Glucide

nCO2 + nH2O

(CH2O)n + nO2

Clasificare
oze,
ozide.
Ozele sau monozaharidele sunt compusi care nu pot fi transformati in compusi mai simpli prin
hidroliza
aldoze - polihidroxialdehide
cetoze - polihidroxicetone
Ozidele se transforma in compusi mai simpli prin hidroliza acida sau enzimatica.
Holizidele formeaza, prin hidroliz, numai oze
Heterozidele formeaz, prin hidroliz acid sau enzimatic, una sau mai mult molecule
de oz si un compus neglucidec, numit aglicon sau genin
Holozoidele sunt :
Oligoholozide/oligozaharide, care prin hidroliz formeaz 2-10 molecule de oze :
diholozide, triholozide, decaholozide
Poliholozide : compusi care contin mai mult de 11 molecule de oze. Polizaharidele
naturale sunt compusi macromoleculari, care conin un numr mare de oze
Oze
CH=O
HC OH
H2C OH

CH=O
HC OH 2
H2C OH

CH=O
HC OH 3
H2C OH

H2 C
C
HC
H2 C

CH=O
HC OH 4
H2C OH

CH=O
HC OH
H2C OH

CH=O
HO CH
H2C OH

D(+)-glycraldhyde

L(-)-glycraldhyde

CH=O
HC OH
HC OH
H2C OH

CH=O
HO CH
HO CH
H2C OH

D-Erythrose

L-Erythrose

CH=O
HO CH
HC OH
H2C OH
D-Throse

OH
O
OH 3
OH

CH=O
HC OH
HO CH
H2C OH
L-Throse

CH=O
HC OH
HO CH
HC OH
HC OH
H2C OH
D(+)-Glucose
HO CH2
HO CH
O
OH

CH=O
HC OH
HC OH
HC OH
H2C OH

CH=O
CH2
HC OH
HC OH
H2C OH

D-Ribose

2-Desoxy-D-ribose

CH=O
HO CH
HO CH
HC OH
HC OH
H2C OH

CH=O
HC OH
HO CH
HO CH
HC OH
H2C OH

D(+)-Mannose

D(+)-Galactose

-D-glucofurannose

HO
O

OH
OH
-D-glucopyrannose

OH
OH

HO CH2
OH

=
HO

-D-glucopyrannose

D-glucose

HO
HO
HO

OH
CH
HC OH
O
HO CH
HC OH
HC
H2C OH

CH=O
HC OH
HO CH
HC OH
HC OH
H2C OH

-D-glucopyrannose

HO CH2
HO CH
O
OH
=

-D-glucofurannose

D-glucose

HO CH
HO CH2
HC OH
O
OH
O
HO CH
OH
=
HC OH
HO
HC
OH
H2C OH

D(-)Fructose

OH
CH
HC OH
O
HO CH
HC
HC OH
H2C OH

CH=O
HC OH
HO CH
HC OH
HC OH
H2C OH

HO CH
HC OH
O
OH
HO CH
=
HC
HC OH
OH
H2C OH

H2C OH
C=O
HO CH
HC OH
HC OH
H2C OH

HO
HO

O
OH

OH

-D-glucopyrannose

O
OH
OH

HO CH2

O
HO

H2C OH
C=O
HO CH
HC OH
HC OH
H2C OH

CH2 OH
OH

OH
Fructofurannose

D-Fructose
H

C
C

OH

OH

Fructopyrannose

...

...

...

O H
(b)

(a)

HO

CH2 OH

H
H C O H
C=O

O H

H C=O
H C O H

O
HO

(c)

H C=O
H O C H
...
(d)
CH=O
HO CH
HC OH
HC OH
H2C OH

+ HCN

D-Arabinose

C= N
HC OH
HO CH
HC OH
HC OH
H2C OH

H2O/H+

COOH
HC OH
HO CH
HC OH
HC OH
H2C OH

C= N
HC OH
HO CH
HC OH
HC OH
H2C OH

C= N
HO CH
HO CH
HC OH
+
HC OH
H2C OH

CO
HC OH
O
HO CH
CH
HC OH
H2C OH

[H]

CH=O
HC OH
HO CH
HC OH
HC OH
H2C OH
D-Glucose

CH=NOH
C= N
CH=O
C= N
HC OH
HC OAc
HC OH
HC OH
CH=O
Ag2O HO CH
Ac2O AcO CH
NH3 HO CH
HO CH
NH2OH HO CH
HC OH
HC OAc
HC OH
HC OH
HC OH
HC OH
HC OAc
HC OH
HC OH
HC OH
H2C OH
H2C OAc
H2C OH
H2C OH
H2C OH
D-Glucose

CH=O
HC OH
HO CH
HC OH
HC OH
H2C OH

CH=N NHC6H5
HC OH
HO CH
C6H5NH-NH2
HC OH
-H2O
HC OH
H2C OH

CH=NH
HC NH NHC6H5
C=O
C O H
HO CH
HO CH
HC OH
HC OH
- C6H5NH2
HC OH
HC OH
H2C OH
H2C OH

CH=NH
CH=N NHC6H5
C=O
C=N NHC6H5
HO CH
HO CH
2 C6H5NH-NH2
HC OH
HC OH
-H2O
-NH3
HC OH
HC OH
H2C OH
H2C OH
CH=N NHC6H5
CH=O
H2C OH
C=N NHC6H5
C=O
C=O
HO CH
HO CH
HO CH
Zn
H 2O
HC OH
HC OH
HC OH
CH3COOH
-2 C6H5NH-NH2
HC OH
HC OH
HC OH
H2C OH
H2C OH
H2C OH

CH=O
HC OH
HO CH
HC OH
HC OH
CH2OH
D-Glucose

R NH2

HC NH R
C O H
HO CH
HC OH
HC OH
CH2OH

CH=N R
HC OH
HO CH
HC OH
HC OH
CH2OH
CH=O
HC OH
HO CH
HC OH
HC OH
H2C OH
D-Glucose

CH=N R
HC OH
HO CH
HC OH
HC OH
CH2OH

[O]

COOH
HC OH
HO CH
HC OH
HC OH
H2C OH
Acide D-gluconique

NH R
CH
HC OH
O
HO CH
HC OH
HC
CH2OH
N-glycoside
H2C NH R
C=O
HO CH
HC OH
HC OH
CH2OH
CO
CH OH
O
HO CH
CH
HC OH
H2C OH
D-Glucono-lactone

HO CH
HC OH
O
HO CH
HC OH
HC
H2C OH
-D-glucopyrannose

HO CH
HC OH
O
HO CH
[O]
HC OH
HC
COOH
acide -D-glucuronopyrannosique

CH=O
COOH
COOH
CO
CO
HC OH
HC OH
HC OH
HC OH
HC OH
O
O
HO CH
HO CH
CH
HO CH
HO CH
HNO3
+ HC OH +
HC OH
HC OH
HC OH
CH
O HC OH
HC OH
HC OH
HC OH
HC
H2C OH
COOH
CO
COOH
COOH
D-Glucose
Acide D-glucosaccharique
CH=O
HC OH HNO3
HO CH
CH2OH
L-Throse
CH=O
HC OH
HC OH
CH2OH

D-Erythrose

COOH
HC OH
HO CH
COOH

Ac. L-tartrique
COOH
HC OH
HNO3
=
HC OH
COOH

COOH
HO CH
HC OH
COOH

CH=O
HNO3 HO CH

HC OH
CH2OH

Ac. D-tartrique

D-Throse

COOH
CH=O
HO CH
HNO3 HO CH
HO CH
HO CH
COOH
CH2OH

Ac. msotartrique
CH=O
HCOOH
HC OH
HCOOH
HIO4
HCOOH
HC OH
HCOOH
HC OH
CH2=O
CH2OH

L-Erythrose

C6H12O6  2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2

CH=O
CH=O
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
HC OH
HC OH
C=O
HO CH
HO CH
HO CH
HO CH
HO CH
HO CH
HO CH
[H]
[H]
[H]
[H]
HC OH
HC OH
HC OH
HC OH
HC OH
HC OH
HC OH
HC OH
HC OH
HC OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
D-glucose
D-sorbitole
D-fructose
D-mannitol
D-mannose

HO CH2
HO

OH
OH

HO CH2
OH + CH3OH

HCl

OH
HO

OCH3
OH

HO CH2
+
HO

OH

O OCH3

OH

HO CH2
O
OH
OH
HO
OH

Ac2O

AcO CH2
O
OAc
OAc
AcO
OAc

Oligozaharide/oligoholozide
HOCH2
OH

OH

O
OH
-Maltose

HO

HOCH2

HOCH2

OH
OH

HOCH2

O
O

OH

O OH

OH

HO

OH
OH
-Cellobiose
HOCH2
HOCH2
O
HO
O
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
-Lactose
HOCH2
O
O CH2OH
O
OH
OH
HO
HOCH2
OH
OH
Saccharose

Poliholozide/polizaharide
HOCH2
O

HOCH2

OH

OH

O
OH

OH

O
OH

OH

HOCH2
O

HOCH2

OH
HO O

HO CH2
O

H2C

OH

O
OH

HO CH2

OH

O
OH

OH

O
OH

CH2

CH2

O
HO

OH
HOCH2
O

OH

OH

OH

HO

OH
HOCH2
O

OH

OH

HO

OH
HOCH2
O

OH

CH2

OH

OH

OH
S
OH
ONa
O C SNa H SO
OH
CS2
NaOH
2
4
C6H7O2 OH
C6H7O2 OH
C6H7O2 OH
C6H7O2 OH
-CS2
-H2O
OH n
OH
OH
OH n
n
n -NaHSO4
HOCH2
HOCH2
HOCH2
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
OH
OH
OH

NHCOCH3
COOH
O
O

OH

HOCH2

NHCOCH3

NHCOCH3

COOH
O

OH

O
O
OSO3- OSO-3 NHSO3

O
OSO3-

HOCH2
OH

Heterozide
Dup natura agliconului sunt
O-heterozide
N-heterozide
S-heterozide
C-heterozide
HOCH2

OH

OH

HO

HOCH2

OH

O CH2

OH

HO

OH

O CH C6H5
CN

OH

HO

OH

N
N

N
O

CH2 OH

OH OH

O
O
NHSO3-

Alfa aminoacizi
CH=O
HC OH
H2C OH

COOH
HC NH2
R

COOH
H2N CH
R

D-glycraldhyde

D--aminoacide

L--aminoacide

CH=O
HO CH
H2C OH
L-glycraldhyde

-aminoacizi alcanoici
H2C COOH
NH2

H3C CH COOH
NH2

Glycine, Gly (G)

-Alanine, Ala (A)

H3C CH CH2 CH COOH

NH2
CH3

H3C CH CH COOH
CH3 NH2
Valine, Val (V)

H3C CH2 CH CH COOH

CH3 NH2

Leucine, Leu (L)

Isoleucine, Ileu (I)

hidroxi -aminoacizi
CH2 CH COOH
OH NH2
Srine, Ser (S)

-aminoacizi cu sulf
CH2 CH COOH
SH NH2
Cystine,Cys (C)

H3C CH CH COOH
OH NH2
Thronine, Thr (T)

CH2
S
S
CH2

CH COOH
NH2
NH2
CH COOH

Cystine,Cys-Cys

H3C S CH2 CH2 CH COOH

NH2
Mthionine, Met (M)

-aminoacizi acizi (dicarboxilici) i monoamidele lor

HOOC CH2 CH COOH
NH2
Acide aspartique, Asp (D)

HOOC CH2 CH2 CH COOH

NH2
Acide glutamique, Glu (E)

H2NCO CH2 CH COOH

NH2
Asparagine, Asn (N)

H2NCO CH2 CH2 CH COOH

NH2
Glutamine, Gln (Q)

-aminoacizi bazici (diamino-monocarboxilici)

CH2 (CH2)3 CH COOH
NH2
NH2

CH2 (CH2)2 CH COOH

NH2
NH2

Lysine, Lys (K)

-aminoacides aril-alcanoici

Ornitine

CH2 (CH2)2 CH COOH

NH
NH2
C=NH
NH2
Arginine, Arg (R)

CH2 CH COOH
NH2

HO

Phnylalanine, Ph (F)

CH2 CH COOH
NH2
Tyrosine, Tyr (Y)

-aminoacideshetaril-alcanoici i heterociclici
CH2 CH COOH
NH2

CH2 CH COOH
NH2

N
H
Histidine, His (H)

N
H
Tryptophane, Trp (W)

HO
COOH
N
H
Proline, Pro (P)

COOH
N
H
Hydroxyproline, Hyp

Metode de obinere
R CH2 COOH

Br2/PBr3
-HBr

NH3
R CH COOH -NH Br R CH COOH
4
NH2
Br

CO
CO

CO
NK + X CH COOCH3
-KX
R

CO
N CH COOCH3 + H2O
CO
R

H+

R C COOH + NH3 + H2
O

CO

N CH COOCH3
R
COOH

R CH COOH +
NH2

Pt

+ CH3OH
COOH

R CH COOH + H2O
NH2

H+
R CH NH2
R CH=NH2+
R CH NH2
-H2O
OH
H+/OHR CH=NH2+ + CNR CH COOH
R CH CN + H2O
-NH3
NH2
NH2
COOC2H5 Zn+CH3COOH
COOC2H5 HONO
COOC2H5
HO N=C
H2 C
CH3CONH CH
(CH3CO)2O
COOC2H5 -H2O
COOC2H5
COOC2H5
R CH=O + NH3

COOC2H5 H2O
COOC2H5 RX/B
CH3CONH C
CH3CONH CH
R CH COOH
COOC
H
COOC2H5
2
5
R
NH2

O
CH2 COOH (CH3CO)2O
N
-H2O
NH COR

O
Ar-CH=O
-H2O

Ar CH
N

O
Ar CH
N

O
R

O
[H] Ar CH2
N

H2O
O - R COOH Ar CH2 CH NH2
COOH

R
enzyme
R CH COOH + H2O
R CH COOH + R CH COOH
-AcOH
NH Ac
NH Ac
NH2
(R,S)
(S)
(R)
O
NADH/enzyme
HOOC (CH2)2 C COOH + NH3
HOOC
H2/cat
+H2O
CH2=CH COOH
CH3 CH COOH
CH3
NHCO CH3
NH COCH3
(L)

(CH2)2

NH2
CH COOH + H2O

CH COOH + CH3COOH
NH2
(L)

Proprieti
H3N CH COOR
amphion
H2
R
O
N
O
C
CH
Cu
R CH COOH + Cu2+
-2H+
CH
C
NH2
N
O
O
R
H2
H2N CH COOH + R' COCl
R' CONH CH COOH + HCl
R
R
H2N CH COOH
R

H2NCH2COOH

CH3I
-HI

I-(CH3)3NCH2COOH

AgOH
-AgI

HO-(CH3)3NCH2COOH

R CH COOH + HCl + HNO2

R CH COOH
-H2O
NH2
N = N ClH2N CH COOH + CH3OH + HCl
R

-H2O

(CH3)3NCH2COO-

H2 O
R CH COOH
-N2
OH
-HCl

Cl- H3N CH COOH + H2O

R

Cl- H3N CH COOH + SOCl2

R
O
R' CONH CH COOH + Cl C O R''
R

O
Cl- H3N CH C Cl + SO2 + HCl
R
O
O
R' CONH CH C O C OR"+ HCl
R

O
COOH H2N
t
R CH
+
CH R
NH2 HOOC

NH
R + 2H2O

R
HN
O

H2N CH2 CH2 COOH

CH2=CH COOH + NH3

t

C OH -H2O
NH2 O
H2N CH COOH
R

LiAlH4

N
H

OH

H2N CH CH2 OH
R

R CH COOH
NH2

t, B

R CH2 NH2 + CO2

[O]
R CH COOH
R C COOH + NH3
NH2
O
R CH=O + NH3 + CO2
R CH COOH + [O]
NH2

O
N CH C O H
-CO2
R

O + H2N CH COOH
-H2O
R
O

OH
N=CH R

H2O
-R-CH=O

NH2 + O
O

O
O

O
O

O
N

-H+
O

O
-

O
etc

N
-

-H2O
O

O-

O
N

Peptide i proteine
..
O: .. C
C N
C
H

..
: O:
C
C=N
C
H

O
C
C N +
C
H

Clasificarea proteinelor
In funcie de rolul biologic, de solubilitate, de compoziie i de carcteristicile structurale
Dup rolul biologic
proteine de strucvtur
biocatalizatori
anticorpi
hormoni
proteine de transport
Dup solubilitate si dup rolul biologic :
proteine fibroasesau structurale, care sunt insolubile
o colagenul
o elastina
o keratina
proteine globulare, care sunt solubile
o albumine
o globuline
o histone
o protamine
Proteinele se clasific dup nartura componenteleor n :
proteine simple, constituite doar din aminoacizi
proteine complexe, conjugate sau heteroproteine. Conin i o parte neproteic, numit
component prostetic, n funcie de natura creia sunt::
o nucleoproteine
o fosfoproteine
o cromoproteine
o glicoproteine
o mucoproteine
o lipoproteine
Structura primar
... NH CH CONH CH CONH CH CO ...
R2
R3
R1

Structura secundar
...

N
H

R
CH

C
O

H
N

....

CH
R

O
C

....

....

C
O

H
N

CH
R

...

R
R
H
O
H
... N C CH N C CH N C CH ...
O
H
R
O
H N
C O .... H N
C O .... H N
C O ...

Structura teriar
Structura cuaternar
Stabilirea structurii primare sa a unor detalii de structur primar
O2N

H2O

ON
F + H2N CH CONH CH COOH
-HF 2
R2
R1
NO2

O2N

H2O

NH CH COOH + H2N CH COOH

R1
R2
NO2

C6H5 N=C=S + H2N CH CONH CH CO ...

R1
R2

H+

NH CH CONH CH COOH
R2
R1
NO2

S
H2N CH CO ... + C6H5 NH
R2

H2N CH CONH CH CONH CH COOH

R1
R2
R3

C6H5 NH C NH CH CONH CH CO ...

R1
R2
S
S

C6H5 N
R1
N2H4

+ H2N CH COOH
R3

Sinteza de peptide
Condensarea aminoaxcizilor fr activare

H+

NH
R1

H2N CH CONHNH2 + H2N CH CONHNH2 +

R1
R2

PNH CH COOH +
R

NH C=N
PNH CH CO O
R

NH C=N

N=C=N

PNH CH CO O
R
+ H2N CH COOH
R1

PNH CH CONH CH COOH + (C6H11NH)2CO

R
R1

Sinteza Merrifield
BOCNH CH COOH + Cl CH2 R
R1
H+

H+

BOCNH CH COO CH2 R

R1

H2N CH COO CH2 R + BOCNH CH COOH

R1
R2

H2N CH CONH CH COO CH2 R

R2
R1

H2O

DCC

H+

BOCNH CH CONH CH COO CH2 R

R2
R1

H2N CH CONH CH COOH + HO CH2 R

R1
R2

Lipide
Triacilgliceroli. Grsimi i uleiuri
R1
R2
R3

H+

O
C O CH2
O
C O CH
O
C O CH2

CH3-(CH2)10-COOH acid lauric

CH3-(CH2)12-COOH acid miristic
CH3-(CH2)14-COOH acid palmitic
CH3-(CH2)16-COOH acid stearic
CH3-(CH2)18-COOH acid arahidic
CH3-(CH2)7-CH=CH-(CH2)7-COOH acid oleic
CH3-(CH2)4-CH=CH-CH2-CH=CH-(CH2)7-COOH

acid linoleic

CH3-(CH2-CH=CH)3-(CH2)7-COOH acid linolenic

Ceride
Sunt esteri ai acizilor grai cu alcooli monohidroxilici care conin 16-36 atomi de carbon. Unii
acizi sunt hidroxiacizi. Conin cantiti mici de acizi, alcooli i de hidrocarburi (alcani).
Ceara de albine. Este compus n principal din miristat de cetil (C13H27COOC26H53) i din
esteri ali acidului cerotic (C25H51COOH).
Ceara de Carnauba sau ceara palmierului brazilia. Este constituit, n principal, din cerotat
de miricil (C25H51COOC31H63).
Cetaceumul sau albul de balen este constituit n pricipal din palmitat de
cetil(C15H31COOC16H33) i din alcool cetilic (C16H33OH).
Etolide
Sunt produi cu mas molecular mare, (de la 2000 uam) formaio prin esterificarea unor acizi
alcanoici hidroxilai la captul terminal al catenei, de tipul acidului juniperic (HO-CH2-(CH2)14COOH).
Eterogliceride
Sunt derivai de glicerol care au o functione ester iar celelalte dou grupe OH sunt libere sau
acilate
H2 C O R
HC O R
H2C O (CH2)17 CH3

Strides
Sunt esteri ai sterolilor (colesterol, lanosterol etc.) cu acizi grai, de exemplu, palmitat de
colesteril.

C15H31 COO

Fosfolipide
Fosfolipide, fosfatide, glicerofosfatide sunt esteri ai glicerolului care conin oun resta cil saturat,
un resta cil nesatuirat i un rest de acid fosforic. Accti compui se numesc acizi alfafosfatidici(1). Rwestul de acid fosforic esterific i un asminoalcool. n funcie de natura acestuia,
exist fosfatidiletanolamine(2), fosfatidilcoline sau lecitine(3) i fosfatidilserine(4).
H2C OOC R1
HC OOC R2
H2C O P OH
O CH2 CH2 NH2
O
2

H2C OOC R1
HC OOC R2
H2C O P OH
OH
O
1

H2C OOC R1
HC OOC R2
CH3
H2 C O P O
O CH2 CH2 N CH3
O
CH3
3

H2C OOC R1
HC OOC R2
H2C O P OH
O CH2 CH COOH
O
NH2
4

Sfingolipide
Sunt derivai de sfingozin (1), 2-amino-octadec-4-en-1,3-diol, cu configuraie E la dubla
legtur. Au rol structural la nivelul sistemului nervos.
H2C OH
HC NH2
HO CH CH=CH (CH2)12 CH3

O
CH3
H2C O P O CH2 CH2 N CH3
CH3
OHC NHCO (CH2)22 CH3
HO CH CH=CH (CH2)12 CH3

H2 C O

CH2OH
OH

HO
OH

HC NHCO (CH2)22 CH3

HO CH CH=CH (CH2)12 CH3

Sphingomyline

Crasine (glycolipide)

Lipoproteinele sunt prezente n ssnge, creier i nervi

Prostaglandine
Sunt hidroxiacizi sau cetoacizi nesaturai cu 20 C i un nucleiu ciclopentanic
Stimuleaz musculatura, diminueaz tensiunea arterial, inhib agregarea plachetar, stimuleaz
reaciile inflamatorii, stimuleaz contraciile uterine. O schem simplificat de biosintez a
prostaglandineleor, n care intervine o ciclo-oxigenaz, inhibat de aspirin medicament
antiinflamator, este prezentat n continuare.

COOH

2O2

COOH ...

PG

O
OOH

Izoprenoide
terpeni i terpenoide,
caroteni i carotenoide,
steroide

o
o
o

Terpeni i terpenoide
monoterpeni (10C), care se clasific n :
monoterpeni aciclici (cu trei duble legturi),
monoterpeni monociclici (cu dou duble legturi),
monoterpeni biciclici (cu o dubl legtur),
sescviterpene cu 15C;
dierpeni cu 20C ;
triterpeni cu 30C ;
tetraterpeni cu 40C;
politerpeni, compui macromoleculari (cauciuc natural, gutaperca etc.)
Monoterpeni i monoterpenoide : mentol, eucaliptol i camfor

OH

Sescviterpenoide : farnesol
OH

Diterpeni i diterpenoide : fitol, retinol i retinal (vitamine A), vitamina K etc.

OH

-carotne

CH=O

[O]

[H]

OH

Triterpeni : scualen

Politerpeni : cauciucul natural

...

...

Caroteni i carotenoide

Licopen

Alfa-caroten

Beta-caroten

Gama-caroten

Steroide
hormoni estrogeni, derivai ai estranului (2)
hormoni androgeni, derivai ai androstanului (3).
Hormoni progestageni i hormoni corticosuprarenali, derivai ai pregnanului (4).
Acizii biliari derivai ai colanului (5).
sterolii(zoosteroli, fitosteroli, micosteroli), derivai de colestan(6).
12
11
1
2
3

10

A
4

18
13

C
8

D
14

15

17

19

16

22
21

23
24

26

25

27

28

H
H
A

H...

H
Gonan, jonction A/B trans (5)

Gonan, jonction A/B cis (5)

Biosintez i relaii biogenetice n clasa izoprenoidelor

CH3CO SCoA + CH3CO SCoA

CH3COCH2CO SCoA + CoA SH

OH
H3C C CH2CO SCoA
CH2CO SCoA

CH3COCH2CO SCoA + CH3CO SCoA

OH
OH
OH
1) H2O
ATP
H3C C CH2 CH2OH
H3C C CH2CO SCoA
H3C C CH2 CH2 OPP
-CO2
-ADP
2) NADPH
CH2CO SCoA
CH2 COOH
CH2 COOH
-H2O

-CO2
-H2O

OPP

OPP

C20

C10

OPP

OPP

OPP

C15

OPP

OPP

OPP

carotenoides, polyterpenoides
steroides
2C15
C30

HO

HO

C15