ie Te Pee Series UN eyT I M E TA.M.E. Is the national leader in test prep segment and one of the biggest ard the most successhil classroom-based entrance examination taining citer seo institut inna, For more details, vst wwnvdimededucaton.com The aim of this publication is to supply information taken from sources believed to be valid and reliable This is not an attempt to render any type of professional advice or analysis, nor is it to be treated as such. While much care has been taken to ensure the veracity and currency of the information presented within, neither the publisher nor its authors bear any responsibility for any damage arising from inadvertent omissions, negligence or inaccuracies (typographical or factual) that may have found their way into this book. Copyright © Trishna Knowledge Systems, 2012 Licensees of Pearson Education in South Asia No part of this eBook may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without the publisher's prior written consent, This eBook may or may not include all assets that were part of the print version. The publisher reserves the right to remove any material present in this eBook at any time. ISBN 9788131761496 eISBN 9789332510982 Head Office: A-8(A), Sector 62, Knowledge Boulevard, 7th Floor, NOIDA 201 309, India Registered Office: 11 Local Shopping Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi 110 017, IndiaDetailed Contents Class 8 Preface to the Second Edition Preface About the |IT Foundation Series Structure of the IIT Foundation Series CHAPTER 1 Real Numbers and LCMand HCF CHAPTER 2 Squares and Square Roots and Cubes and Cube Roots CHAPTER 3 Indices CHAPTER 4 Polynomials and Lem and Hef of Polynomials CHAPTERS Formulae CHAPTER 6 Ratio, Proportion and Variation CHAPTER7 Percentages CHAPTER8 Profit and Loss, Discount and Partnership CHAPTER Simple Interest and Compound Interest vii ix 31 58 76 101 118 139 158 178iv Detailed Comtents — CHAPTER 10 Time and Work; Pipes and Cisterns CHAPTER 11 Time and Distance CHAPTER 12 Linear Equations and Inequations CHAPTER 13 Sets CHAPTER 14 Statistics CHAPTER 15 Matrices CHAPTER 16 Geometry CHAPTER 17 Mensuration 201 221 242 279 302 327 338 399Preface to the Second Edition Icis with enthusiasm that we present the second edition of the IT Foundation series of books. ‘The success of our first edition indicates that there exists a large group of students who wish to delve into Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, beyond the restrictions of their school syllabus. ‘We take this opportunity to thank all those who have contributed to the success and to reaffirm our commitment to inculcating scientific temper among the student community, Over the last two years we have received feedback from many students and teachers who have used our books, and it has given us great satisfaction to know that they have benefitted immensely. The teachers have taught from these books and have appreciated the approach adopted in the presentation of concepts. Their feedback has encouraged us to extend the IIT-Foundation series of books to include books for students of Class 7 as well. In most school curricula, the fundamentals of Mathematics and Science that students study in Chsses 8 to 10 are introduced in Class 7, While a proper understanding of these fundamentals is essenti for good performance in higher classes, its not possible for Class 7 students to develop indepth understanding of concepts unless these are presented lucily, With this edition, therefore, we present books for Class 7.We are confident that these will help students develop conceptual clarity at their early age, and that the student community will take full advantage of this new inclusion. Aswith allourpublications,the objective of this seriesis to providestudents with a comprehensive understanding of fundamental concepts, to teach them the application of these concepts, and to help hone their problem-solving skills, We trust all our young students will find these books relevant and enlightening.Preface As the old adage goes, “nothing succeeds like success" The truth in this maxim cannot be overstated in today’s competitive world. The present-day student is under immense pressure to thrive and emerge triumphantly in examinations, Students aspire to get into. pre-eminent educational institutes to pursue the best courses-be it in engineering, medicine, arts or sciences-to enable them to prepare for careers at the global level, Their performance in entrance examinations are often the cornerstones that determine if they would be admitced into these hallowed ning. With most of these exams being de talent and ingenuity of students, itis only natural that they find these tests most demanding and that they find themselves competing with the country’s best minds for those few coveted seats, Only those students with a thorough understanding of the fundamental concepts and exceptional problem-solving skills pass out with flying colours in these tess alls of lea gned to challenge the innate The “ITT Foundation Series” books are designed to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental concepts, to teach them the application of these concepts and to hone their problem-solving skills The objective of the IIT Foundation Series books is to ensure that students are able to delve beyond the restrictions of their regular school syllabus and get a fundamental understanding of Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, The books are designed to kindle student interest in these subjects and to encourage them to ask questions that lead to a firm grip on the principles governing each concept. Irrespective of the field of study that the student may choose to take up later, itis imperative that he or she develops a sound understanding of Mathematics and Science, since it forms the basis for most modern-day activities, Lack of a firm background in these subjects may not only limit the capacity of the student to solve complex problems but also lessen his or her chances to make it into top-notch institutes that provide quality education. This book is intended to serve as the backbone of the student’s preparation for a range of competitive exams, going beyond the realms of the usual school curriculum to provide that extra edge so essential in tackling a typical question paper. A distinctive feature of this book is that it has been written by a team of well-qualified teachers experienced in imparting the fundamentals of Mathematics and Science, and their applications to active learners at T.LM.E. (Triumphant Institute of Management Education Pvt Ltd). They have also been instrumental in developing high-quality study material for ITT Foundation courses for Classes 7 to 10. We are sure that you will find this book, prepared by such stahwarts, to be very useful in your preparation for entrance examinations.About the IIT Foundation Series This book is a perfect companion not only for the students of 8th Grade, but also for higher grades. It will help them achieve the much-needed conceptual chrity in the topies which form the basis for their higher study. Some of the important features of the ook are listed below: + Builds skills that will help students succeed in school and various competitive examinations, + The methodology is aimed at helping students thoroughly understand the concepts in Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry. * Helps develop a logical approach to Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, thereby enabling mote effective learning, * Lays stress on questionsasked by board/school examinations as well as application of concepts. + The concepts are exphined in a well structured and lucid manner, using simple language. This aids learning, + A large number of examples have been included to help reinforce the concepts involved. * Different levels of practice exercises have been provided which help students develop the necessary application and problem-solving skills + The ex ses have been designed keeping in mind the various board/school examinations and competitive examinations, such as the NTSE, NLSTSE, Science Olympiad and Cyber Olympiad. + The book will not only help the students in better understanding of whatis taught in regular school classes (and hence enable them to do well in board examinations) but will also help in developing the a * Given below are @ few examples that demonstrate how the course will help students in understanding the fandamentals: esulting in a distinctive edge over their peers How does a kingfisher catch fish? The kingfisher flies vertically over the position of the fish, then phunges into the water at a 90) angle. The concept here is that the normally incident rays do not undergo rei the fish lies exactly where it appears to be. At any other an would be different from its real location. tion, hence the apparent location of the fish Why do we normally swing our arms while walking, and why not when we carry a load in our hands? The center of gravity of a body depends on the distribution of mass in the body. As we walk, the movement of the legs tends to cause a shift in the centre of gravity. To compensate for thisviii About the ITT Foundation Series shift we swing our arms. When we are carrying a load in the hands, however, the effective C.G is lower, making it easier to maintain balance. Why does salt hecome damp when kept exposed during the rainy season and not when ept exposed during summer? In the rainy season humidity in the atmosphere is very high, ie., there is a lot of moisture in the atmosphere. Thus, calcium chloride, which is the impurity present in common salt, absorbs this moisture and makes the salt damp. In summer, however, as the temperature is high, calcium chloride tends to loose moisture through the process of evaporation, and the salt is left free~ flowingStructure of the IIT Foundation Series cg XR ‘The IIT Foundation Seriesis available in Mathematics, Physicsand Chemistry.Each chapter inthe book is divided into three parts, namely, theory, test your concepts and concept application Theory: The theory part deals with the various concepts in Physics/Chemistry/Mathematics, which is a part of the syllabus prescribed by major boards for Class X.The concepts are explained ina lucid. manner, and diagrams have been provided, wherever necessary, to illustrate these concepts. ‘Test your Concepis: This exercise is provided at the end of the theory section of each chapter. These exercises are a collection of very short answer, short answer and essay type of descriptive questions. Itis intended to provide students with model questions that they may face in the board examination. Students are expected to prepare for these questions before they attempt any examination based on that particulr chapter. Towards the end of the book, the students will find key points for selected questions of the exercise. These key points provide students with an idea of the points that should be a part of an answer for such a question, ‘Concept Application: This is a collection of exercises in four different classes: Class 7, Class 8, Class 9 and Class 10. Class 8 consists of basic objective questions. These questions test the basic knowledge of students and enable them to gauge their understanding of concepts when they start solving this exercise. The key for this exercise is provided at the end of the respective chapter. Classes 9 and 10 consist of descriptive questions ofa higher level of difficulty. These questions help students to apply the concepts that they have learnt. Key points for selected questions of these exercises have been provided at the end of each chapter in order to help students solve these questions. These books are available for 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th classes separately for Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry.Series Content List CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTERS CHAPTERS Number Systems Ratio andiits Applications Mensuration Formulae CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 7 CHAPTERS ExpressionsandSpecial Indices Equations and their _Statisties Products Applications CHAPTERS CHAPTER 10 Geometry Set Theory Class 8 CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 9 CHAPTER 13 RealNumbersandLCM Formulae Simple Interest and Sets and HF Compound Interest CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 14 CHAPTER 2 Ratio, Proportion and CHAPTER 10 Statistics Squares and Square Variation Time and Work; Pi Roots and Cubes and and Cisterns CHARTERIS: Cube Roots, CHAPTER 7 Matrices Percentages CHAPTER 11 CHAPTER 3 Time and Distance CHAPTER 16 Indices CHAPTER 8 Geometry Profit and Loss, Discount CHAPTER 12 CHAPTER 4 and Partnership Linear Equationsand CHAPTER 17 Polynomials and Lem Inequations Mensuration and Hef of PolynomialsClass 9 CHAPTER 1 ‘CHAPTER6 CHAPTER 12, CHAPTER 18 Number Systems Sets and Relations Geometry Sales Tax and Cost of Living index CHAPTER2 CHAPTER? CHAPTER 13, 8 Logarithms Matrices Mensuration ‘CHAPTER 19 Simple Interest and CHAPTER3 ‘CHAPTERS CHAPTER 14 Compound Interest Polynomials and square Significant Figures Coordinate Geometry Rootsof Algebraic ‘CHAPTER 20 Expressions CHAPTERS CHAPTER 15, Ratio, Proportion and Statistics Locus Variation CHAPTERS Linear Equations and CHAPTER 10 CHAPTER 16 ‘CHAPTER 21 Inequations Probability Trigonometry Shares and CHAPTERS CHAPTER 11 CHAPTER 17 CHAPTER 22 Quadratic Expressions Banking (Unit-1) Percentages, Profit Time and Work i and Loss, Discoun and Equations ‘cant AN sd toes Olean CHAPTER 23 Time and Distance Class 10 CHAPTER 1 ‘CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 14 ‘CHAPTER 21 Number Systems Progressions Mensuration Probability CHAPTER2 ‘CHAPTERS CHAPTER 15, CHAPTER 22 Polynomials and Trigonometry Coordinate Geometry Banking Rational Expressions ° ‘CHAPTERS CHAPTER 16 ‘CHAPTER 23 CHAPTERS Limits Mathematicalinduction Taxation Linear Equations in Two and Binomial Theorem Variables ‘CHAPTER 10 CHAPTER 24 Matrices CHARTER, Instalments CHAPTERS Modular Arithmetic CHAPTER 11 aire CHAPTER 2S Remainder and Factor Shares and Dividends CHAPTERS Theorems caer ere ne CHAPTER2G CHAPTER 19, Statements ‘CHAPTER 12 Partial Fractions Statistics Competing: CHAPTERS CHAPTER 27 CHAPTER 20 Sets fel es and Sumer, Fermatationsand Logarithms CombinationsThis page is intentionally left blank.CHAPTER 1 Real Numbers and LCM and HCF The study on various types of numbers viz. natural numbers, whole numbers, integers and their properties itself is not sufficient to understand the numbers completely. In this chapter, we look at more comprehensive study ofnumbers including rational and irrational numbers (ie.,real numbers), laws and properties associated. with them. Types of Numbers Natural numbers All the counting numbers are called Natural Numbers. The set of these numbers ate represented by Thus, N = {1,2,3,...} is the set of natural numbers. Whole numbers All counting numbers together with 0 form the set of whole numbers. The set of these numbers is represented byW. Thus, W = {0,1,2,3,....} is the set of whole numbers, Integers All natural numbers, 0 and the negatives of all counting numbers form the set of integers. The set of these numbers are denoted by Z or I. Thus, Z = (ore 3-2, 1,0) 1,2, 3 sna} is the set of integers,2 Real Numbers and LCM and HCF Observation Clearly, the set of positive integers is {1, 2, 3,....} and the set of natural numbers is {1,2, 3, 4a set of natural numbers (N} is included in the set of integers (Z). “.N & Z, Similarly,W c Z. }. So the Properties of integers 1, The number that is exactly opposite in sign to an integer m and equidistant from zero on number line ism, 2. Product of two positive integers isa positive integer. 3. Product of two negative integers is a positive integer. 4. The product ofa positive integer and a negative integer is a negative integer. Successor and predecessor of a given integer The number obtained by adding | to the given integer is called the successor of the given integer © Example Find the successor of the number 10 Solution Successor of 10 is 10 + 1 = -9 The number obtained by subtracting 1 to the given integer is called the predecesor of the given integer. @ Example Find the predecessor of -7. Solution Predecessor of -7 is — FRACTION A number a/b, where a, b are integers, b # 0,and a is not divisible by b, isa fraction. RATIONAL NUMBERS A number of the form p/q, where q # 0,and p and qare integers, and p/q isin the lowest terms,i.e.,p and q have no common factor is called a rational number. Obviously, integers us well as fractions can be expressed in chis form. So, all integers ax well as all fractions are rational numbers, The set of rational numbers is denoted byQ. Clealy,N CWEZEQ 2107 Some rational numbers are =Real Numbers and LCM and HCE 3. DECIMAL REPRESENTATION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS. A rational number can be expressed as a terminating or a non-terminating recurring decimal. In order to express a fraction p/q in decimal form, we divide p by q. a. Terminating decimal Ifafier a finite number of steps in division process, no remainder is left, then we call the quotient a terminating decimal, © Examples gee 29, @ 7708 iy y= 0.125 b. Repeating decimal A decimal in which a digit or a set of digits repeats continuously is called a repeating or recurring or circulating or periodic decimal. & Examples 5 @ 2 = 0.66666... ai) Z 081818181 18333... (ill) 1 Period: The recurring part of a non-terminating recurring decimal is called period. Periodicity: The number of digits in the recurring part of the decimal is called its periodicity. @ amples Zo () In 5 = 06 ,the period = 6:and the periodicity = 1 Gi) In 18, the period = 18; and the periodicity Notation of repeating decimal numbers () In a repeating decimal, if only one digit s repeated, then a dot () oF a bar is placed above it “@& Brample 1 =03333... 3 Sor (i) In a repeated decimal, if ewo digits are repeated, then a dot (.) above each repeating digit or a bar above the repeating digits is placed. @ Bample z = 0.090909.....= 0.68 or 0.094 Real Numbers and LCM and HCF (ii) In a repeating decimal, if three or more digits are repeated, then a dot is put on each of the first and the last repeating digits or a bar is placed on the entire period of the repeating digits © Bample 22 S = 3.142857142857, = 3.142857 or 3.792857 Observations 1. A fraction p/q is terminating decimal only when prime factors of q are 2 or 5. Otherwise, p/q is a non-terminating decimal, 2. While representing rational numbers, we write: (i) denominators as positive numbers. (ii) the denominator and the numerator in the lowest terms. Properties of rational numbers 1. Every rational number can be expressed as a terminating decimal or as a repeating decimal. 2K 3. Every repeating decimal isa rational number. y terminating decimal isa rational number. Density property of rational numbers Between any two rational number there exist infinite number of rational numbers, © Example 3 2 Find two rational numbers between 1 and 7 Solution The rational number obtained from v0,” meus aaa. 56 4 7 Similarly the rational number obtained from 3,29 2PM ster pemen leant?! Tg 1: es beeen a a 7 ‘The required rational numbers are 7 and 74 56 PS a2. Methods of expressing recurring decimals as fractional numbers Method 1: The method of expressing a recurring decimal in p/q form is given by the following formula, (he whole number obtained by wring eigsin order)~ (the whole number made by non-recurnng psn onder) — Gimme paab tea a ginal perp dee Recurring decimal Recurring decimalReal Numbers and LCM and HCF 5 @& Bample Express 12,05 as rational number Solution Here, the whole number obtained by writing digits in their order is 1205 and the whole number made by non-recurring decimal in order is 12. ‘The number of digits after decimal point do not recur = 0 1205-12 _ 1193 10° = 10' 99 Method 2: The method of expressing a non-terminating recurring decimal as a rational number using concepts of period and periodicity is illustrated below: 2 and the number of digits after the decimal point that 12.05 = @ Example Express 0.235 asa rational number Solution In 9-225; periodicity = 2 So, multiply the decimal fraction by 102 and subtract the original number ftom the product. = 100x = 22.525252. Subtracting x from 102x; we get —102x = 22.5252. (yx = 0.2252, 99x = 22.3 Closure property: If x,y € P and x * y € B then we say P is closed under the operation * Commutative property: Ifx,y ¢ P and x * y= y* x, then P is commutative under the operation * Associative property: Ix # (y* 2) = (x # y) #2, then we say that P is associative under the operation * Identity element: Ifx, y, © P and there exists an element e € P such thata *e=e*a=a;Va€ Pthen e is called the identity element in P. Note: For the set of rational numbers value of is zero if'* represents addition and the value of e is one if + represents multiplication inverse element of +h that x * x= x # x =e, then we ay x Inverse element: Ifx ¢ P and x' € P's xwat # in P. Nore: In the set of real numbers and rational numbers, the inverse of a is -u if the operation is addition and inverse of a is {/a (a # 0) if the operation is multiplication i.e.,a° = L/a (@ #0). Distributive law: If two binary operations x and + are defined over the set P, then we write distributive law asia X (b He) = (aX b) + (aX 0) Note: Here the other binary operations cannot be chosen. For example, 3 x (4 = 2) #3 x 4)+ G2)6 Real Numbers and LCM and HCF Explanation of properties Each of the four fundamental operations addition, subtraction, multiplication and division used on different sets of numbers will give the following results and let us look at them. Let P be any set of numbers and # represents an operation such that V x, y,z € P, we define the properties in the following way. If**" represents addition, 2#3=243=5. If**" represents subtraction, 8*6=8-6=2. If** represents multiplication, 434x312 If" represents division, 6*3=6=3=2, Thus the symbol * may be used to represent any one of the four fundamental operations on a given set of numbers P. Group: A non-empty set is called a group under a certain binary operation if it satisfies the following properties: 1, Closure 2. Associative 3. Identity 4. Inverse Each of the four fundamental operations addition, subtraction, multiplication and subtraction can be termed as binary operations as they take some inputs and give some output. Abelian Group: If a group satisfies the commutative property, then it is called an abelian group or commutative group. Field: A non-empty setis called a field ifit satisfies the following properties: 1. The set is an Abelian Group ws:t, addition 2. The non-zero elements of the set should form an abelian group wr.t. multiplication, 3. Multiplication is to be distributive over addition. Ordered Field: A set is called an ordered field if it holds the following properties in addition to the above stated properties of field. 1. For any two rational numbers a and b, only one of the following relations holds good. Mach Gia Gii)_ a> b. This is known as haw of Trichotomy 2. If a,b, c are three rational numbers and if a > bb > ¢ then a > c.This is known as transitive property. 3. Ifa,b and c are three rational numbers a > b and c # 0, thena +e >b +e. 4.16 a, b and ¢ are three rational numbers and if a > b and c is a positive number, then ac > be. If the set of rational numbers Q has the above four properties in addition to field properties; Q is called an ondered field. Nore: The above four properties apply to natural numbers, whole numbers and integers as well. IRRATIONAL NUMBERS Any number which is in the form of non-terminating and non-recurring decimal is called an irrational number,Real Numbers and LCM and HCE 7 @& Bample @ v2 = 1414213562 (ii) m= 3.141592654 In both the examples, the decimal are non-ending and non-repeating, hence they are irrational numbers. Irrational numbers are represented by Q’ and they can be positive as well as negative. REAL NUMBERS Any number that can be representable on a number line is called as a real number in other words, rational and irrational numbers together are called real numbers and the set of real numbers is represented by R. @& Example 243 ¢ a 572° Density property of real numbers: Between any two real numbers there exist infinite number of real numbers. 2. We say that real numbers possess the property of density Block diagram of number system Figure 1.1 Representation of numbers on the number I We now learn the procedure of repres e ting real numbers on the number line. Representation of natural numbers Draw a line. Mark a point on it which represents 0 (ero). Now on the right hand side of zero (0), mark points at equal intervals of length, as shown below: 14 ase. T_T o 1 2 3 4 Figure 1.2 These points represent natural numbers 1, 2, 3, ...... respectively. The three dots on number line indicate the continuation of these numbers indefinitely, Representation of whole numbers This is similar as above, but with the inclusion of 0 in the number line itis as follows j 4 tt eo 1 2 3 4 Figure 1.38 Real Numbers and LCM and HCF Representation of integers Draw a line. Mark a point on it which represents 0 (zero). 2 + 0 1 2 38 Figure 1.4 Three dots on either side show the continuation of integers indefinitely on each side. Representation of rational numbers Rational numbers can be represented by some points on the number line Draw a Fine, Mark a point on it which represents 0 (sero). Set equal distances on both sides of 0. Each point on the division represents an integer as shown below. eet tH HH Et 43241 0° 123456 Figure 1.5 The length between two successive integers is called a unit length. Let us consider a rational number : <— FH} + —> 2 4 op 4 2 Figure 1.6 Divide unit length between 0 and 1 into 7 equal parts; call them sub-divisions. 2 The point atthe line indicating the second sub-division represents = In this way any rational number can be represented on the number line. Representation of irrational numbers on a number line a Figure 1.7 Draw the number line and mark point O at zero, Consider the points P and Q such that OP I unitand PQ 1 OP as shown in the figure. From the right triangle OPQ 0g = or? PQ = unis Now with © as centre and OQ = V2 as radius cut the number line at P, { unit PQ = OP, = y2 which is an irrational number. P, is a point on the number line corresponding to the irrational Draw perpendicular P,Q, at P, to the number line such that OP niber V2 1QReal Numbers and LCM and HCF 9 = OQ, = ylv2)' +1 = V3 units Mark point P, such that OP, = OQ, = v3 P. represents a point corresponding to the irrational number 43. Repeating this process we can mark points on the number line corresponding to the irrational numbers V5.N6 etc. Nore: We notice that, there exists 2 unique point corresponding to every irrational number on the number line. Properties of different types of numbers The applicability/existence of the different properties on different sets of numbers is summarized below: N WZ Q R 1. Additive Properties a, Closure Property vow ¥ ¥ b. Commutative Property yovoy v v ©. Associative Property voy v v d. Existence of Identity element * oY % v v e. Existence of Inverse cox Vv v v 2. Multiplicative Propertis a, Closure Property vv v vy b. Commutative Property vovy v vy ©. Associative Property vovyw v v a. Existence of dentity element ¥ ¥ v v ©. Existence of Inverse except for zero except for zero Distributive hw. viv « v . Even Numbers: Integers which are divisible by 2 are called even numbers. @® Example 6, -4,-2, 0, 2, 4, 6,8, 10, 12, ..are called even numbers. We know that, any number divisible by 2 can be expressed in the form of 2 ¥ n (where n isan integer) In general any even number can be written as 2n where n € Z. 2. Odd numbers: Integers that are not divisible by 2 are called odd numbers. @ Example -5,-3,-1,1,3,5,7,9, 11, 13, are called add numbers Any odd number when divided by 2 leaves a remainder 1. In general odd number can be expressed in the form of 2n ~1 where n € Z. Properties of even and odd numbers 1, Sum or product of any number of even numbers is even. mn of odd number of odd numbers is odd. 3. Sum of even number of odd numbers is even. 4. Product of an even number and an odd number is even.10 Real Numbers and LCM and HCF PRIME NUMBERS The natural numbers which have exactly two factors are called prime numbers. Definition: A positive integer p is said to be a prime number if p > 1 and p has no factors except 1 and p i.e.,@ natural number which has exactly two different factors, itself and one is called a prime number. @& Example 3,5,7, 11, .... are some prime numbers Nore: Fermat proposed that the numbers of the form 22" + 1 are prime numbers. But it is true when n= 1,2,3and 4 only, COMPOSITE NUMBERS ‘The natural numbers which have more than two factors are called composite numbers. © Example 4,6,8,9, 10, Observations: Four is the least composite number. All even numbers (except 2) are composite. One is neither prime, nor composite. Any natural number greater than one and that is not a composite is a prime number. Every composite number has at least three factors. 6. Two is the only even ps ie number 7. We can divide the set of natural numbers into three disjoint sets as given below: @) {1}, () {prime numbers} and (@) {composite numbers} Different methods of finding prime numbers Method 1 (i) Sieve of Erathosthenes: Erathosthenes, a famous Greek mathematician suggested a method to find out prime numbers. Itis called SIEVE OF ERATHOSTHENES: This method helps us to find out prime numbers upto a given natural number s. Procedure: Write all natural numbers from 1 to n, (@ The first prime namber is 2,leave 2 and round off all the multiples of 2. They are 4,6, 8, .... the next prime number left is 3 (i) Round off all the multiples of 3 except 3. (iii) We have to continue this process upto the highest prime which does not exceed Vn .ie., @) Find the square root of the number 1 (&) Round off the result to nearest integer. Let it be m. (©) Verify whether n is divisible by all prime numbers less than or equal to mt oF not (@ In isnot divisible by any of the prime numbers below m (or m itself) it is a prime number or ebe, it is non-prime.Real Numbers and LCM and HCF UL © Example Verify whether 223 is a prime number or not. Solution Given number n= 223 now ¥223 ~ 14 We have m = 14 Prime numbers below m = {2,3,5,7, 11, 13} Clearly, 223 is not divisible by any of above prime numbers Therefore, 223 is a prime number. TWIN PRIMES Prime numbers differing by 2 are called twin primes For example, 5 and 7 are prime numbers The difference between the two numbers is 7 So, 5 and 7 are called twin primes. Similarly, 3 and 5 are twin primes, 17 and 19;29 and 31;41 and 43 are also some examples of twin primes, All the twin primes except (3, 5) can be expressed in the form of (6k ~ 1), (6k + 1), where k € N. PRIME TRIPLET The set of three consecutive prime numbers is called a prime triplet. @ Example {3,5,7} is a prime triplet. CO-PRIMES Every pair of two natural numbers having no common factor, other than 1 is called a pair of co-primes. For example, consider the numbers 16 and 15. A 1,2, 4,8, 16} 1,3,5,15} ct of factors of 16 et of factors of 15, The common fictors of 16 and 15 is 1 only. Hence they are relative primes. These are denoted 2s (15, 16) = 1 Observations 1. Any nwo prime numbers are always relatively prime to each other 2. Two relatively prime numbers need not be prime numbers. Units digits of x" (x ¢ Nand n < N) (Contd)12 Real Numbers and LCM and HCF 5 5 1 6 6 1 7 7.931 4 8 84,26 4 9 Ot 2 © Example Find the units digit of 8°. Solution Possibilities of units digit of 8* are 8, 4, 2 and 6. The units digit of 8" gets repeated for every 4th power of 8. :, Remainder obtained when 25 in divided by 4 is 1 ye 6tt x gl Units digit of 8 is 8, DIVISIBILITY ‘Consider two natural numbers « and 6, When a is divided by b, ifa remainder of zero is obtained, we say that «is divisible by b. For example, 12 is divisible by 3 because when 12 is divided by 3, the remainder is zero, Als, we say that 12 isnot divisible by 5, because 12 when divided by 5, leaves a remainder 2 Tests of divisibility We now study the methods to text the divisibility of natural numbers with 2, 3,4, 5, 6,8,9 and 11 without performing actual division. Test of divisibility by 2 A natural number is divisible by 2, if its units digit is divisible by 2, .c., the units place is cither 0,2, 4, 6 or 8, © Example The numbers 4096,23548 and 34052 are divisible by 2 as they end with 6,8 and 2 espectively. Test of divisibility by 3 ‘A natural number is divisible by 3, if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3. @® Example Consider the number 2143251. The sum of the digits of 2143251 is (2+ 1+4+3+2+45+ 1) ive., 18.As 18 is divisible by 3, the number 2143251, is divisible by 3. Test of divisibility by 4 A natural number is divisible by 4, if the number formed by its last two digits in the same order (ten’s digit and unit’ digit) is divisible by 4. @& Example 4096, 53216, 548 and 4000 are all divisible by 4 as the numbers formed by taking the last two digits in each case is divisible by 4.Real Numbers and LCM and HCF 13 Test of divisibility by 5 A natural number is divisible by 5, if its units digit is either 0 oF 5. @ Example ‘The numbers 4095 and 255060 are divisible by 5 as they have 5 and 0 in their respective units’ places. Test of divisibility by 6 A number is divisible by 6, if it is divisible by both 2 and 3, @ Evample Consider the number 753618 Since its units digit is 8, it is divisible by 2. Also its sum of digits is 7 +5 +3 +6 + 1 +8 = 30,a830 is divisible by 3, 753618 is divisible by 3 Hence 753618 is divisible by 6 Test of divisibility by 8 A number is divisible by 8, if the number formed by its last three digits in the same order (hundreds, tens and units digits) is divisible by 8. © Example 15840, 5432 and 7096 are all divisible by 8 as the numbers formed by last three digits in each case are divisible by 8. Test of divisibility by 9 A natural number is divisible by 9, if the sum of its digits i divisible by 9 @® Examples () Consider the number 125847. 42454844 +7 =27.As 27 is divisible by 9, the number 125847 is divisible Gi) Consider the number 145862. Sum of digits =1+4+5+8+6+ divisible by 9. Test of divisibility by 11 A number is divisible by 11, ifthe difference between the sum of the digits in odd places and the sum of the digits in even places of the number is either 0 or a multiple of 11 @ Examples () Consider the number 9582540 Now, (um of digits in odd places) ~ (sum of digits in even places) =(9+8+540)-Gt2+4) = 11, which is divisible by 11 Hence 9582540 is divisible by 11 (ii) Consider the number 1453625 Now, (sum of digits in odd places) ~ (sum of digits in even places) =(1+5+64+5)-@+3+42) = 17-9 =8, which is not divisible by 11 = 26.As 26 not divisible by 9, the number 145862 is notaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.20. Ifa/b, b/c then the GCD of a,b, eis 21. 1F 36 is exactly divisible by a, then the GCD of 36 and a is 22. The LOM of a and b is x.What is the LCM of ma and mb? 23. Let a and b be two numbers, then a x b = (LOM of a and b) x ( ). 24. What is the GCD of ma and mb, ifthe GCD ofa and b is x? 25. In the prime factorization method of finding LCM, LCM is given by the product of of all the factors 26. Let a and b be two numbers, p be their LCM and q be their GCD. Then q in terms of LCM is HIF of given fractions __ HC! "LCM of giveniiactions — LCM of denominators 28. If: 29. The units digit of the number 9 is ofm rors HCF of denominators b’, where a and b are prime factors of x,then number of factors of x is Dividend—Remainder _ Divisor Short answer type questions 31. How many prime numbers are there between 1 and 50? 32. Which of the following numbers are rational? Also, identify the irrational numbers. @o w-t + @ 3 © © v2 @ V2 @) V2 x V8 0 Bx 0 (4-V8)(2+ (k) 9990 M1 33. Find the greatest and the least of the following rational numbers, @) 12, 8-3, 12,-8, 3,0 34. Represent the following numbers on the number line, @ = 0 () -A8 @ 435. Obtain () one rational number and (i) three rational numbers between + and 4 36. Which of the following numbers are prime? Why/why not? . @7 Ol @2 @ 4 © 2011 (@ 1iitt 2aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.28. Ifa € Nand 1 a =xifx 2.Therefore, the tens digit is 1. Thus, the required cube root is 14. (ili) 42875:Here, the units digit is 5. Therefore, the units digits of the cube root is 5. After striking the last three digits from the right, we are left with the numbers 2. Now, 3 < 42 and 4° = 64 > 42. Therefore, the tens digit is 5. ‘Thus, the required cube root is 35. 12. Cube root by prime factorization Cube root of a number n ie., Ya () Find the prime factors of a Gi) Group the factors in triplets such that all the three factors in triplet are the sume, (ili) If'some prime factors are left ungrouped, the number n isnot perfect cube and the process stops. (iv) If no factor is lett ungrouped, choose one factor from each group and take the product. The product is the cube root of n. © Example Find the cube root of the following using prime factorisation method: (i) 373248) 27000 ii):17576 Solution (i) 373248 = 2x2.x2 x 2x2%2x 2x2%2x3X3%3 X3X IF V373248 =2x2xX2*K3x3=72 (ii) 27000 = 3 x 3x 3x 2x 2x 2x 5 x 5x5 . 27000 2x 5 = 30 27000aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.as. dh xb? 26. The cube root of (—125) is 27. 216 is the cube of 28. Ifm isa cube root of n, we write m = 29. Y0.125 + 30.729 = 30. Von! = Short answer type questions 31. Find the squares of the following numbers using the column method Verify your result by finding the square using the usual method. (@) 26 (b) 33 © 45 (@) 84 ©) 97 32. Giving reasons, describe why the following numbers are not perfect squares. (@) 1058 (&) 7923 (©) 134387 (@ 253222 33. Ifthe area of a square is 81 cm’, then the measure of its side is 34. Find the square of the following nambers using the identity (a + b) (@) 208 ) 512 (0) 635 35. Find the square root of the following by the method of repeated subtraction, @) 196 () 144 (9 121 (@ 81 36. Find the square roots of the following using division method. (a) 390625 (b) 4489 (0) 3249 (@ 529 37. Find the cubes of the following using alternative method. @) 52 (b) 24 (©) 46 @ 33 438. Show that the following are not perfect cubes: @) 54 (b) 648 @ 2 (@) 72 39. Pind the cube roots of the following by finding the digits in the units and tens places. (@) 110392) 32768) 2744 40. Find the smallest number which must be subtracted from the following to make them perfect cubes, ‘What are the corresponding cube roots? (@) 350 () 833 (©) 1400 @ 1730 41. Find the cube roots of the following using prime factorization: (@) 5852 (6) 19683 @ 9261 (@) 405224 42. Find the cube root of the following by the method of successive subtraction of the numbers 1,7, 19, 37, 61, 91, 127, 169, 217,271,331, 397, . @) 125 (&) 343 (©) 2197 47aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.50 19. The least number to be subtracted from 220 so that it becomes a perfect cube is » a 20 6 20 ¥] 20.1f x” = 25,then find the maximum posible value of (x) (y) (2) where x, y2> 0. (1) 16 @ 12 G) 256 (#) 24 21. The smallest number which must be subtracted from 3400 to make it a perfect cube is (1) 35, (2) 25 G) 6 @) 15 22. If a= 2b and b = 4e,then ai 22 @) 3 wa 23. Which of the following is not a perfect square? (1) 16384 (2) 23857) 18496 (4)-11025 24, The least number which must be added to 1200, so that the sum is a perfect square, is (32 (2 25 @) 35 @) 45 25. The cube root of 110592 1s ‘ a (2) 38 ©) 58 «48 26. ¥ 9 BY y % DK O%, MOK, 27. If nis a perfect cube, then every prime factor of ‘n’ occurs are (1) onetime (2) twotimes (3) Jtimes (4) 4 times 28. The cube root of the number 10648 is (1) 42 (2) 38 @ 2B (4) 22 29. The cube of a number ending in 3,ends in as 27 9 @ Cannot 30. If leaves remainder 1 when divided by 2, then n’ Jeaves a remainder of ait (22 6) 0 (3 when divided by 2. Concept Application Level—2 31. The square root of 102 upto three places of decimal is (1) 10.098 (2) 10.099 @) 10.097 (4) 10.096 32. A number is multiplied by half of itself and then 32 added to the product. If the final result is 130, then find the original number aa @Q7 5 wu 33. A man purchased a plot which is in the shape of a square. The area of the plot is 12 hectares 320Lm. ind the length of each side of the plot (in m). (ay 349 (2) 351 @) 359 (4) 361 )aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Concept Application Level—3 46. In an Atlas,a map occupies —th of a page with dimensions 25 cm and 30) cm respectively: If the real area of the map is 194400 sq.m, the scale to which the map is drawn, is (1) Lem =36m Qi tem=2m (3) fem =33m () tem= 23m 47. The volume of a spherical ball is given by the formula V Se, where V is the volume and r is the radias: Find thie diameter file spiiere-whore-volame'iy oni 2 ()2m itm) Bm) Hm 48.16 ais any natural number, then a — 1. wi slways be greater than or equal to ) (,.1) (1) 4) @art © [v+4) @ 3{a-4) 49. In a four digit number 523b,a > b and a = b*.Then the difference of the number and its cube root is (1) 5850) @) 5256 (4) 5814 50. In a school, there are as many children in each room as thrice the number of rooms in the school. 1 For charity, each child contributed an average amount of Rs 5—. Ifthe total money contributed was Rs 25600, then find the number of children in each room of the school. (1 40 (2) 80 @) 120 (100 <=_ ~~ Very short answer type questions 10. Two 1. Square = Yes 2. Twice 5 3.2n or 2n—1 Yes 4.0.000049 14. x’, cube 5. 15. mi 8.4 65 16.3 1 17. True Ties 18. 8,2 and 7,3, bee 19. Two 9.No aaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Gi) Find b using 2a —b =7. (iv) Get the cube root of the given number and add to i 49. (i) Use,at b= Jla-b) + fab (4) Cube on both sides of the given equation, Gi) Use,a tb = fa = by + dab 50. (i) Va. Vb. Ve = abe (i) Vax Vb x Ve = abe (ii) 288 x 648 = (2x 144) B x 219 = (Bx 144) (x 216) Concept Application Level—1,,2,3 11 2.3 3.3 4.3 5.4 6.3 7.3 81 9.4 10. 3 11.2 12.1 13.2 14.1 15.4 16. 3 17.2 18. 3 19. 1 20. 3 21.2 22.1 23.2 24. 2 25.4 26. 4 27.3 28. 4 29.2 30.1 3.2 32.4 33.2 34.1 35.2 36. 2 37.2 38. 2 39.4 40.3 Met 42.1 43.4 44.3 45.3 46.1 47.1 48.4 49.4 50. 3 Concept Application Level—1,2,3 Key points for select questions 1. Select the perfect square which is closed to Lo00. 2. V2401 is the required number. 3. Recall the properties of square roots, 4. (i) Square the units digit of the given numbers (ii) The units digit of the above obtained number is the required result. 5. Perfect square never ends with 2,3,7 and 8 6. Write the prime factors from the number 120. 7. Check from options 9. Use =a and a’ xa” 11. Use ab? = (a + b) (ab) 12. Evaluate square rot by division method. 13. The required number is Vi44456 36. 16. Evaluate the cube of 8. Be 17. Recall the properties of cube. 18, Divide each option by 5 and check for the answer, 42. 19. Apply successive subtraction method 24. Use the method successive subtraction 22. Express b and c in terms of of a and simplify. 23. Check from options. 24. Apply division method 25. Write the prime factors forthe mumber 110592. 43+ ve 28. 10648 = x’. 29. Recall the properties of cube. 46. 31. Use division method to find square root, 32. (jj Frame a simple equation, by taking the number x. X 432 = 130, find Gx xX +32 = 130, Gnd x 33. 1 hectare = 10000 m* (1 hectare = 10000 m2, (i) ASA=s,s= JA 47. 34, Form a simple equation and solve () Consider the number of men as x. (Gi) Total bill paid = (Number of men) x (Amount spent by each men) 35. (i) Use dividend = quotient x divisor + Remainder (ii) Consider the quotient as x. (ii) Use division algorithm, ie. (divisor x quotient) + rem: () Use standard procedure of finding square root. (i) Check from the options. () Frame a simple equation by taking the number be x. (i) xx 24x ~61 = 9200,Find x () Express 512 asa Gi) Use the given conditions and evaluate the values of a and b. (ii) Write all possible exponential forms of 512. (iv) Get required exponential form as per the given conditions (@ Divide each number asa product of prime factors. (i Expres the given number as the product of prime factors (i) Use the concept, a9 x VB x ae = Vibe () Area occupied by the map = of the map. hhe real area (i) Area of map = + (Area of page) 5 (Gi) Area of map = 194400 m? (iv) Use the concept, area on map = area on. the ground 3v\ r= |—|] andd= 2r. 8 (2) 52 N78 73 a@r=*F (i) x=y> y= Vx dvd rr. Grantee a L Gi) Consider a~ = 20. a (ii) Cube the above equation and obtain the required result.49. (a=? possible when b = 1 or 2 50. (i) Assume number of rooms be “x” Gi) Consider 5a3b as a perfect cube and get (ii) Frame a simple equation and solve by the values of a and b using a = b'and a> b. using given condition, (iii) Asa > band a =b’,a isthe greatest (iii) Consider the number of children asx possible single digit perfect cube. gl {i} Bvakate nyeube oor and subtract om () Total money contributed = 5 (Number the number. of eileen) x (Number of moms) 57aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.60 Indices “@& Examples fa) By Note: [(a®)"]? = a? and so on, Gv) aby" = at » be (power of a product) © Examples (a) (20)° = (4 x 5)5 = 4m 58 ) (42) = @x3.x 7) = 27x 3x77 In problems, we may often want to write a" ¥ b" as (ab)" © Bxamples (a) 8x27 =2'x3'=(2x3)=6 NOE: bed... 2) ) (y == (power of a quotient) © bxamples (ay # » (SY 2289 fa) (3) =f ® (3) In problems, we may want to write down 2 (2) bd b © Baamples # ay @ray (273 © (3) ® ore (a ay" (by “) lo) “la “© Examples Exponential equation (If a" =a", then m =n, ifa#0,a #1 and #1 © Examples f) If5P= 5 p Hs pad "then a = b. (when n is odd) (b) Irae = 256aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.wy os (pt sph py! 42. Simplify £ 43.165" x 50°! find the value of x 44, Which of the following is greater between each of the two numbers? @ 3",7" (ay 2,4" ca) and 3" 45.165 prove that — Essay type questions _! Tepeq Itqtr' Thrtp 46. Prove that = Lif pr =1 Directions for questions 47 and 48: Simplify the given expressions. fa+b+o"-G@tb+o-rbro” [a+ b+ @+b+0' @+b+ 0] 47, 48.) | ty anne of CONCEPT APPLICATION Concept Application Level—1 1. Express 122% as qth root of x? using x'" =(x")/* M22 |v @ yi (4) 22y 2. Evaluate (16) (1) 1024 @ 512 (3) 256 4) 128 66aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.18.Pind the value of 3° (yo Qa @9 as 16. 4x (256) +(243) 1 4 3 M5 Qs OF at 17. Find the value of (0.000064) + (0.0016) as Qn @st (a) 10 18.16 6 = 1296, then 6° is ro) : a6 (@) 06 (4) Daw insufficient 19. The value of (9° +4 1 4 2) 1681 3) 68921 4) a @ ) Son 20. [(s 1) (47°)! = aa Qo (3) Not defined (4) None of these 21. Value of 25) = MB 5 7 2 49 2 @ 2 @) 2 a 2S Ms Qs oF 3 1 22. 161)" = Fysy and x.y are integers, then find the value of 12sy. ao QI @2 (4) None of these 23. If (6x)° = 6° , then find the value of x. ay 2 ve @) V6 (4) Ve 24. Find the value of (6561) + (3125)", m4 Q6 3)8 (4) None of these 25. Find the value of (256)!"' + (625). (2 Q7 eu (a) 14 26. Evaluate the following. E + (0.09) — (64) «70 (1) 341/12 Q) -341/12,@B) 341/6 (4) 34176 6827. 1x = 64, where y # 1, find the sum of greatest possible value of * and greatest possible y $] value of © x oF @7 (067 “4 2 - Which is the greatest among (81)", (243)'5, (27) and (9)? (1) 43)" @) @7y" @) 0" @) Br)" 29. Find the value of 4” () @e" ae) a a 2 30. Find the value of (0. 00064)° =. .00032)5 (ly 0.2 Q@ 04 (3) 5 @) 25 Concept Application Level—2 moor 31. Find the value of [;] oF af E os then which of the following cannot be the value of a? 32, ren 1? 1 1) A 1 3) = (4) 2 a 2 ®> ® 1 5 z ADE age WEI en ad se lve Ser (33 Qo” (3) 297 ao Aided pmnpey_ responsi, scaled w (=) @ (:] 6) (3) ® (:) y x . y 35.1778 * x 5%" = 30625, then find x, an integer. (4 @3 @2 wt 69aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.(©) Take 34 common in mumerator and denominator and cancel. (@) Simplify the terms that are lef 37. (i) (a) Express 625 as the exponent of S and find n. (b) Substitute the value of n in [+3 (ii) @)_ Express LHS asnd RHS as the exponent of (2) and find a. (6) Suibsciate n in ( med +) 1024 38. (i) Use, (a—b) (a? + ab + b)) = a? — bwhere a= Qand b= 2 (ii) Use, (a + b) (a? = 7b and simplify. 39. (a) Express 16200 as the product of exponents of prime factors () Compare the ike terms of LHS and RHS and find a,b and c. . simplify. ab +9) = a? + b where a and (a") term and simplify. (b) Use, aaa = ar 41. @ Simplify LHS by using [ier] (b) Equate the exponent of LHS to zero and find n. 42, (a) Simplify numerator and denominator by using (@")" = a™ and then a” .a% 2 = (©) Equate the exponents of LHS and RS and find 2 44. @),0).) () Take the HCF of exponents of given numbers (i) Express the given numbers as exponent equal to its HCF (ie,, same exponent) (iil) Compare the terms, 45. (a) LetS* = 3° = 45 =k. (b) Equate each term to k and express 5,3 and. 45 in terms of k (©) Take 45 = 3°.5! and substitute the values of 3,5 and 45 in the equations obtained in step (b) split and get the desired result Essay type questions 46. (a) In the firse term of LHS take q° simplify. (b) In the second term replace r by pq. (€) In she third term replace r by and take Pa LoM. (d) Take LCM of LHS and simpli 47. (a) Simplify numerator by using a! (b) Simplify denominator by using a" va® at = a™™.and then ()" = am" (6) Now, use “== a" and obtain the a required answer Use, (")" each term, (b) Use, and simplify 49. (a) Make negative exponents to positive of the terms in LHS by taking reciprocals 48. (0) and simplify exponents of a (©) Take LOM and simplify 50. (a) Use, x fy xyz (b) Take a= + sand! simplify. 314 Concept Application Level—1,2,3 1.8) 21 3.2 4 5.4) 6.2 22 8.1 9.3 10. 1 1.4 12.2 13.2 14.3 15.3 16. 1 17.3 18, 2 19.3 20. 3 21.3 23.3 25.2 26. 2 27.2 28. 3 29.4 30. 3 34.4 33.4 35.3 36. 1 37.4 38.2 39.1 40. 2 a4 201 43.4 Ms 45.2 46.3 47.3 48. 1 49.1 50. Concept Application Level—1,2,3 Key points for select questions Lue 2. (a) Express the radical in the exponential form. (b) Simplify and get the answer. s 3. G@) Evaluate (P4243) and S| express it as the exponent of the single number. = (b) Simplify and get the result. 4. Recall (a+b) ab) = 5. Apply laws of indices 6. Use the identity a? —b* = (a +b) @—b) 7. Apply prime factorization 8. Simplify the numbers 9. Find the value of x 10. Prime factorize the numbers 11. Apply laws of exponents 12. find the value of n. 13. Apply prime factorization method 14, Prime factorize the numbers 15. Use laws of indices 16 nplify the numbers 17. Simplify the numbers 18. Apply prime factorization method 19. Write the expression as a single number 20. Apply the hws of indices 21. Factorize the numbers 22, Factorize the numbers 23. Use laws of indices 24, Factorize the numbers 25. 26. G) Express the given radicals in the ‘exponential form, nplify the numbers Gi) Use (0 27. Check the different possibilities of x 28. Make all powers with equal bases 29. Apply laws of exponents 30, Factorize the numbers 31. Apply laws of exponents 32. Simplify the xpressionaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.80 Polynomials and LCM and HCF of Polynomials w(eg}-4-20[ee3)- Identity 4: (a - b)’ = a’ - 2ab + b? @ Example Expand: (13x — 4y)? In this case a = 13x and b = 4y, applying the identity (a ~b)’ = a?— 2ab + b?, we have 2(13x)(4y) + Gy? 104xy + 16y* Identity 5: (a + b)? + (ab)? = 2(a? + b*) @ Example Simplify: (6x + Ty)’ + (6x yy In this case 6x = a and 7y = b: applying the ide G+ bY + @—by = 2G? + b), we have, (6x + Ty + Ox— Ty)? =2 {xy + yy} = 06x" + 49y Identity 6: (a + b)? = (a b)? = 4ab © Example Simplify (6x + 7y)!— (6x -7y)? applying the identity f@tby we have (6x + 79) (6x)(7y) = 168xy Identity 7: (a + b)(a— b) @ Example Simplify (15x + 16y) (15x - 16y). In this case a = 15x and b = 16y; applying the identity (a + b) (a ~ b) = (15x + 16y)(15x — L6y) = (15x)? — (16y)? = 25x? — 256y" Identity 8: (a + b)! = a! + 3a°b + 3ab? + b! = a! +b! + 3ab(a + b) @ Example Expand (6x + Sy)', In this case a = 6x and b = Sy; applying the identity (a +b)’ = a + 3atb + Sub? + b?, we have 2B 2b, we haveaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Polynomials and LCM and HCF of Polynomials 83 2. Factorization of polynomials by grouping of terms: In this method we group the terms of the polynomials in such a way that we get a common factor out of them © Examples @ Factorize: x= (y =) + Gx 39) x + 3) (&-y) eat 3) a Jy = fet 3) 9) Gi) Factorize: x+y tx ty + xy ytxty + 2xy Fey ty) + @& ty) fe @TDP= e+ 2ab + bY a Get PG ty = Ge ty) ty +1) 3. Factorization of a perfect square trinomial A trinomial of the form, x° £ 2xy + y*is equivalent to (x * yy. ‘This identity can be used to factorize perfect square trinomials, @& Examples (i) Factorize: 16x? + 40xy + 25y? 16x? + 40xy + 25y? = (4x + 248) (By) + Gy = (4x + Sy 1 Gil) Factorize: 9x? + — 9x! = (3x)? - 23x) (3) + (2) = Gx -1/3xy 4. Factorization ofa polynomial of the form x? + (a + b) x + ab. ‘As we have already seen, (x +a) & +b) =x + (A+ b)x + ab =x! + a + b)x + ab can be fatcorized as (& +a) (& +b) @& Eramples () Factorize x° + 3x +2. Here, the constant term 2 = (1 2) and the coefficient of x is 3= (1 +2) Xt3x¢2=xttxt 2x42 =x (ctl) +e + 1)= (+1) +2) (i) Factorize y2 + 9y + 20. Here, the constant term 20 = 5 x 4 and the coefficient of y is9 =5 +4 yi t 9y +20 = yi + Sy + 4y + 20 yyts) +445) = (+5 G44 (iii) Factorize 2 — 32 — 28. Constant term is (28) = (= 7} « (4)aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Polynomials and LCM and HCF of Polynomials 87 Writing (x) and g(x) as the product of the powers of irreducible factors, fix) = 2x 3X Tx(e— 2) (e—3)° as) = 27 (x= 1) (x- 2P The common factors with the least exponents are 2, 7, «the HCF of the given polynomials = 2 X 7 * x X (x 14x (= 2) LCM of the given polynomials Least Common Multiple or the Lowest Common Multiple is the product of all the factors (taken once) of the polynomials given with their highest exponents respectively. Method to calculate LCM of the given polynomials Step 1: First express each polynomial as a product of powers of irreducible factors. Step 2: Consider all the irreducible factors (only once) occurring in the given polynomials. For each of these factors, consider the greatest exponent in the fictorised form of the given polynomial. Step 3: Now mise each irreducible factor to the greatest exponent and multiply them to get the L.C.M. © amples () Find the LCM of 30x? and 36x’. Let f[x) = 30x? and g(x) = 36x" Writing f(x) and g(x) as the product of the powers of irreducible factors, fix) =2* 3x 5x x ax) = 2x Pxxd Now all the factors (taken only once) with the highest exponents are 2° => The LCM of the given polynomials = 2? x 3? x 5 x x°= 180x" (i) Find the LCM of 42 x (x — 2)? (« — 3) and 142 (x — 1) (= 2) Let fix) = 42x (© — 2)" — 3)" x 3X 7X x(x — 2) — 3) as) = Mx"(e= 1) (= 2) * 7 * x'(x— 1) (x-2)* Now all the factors (taken only once) with highest exponents are 2, = LCM of the given polynomials 3X7 XX (e-1)X (& 28x (3)? 2x°(x = 1) (= 2)° (= 3) (=1) &=2)(6=3P Relation between the HCF, the LCM and the product of the polynomials IF f(x) and g(x) are wo polynomiak, then we have the relation, (HCF of f(x) and g{x)) x (LCM of f(x) and g(x)) = = (f(x) x g(x)) © Example Let ffs) = (+ 1) (+ 2) (+3) and als) = (x + 1)(— 1)" (& + 2) be two polynomials. ‘The common factors with the least exponents are x + 1, x + 2. = HCF = (x +1) @+2) All the factors (taken only once) with the highest exponents are (+I 1) Oe + 2), 60 + 3)aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.92 13. 16. = . Simplify the equation ay 7 a 2b" a @ Fra @ 2 ay te - Expansion of (x= y)' + (y= 2) + =x) is (1) 2x! + 2y" + 228 Q &-yY-2 E-») Bo (A) 3@— yh 2) 9) Ifx + y= and xy = I,then find x! + y+ a6 Qa Qs 2 |= The HCF of the polynomials 10(a = 1)(a~ 2)*, 120@ = 3) @=2)* and 135(@ + 3) @= 2)" is () 25@~3) @-2) 2) 5@~3) a2) @) 5@-2)" (4) 5@~3) @=2) +3) = The LCM of the polynomials 12(x!+ x! + 2°) and 18(x!— x) is (1) 36x@°= 1) 2) 36x(0'= 1) GB) 3668 +x x) Rx) (A) 360K + P+ x) (+ 1) The polynomi: 1b + ab~a.on factorization, reduces to (1) a+b) @ +b?) 2 @+b@+t) 3) (@-b) @ +b) (4) @+b)@-1) (8x? + 11x) = 3x. 8 0) Sx + 11s Os + (4) 24xt+ 338° |. The HCF of polynomials x° = 1 and x? = 1 is (@x-1 @xtl @x-xtt HI . The factorized form of the polynomial y? + (x ~ 1) y — is @+x-D&FD Q) y+ @-1) GB) Y= y +x) ) &=1) & + y) ). Ifa + b = 3. and ab = 2, then find a° + b*. (1) 6 QQ) 4 (3) 9 @) 12 |. The value of 51° + 49° is (1) 52-300 @ 5*2'+300 (3) 250000) 52" + 299 If x + y + 2= Sand xy + ye + 2x = 7, then x? + y' + 2) —3xyz = (1) 20 2) 21 @) 12 (@) 22 - Factorization of the polynomial (x - y)?a° + 2(x— y) (x + y) ab + bY (x + yy gives () @x~ by) (x + by) 2) (ax + by) (bx + ay) (3) (ax —ay + bx + by)? (4) (ax + ay + bx + by)?aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your 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viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aT aad Very short answer type questions ti aPetst 2 12am 3.24 4. Base (b) = 18 em and height (h) = 12 em 5. 72N3 om. 6.35 cme ue 8..Rs 12.80 9.12 see 10. False 11.50 rem? 12. 61) mv 13.a= Temandb=5 cm 14. 144 om? 5.5 On 16. n(x + 3y) (RT 17. 24m cm? 18. 7m. 20. 104 cm. 22. 400 em’ a4. = b 25.240 cm 26.12 27. 1232 cm* 28.340 m* 29.900 cr 30. Bom Short answer type questions 31. 21.42% 32.60 cm? 33.154 m 34.9240 nv. 38. 1000, 36.21 em 37. 2052 mem’ 38.81 :121 39.8 mm 40.322 AL Sam 42.27 cm 43.543 om? 44, 38808 cm 45.142 Essay type questions 46. Rs 110000 4744 48. 16 49. 108 mem! 50. 13m Very short answer type questions 2@ Area of the right angled isosceles triangle is (i) Using this find a and then hypotenuse is equal to V2 a, 4. @ Assume base (ii) Find the area and equate to the given value to obtain x, then find base and height. and height as 2s key points for selected questions 5. Ifa is the side of an equilateral triangle, then its height is given by a unis 8. () Area of gravel path = Area of outer rectangle — Area of inner rectangle Gi) Cost of gravelling = Atea of the path x cost per square meter 9. (i) Using the area of square find its side and its length of diagonal 423length of diagonal i) Time taken = S282 OF fagonal | velocity of the bird 13. @ Let the length of two parallel sides be a em and (+ 2} om. (@) Find the area of trapezium with the help of the formula find the value of a and then the lengths of required sides 14. Area of polygon = Area of rectangle + Area of right angled triangle 25. () Find area of AABD and ABCD wing heron’ formula (@) Area of quadrilateral ABCD = Area of AABD + Ares of ABCD. 2g Number preuysagonan= Beeeoe seiatalt ‘Area of each tile 27.) Perimeter of a semicircle = wr + 2r (Using this find radius and then its aren 28. Area of 4 walls = 2h(! +b) square units. 29. Ifa sphere is melted and recast into a wire (cylinder), then volume of sphere = volume of cylinder ie., (vite) 30. (i) Use the formula to find area of the triangle. i Arca = 5 bas height wo ecxany=2 ane Short answer type questions 31. @) When a largest circle is cut out of a square card-board, the length of the side of a square = diameter of circle (i) Arca of cardboard left = Atea of square ~Area of circle 32, Side, = (Hypotenuse)? — Gide,)° 33. As the length of the rope is less than the side of the square, area that the cow can graze = Area of Quadrant sector = = Area of circle. 34. Area of race track = area of outer circle ~ area of imer circle, 35. (i) Each side of cube can be cut into 10) parts. 0.x 10 Gi) +. Number of cubes so formed x 10. 36. Length of longest needle that can be accommodated = length of diagonal of the cuboid, 37. (a) Find outer and inner radii of the hemisphere. (b) TS.A. of bowl = Outer surface ares + Inner surface area + Ring area. 38. Ratio of surface areas 39. Rike in level Volume of pit Area of ground on which mud is spread 40. Using r = h find the ratio of meh, 41, The total surface area of a cuboid = 2{ib + bh + fh), 42. Number of cubes Volume of cube of edge 12inches Volume of cube of edge 4 inches 43. Area of regular hexagon = 6 x ae (side? 4, Volume of sphere = 1 ar! 45. Circumference of base = —— « 2ar. 360 Essay type questions 46. (Cost of canvas square meter), (i) Find the C.S.A. of cone, (CSA) x (Cost per (iii) The cose of canvas = C.S.A. x cost perm’. 49. (i) Volume of solid =Volume of hemisphere + volume of cylinder + volume of cone. Gi) The heights of the cone and hemisphere is cm each and as base radins and height of the hemisphere are equal 424aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.