NEEDHAM AND GERARD METHODS FOR DETERMINING CRIPPLING

STRESSES
(I) NEEDHAMS METHOD:
More recent semi-empirical methods for the determination of crippling stresses of columns were
developed by Needham and Gerard. In the Needham method, the structural member section is
divided into angle elements, as shown in Fig. 11.37. The crippling strength of these elements can
be established by theory and/or tests. The crippling failure strength of the member section then
can be determined by summing the crippling strengths of each angle element that makes up the
total section. Through extensive tests Needham arrived at the following semi-empirical equation
for the crippling stress of angle sections:
The crippling stress for the actual member section is obtained by utilizing the following equation:

(II) GERARDS METHOD:

Gerards method for calculating crippling stresses is a generalization of Needhams method. His
extensive investigation led to the formulation of three semi-empirical equations for determining
the crippling stresses in various shapes of structural members.
For sections with straight unloaded edges such as plates, tee, cruciform, and H sections, the
following crippling stress equation applies: