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    sO = National Institutes of Health Strengthening Knowledge and Office of Dietary Supplements Understanding of Dietary Supplements en Te MLL) ae Thiamin TE Set eth Prints > erequnty asked cuestons TE eoducon feed ow Seteaneelseal ta ‘ain (thiamin) oe of the atesle tani ao nown vam 8 Thain ces str prazen nome fons, aden to some fod products, and avalabe aes cstary supplement Ea eee eee eee 5 ee and function of cells [1 ‘(FOK) Dg) vertnt en es nr tary ngs an el anne a ae ree ee ee ee tie bt prereset yp eo fo brs th obstinate faa) tones Ket Sree) ima yinry tr ta trey al onc eh eco ee Bis tea rca eee eee eee oe faa eee piescree yen emacs iaesti aoe ee > Hunan Befomance Resource prope equ a cntnuos suply of fom te it. 5 a + tntction ae ceed eee! rrroponrhat) the rin metal atve fm Serica oF tian atria in he ag ites aso ‘Consumer Protection + Tani ates andstaus synthesis retin and To, bt ter see conubation if ar, to ain arto cure > FDA: Consumer Uptates on Datary kno. 0 srs an essen actor for + Gms at io Thiamin ne 3 the eames noted ng, anna a, and > Fox Wangs and safe aeearaareome Up metabo (5 norman = SCTE + tats fom me Levels of ham inthe oad ae nt aia 2 Fos How to Spt elt Fraud? Tiana ines of tian tats. Than stats often 2 FTC Oras 8 ety sports uration tn eta imezred indirect by asaying ho activity of he e + Tian and eth Dts Lanketlase enzyme, which pends on DP in + forencs re > FTC: Weigh Ls 8 Fes? a enttocyenemoiatesin the presence anc + Distainer absence of aed TOP [2]. Te res, noe athe pee tramkottse wth TOP. Tho est pial ‘Recommendations {sein eat peopl, 151-25 In thse wth magia defcecy, and ihe han 23m eopl wth eicleny. anther commonly used measure of thiamin status irinary thiamin excrete, wich provides dita. on etary lakes ut no sue stores) For act, excretion fle than 100, ‘eg/day tha in ure suggecte natin hain taka, and ee than 40 gy ats on ‘xtreme ow nak (6) > etary Reference intake (ot) eparts and Tables > Onine OR Toot? > ay Value (DV) Tales Recommended intakes Intake econmontions for thiamin and ther ution’ re provide in tho Dietary Reference intakes (01s) developed by the Food and Nuition Board (FMB) atthe institute of Meine of he National ‘eadeies(fomerty National Academy of Slences) [7] Is the general term for se of reference \alues use fr plating nd asesig rater intakes healthy paople. These values, wtih ary by ge asx, acu: + Recormendad bletary allowance (Q03) average cally leve of intake Suicent to mest the futon omuement of wert all (97988) healthy dds + Adequate ntako (A established whon evidences nucleo develop an RDAs intake at + estimate average Requrement (EA): average dally level of intake estimated to mest he requemens of 305 of healthy love wally ead to ees the adequacy of mutent {otaes in ppalatians bt not nda. + Tolerable Urper intake Love (UL: maximum diy intake unity to cause adverse helth tects “able sts the curt ROAS fr thal 7. Fr tants rm Dt to 2 ants, te estab an A for thiamin tats equivalont to the moan intake oF thiamin in healthy, breastfed nants Table 1: Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDS) for ‘Thiamin (7) ree Wale Female Prognancy Cactation Brhteements! 02mg 02mg TAEmonths” — 03mg 028 ra yeas 0.5mg_0.5 mg te years emg 0.6 mg Sityers 09mg 0.9mg ‘4t8yeos ame 10mg tame tng wsoyeas 12mg img 14mg Lang siryeas 12mg 1.1ng Sources of Thiamin aod sources of thiamin inca whol rans, meat, and fish [2]. sreads, cereal, and infant formulas Inthe Une sates and anyother courres re fri wlth tla [2] The mos common sources of hain i he. cet ae cereals and bead [8]. Prk aother male sauce of te vita Dalry products and mos ruts contain tle thiamin (3. About half ofthe thiamin in tho U.S. et ‘ames from food hat naturally contain thiamin the romainder coma rm foods to which hain hasbeen side 7, Heating foots containing thiamin can rede ther thiain conten. For example, bread hs 208-30 (es thiamin than ts a ingens, an pasteurization reduces thiamin content (chs very sal ‘te egin wth amity up t 208 2. Becacetlamln dso la watr, a sificant ameunt ofthe aml sles hen cooking wate throm out [3]. Processing also alters tla evel foods; for sxample, unless wtite ric enriched wth thiamin, ithas oe tenth he amount of thiamin in orice bow ice (10 ats onthe bieaaabity of thiamin from food are very ine 7]. Same studios do show, were, {hat thiamin absorption incrases whom intaks are ow 1} “Table 7 Selected Food Sources of Thimin [10] Tigra (me) per Percont Food seoving Dv yaokfast cre, forte wth 00% ofthe DY for thn, tering 4.3100 ce, wit, long sai, eniched, pata, cup 1a gnosis, ewichod, cooked 1 cop 0588 Prk chop, bone-in brood 3 cues oso “rou, cecked, cry heat, 3 ounces oso LBsckbeers,boed, cap oro ngs maf, plan, enrched, 1 matin 02 “Tena, Bein cooked, dry eat, 3 oes a nacre, whole whoa, cooked, 1 2p a ‘com squash, cubed, baked, cup oo ce, brown, long ain, not enriched, cooked, cp a7 yaad, whole went, 1 lle a7 ‘range jue, prepared fem concentrate, 1p on Suniower sop, tastd, 1 ounco a7 Boe steak, bottom rund, tinned ef ft, brated 3 euncos a7 “Yogurt, plain lowfat. 1 cup a7 ‘oatmeal, regular and quick, enriched, cooked wth water, cup a7 “able 7 Selected Food Sources of Thimin [10] Tigra (me) per Percont Food seoving Dv om, yell, ale, | medium ear a7 ik, 25,1619 or 7 arly, poarid,coked, 1 cup a7 ‘Cher chee, 1% ounces oo Chicken, meat and skin, rested, 3 ounces oo ‘ope, sce, 1 cup oo Ov = Daly Vale, OVS wore developed by the US, Foe and Oru Aiinstation (FDA) t lp casumors compare tho nutrint conan of products within to coext of total it Th DY fr thiamin 1.5 mg fer adults and chien age and older. Foods proving 20% o moe ofthe OV ae cnsired to be high sources ofa autint. ‘the Us, Deparment ofagrcultre's (SA'S) Nutrint Database? website [0 sts the nutrient cantnt of many feeds and proves a comprehensive ist of foods contarng thiamin arranged by thiamin content and by food nae etary supplements “hari sealer any tary sopplanants, italy mtininerl splat th thiamin typically provide aout 1. mg thiamin (10% ofthe Ov) and sometimes moe [11]. ‘Supplements containing &-canploevitaias (clus tlaml) or than ony ar als alabe, The ‘rast commen usd forms of han In supeement ar than moncntate an thin Idochore, wich ae stable and water slut [1]. ‘evftianine Ka sntetic thiamin derivative that is sd a sme tary supplenients. anfolanine fenot water slle ands converted to him in the boy [12]. ‘Thiamin Intakes and Status st poole inthe United Stats cons the recommenda anu of thiamin. An ana of dts from tha 2003-208 ations sith nt tron amination Srey snes ton ofthe population has usual intake below he EAR [5] ‘mong cilron an tans, the avrage dally thiamin intake Fe fod s 1.27 mg or 29529 yeas, 1.stmg forage 1 yeas, and 1.68 mg fr 2g 12-19 yours [3]. adults aged 20 and oer, he erage daly thiamin atk fom feds 1.95 mg in on and 1.39 mga wont, The average aly ‘amin intake fom foods andsuplements in chien and tans is 151m for 240575 yeas, 1.76 me for ago 6-11 years, an 1.98 efor ates 12-19 oa. nals ago 20 and alder, tho avorane aly thiamin intake fam fens nd supplemens 4.89 gin mom ar 4.90 min women No cent data on rter of thiamin ceficincy nth US. population are avaiable, ‘Thiamin Deficiency {nation to insuciont intakes of thiamin from the det, tho causes of thiamin ofcioncy ince lowe aaron or higher excretion ate tan saal dn, fer amp to ean condition (ach 2 alcohol dependence or Hv /Aios ruse of some medication [5]. Int cary tage, thiamin dcioncy can cause woight oss and anorexia, confusion, sor orm memory lass, and other mental sigs and symptoms: msc weakness and cardiovascular symptoms (sucha an enlarged neat [7] ‘he most cammon effect of thiamin deficiency is Berbers, which is characterined many by peripheral neuropathy a wasting [1-3]. People with hs condition have pared sensory, moter, an efx functions. nar cases, eter ausscooestive heart falwe that leads to eea inthe ower nbs and, ccaslonally, death [,2-lthough berber rare nthe United States and other deveioped countries, prope thaw countries do occasionally deveop the conn [14-17]. ‘ministration of supplemental thiamin, often parenteral, qucly cre orb 23). ‘Amore common manifestation of thiamin deicioncy nthe United States is ersicks Karak "sycrome (2). This dare about 8.10 tines more canon in pacpe with chronic lea than Inthe general popaton, butt can also develop in patents who have severe gastrointestinal Acordes apy progressing hematologl mallgances, drug se dsordes, © ADS (2). nay patlants,Wericke-Korskoff ynromehas two pass. The ist, acute, and fethvatenng stage, \orico's encephalopathy, s usally charactrized by priherlnewropathy 38). Without Lrsatmont, up to 20% of poole with erick'sencophalpaty ie; thos who survive dovlop orsakf'spajchss, although some people with Kosakot's psychos have not previously had \omice’s encephalopathy [12,20]. Kors psjchess, an effet of conic thiamin dcr, ‘eal and inagined memories) (13. Genk tate of the asoae, parenteral anda Weatent os not lad to reerery in about one-quarter of patios [21]. ‘The or Heath ogplzation recommends cally ol doses af 10 mg thlamin fra week, followed by 55 me daily for at east 6 weeks, to treat mill han defcioney [22]. The commended teatro for soveredoficioncy consists of 2-30 mg intravoncusty in infants and 0-100 gin adults, thon 10 1g dally atinstered intramuscularly or aprocmately one week, followed by 3-5 mg/éay oat thai for a eae 6 week. Groups at Risk of Thiamin inadequacy “The falling poups are ana toee ma aly ta ave naaqute thiamin tatu People wth cleo dependence night intsrtce courte, crn alcohol wae orders pear to be the mos common case of thiamin deficiency []- Upto 8% of psope with croc alcoelsm develop thiamin decency because thant reduces gastcntstinalabsaption of thar, thar stoves in the ive, and thiamin phosphorylation [9,1] also, people with alcham tend to have adequate takes of ‘sential mtrets,incacng tis. aerate pw 208-305 folder aduts have aboratory necator that suggest some degree of thiamin ellency [2,7]. Pestle reasons inci lw detary intakes, a canbiaton af honk dass, concomitant oe of multiple medications, an lw absorption f thiamin a natal eat of agi, {22,24 Sores stuties have found thatthe ik of daicency particulary high nee pople ina resin an eto (25,26. People with HIV/AIDS People wth HV lection have an increased rk of thamin defseny and is sequencing bier and Wernick Noss smrome [127] Auopses of 380 poop with ADS found that amos 10 had Wernck'ssncophalopaty [8], and some exports baie tht thiamin doiconcy underiognosed in this popdaton [9]. The association between thiamin deficlency and HIV/AIDS is probably due to maton a resto the catabol state assclated with AS. People wth cabetes Same smal tues havo found that thiamin een plasm ao p to 76 lower in poole with ype 1 fsbetes than o hey vounters and So}-7o owen people with Spe 2 cnbetes [221]. ter studs have shown 2 higher rik of thiamin deficiency in peeple with pe 1 andor ype zcabetes, based on tests of enythoyte ransketaase att (2,33). These ave hain ves might be Ge te nereass in cearance of tami by he hones. The relevance of these effec to ccal prognosis or outcomes snot rcv People who have undergone brite surgery alate surgery for woh ass astcated wth ste ks, ang severe than deiency due tomalabeepton that can lead ta erie erncke’s encaphalopsty. 208 IRerature review ‘dent #4 cass of lrnick’'sencohaloaty after bariatric surgery (primary gastric bypass ‘gery between 1991 and 2008 2. Abouk al of how pater experincod ng-sting neva Inpsemenss. mcronuteent supplements tha include thiamin ae almost always recorrended for pallets ellowing bariatric sugey to aol deticences [35]. ‘Thiamin and Health “Te section focuses on four dente dade In which tla does or might play le rc “Nora syne, cabetes, haar fall, and Able’ eae Wernick Kosoffsrarame ‘orice Kazsot yon fone of hemes severe neurpeehinris equelae of aleahot suse [26] The autre of 2013 Coctane eve of tala to teat or prevent Veriche-Konaott ‘ypdrome found aly wo tule hat met telco tera, nd ane ofthese stutles has not bon published [36], These randomiad, double bin, placebo controlled tras compared 5 me/ay bpm for 2 wets o ely intramancalr doves of 8 to 200 mga thiamin ver 2 conecive dys ‘na total of 177 people with histor of chronic labo use. The Ceca rviw authors concluded ‘ht the evdance from angeniaed cnc! tl rauficint to gui haalh care powers Selecting the aproplate dose, frequen, duaton, or out ftianlasapplemontation to went prevent welche Korskof Syarame in patents wit alata tase. ‘The authors ofthe European Federation of Newell Socal quldeines for lags, preventing, and treating erick encephalopathy oat that even high doses feral thar supplements might not bo ofectio in rang bod thiamin loves or curing Viraicko's “ncepslopaty [27]. Tey commend 200 rg thiamin, praferaty intravenous, thre ines dally (oa of 600 mg/day) uni the sgn and symptoms sp, alongwith a balanced dit. nis guidelines for manapag Vericko's encephalopathy in emergency Gepartnants, the Royal Collage of Pisa Intondan supports the administration of ral thiamin beochlride (100g thee tes 2 day) in patios with adeasat tary ina ofthis and ne sins o spars of \emice's ‘ncepalopaty [3] Howeror, the authors reconmond prentoral thiamin supementation for plans sigh lk uch a hes wth savin, eonfson, anda ite) of eon sleoel mise, because ol supplementation sunlit to produce adaquate Mood lees Diabetes “ho proprton of poop wth type tor type 2 cabetes who ve poor thiamin stats based on contrac transatalase activity ranges fom 17s to 79% In sues conducted to date [9]. na study of 7 consecutive pationts wth type 1 or type 2 labates, for example, 8 had mi thiamin ellen and 2 had moderate dticlency tase on 5:3) ofthe arsketoaseenzye [2] Some small sues have shown that ral supplementation with 150-300 mg/day thiamin can crease ‘Sucose ees n patents wth type 2 labetes or paired sucosotalorance [<0]. However the authors ofthese stufles dd no asses the potential cna slglizance ofthese fn ‘fer tal candonized studies have ssessed the effect of befotlamine supplements on abetle ‘eirpaty. Tree stucles found that, compared to placebo, 120-900 mg/day Betta wher without other Bsitamin decreaiod the sve of neuropathy syptone ad ovored urinary alba ‘excretion (a marker of ery-sage cabotic nephropathy) [3244]. However, anther tu found ro tect of 300 mg/ day benftiaing on rary excretion of albumin or ney injury cece, 2 maker of ey injury [5 \altespad tse wit agar canple ses an anger orstine ae reqs te detain whether thiamin supplements an rece lucose levels in patient wth iabetes or decrease diabetic cumpleations ear fare ‘The rates of poor thiamin stats in pation with art fire have ranged in tes for 21% to 98% {os Explanations fortis asoiatin include older age, comorbid, isufientcetary intake, Westnet with duets, and quent hospitalizations [7]. ‘he authors of one study reported that 53% of 100 patents with chronic heart falure had thiamin eiclenc compared to 12% of So healthy wolunters [1]. Rates of deciony wer even higher when the ivestators excluded tase who used thiamin supplements. The ferent rte of tlamla ete lee utrto tatu, comorbicites,msications ae estar spploments wed, and och sod to ‘ssa thin stu 7). ‘The authors ofa strate literatre revi and metals found two randomize, doubled, placebo cantalld ras oftiamin supplementation npoope wit es faire that met their tight criteria [9]. thse tris, thiamin supplement iguicanty improved net change in eft ‘enircularejacten faction. The authors i not aces the lal iguficnce ofthe fang, ore research oaded to detrmine wheter thal supplement might benatpoope with heat fale, even they hve normal thar stats secoding to animal model sais, thiamin deticlncy might pay aol inthe devlopnt of ‘Azle’ cso [0], Far evarpe, hain deicency produces te ten nero, death of nares, oss of mercy, plaque formation and changes in glucose metabolsn—all rakes of ‘ele’ ease. atopy sts have soon that arsktoase ad othe thamln-dependent ‘onzymes have dacessd stv inthe bin of people wth Acie’ aso [1,2). Few sucles hive szsezead the prvalnce of thiamin dafclensy in pele wth hairs case. (ne ef these sts found hat 128 of 150 patients wth cogaltv ingalment and acute ose eavoal strbances were cnsdered Manin defen Daca on pana evs (2] ‘he thors of 2001 octane review sees tres coube-in, randomizing bo crosove ras hat compared the effects of yor thlani to placebo on cog funtan fn pation with Alhoier's type demons [5]. The tte studies andonkly sgn fwor an 20 patios each, and the te cromower sts not nt a wahat prod [5-56]. The revi sutors state that twas not posible to draw any concsons from these three stcis because they ‘rare val nthe publistonecesrng them nt provide enaugh deta to combine tase cata na mata anal Large, wal-dsgnes suc aensoded to determine whether thiamin upperent are beneficial for ssteners dea, Health Risks from Excessive Thiamin “he ody etcrter cet anount of thin nthe wn 2. Because ofthe lack of oper of _aves fects rm high hain intakes (5 g/day or mere) rm foe o suppres, the PN dé ot stabs Us fr tla 7. They hypothesize that the apparent lack af tay may Be plano bythe rap deci in aaarption of thamin at inte above Sg, owaver, tho PME rotd that in spite of tho lack of reported avers evant, excessive intakes of thiamin cul have severe ofa, Interactions with Medications ‘though thiamin snot known to interact with any madlatons, certain medications can have an sve effect on thlamin eval. Some examples are povdod bet nda taking these ad ther medals ona rogar bas shuld cscus thelr hain stats with tho health care roviers. Puresemie Furosemide (Lehi oop cuetc ued to trent dan and hypartnson by hesseng urinary upd. Research hie inked the ue of frond to deceaees in thiamin eeacetration, porto eile wees, 25 esl of ulnar ham os [8,57 58. Vetar thiamin pple re ‘ote for prvonting thiamin decency in pation taking lop dusts nocd to be determined in inca usin Cremotherpy wth Fluorouracil Fluorourac aso known a 5 uorauacl Adele) sa chemotherapy dr that I commanly used to treat colorectal and othr slid cancrs. Tho publish trate includes several cases of berber or \orico’s encephalopathy resulting from tsatmant with this ru, post because tho drug might ‘ncratee thiamin metabolism and Bock the eration of Te, the ative form of tin 57-2). ‘Tham supplements might reverse some of hese effects. ‘Thiamin and Healthful Diets ‘The federal governments 2010 DetaryGuldlines far Americans mes tat "ens shutd come inary fom fod. Foods n nutvent dens, masty ntact forms canta ot enly th esntiat vitamins and mineral that ae often contained in nutrint supplant, but lo dtary Fiber and ctor naturally occuring sustancs that may have postive health ffecs. itary supplements. nay be adhantageou in space stations to erage int of «specie vain or miner [2 ‘The Dietary Guidelines for Americans cribs healthy det 35 one that + mohasians varity offs, wogstbles, whol grin, and are ola ik ami products. many we gran are good sources of tain, an yogu conta han, + Includes tan meats, pouty, seafeod, beans an pas, eas, and nuts and seo. Pork, ish and seafood are god or high sources cf thiamin. bee, beans, and seeds centain a, + Us st fas (saturated fas and tran fats, cholstrl,sl (sodium), aed sugars, and refined ears. + says witha yeu daly calor nee For more ifoemation abut bung a health et, eer to the Dietary Guidelines for americans © 2d the U5. Department f Agriculture ood guldance system, Chose 208. References 1. Said. Ton Coates Pm, Betz, lacman HR, tal, ats. Encylopedia of Dietary Supplements. 2ne od London and Now York Informa Healthcare; 2010738 53 etondort Thiamin Erman J, Macoralé lA, Zeisa Ho, Present Keowee in ution. 10th ed, vashingon, OC: Wey lace 201226175. Bemeur, Butterworth Rr. Tain ns oss AC, Cabal 8, Cosine Rd, Tucker KL, Zeger “TR, ede. acern Nutton i Health and ease, 11th a, Baltinore, MO: Lppact lane & ‘lis: 2004217 2 4, Natokna Si, Said HM high-affinity and speci carrr-medited mechanism for uptake of ‘thiamine pyrophosphate by human slnk opthlal cos, J Physl Gastrointest ver Physiol 2012303:630795. Bubwed aba 5 sll Le Bena B, Day 0, Mural, eds. Guidelines on Fao Favtcation with erent ents:. Genova: Ward Meath Oganlzatlon and Food and Agua Organization of ‘the Unites Nations; 206 4. Gibson GE, sas JP Thiamine dependent proceses and trimer stratogies in seurodegeneration. Antind dox shal 200739:105-1, [eed abstract Inetkute of eecne, fod and Nutcon Gard oletar Reference iat: Thiamin, bola, Nain, Vann Be, Folate, Vitamin 12, Patten Ai, Bla and hate, Washington, OC: Naina Adem res 1998 {Sarma S, tea T, Klonl LN. Enc fferences in prane consumption ae thoi contrbuton tot of B-tamins: results of the multitnle coher Stuy, Mar 120151265. putes stra] 9, Flgpel VL, 2, Kaas, Bally RL, Dwyer J Feats, frtfcats, and supplements here do mera get thee outrete? Nat 2044; 14%:1847 54, [Pubes bt 10, <. Department of Aiuto, Actual Research Service USDA National Nin Database forstandar Referee, Ross 27 waren Data Lakoratory home ge, 204 1 stna nutes of elt, pista Sugserent Label osabaee 20 12, sgularF, Charondlre UR, Disemund ©, Cali P, liber J, Gt Oe a Senotanine, thiamine nenaphespate choke an thiamine pyrophosphate cre, s sources of vain 8 aod fornutrtonalpurpsss to Feod supplements: clonic Opinion ofthe Fal on Food Aiton Mtson Sources aed to Fond (ANS) FSA 006 8641-21. 13, Us. Deparment of arculture, gpcitrl Research Seni, hate Eat in Amica, 208 aio. 2002, 14. Yang, Achaya K, fan6M, Marsh 0, deans. Barbet as: fit til pest the Unite Sat Am Jed 201212505, [ube abet 15, Howard Al ular O Llama G,Ensly HC Rapidly progesivo poneuropaty duo to dy vtec naman: 3 ese rar. Jd Cte Rap 2010;5408, [bbs abet 16, ES, Velez, smth, Gis, Raman 3, Gumina Ru. Carlovascular magnet resonance in wot barber J Cariovase Magn Reson 20111341 [Puited abstract] 17. Imo Mubota M, Slow, ag, Sevzava M, Karl A nceeae of serum vascular ‘ndotatl growth actors in wot rior two casa reports, Intern Md 2015515282. Pues 18, Agabio R Thiamin amination in alcohol dependant patients. Acshol Aloha 200510215 (ued setae 19, Thomson AD, Marshall The mata tory and pathophysiology of Venice's Encopalopthy and KorsakoTs Psychosis Alcohol cool 2006-41151. Buti’ abstract] 28, Thomson 0, Gurr | ral E), Te evalton and trestment of Korsakossyrome ut 21 Kaplan a0, Thonson 4D, Guar, avshal The Kasaoff syndrome: cal aspects, Peyenology ana treatent. loa alco 200;44: 1484 [Puede 12 \erd Health Organization, Thiamine Defcon and Is Peovention andl Control n Major inargencies Ganev 1995, 2, YogarL, tukies 1. The oe of low plea thiamin levels in cogntvely inaired elder patents presetog wth cute behavialdsubances. Jr Goat Soc 208;572146 8 [uomod absract 24 \kinson 7 Hanger HC, Georg PM Sainsbury Rs thiamine deicioncy in ley people related to age or co-marbii? Age and Ageing 20002116, Puied astra] 25, Ohourke Ne, Bunker 9, Thomas A, Finglas Pu, Bally AL, clayon BE. Thiamine Status of Heath an sttutonalze Elderly subjects: analysis cf Detar take and Blochenicl Ince. ge ageing 1990:19:2259,[Pubwed abstract 2, to, Yamanaka K,Sisaki eats A. A crossnvetigatin betweon thiamin deficiency and the sca condition of ederly people wh roquire nursing cre J Nt ci itaina (Tokyo) pute aba 27, long, Nguyen LT. The rl of tia ncancers posible gente aclu slang rmecaniane Cancer Genomics Protea 201310:169 25 Ped attrac) 28, Bolen, age Aoh A Tegeschi Fr, Trabattnt GR emick’ encephalopathy: ‘occurence and patogical sipact na aria of 400 Us paint, Acta Biomed Aten Parmence 199262399, [ubad abc 29. Larson TR, 1289, Wllans M errickes Encephalopathy: An Unusual Consequance ofthe ‘Acquired immune Deficiency Smnrome.Case Report an Literatur Review. Case Rep Hed 2012013709474, [bt atstact] 30, Themalley Ps, Sabasl- Jaci lll, Ratan tonsil Larkin J al. High ‘prevalence of low plasma thiamine concentration in clabetes Und toa maar of vascular ease. Dakoolgla 2007;50:2164-70, [Pubed abstract] 21, ALatae OS, AL Daght Ni, Alfagéa AA, Abd Achran SH, Sabie Sloe thiamin anit pesphate eters as asus by high prfornance iui chromatogapy: ovels and ‘ezocationsin olabete alts pins with varjngcerees of mcroabaninuts 3 -evmendy G. Evaluating thiamine decency la patients wit labtes. Ob Vase Ds Res 2006;3:120-1. fue asta ‘Saito Kimura Kochi A kana Y lod thiamine Tees utpatins with abtes rlitus. Jute el veario Toyo) 190753:28-0, [ubtindsbstact ashe ET. errcke encephalopathy after bara surgen asjstematcredlew. Aon Sug 2os;248:71420 puted strat antakos Si. Nutitona detcencls In best and after bate sage). Plat ll North ‘A 200956110521, [Do attract} Ds), Bantam Pi, Callaghan , Kru T, George S.Thismine fr prevention an trestmant of \ericke ocala syndrome in people who abuse alcoho. 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