLR IMSI AUC

 Authentication HLR VLR

* 4 VLR TMSI MS
TMSI MS Location Update
VLR
* VLR MS
MS LA LA
MSC/VLR Location Area

*** MS TMSI New BTS

New BSC New VLR TMSI .
... HLR ..

 VLRs
TMSI Old VLR HLR IMSI MS
.... New VLR
MS TMSI Old VLR ...

Periodic Registration - 3

MS 6 BTS . MS
BTS .
MS
Location Update..

Mobile Terminated call

* 1 . MSISDN
Local Exchange MSISDN .
GMSC
*2 GMSC MSISDN HLR MSRN
* 3 HLR Search IMSI MSISDN
*4 HLR Search VLR MS
IMSI MSC/VLR MSRN MS MSRN
VLR

*5 VLR MSRN HLR MSRN

GMSC
*6 GMSC MSRN MSISDN
VLR . VLR MS
* 7 VLR TMSI MSRN BSC
* 8 BSC BTSs MS
PCH .. Control Channels ..
*9 MS PCH RACH BTS
BSC
* 10 BSC SDCCH MS Setup . BTS MS
SDCCH Setup AGCH
*11 MS SDCCH Call Setup Call
Setup ....

Mobile Originated call

 MS RACH BTS BSC

SDCCH MS Call Setup BTS MS
AGCH MS Call Setup SDCCH Call Setup
Traffic Channel ...