Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

Fifth edition
Seeley, Stephens and Tate

Chapter 6: Skeletal System, Bones

and Joints

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Slide 2.1

The Skeletal System

Components of the skeletal system
Bones (skeleton)
Joints
Cartilages
Ligaments

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Slide 5.1

The Skeletal System

Two subdivisions
Axial skeleton
Appendicular
skeleton

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Functions of Bones
Support of the body
Protection of soft organs
Movement due to attached skeletal
muscles: passive
Storage of minerals and fats
Blood cell formation
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Slide 5.2

Bones of the Human Body

The skeleton has ~206 bones
Two basic types of bone tissue
Compact bone
Dense

Spongy bone
Small needle-like
pieces of bone

Figure 5.2b

Many open spaces

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Slide 5.3

Classification of Bones
Long bones
Typically longer than wide
Have a shaft with heads at both ends
Contain mostly compact bone
Examples: Femur, humerus
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Slide 5.4a

Classification of Bones

Short bones
Generally cube-shape
Contain mostly spongy bone
Examples: Carpals, tarsals

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Slide 5.4b

Classification of Bones on the

Basis of Shape

Figure 5.1
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Slide 5.4c

Classification of Bones
Flat bones
Thin and flattened
Usually curved
Thin layers of compact bone around a layer
of spongy bone
Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
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Slide 5.5a

Classification of Bones
Irregular bones
Irregular shape
Do not fit into other bone classification
categories
Example: Vertebrae and hip

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Slide 5.5b

Classification of Bones on the

Basis of Shape

Figure 5.1
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Slide 5.5c

Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone

Diaphysis
Shaft
Made of compact bone

Epiphysis
Expanded ends of long
bones
Covered with dense bone
Internal structure is spongy
bone
Figure 5.2a
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Slide 5.6

Structures of a Long Bone

Periosteum
Outside covering of
the diaphysis
Fibrous connective
tissue membrane

Arteries
Supply bone cells
with nutrients
Figure 5.2c

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Slide 5.7

Structures of a Long Bone

Articular cartilage
Covers surface of
epiphyses
Hyaline cartilage
Decreases friction
at joint surfaces
Figure 5.2a

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Slide 5.8a

Structures of a Long Bone

Medullary cavity
Cavity in shaft
Contains yellow
marrow in adults
Contains red marrow
in infants
Figure 5.2a

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Slide 5.8b

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

Osteon (Haversian System)
A subunit of compact bone

Central (Haversian) canal

Opening in the center of an osteon
Carries blood vessels and nerves

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Slide

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

Figure 5.3

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Slide

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

Lacuna(e)
Cavities containing
osteocytes
Arranged in
concentric rings

Lamella(e)
Rings of compact
bone
Lacunae lie between
rings
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Figure 5.3

Slide

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

Canaliculi (-us)
Tiny canals
Radiate from the
central canal to
lacunae
Form a transport
system
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Figure 5.3

Slide

Types of Bone Cells

Osteocytes
Mature bone cells (bone maintenance)

Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells

Osteoclasts
Bone-destroying cells
Break down bone matrix for remodeling and
release of calcium

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Slide 5.15

Bone Growth: Endochondral

1) A cartilage model is produced by
chondrocytes
It is surrounded by perichondrium, a membrane

2) A bone collar is produced by

osteocytes
The perichondrium of the diaphysis is now termed
periosteum
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Slide

Long Bone Formation and Growth

Figure 5.4a

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Slide

Bone Growth: Endochondral

3) Chondrocytes hypertrophy (enlarge) and
cartilage is calcified
4) A primary ossification center forms
Blood vessels and osteoblasts invade the
calcified cartilage
Osteoblasts lay down bone matrix
Trabeculae are formed
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Slide

Long Bone Formation and Growth

Figure 5.4a

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Slide

Bone Growth: Endochondral

5) Around the time of birth, secondary
ossification centers form in the epiphyses
Bone formation is incomplete at birth
The skeleton is not complete until the late
teens (females) or early twenties (males)

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Slide

Long Bone Formation and Growth

Figure 5.4a

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Slide

Bone Growth: Endochondral

Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long
bone during childhood
New cartilage is continuously formed
Older cartilage becomes ossified
Cartilage is broken down
Bone replaces cartilage
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Slide

Long Bone Formation and Growth

Figure 5.4b
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Slide

Bone Growth: Endochondral

Bones are remodeled and lengthened
until growth stops
Bones change shape (how?? DNA!!!)
Bones grow in width (osteoblasts)
Bones are remodeled by osteoclasts

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Slide

Long Bone Formation and Growth

Figure 5.4a

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Slide

Changes in the Human Skeleton

In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline
cartilage
During development, much of this cartilage
is replaced by bone
Cartilage remains in:
Anterior portion of the nose
Parts of ribs
Joints
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Slide 5.12

Bone Growth: Intramembranous

Fig. 6.4

Between
membranes
Compact Bone
Spongy Bone
Trabeculae
Crosssection of a
trabecula

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Slide 5.12

Bone Formation: Intramembranous

Membranous
bones are
incomplete at birth
Fontanelles: regions of
the skull that remain
as membranes
Little fountains
Bone formation
complete by age ~2

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Fig. 6.5a

Bone Fractures
A break in a bone
Types of bone fractures
Closed (simple) fracture does not penetrate
the skin
Open (compound) fracture broken bone
penetrates through the skin

Bone fractures are treated by reduction

and immobilization
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Slide 5.16

Common Types of Fractures

Fig. 6B

Table 5.2
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Slide 5.17

Repair of Bone Fractures

Hematoma (blood clot) is formed
Break is splinted by fibrocartilage
forms a callus (chondroblasts, other
cells, and vessels)
Callus is replaced by a bone
(osteoblasts)
Bony callus is remodeled (osteoclasts)
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Slide 5.18

Repair of Bone Fractures

Fig. 6.8

Fracture Repair
Hematoma
formation (A)
Callus formation
(B)
Bone replacement
(C )

Bone remodeling
(D)
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Bone Fractures: Osteoporosis

Most common in post-menopausal women
Also occurs in males
Due to decrease in estrogen levels
Estrogen receptors on osseous tissue affect
calcium deposition
Bone becomes porous, brittle

Weight-bearing exercise, calcium

supplements, estrogen will help prevent
osteoporosis
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Slide 5.16