FiClogy |g PEARSON@T. I M E TT.LLM.E. is the national leader in test prep segment and one of the biggest oBel je! je and the most successful classroom-based entrance examination training Monagement Edveation Pt Lis, Institute in India, For more details, visit wwnv.timededucation.com ‘The aim of this publication is to supply information taken from sources believed to be valid and reliable This is not an attempt to render any type of professional advice or analysis, nor is itto be treated as such While much care has been taken to ensure the veracity and currency of the information presented within, neither the publisher nor its authors bear any responsibility for any damage arising from inadvertent omissions, negligence or inaccuracies (typographical or factual) that may have found their way into this book Copyright © Trishna Knowledge Systems, 2012 Licensees of Pearson Education in South Asia No part of this eBook may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without the publisher's prior written consent This eBook may or may not include all assets that were part of the print version, The publisher reserves the right to remove any material present in this eBook at any time ISBN 9788131772935 eISBN 9789332510159 Head Office: A-8(A), Sector 62, Knowledge Boulevard, 7th Floor, NOIDA 201 309, India Registered Office: 11 Local Shopping Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi 110017, IndiaContents Preface PARTA Learning and Assessment Zone Carter 1 Improvement in Food Resources Crarrer 2 The Fundamental Unit of Life Cuarrer3 Tissues Cuarrer 4 Diversity in Living Organisms 57-88 Cuaprer 5 Why Do We Fall III? 89-102 PART B Testing Zone 103-136 PART C Solution Manual 137-224This page is intentionally left blank.Preface Nothing succeeds like success, In today’s highly competitive world, a student has to withstand immense pressure in order to succeed. Students who aspire to get into the pre-eminent educational institutes to pursue the best courses—be it in Engineering, Medicine, Arts or Seiences—enroute to carvers at the global level, will be appearing for some of the most demanding entrance examinations and will compete with the country’s best minds for those few coveted seats, Only students with excellent performance at the school level and thorough understanding of the fundamental concepts and exceptional problem solving skills are able to clear the hnighly demanding entrance examinations The “Class Companion” series of books are designed {o provide students with a comprehensive understanding of fundamental concepts, teach them application of these concepts and develop their problem-solving skills ‘The objective of the ‘Class Companions’ is to ensure that the student is able to get a fundamental understanding of Mathematics, and Science and thereby master the complete spread of concepts and applications in the regular school syllabus, The books are designed to generate interest for the subject in the minds of the students and encourage them to ask questions so that in the process of answering, they develop a grip on the subject Irrespective of the field of study that the student may choose to take up later, it is important to understand that Mathematics and Science form the basis for most modern day activities, Hence, it is imperative for each student to have a sound conceptual grounding in Mathematics and Science, and to perform well in these subjects at school, A lack of proper understanding in these subjects would not only limit the capacity of student to solve complex problemsto score well in the examinations but may also, thereby, lessen his chances to make it into top noteh institutes which provide quality education and ensure a secure future This book 1s intended to serve as a source of learning that supplements the schoo! curriculum and provides that ‘extra’ which will form the back bone of the student's preparation for the school examinations as well as for the range of competitive exams that would follow While we have placed special focus, in these books, on the CBSE curriculum, we have dealt with the subjects in a manner that will be of relevance, and effective support, to those appearing for the examinations of other boards, and competitive examinations as well. The books have been designed with three parts—A, B and C. Part A consists of theory and related practice exercises, with about 50 questions in each chapter. These exercises have questions with varied difficulty levels from easyvi Preface to difficult; and in types varying from very short answer type of questions to essay answer type of questions. The exercises also include the “reason why” type of questions, Part B is the testing zone. A number of tests have been provided. These test consist of chapter wise tests (assessment tests), cumulative tests and model tests. A student will thus get adequate practice in these tests before he writes the actual tests, Part C contains detailed solutions. These solutions are very useful in helping students frame their answers in the actual examination. It is recommended that, even if a student has got the answer, he should still glance at the explained solutions so that he will have an idea of how to present solutions in the actual examination. A distinctive feature of this book is that it is not written by any single individual, unlike most other reference books found in the market. It is in fact written by a team of well qualified faculty members who are all very experienced in teaching sound fundamentals and their applications at ‘Triumphant Institute of Management Education Pvt. Ltd, as well as in developing high quality study material for school students. The essence of the combined knowledge of such an experienced team is what lies in your hands, We are sure that you will find the books very useful in the preparation for your examinations. The Editorial Team Trishna Knowledge SystemsPART A Learning and Assessment ZoneThis page is intentionally left blank.CHAPTER 1 Improvement in Food Resources CONCEPT TREE Improvement in crop yield and variety Crop production management Crop protection management Porte ‘Animal husbandry Poultry farming Fisheries Bee-leeping KNOWLEDGE BINDERS Improvement in crop yields Crop protection management Khari crop and rabi crop 3 Crop variety improvement Objectives of crop variety Poultry farming Fisheries Bee-keeping improvement 2 Crop production management 0000004 Improvement in Food Resources INTRODUCTION Food is one of the basic necessities of human beings. Increese in human population has increased the need for food. Therefore, it is necessary to increase food production. Efforts to increase food produc- tion led to green revolution, which contributed to increased food grain production, White revolution also led to the better availability and efficient use of milk. These revolutions exploited natural re- sources to a great extent and resulted in environmental problems. Hence, there should be sustainable practices in agriculture and animal husbandry to increase food production. Scientific management practices should be undertaken to obtain high yields from farms IMPROVEMENT IN CROP YIELDS Important erops cultiveted in India Cereals Wheat, rice, maize, millets and sorghum Pulses Gram, pea, black gram, green gram, pigeon pea, lentil Soyabean, around nut, sesame, castor, mustard, linseed and Oil seeds sunflower Along with these food crops sugar cane and fodder crops like berseem, oat or sudan grass are also cultivated in different parts of India. Besides these vegetables, fruits and spices are also cultivated Kharif crops and Rabi crops In India, crops which are grown in rainy season from the month of June to October are called the kharif crops. Paddy, soyabean, pigeon pea, maize, cotton, green gram and black gram are kharif erops. Crops which are grown in the winter season from November to April are called rabi crops. Wheat, gram, pear, mustard and linseed are rabi crops. Nutrients provided by foods Cereals Carbohydrates, Pulses Proteins Oil seeds Fats Vitamins and minerals in addition to carbohydrates, Fruits and vegetabl bidet terete proteins and fats Increase in food grain production in India has been possible by introducing new farming prac- tices These new practices are introduced at three stages in farming and seed selection, nurturing the crop, plants and protecting the ground and harvested crops, Thus, the major groups of activities for improving crop yields can be classified as (i) Crop variety improvement Gi) Crop production improvement Gii) Crop protection managementImprovement in Food Resources 5 (i) Crop variety improvement This is an approach to produce new crop variety that can give a good yield. This is achieved through breeding techniques and is called plant breeding ws Plant breeding is the production of improved and new crop varieties that are superior to the existing varieties in many characters. Methods of crop improvement (a) Hybridization Hybridisation can be defined as the method of producing new crop varieties by crossing two genet cally different parents, According to the nature and relationship of plants to be crossed, the proce divided into (1) Intervarietal hybridization: Cross made between plants of two different varieties. (2) Interspecific hybridization: Cross made between plants of two species of the same genus (3) Intergeneric hybridization: Cross made between plants of two different genera (b) Genetic engineering This is @ modem technique in the field of plant variety improvement, In this technique, a desired gene which imparts a superior character to the crops is introduced to the plants. This results in genetically modified crops Afier producing a new improved crop variety, this is subjected to a series of tests to ensure high yield, disease resistance, environment tolerance ete. Then good quality seeds are distributed to the farmers for cultivation. Objectives of crop variety improvement (1) To increase the yield of plant products (2) To improve the quality of food crops, like baking quality in wheat, protein quality in pulses, oil quality in oil seeds and preserving quality in fruits and vegetables (3) To produce variety that is resistant to fungal and bacterial diseases, insects and pests ete (4) To produce variety resistant to environmental stresses like drought, salinity, water logging, heat, cold and frost. (5) To change the duration of crop maturation as per the need, Uniform maturity makes the harvest- ing process easy and reduces losses during harvesting. (6) To develop varieties that can be grown in different climatic conditions in different areas (7) To develop varieties with desirable agronomic characteristics for higher productivity. Tallness and profuse branching are desirable agronomic characters for fodder crops, Dwarfness is a de- sirable character for cereal crops.6 Improvement in Food Resources (ii) Crop production management Producing high yielding variety of the crop and introducing it into field does not ensure high yield For high yield, different farming practices and agricultural technologies have to be implemented. There -relation between farmer's capacity to invest money in agriculture and yields. These production practices can be at different levels — ‘no cost’ production, “low cost” production and *high cost” production. Crop production management includes nutrient management, irrigation and cropping patterns. (@) Nutrientmanagement Nutrients are supplied to plants by air, water and soil. There are sixteen nutrients required by plants Three nutrients namely carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are supplied by air and water and the rest are provided by the soil, Of the thirteen nutrients that the plants attain from soil, six are required in large quantities and seven in small quantities and ere known as mactonutris {sand micronutrients respectively. Deficiency of these nutrients affects the physiological processes of plants and leads to deficiency diseases, Soil nutrient deficiency is overcome by adding manure and fi ilizers. Macronutrients Micronutrients Nitrogen Iron Phosphorous Zine Potassium Manganese Calcium Boron Sulphur Molybdenum Magnesium Chlorine copper Manure Manure enriches the soil with organic matter and nutrients. It is prepared by the decomposition of biological waste materials like plant waste and animal excreta. Manuring increases water holding capacity of sandy soil and avoids water logging in clayey soil. Using manures is environment friendly because it reduces the excessive use of chemical fertilizers. Manure is classified into two types based on the biological waste material used. i. Compost and vermi compost Biological waste materials used here are farm waste material like crop waste, animal excreta along with vegetable refuse, domestic waste, eradicated weeds ete. Decomposition of these waste materials in pits is known as composting. The mass rich in organic matter and nutrients produced after decom- position is compost. If earthworms are used to hasten the process of decomposition, then it is vermi composting and the matter obtained is vermi compost.Improvement in Food Resources 7 ii. Green manure In crop fields plants like sun hemp are grown and prior to the sowing of seeds, these plants are uproot- ed by ploughing and made to mix with the soil. These plants turn into green manure by decomposition and enrich the soil with organic matter nitrogen and phosphorous ili. Fertilizers Fertilizers are commercially produced chemical compounds rich in phosphorous, nitrogen and po- tassium, Fertilizers have to be applied very carefully because excessive use of fertilizers affects soil fertility and leads to water pollution. Application of fertilizers to soil gives quick results by increasing production. Disadvantages of using chemical fertilizers 1, Chemical fertilizers are expensive. Application of fertilizers causes water pollution Micro-organisms in soil are killed. RwP Fertilizers affect natural soil fertility ww Using of fertilizers provides only short term benefits, w Organic farming is a farming system with minimal or no use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides or weedicides and maximum use of organic manures, bio fertilizers and bio pest cides with healthy cropping systems. Examples of Organic manure ~ reeycled form waste (compost) Bio fertilizer —culture of blue green algae Bio pesticide ~ Neem leaves and turmeric (0) Irigation Indian agricultural sector largely depends on monsoon rains. Hence failure of monsoons leads to crop failure. To overcome this situation, proper irrigation methods have been adapted. Different kinds of irrigation methods are there, depending on the water resources available These include dug wells, tube wells, canals, river lift systems and tanks. Water lying deep inside the earth is made available by digging wells, Tanks ect as water reservoirs, Canals also receive water from reservoirs and through distributaries water is made available for irrigation. River lift systems draw water directly from the rivers for irrigation. Recently evolved techniques like rain water harvesting and water shed manage~ ment increase availability of water for agriculture. This also increases ground water levels and reduces soil erosion. (c) Cropping pattems Different ways of cropping patterns can be used for better nutrient availability and controlling insects, pests and weeds8 Improvement in Food Resources Mixed cropping: Growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land. This is done to reduce the risk of failure of one of the crops. Wheat and gram, wheat and mustard, ground nut and sunflower are grown together in mixed cropping. Inter cropping: Growing two or more ctops simultaneously on the same field in a definite pattern Crops are planted in rows alternating with each other. The crops selected for inter cropping will have different nutrient requirement. Thus, definite pattern of planting crops ensures better nutrient utiliza- tion and prevents the risk of diseases and pests spreading in the whole field. This way, the crops can give better retums. Planting soya bean with maize and finger millet with coco pea are examples of inter cropping Crop rotation: Growing of different crops on a piece of land in a pre-planned succession is crop rotation, The availability of water and irrigation facilities decides the crops used for crop rota- tion, An example for crop rotation is planting legumes in a rice field after harvest. Legume plants are found to enrich the soil with nitrogen compounds which is beneficial for the next round of rice cultivation, (iii) Crop protection management Field crops are facing threat by a large number of weeds, insects, pests and diseases, Proper control of these is necessary for better yield Weeds are unwanted plants growing in the cultivated land, Weeds can be controlled by mechani- cal removal or using weedicides. Proper seed bed management, timely sowing of crops, intereropping and crop rotation also help in weed control Pests attack the plants by cutting plant parts, sucking cell sap from plant parts and boring seeds and fruits. Pests are controlled by spraying chemical pesticides. But this causes environmental pollu- tion, Other preventive measures are using bio pesticides and resistant varieties of crops Bacteria, fungi and viruses cause various diseases to crop plants. This can be controlled by using fungicides, insecticides ete , and also by using disease-resistant plant varieties Storage of grains Increase in grain production creates the problem of proper storage. Inadequate storage measures re- sults in loss of grains. The biotic factors causing these losses are attacks by insects, rodents, fungi, re the biotic factors mites and bacteria. Inappropriate moisture and temperatures at the warehot for grain loss Measures to prevent grain loss (1) Cleaning the grain (2) Proper drying of the grains first in sunlight and then in shade (3) Fumigation using chemicals that can kill pests. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY Animal husbandry is the scientific management of livestock. Animal husbandry deals with the care . goats ete, It also and breeding of livestock like buffaloes, cows, pigs, horses, cattle, sheep, camelImprovement in Food Resources 9 includes poultry farming and fisheries. The increasing demand for producis like milk, meat and eggs forced to introduce new techniques in animal husbandry to achieve improvement in quality and productivity Cattle farming Cattle are raised as livestock for meat, milk, leather and as draught animals. In India, two different species of cows (Bos indicus) and bulfaloes (Bos bubalis) are raised for the benefit of humans. Milk producing female cattle are milch animals or dairy animals, The cattle used for farm labour are called draught animals. Milk production depends on the duration of lactation period after giving birth to acalf, Increasing the duration of lactation period enhances milk production. This is achieved by cross breeding Indian cattle variety with foreign or exotic variety. Indian local breeds like Red Sindhi, Sahwal show good disease resistance, while foreign breeds like Jersey, Brown Swiss have long lactation periods, The two characters are brought together by cross breeding there varieties. Shelter facilities for cattle Cattles are kept under well ventilated, roofed sheds to protect them from rain, heat and cold, The floor of the shed is sloped to facilitate cleaning and to keep it always dry. Proper cleaning of the shed is, important for the health of the animals and for the production of clean milk. Feed for dairy animals Dairy cattle require feed for growth and milk production. It is important to provide a balanced and sufficient diet for optimal and high quality production, Animal feed includes roughage mainly green fodder nch in fibre and concentrate, cereals and millets rich in proteins and carbohydrates. Beside these oil cakes and feed additives rich in micronutrients are also given. Water is also provided in r quired amounts. Diseases Cattle suffer from a number of diseases caused by intemal parasites and extemal parasites. External parasites cause skin diseases. Internal parasites like worms affect stomach and intestine and flukes affect liver. Infectious diseases are caused by bacteria and viruses. Vaccination against infectious diseases is given to farm animals. Anthrax, Brycellosis and black leg are bacterial diseases in cattle. Foot and mouth disease is a viralinfection. ‘Mad cow disease or Bovine Spongifoem encephalopathy Is a deadly disease affecting brain and spinal cord ofcaitle. The disease is caused by a viral protein prion. This disease is transmit- ted from cattle to human being. An out break of this disease in 2008 had killed several people in Britain, US and different parts of the world.10 Improvement in Food Resources POULTRY FARMING Poultry farming is the practice of raising poultry such as chicken, turkeys, ducks and goose for the purpose of meat or egg for food. Cross breeding techniques are practiced in poultry farming to produce new varieties with improved qualities. An example is breeding between Aseel (Indian chicken) and Leghorn (foreign chicken) to produce a hybrid with following desirable characters (i) increased oumber and enhanced quality of chicks chick production Gi) dwarf broiler parent for commerci: (iii) tolerance to high temperature (iv) low maintenance requirements (v) reduction in the size of egg laying bird with ability to utilise more fibrous cheaper diets made from agricultural by products Poultry feed The birds are fed with grains, nut mixtures and green food. Broiler chickens are fed with vitamin-tich, protein-rich and fat-rich food for better growth rate. Lime stone is also added in the food of birds for making egg shells. Adequate amount of water is provided. The level of Vit A and Vit K is kept high in the poultry feeds Diseases Poultry fowl suffer from diseases caused by virus, bacteria, fungi and parasites Proper cleaning sanitation and disinfecting the poultry farm is necessary to prevent diseases, Vaccination is also done to prevent occurrence of infectious diseases. Coccidiosis, scaly leg, mycoplasma infections, botulism, infectious bronchitis, fowl cholera etc, are difierent bacterial and viral diseases affecting poultry. Bird's fu or Avian influenzais a deadly disease affecting poultry. Its infectious agent is Avian influenza virus, an influenza A virus. This disease is spread to humans. There was an out break of bird's flu in West Bengal in 2008. FISHERIES Fishes are very important to us as they form a rich source of protein full diet. Fish also yield liver oil rich in Vitamin D. Fishes are obtained from natural resources called capture fishing or by fish farming called culture fishery ‘The water resource of the fish ean be sea water or fresh water. Fishing can be done both by capture and culture of fish in marine and fresh water ecosystems (i) Marine fisheries Marine fish are caught using fishing nets and boats, Large shoals of fish in open sea are located with the help of satellites and echo-sounders now-2-days. Pomphret, mackerel, tuna, sardines and Bombay duck are popular marine fish varieties. As marine fish stocks are depleting at a fast rate, marine fish of high economic value are cultured in sea water. Such cultures of fishes are calledImprovement in Food Resources W mariculture, Finned fishes like mullets, pearl spots and shell fish such as prawns, mussels and oysters are also farmed, Oysters are also cultivated for pearl, Gi) Inland fisheries Obtaining fish from fresh water resources like ponds, canals and rivers and brac! like estuaries and lagoons includes inland fisheries. Since the yield of fish though capture fishing is waler resources very low in these resources, aqua culture is done for fish production. Fish culture is sometimes done in combination with a rice crop. Fishes are grown in water in the paddy field (iii) Composite fish culture system A combination of five or six fish species are cultured in a single fish pond. The selected species will be having different food habits. Hence they do not compete for food, The food availability in all parts of the pond is used, For example, culturing Catla which are surface feeders, Rohus which feed in the middle zone of the pond, Mrigals and common earps which are bottom feeder and grass carps which feed on weeds in a single pond is composite fish culture ‘The major problem of such culture is the lack of pure fish seed for culturing. This has been over- come by breeding fishes in ponds by hormonal stimulation BEE KEEPING Bee keeping is the maintenance of hives of honey bees for the production of honey. Honey is a food of high nutritive value and also finds use in medicine. Honeybees also produce beewax, used in prepara- tion of medicines, cosmetics and polishes. Bee-keeping can be practiced in any area where there are sufficient bee pastures of wild shrubs, fruit orchards and cultivated crops. Varieties of bees used for commercial honey production are Apiscerana indica (Indian bee), Apis dorsata (rock bee) and Apis florae (little bee). An Italian bee variety, Apis mellifera is widely used because of its high honey pro- duction. For commercial honey production, farmers establish bee farms or apiaries, ‘The value quality and taste of honey depends upon the pasturage or the flowers available for nectar and Pollen collection & ADDITIONAL POINTS Green revolution: Increase in food grain production Norman Borlaug is the father of green revolution, DrM.S. Swaminathan is the father of green revolution in India. White revolution: Increase in the production of milk and milk products. D Verghese Kurian is the father of white revolution in India Blue revolution: Inerease in the production of fish due to new technologies in fish farming. Agriculture: Cultivation of crop plants. Horticulture: A branch of agriculture that deals with growing of vegetables, fruits and oma- mental plants. Olericulture: Cultivation of vegetables. © Apiculture: Rearing of honey bee on large seale12 eee eceee Improvement in Food Resources Aquaculture: Cultivation of aquatic organisms under controlled conditions. Pisculture: Raising fish commercially in tanks and enclosures usually for food. Silviculture: method of maintaining forests Sericulture: rearing of silk worms ‘Two nitrogenous chemical fertilizers are urea and ammonium phosphate. Two chemical pesticides are Malathion and BHC ‘Two weedicides are 2, 4-D and MCDA. Biofertilizers are biologically active products or bacteria, algae and fungi which are useful in bringing about soil nutrient enrichment Bacillus thurungiensis a bacterium is a gene Bt gene produces a toxin Bt toxin against in- sects. It is used as a biopesticide POINTS TO REMEMBER There are sixteen nutrients required by plants, Thirteen nutrients that the plants attain from soil, six are required in large quantities and seven in small quantities and are known as macronutrients and micronutrients respectively Organie farming is a farming system with minimal or no use of chemical fertilizers, pesti- cides, insecticides or weedicides and maximum use of organic manures, bio fertilizers and bio pesticides with healthy cropping systems, ‘Mixed cropping refers to growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land Inter cropping involves growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same field in a definite pattern Crop rotation refers to growing of different crops on a piece of land in a pre-planned suc- cession is crop rotation. Crop variety improvement is an approach to produce new crop variety thai can give a good yield, This is achieved through various plant breeding techniques such as hybridisation, genetic engineering etc. Animal husbandry is the scientific management of livestock in terms of its care and breeding Through animal husbandry, improvement in quality and productivity of milk, meat and eggs is achieved Poultry farming is the practice of raising poultry such as chicken, turkeys, ducks and goose for the purpose of meat or egg for food. Cross breeding techniques are practiced to produce new varieties with improved qualities. Fishes are obtained from natural resources called capture fishing or by fish farming ealled culture fishery Marine fish are caught using fishing nets and boats, Pomphuet, mackerel, tuna, sardines and Bombay duck are popular marine fish varieties Obiaining fish from fresh water resources like ponds, canals and rivers and brackish water resources like estuaries and lagoons includes inland fisheries. In composite fish culture system, a combination of five or six fish species are cultured in a single fish pondImprovement in Food Resources 3 Formative Assessment Links QUICK RESPONSE QUESTIONS 1, Fillin the blanks (i) Crops grownin rainy season from the month of June to Octoberis called crops. (ii) The technique of introducing a desired gene with superior character into an organ- ismis called : (iii) Rearing of honey bees on large scale for the commerdal production of honey is called 2. Say whether the following statements are true’ or false! (i) Growth of plants and flowering of plants are independent of sunlight. (ii) Deficiency of nutrients causes deficiency diseases in plants. (ii) Breeding techniques are used to produce improved varieties of plants only. 3. Namethree cereals. 4, Name three oil seed crops of india. 5. Nametwo fodder crops. 6. Namesome rabi crops. 7. What are genetically modified crops? 8. What do you mean by organic farming? 9. What is mariculture? 10. What are the advantages of healthy cropping patterns? BREIF RESPONSE QUESTIONS 1. Differentiate micro and macronutrients. 2. What are the nutrients that we get from cereals, pulses, vegetables and fruits? 3. What are the factors which result in losses of grains during storage? 4, How are the dairy animals fed? Explain. 5. What are the objectives of crop variety improvement?4 Improvement in Food Resources ATTEMPT SHORT NOTES 1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using chemical fertilizers? 2. Differentiate mixed cropping and intercropping. 3. Write a short note on bee keeping. 4. What is hybridization? Whatare the different types of hybridization? 5. What do you mean by animal husbandry? How does this benefit farmers?Improvement in Food Resources 15 SSS Worksheet sss—1 1. Whatis green revolution? 2. Name three cereals crops of India 3. Namesome food crops which yield fat. 4. What do you mean by fodder? 5. What is the importance of sunlight for plants? 6. What are rabi crops? 7. What are the different levels of production practices according to farmers purchasing capacity? 8. What are draught animals? 9. What is capture fishing? 10. What is an apiary? sss—2 1. What are the different requirements of farming for improved production? 2. What are the different steps involved in improving food crop production? 3. What do you mean by composing and vermicomposting? 4. Mention the different ways by which weeds, pests and infectious diseases are con- trolled in cultivated crops. 5. How do we loose stored grains and how can it be controlled? sss—3 1. Write a short note on water resources and irrigation methods adopted in India for agri- culture, 2. How is honey commercially produced? What are the uses of honey? 3. What is soil fertility? What are the different ways by which soil fertility is increased for crop improvement? 4. What are some basic principles of crop production? 5. Write a short note on poultry farming.16 Improvement in Food Resources Skill Building Exercise Level 1 1. What is integrated farming practice? 2. Eating pulses is good for growing children. Why? 3. What are essential nutrients? 4. Mention the various means of transport of plant pathogens. 5. What are milch animals? 6. Name an indigenous and exotic poultry breed. 7. Define livestock. 8. Namean Italian bee variety used in apiculture, 9. What is the use of satellites and echo sounders in fishing? 10. Name two shellfish. Level 2 1. Differentiate manure and fertilizers. 2. What are weeds? Give two examples. 3. Mention the three ways by which insect pests attack crop plants. 4. How do you differentiate between capture fishing, aquaculture, mariculture and pisci- culture? 5. Why does a farmer rotate crops ina field? Level 3 1. Mention about the different cropping patterns used to improve production. 2. What is animal husbandry? Wha the significance of animal husbandry? 3. Write a short note on plant nutrition. 4. Why is cattle farming done? What are the methods used for improving yield from cattle? 5. What are the differentiating features of marine fishing and inland fishing?CHAPTER 2 The Fundamental Unit of Life CONCEPT TREE Celltheory Different cell organelles Discovery of different Cells cell organelles Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells KNOWLEDGE BINDERS 2 Unicellular and multicellular organisms Q_Lysozymes O Celitheory 2 Mitochondria © Cellmembrane or plasma membrane 2 Plastids O Cellwall 2 Vacuoles QO Gytoplasm or cytosol 2 Discoveries of different organelles 2 Nucleus > Diffrence between prokaryotic and 2 Endoplasmic reticulum eukaryotic cells 0. Golgi apparatus18 The Fundamental Unit of Life INTRODUCTION Life processes takes place in all living organisms. Cell, the basic building block of the body is respon- sible for all life processes. The discovery of electron microscope helped much in revealing the siruc~ ture of cell. All the living organisms that we observe around are made up of cells, The word “cell” was first coined by Robert Hooke in 1665. He saw many small compartments in a thin slice of cork under his microscope and named them ‘cellulae’ meaning cells. UNICELLULAR AND MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS The body of unicellular organisms is composed of a single cell. Example, Amoeba, paramecium, Bac- teria, Chlamydomonas, Yeast EYE PLECE ay BODY TUBE I COARSE ADJUSTMENT FINE ADJUSTMENT a ARM, NOSE PIECE , OBJECTIVES CONDENSOR MIRROR FIGURE 2.2 Cells of an Onion PeelThe Fundamental Unit of Life 19 ‘The body of multicellular organisms is composed of numerous cells. Example, Plants, Animals ‘The temporary mount of onion peels shows the small basic building units of the onion bulb. The: structures are called cells. We can observe these structures under low power followed by high power of a compound microscope CELL THEORY Proposed by M.J Schleiden and Theodore Schwann, Later cell theory was modified by Rudolf Virchow. ‘The body of all living organisms are made up of cells, Allcelis arise from pre-existing cells (Omnis cellula-e-cellula), Robert Hooke discovered cell in 1665. Anton Van Lecuwenhoek in 1674 discovered the free living eells in pond water with the help of improved microscope Robert Brown in 183] discovered “Nueleus’ in the cell MJ Schleiden in 1838 observed that plant body is made up of cells. theodore Schwann in 1839 reported that animal body is made up of cells Rudolf Virchow in 1855 found out that new cells onginate only from pre-existing cells. Purkinje in 1839 coined the term ‘protoplasm’ for the fluid substance of the ell sec cee eeeee Robert Hooke published his research findings in his book * Micrographia’ The simple microscope was invented by Galileo and first microscope was made by Robert Hooke. a Father of cell Biology - Theodore Schwann. ‘The size and shape of cells vary in relation to specific functions Cells like Amoeba have changing shapes where as nerve cells have a typical shape ®& @°? Blood cells Smooth mucie cell * i Bone cell Flat cell Ny Nerve cell Sperm ~ FIGURE 2.3 Various cells from the human body20 The Fundamental Unit of Life ADDITIONAL POINTS Smallest cell — Mycoplasma Largestcell =~ Ostrich Egg Longestcell = = Nerve cell ANIMAL CELL VACUOLE Gola! BODY {-— SMooTH ENDOPLASNIC RETICULAM }— NUCLEAR MEMBRANE NUCLEOLUS MITOCHONDRIA MITOCHONDRIA PLASMA MEMBRANE ~ LYSOSOMES FIGURE 2.4 Structural Organisation of a Eukaryotic Cell PLASMA MEMBRANE OR CELL MEMBRANE The boundary of the cytoplasm or the outermost covering of the cell that separates the contents of the cell from its external environment is called plasma membrane or cell membrane, Plasma membrane is a selectively permeable membrane because it allows only certain molecules to enter or leave the cell Substances like carbon dioxide or oxygen can move across the cell membrane by a process called diffusion. Diffus to region of smaller concentration, on isa slow process in which substances move from region of higher concentrationThe Fundamental Unit of Life 21 ‘Osmosis is the term used to refer specifically to the diffusion of water from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration through a semi permeable membrane. ‘The behaviour of the plant cells or tissues with regard to Water movement depends on the surround ing solution. If the extemal solution is more dilute than the cytoplasm, it is hypotonic and if the ex ternal solution is more concentrated, itis hypertonic. Cells swell in hypotonic solutions nd shrink in hy- pertonic solutions. If the medium has exactly the same water concentration as the cell, there will be no net movement of water across the cell membrane, Such a solution is known as an isotonic solution Plasmolysis occurs when Water moves out of the cell and the cell membrane of a plant cell shrinks away fiom it’s cell wall ws Fluid Mosaic Model of Plasma Membrane Proposed by S.J. Singer and 6. | Nicolsonin 1972. According to this model, the membranes consist ofa bilayer of phospholipids and proteins. The flexibility of the cell membrane enables the cell to engulf food and other materials from its external environment. Such processes are known as endocytosis. E.g, Amoeba ®D) Vis lacks membranes and hence do not show characteristics of life. When enter into a foreign body it uses the cell machinery to multiply. CELL WALL The outermost non-living boundary of cells of bacteria, fungi, algae and plants is known as the cell wall, Cell wall is made up of cellulose and it lies outside the plasma membrane Plant cells can withstand greater changes in the surrounding medium than animal cells due to the presence of cell wall, Cell wall of plants withstands very dilute external media without bursting and the cells tend to take up water by osmosis. The cell swells, building up pressure against the cell wall and the wall exerts an equal pressure against the swollen cell. © Cell wall gives the characteristic shape to the cells. © Cell wall gives rigidity and support to the tissues and organs of the plant body CYTOPLASM OT CYTOSOL © The fluid content inside the plasma membrane is the cytoplasm. It contains many specialized cell organelles, © Cytoplasm present just below the plasma membrane is called ectoplasm. © Cytoplasm which is internal is called endoplasm. © Cytoplasm contains water, minerals, sugars, amino acids, vitamins, proteins, enzymes ete.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.The Fundamental Unit of Life 23 ‘MEMBRANE BIOGENESIS Some of the proteins and lipids produced in endoplasmic reticulum help in building cell mem- brane. This process isknown as membrane biogenesis. Golgi apparatus or Lipochondria © The Golgi complex was discovered by Camillo Golgi in 1898 Due to high lipid content it is called as ipochondria © Golgi complex consists of three regions. (i) Flattened Sac or Cisternae (ii) Tubules and Vesicles (ii) Large golgian vacuoles Functions © Golgi apparatus are associated with packaging and despatching of materials to various targets inside and outside the cell © Complex sugars are made from simple sugars in Golgi apparatus © Fomnation of lysosomes. Lysosomes © Lysosomes are discovered by Christian De Duve in 1949, © Lysosomes are called suicidal bags. It helps to clean the cell by digesting the foreign materials With the help of hydrolytic enzymes. Sometimes it dissolves its own cell. © These hydrolytic enzymes are made by rough endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondria © Discovered by Flemming and Kolliker in 1882. © The energy required for various chemical activities needed for life is released by mitochondria in the form of ATP [Adenosine Triphosphate]. So it is called as the power house of the cell @ = =Mitochondrion is a double membrane bound structure. The space between the outer and inner membrane is called perimitochondrial space © The outer membrane is very porous while the inner membrane is deeply folded called as cristae Cristac create large surface area. ww STRANGE ORGANELLES Mitochondria have their own DNA and ribosomes. It can make some of their own proteins. So mitochondria are called as strange organelles. Functions © Site of cellular respiration © Involved in photorespiration © Calcium ion accumulation takes place in mitochondria dung bone formation.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.The Fundamental Unit of Life 27 Diffusion is a slow process in which substances move from region of higher concentration to region of smaller concentration. ‘Osmosis is the term used to refer specifically to the diffusion of water from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration through a semi permeable membrane Plant cells can withstand greater changes in the surrounding medium than animal cells due to the presence of cell wall. ‘The fluid content inside the plasma membrane is the cytoplasm. It contains many special- ised cell organelles ‘The controlling centre of all vital activities in the cell is nucleus. ‘Two types of endoplasmic reticulum have been reported: Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER). Golgi apparatus are associated with packaging and despatching of materials to various targets inside and outside the cell Lysosomes are called suicidal bags. It helps to clean the cell by digesting the foreign materi- als with the help of hydrolytic enzymes ‘The energy required for various chemical activities needed for life is released by mitochon- dria in the form of ATP [Adenosine Triphosphate]. So it is called as the power house of the cell Membrane bound organelles are absent in prokaryotic cellsaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.The Fundamental Unit of Life 31 Level 1 1 2 10. Who examined the living cells for first time? Give examples for two prokaryotic cells. Name the largest cell of human body. What is diffusion? Write down the main function of Ribosome. Name three different types of plastids. Why mitochondria are called as power house of cell? What will happen toa cell ifits nucleus is removed? Give examples for single celled organisms. Which cell organelle is called suicidal bag? Level 2 1s Write down the functions of the following plastids. (@) Chromoplast (b) Chloroplast (0) Leucoplast What is the functional unit of life? Define it Mention the most important functions of the following cell organelles (a) Endoplasmic reticulum (b) Ribosomes () Golgi complex (d) Mitochondria Differentiate between plant cell and animal cell. What are ribosomes? Explain.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Tissues 35 (b) Intercalary meristem Intercalary meristem is the left out portions of the apical meristems that get separated by the differen- tiation of permanent tissues, It is found at the base of the leaves or intemodes or on twigs (c) Lateral Meristem Lateral meristems are located along the lateral sides of stems and roots. The girth of the stem or root inereases due to lateral meristem. APICAL MERISTEM, 22] —— INTERCALARY MERISTEA LATERAL MERISTEM LOCATION OF MERISTEMATICTISSUEIN PLANT BODY FIGURE 3.1 Based on origin, meristems are of three types: (a) Promeristem: Meristem found in embryo (b) Primary meristem: Meristem originates from promeristem (c) Secondary meristem: Meristem originates from the permanent tissue Based on plane of division, meristems are of three types: (a) Rib meristem: Meristem, divides in one plane (b) Plate meristem: Meristem in which the cells divide in two planes (©) Mass meristem: All the cells are meristematic and divide in all planesaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Tissues 39 Additional points Different types of collenchyma are: Angular collenchyma: ‘The thickenings are present at the angles. wre Lamellate Collenchyma: The thickenings are on the tangential walls. Lecunate Collenchyma: ‘The thickenings are found on the walls bordering intercellular spaces Sclerenchyma © Dead, thick walled simple permanent tissue, * Cell walls are thickened due to the deposition of lignin. * This tissue is present in stems, leaf veins and in the hard covering of seedsand nuts. SCLERENCHYMA FIBRE cs. Ls. NARROW. LUMEN LIGNIFIED THICKWALL FIGURE 3.7 Sclerenchyma Fibre Functions of sclerenchyma 1, Sclerenchyma provides mechanical support to the plant body 2. Sclerenchyma protects the plant from various strains and stresses of environmental forces, Additional points ‘Two types of Sclerenchyma are: Fibres: Long flexible cells 1 ociated with xylem and phloem 2. Sclerids: Highly thie ened cells. Occur in nut shells, fruit pulps ete. Protective tissues * Protective tissues include epidermis and cork.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Tissues 45 Columnar epithelium * Cells are polygonal and pillar like with oval shaped nuclei. * Columnar epithelium found mostly where absorption and secretion occur, as in the inner lining of the intestine, respiratory tract ete. Ciliated columnar epithelium The columnar epithelial tissue also has hair like projections on the outer surfaces of epithelial cells called cilia These cilia can move, and their movement pushes the mucus forward to clear it. —— ia BASAL GRANULE COLUMNAR CELL NUCLEUS FIGURE 3.14 Ciliated Epithelium Cuboidal epithelium © Cells are polygonal and cuboidal with centric and rounded nudei. * Cuboidal epithelial cells form the lining of kidney tubules and duets of salivary glands. * Cuboidal epithelium provides mechanical support and selective reabsorption of useful materials, CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM FIGURE 3.1546 Tissues Glandular epithelium «These are cuboidal gland cells. © Main function is secretion of useful substances. Connective tissue # It isa tissue that joins, supports and holds other ti # Itformsa structural frame work for many organs. * Plays arole in body defence, tissue repair, fat storage and transmission of materials to other tissues. * Most abundant type of tissue by weight. + Charecterised by the presence of large amount of matrix. sues together Different types of connective tissues are there. They are Blood * Blood consists of plasma, red blood corpuscles, white blood corpuscles and platelets. w Red Blood Corpuscles are circular, biconcave and enucleated in mammals, carry 0, and CO, White Blood Corpusckes are nucleated, have granular or non-granularcytoplasm, and defend the body. Platelets helps in Blood clotting. Blood flows and transports gases, digested food, hormones and waste materials to and from differ- ent parts of the body. Erythrocyte Neugrophil Eosinophil Basophil © 0 oo & % Lymphocyte ‘Monocyge Platelets FIGURE 3.16 Different types of Corpuscles (Blood cells)aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Tissues 51 e POINTS TO REMEMBER In multicellular organisms, the cells group and coordinate to perform a specific function and this group of cells is called a tissue. Mest of the plant cells are dead which provide mechanical strength and need less mainte~ nance. On the basis of dividing capacity, plant tissues are of two types: Meristematic Tissues and Permanent Tissues. Meristematic tissues consist of immature cells which has division power through out their life Permanent tissue develops by the differentiation of meristematic cells. Permanent tissues are of two types: Simple permanent tissues and complex permanent tis~ sues Mest common type of simple permanent tissue found in almost all plant parts is the paren- chyma, Parenchyma cells contain chloroplast. These cells are meant for photosynthesis. Collenchyma gives mechanical support to the plant organs, Xylem is a permanent, complex, sap conducting tissue. Xylem parenchyma stores food and helps in the sideways conduction of water. Phloem is the complex permanent tissue which conducts prepared food materials from the leaves to different parts of the plant. On the basis of functions, animal tissues are divided into four major types: Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Muscular tissue and Nervous tissue. Bone cells are embedded in hard matrix, composed of calcium and phosphorus compounds. “Arcolar tissue fills the space inside the organs, supports internal organs and helps in repair of tis- sues, Adipose tissue stores fat and found below the skin and between internal organs. Muscles which can move by conscious will are called voluntary muscles. ‘The Unstriated muscles are involuntary in their action as they are not under the control of central nervous system. They do not get fatigued. ‘The muscles of the heart show rhythmic contraction and relaxation through out life. These invol- untary muscles are called cardiae muscles. Nervous tissue is composed of brain, spinal cord and nerves. The cells of this tissue are called nerve cells or neurons. Cells of Nervous tissue are highly specialized for being stimulated and then transmitting the stimulus very rapidly from one place to another with in the body.52 Tissues Formative Assessment Links QUICK RESPONSE QUESTIONS 1. Define the term tissu 2. Name types of simple tissue. 3. Whereis apical meristem found? 4. Which tissue makes up the husk of coconut? 5. What are the constituents of phloem? 6. What are the functions of areolar tissue? 7. Name the tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans. 8. Name the type of tissue found in the bark of tree. 9. How does cork act asa protective tissue? 10. Give the term fora group of cells capable of division through out life. BREIF RESPONSE QUESTIONS 1. What are the functions of stomata? 2. What is the specific function of cardiac muscles? 3. What is the utility of tissues in multicellular organisms? 4, What is the role of epidermis in plants? 5. Differentiate between parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma on the basis of their cell wall. ATTEMPT SHORT NOTES 1. Differentiate between striated, unstriated and cardiac muscles on the basis of their structure and site/location in the body. 2. Take two glass jars and fill them with water. Now take two onion bulbs and place one ‘on each jar. Observe the growth of roots in both the bulbs for a few days. Measure the length of roots on day 1, 2 and 3. On day 4, cut the root tips of the onion bulb in jar 2 by about 1 cm. After this, observe the growth of roots in both the jars and answer the following questions.Tissues 53 J PEN JAR 1 JAR2 ()) Which of the two jars have longer roots? Why? Gi) Do the roots continue growing even after we have removed their tips? Gi) Why would the tips stop growing in jar 2 after we cut them? 3. How are simple tissues different from complex tissues in plants? 4. Differentiate between Bone and Cartilage. 5. Diagrammatically show the difference between the three types of muscle fibres.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.This page is intentionally left blank.oo00000 CHAPTER 4 Diversity in Living Organisms CONCEPT TREE Primitive and advanced organisms Biodiversity Classification of living organisms Taxonomic Hierarchy Binomial nomenclature Kingdom classification KNOWLEDGE BINDERS assification of living organisms Primitive and advanced organisms Biodiversity Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fung} Kingdom Platae Taxonomic hierarchy Kingdom classfication Kingdom Monera Kingdom Animalia Binomial nomenclature Important rules for nomenclature 000000aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Diversity in Living Organisms 59 region of megadiversity eo The warmand humid tropical regions of theearth, betveen the tropic of cancerand the tropic of Capricom, are rich in diversity of plant and animal life. This region is called the region of megadiversity. TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY * Sequence of categories fiom lower to higher rank in an ascending order is known as Taxonomic hierarchy + The hierarchial categories from the lowest to the highest are of seven types. Species + Genus — Family + Order — Class + division/phylum — kingdom. * Bach such category is known as Taxon Species © Lowest Taxonomic category in classification. * Species is a group of fundamentally similar and potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups due to morphological features. i) John Ray introduced the term ‘Species: AP. de Candolle intioduced the term ‘Taxonomy’ . Genus Assemblage of related species which resemble one another in certain characters is called Genus. Family Family consists of one or more related genera. Order One or more related families coming under the category order. Class Class is an assemblage of related orders. Division/phylum It isa category above the class. The term phylum is used for animals while division is used for plants. Kingdom It is the highest taxonomic category. All plants are included in the kingdom Plantae while all animals belong to kingdom Animalia60 Diversity in Living Organisms FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION RH. WHITTAKER divided all organisms into Five Kingdoms. Kingdom monera Kingdom protista Kingdom fungi Kingdom plantae Kingdom animalia ‘THE FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION Organisms Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Unicellular | | Unicelluiar Multicellular Manera Protista With cell wall without cell wall ‘ Animalia Do not perform Able to perform Photosynthesis, Photosynthesis Fungi Plantae FIGURE 4.1 THREE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION ~ proposed by ERNST HAECKEL in 1866. (i) Kingdom Protista,N (i) Kingdom Plantae, (iii) Kingdom Animalia FOUR KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION - proposed by COPELAND in 1956. (Kingdom Monera, (ii)Kingdom Protista, (ii) Kingdom Plantae (iv) Kingdom AnimaliaDiversity in Living Organisms 61 Kingdom monera * Primitive, unicellular and prokaryotic organisms. ese organisms do not have a defined nucleus or membrane bounded organelles. NE {iacom Monera has wo major groups. 1. Eubacteria (True bacteria) 2. Atchaebacteria (Ancient bacteria) ¢ Flagella present on motile forms + Rigid cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan, Some of them have cell walls while some do not * Mode of Nutrition is autotrophic and heterotrophic. + Monera includes baeteria, blue green algae or Cyanobacteria and Mycoplasma RESTING SPORI HETEROCYST ANABAENA FIGURE 4.2. Mycoplasma is known as Joker of plant kingdom Kingdom protista It includes all unicellular and colonial eukaryotes Some organisms use hair-like cilia or whip like flagella for locomotion, Mode of Nutrition is autotrophic or heterotrophic ‘This kingdom includes unicellular algae, diatoms and protozoan.62 Diversity in Living Organisms Protista includes Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates, Englenoids, Slime Moulds and Protozoans, PARAMECIUM qua MACRONUCLEUS MIGRONUCLEUS FOOD VACUOLE FIGURE 4.3 ECTOPLASM. ECTOPLASM, MITOCHONORIA NUCLEUS CRYSTALS FOOD VACUOLE CONTRACTILE VACUOLE ADVANCING PSEUDOPODIA AMOEBA oe. PHOTORECEPTOR (CONTRACTILE VACUOLE CHLOROPLAST NUCLEUS EUGLENA FIGURE 4.4Diversity in Living Organisms 63 Kingdom fungi © These are heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms * Cell wall is made up of tough complex sugar called chitin, + Fungi obtain nutrition by heterotrophic mode. These are paras Commonly the fungi are known as the saprophytic moulds, mushrooms, parasitic rust etc, yeast is a unicellular fungus . saprophytic or symbiotic. smuts ASPERGILLUS PENICILLIUM 2 ° S08 AGARICUS FIGURE 4.564 Diversity in Living Organisms FUNGI (MYCOTA) MYXOMYCOTA, EUMYCOTA PHYCOMYCETES — ASCOMYCETES BASIDIOMYCETES DEUTEROMYCETES FIGURE 4.6 Lichen Lichens are small group of organisms. Their body is made up of algal and fungal components living together in an intimate symbiotic relationship. The algal component is known as phycobiont and the fungal component as mycobiont POLLUTION INDICATORS Lichens never grow ina polluted area so these are considered as good pollution indicators. KINGDOM PLANTAE * Kingdom plantae includes multicellular eukaryotes with cell walls * Plantae are divided into five sub divisions. ie., Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymno- sperms and Angiosperms Criteria for dividing plants «The first level of classification among plants depends on whether the plant body has well-differ- entiated, distinct components, The next level of classification is based on whether the differentiated plant body has special tis sues for the transport of water and other substances with in it. © Further, classification looks at the ability to bear seeds and whether the seeds are enclosed with in fruits.Diversity in Living Organisms 65 CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS Plants FO Do not have differentiated Have differentiated plant body plant body | Without specialised With vascular THALLOPHYTA vascular tissue tissue BRYOPHYTA Do not produce seeds Produce Seeds PHANEROGAMS PTERIDOPHYTA Bear naked seeds Bear seeds inside fruits GYMNOSPERMS: ANGIOSPERMS: Seeds with two cotyledons Seeds with one cotyledon oicors MONOCOTS FIGURE 4.7 Thallophyta * Plants that do not have well-differentiated body design fall in this group. The plant group Algae are coming under this group.66 Diversity in Living Organisms Algae ¢ Algae are autotrophic thallophytes. * These are the largest producers and are mostly aquatic. # Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Cladophora, Chara, Ulva, Chlamydomonas ete are good examples of algae ULOTHRIX CLADOFHORA \ SPROGYRA j— ceLLwatt CHLOROPLAST nucteu CrTOPLAS FIGURE 4.8 Gas, Algae are grouped into three classes 1. Phaeophyceae (Brown Algae) 2. Chlorophyceae (Green Algae) 3. Rhodophyceae (Red Algae)aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.68 Diversity in Living Organisms MARSILEA FIGURE 4.10 Gymnosperms + Gymnosperms (Gymno-naked, sperma-seed) are naked seed bearing plants, + Plants are usually perennial, evergreen and woody ¢ Most of the living gymnosperms are evergreen trees or shrubs with xerophytic adaptations Gymnospemns are divided into three classes: Cyeadopsida Coniferopsida Gnetopsida © Cycas, Pinus, Deodar, Gnetum ete., are common examples CYCAS FIGURE 4.11aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Diversity in Living Organisms mn Diploblastic - Animals developed from the two layered embryo. These germ layers are ecto- co Yee! dem andendoderm. Triploblastic - Animals that have three layers of cells in the embryo. They are the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. ws Acoelomates - Animals having no coelom. Pseudocoelomates — Animals having false coelom. Coelomates - Animals having true coelom. + Animals belong to platyhelminthes have incomplete branched or unbranched alimentary canal + Planaria, Fasciola, Taenia are common examples, Phylum Plalyhelminthes is classified into three classes: 1. Turbellaria 2. Trematoda 3. Cestoda LIVER FLUKE FIGURE 4.14 Phylum nematoda ¢ Bilaterally s + They are triploblastic and pseudo coclomates. © Mostly free living. + Familiar parasitic worms causing diseases. such as the worms causing elephantiasis (filarial worms) or the wom in the intestines (round worms) are coming under this phylum. ‘mmetrical, unsegmented cylindrical worms also called as round worms.m2 Diversity in Living Organisms WUCHERERIA ASCARIS MALE FEMALE FIGURE 4.15 Phylum annelida * Animals are found in a variety of habitats—resh water, marine water, land. * Body is divided externally by grooves into metameres or segments and intemally by septa into compartments * Animals are Triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical and coelomates. «Earth worms, Leeches, Sea mouse etv., are common examples. LEECH FIGURE 4.16aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Diversity in Living Organisms 75 PILA FIGURE 4.19 phylum echinodermata * Echinoderms are spiny-skinned, free living marine animals, # Echinoderms are triploblastic, true coelomate animals # They have a water-vascular system, consists of radiating canals and tube like appendages. filled with water + Their main function is locomotion and capture of food * Echinoderms have hard calcium carbonate structures that they use as skeleton. * Common Echinoderms are star fish, sea ‘chin, sca lily, sea cucumber, brittle star ete.76 Diversity in Living Organisms Phylum Echinodermata is divided into five classes. 1. Asteroidea Ophiuroidea Echinoidea Holothuroidea Crinoidea Rey ANTEDON (FEATHER STAR) HOLOTHURIA (SEA CUCUMBER) ASTERIAS (STAR FISH) FIGURE 4.20 Protochordata PHYLUM CHORDATA is divided into four sub-phyla. They are HEMICHORDATA, UROCHOR- DAL HALOCHORDATA and VERTEBRATA,aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is 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unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Solution Manual 215 37. The infoldings of the inner membrane of mitochondria are called cristae. Choice (2) (1 Mark} 38. Cellis the structural and functional unit of life because all the metabolic activities of life takes place inside the cell. Choice (3) (1 Mark} 39. Tendon connects muscles to bone in humans. Choice (1) (1 Mark) 40. Cork tissue is found in the bark of tree. Choice (4) (1. Mark} 41. The net force acting on a body moving with uniform velocity is zero, According to New- ton’s second law, unbalanced force produces an acceleration, when an object is mov- ing with uniform velocity. As the acceleration is zero, the net force on the body is zero. Choice (1) [1 Mark] 42. No, since the body is at rest its velocity is zero and hence its momentum is zero. Choice @) {1 Mark) MODEL TEST 3 SECTION-A 1. Carbon dioxide < acetone < water < sugar. (1 Mark] 2, Ameoba, Euglena, Paramoecium, Trypanosoma etc, are single celled organisms. (1. Mark] 3. When a motor car takes a sharp turn travelling at a high speed, our body tries to con- tinue in the straight line motion due to inertia. Thus, we are pushed to one side of the seat due to the inertia of our body. (1 Mark} 4, Milk shows the characteristic properties of colloids like the Tyndall effect and the Brown- ian movement and hence isa heterogeneous mixture, [2 Marks} 5. Golgi apparatus performs the functions of storage, modification and packaging of sub- stances manufactured in the cell. The cell will not be able to function, if there isno Golgi apparatus. 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