AP* Kinematics Free Response Questions 1982 QL ‘The first 10 meters of a 100-meter dash are covered in 2 seconds by a sprinter who starts from rest and accelerates with a constant acceleration. The remaining 90 meters are run with the same velocity the sprinter had after 2 seconds. (a) Determine the sprinter's constant acceleration during the first 2 seconds. (b) Determine the sprinter’s velocity after 2 seconds have elapsed. (©) Determine the total 1e needed to run the full 100 meters. @ On the axes provided below, draw the displacement vs. time curve for the sprinter. (AM waited eat Cle Bad Te Cl oud at nad he pened oe rb) ot ue Ci ©1840 by Cali aa ‘ees Benes N Aspro acs puny arches bey poe eure WebraanedDisplacement (eters ) AP* Kinematics Free Response Questions page 2AP* Kinematics Free Response Questions page 3 1997 QI POP IO Displacement (m) A.0.20 kg object moves along a straight line. The net force acting on the object varies with the object's iisplacement as shown in the graph above. The object starts from rest at displacement x =0 and time ¢= 0 and isplaced a distance of 20 m. Determine each of the following. (a) The acceleration of the particle when its displacement x is 6 m. (b) The time taken for the object to be displaced the first 12 m. (©) The amount of work done by the net force in displacing the object the first 12 m,AP” Kinematics Free Response Questions page 4 (@) The speed of the object at displacement x = 12 m. (©) The final speed of the object at displacement x = 20 m, (®) The change in the momentum of the object as it is displaced from x = 12 m tox=20 mpage 5 AP* Kinematics Free Response Questions 2005 QI (10 points) Vertical Position (m) ‘The vertical position of an elevator as a function of time is shown above. (a) On the grid below, graph the velocity of the elevator as a function of time. Velocity (m/s) (s) + + + —= TimeAP* Kinematics Free Response Questions page 6 (b) i, Calculate the average acceleration for the time period t= 8 s to = 10. ii, On the box below that represents the elevator, draw a vector to represent the direction of this average acceleration. (©) Suppose that there is a passenger of mass 70 kg in the elevator. Calculate the apparent w passenger at time t= 4s,AP* Kinematics Free Response Questions page 7 1998 Q6 (10 points) A heavy ball swings at the end of a string as shown above, with negligible air resistance. Point P is the lowest point reached by the ball in its motion, and point Q is one of the two highest points. a, On the following diagrams draw and label vectors that could represent the velocity and acceleration of the ball at points P and Q. Ifa vector is zero, explicitly state this fact. ‘The dashed lines indicate horizontal and vertical directions. i, Point P ii, PointQAP* Kinematics Free Response Questions page 8 b. After several swings, the string breaks. The mass of the string and air resistance are negligible, On the following diagrams, sketch the path of the ball if the break occurs when the ball is at point P or point Q. Ineach case, briefly describe the motion of the ball after the break. i Point P ii, — PointQAP* Kinematics Free Response Questions page 9 1994 QL Note: Diagram not drawn to scale. A ball of mass 0.5 kilogram, initially at rest, is kicked directly toward a fence from a point 32 meters away, as shown above. The velocity of the ball as it leaves the kicker’s foot is 20 meters per second at an angle of 37° above the horizontal. The top of the fence is 2.5 meters high. The kicker's foot is in contact with the ball for 0.05 second. The ball hits nothing while in flight and air resistance is negligible. a. Determine the magnitude of the average net force exerted on the ball during the kick. b. Determine the time it takes for the ball to reach the plane of the fence. ¢. Will the ball hit the fence? If so, how far below the top of the fence will it hit? If not, how far above the top of the fence will it pass?AP* Kinematics Free Response Questions page 10 d. On the axes below, sketch the horizontal and vertical components of the velocity of the ball as functions of time until the ball reaches the plane of the fence. Horizontal 5| ‘Component of Velocity 0} (avs)Ap* Newton's Laws Free Response Questions 1981 QT ee eee A 10-kilogram block is pushed along a rough horizontal surface by a constant horizontal force F as shown above. At time = 0, the velocity v of the block is 6.0 meters per second in the same direction as the force. The coefficient of sliding friction is 0.2. Assume g = 10 meters per second squared. (@) Calculate the force F necessary to keep the velocity constant. The force is now changed to a larger constant value F”. The block accelerates so that its kinetic energy increases by 60 joules while it slides a distance of 4.0 meters. (b) Calculate the force F” (©) Calculate the acceleration of the block. cp tyAP* Newton's Laws Free Response Questions page 2 1983 QI Rope A box of uniform density weighing 100 newtons moves in a straight line with constant speed along a horizontal surface. The coefficient of sliding friction is 0.4 and a rope exerts a force F in the direction of motion as shown above. (@) On the diagram below, draw and i tify all the forces on the box. (b) Calculate the force F exerted by the rope that keeps the box moving with constant speed.AP* Newton's Laws Free Response Questions age 3 elm (©) A horizontal force F’, applied at a height 5/3 meters above the surface as shown in the diagram above, is just sufficient to eause the box to begin to tip forward about an axis through point P. The box is 1 meter wide and 2 meters high. Calculate the force F’.AP* Newton's Laws Free Response Questions page 4 M 1987 QL M2 In the system shown above, the block of mass M; is on a rough horizontal table. The string that attaches it to the block of mass M; passes over a frictionless pulley of negligible mass. The coefficient of kinetic friction px between M; and the table is less than the coefficient of static friction p (a) On the diagram below, draw and identify all the forces acting on the block of mass M, (b) In terms of M; and M; determine the minimum value of pi, that will prevent the blocks from moving.AP* Newton's Laws Free Response Questions page 5 The blocks are set in motion by giving M; a momentary downward push. In terms of Mi, Mo, Hx, and g, determine each of the following: (©) The magnitude of the acceleration of Mi (@) The tension in the string,AP* Newton's Laws Free Response Questions page 6 2006 QI (15 points) M=8.0 kg m=4.0kg 0.70 m An ideal spring of unstretched length 0.20 m is placed horizontally on a frictionless table as shown above. One end of the spring is fixed and the other end is attached to a block of mass M = 8.0 kg. The 8.0 kg block is also attached to a massless string that passes over a small frictionless pulley. A block of mass m = 4.0 kg hangs from the other end of the string. When this spring-and-blocks system is in equilibrium, the length of the spring is 0.25 m and the 4.0 kg block is 0.70 m above the floor, (a) On the figures below, draw free-body diagrams showing and labeling the forces on each ‘block when the system is in equilibrium. M=8.0kg m=4.0 kg (b) Calculate the ter in the string, (©) Calculate the force constant of the spring.Ap* Newton's Laws Free Response Questions page 7 ‘The string is now cut at point P. (d) Calculate the time taken by the 4.0 kg block to hit the floor, (©) Calculate the frequency of oscillation of the 8.0 kg block. (f) Calculate the maximum speed attained by the 8.0 kg block.AP* Newton's Laws Free Response Questions page 8 2007 QI (15 points) An empty sled of mass 25 kg slides down a muddy hill with a constant speed of 2.4 m/s. The slope of the hill is inclined at an angle of 15° with the horizontal as shown in the figure above. (a) Calculate the time it takes the sled to go 21 m down the slope. (b) On the dot below that represents the sled, draw and label a free-body diagram for the sled as it slides down the slope.AP* Newton's Laws Free Response Questions page 9 (©) Calculate the frictional force on the sled as it slides down the slope. (@) Calculate the coefficient of friction between the sled and the muddy surface of the slope. (e) The sled reaches the bottom of the slope and continues on the horizontal ground. Assume the same coefficient of friction. i. Interms of velocity and acceleration, describe the motion of the sled as it travels on the horizontal ground.ApP* Newton's Laws Free Response Questions page 10 fi, On the axes below, sketch a graph of speed w versus time ¢ for the sled. Include both the sled’s travel down the slope and across the horizontal ground. Clearly indicate with the symbol the time at which the sled leaves the slope.Ap* Newton's Laws Free Response Questions page 11 An airplane accelerates uniformly from rest. A physicist passenger holds up a thin string of negligible mass to which she has tied her ring, which has a mass m. She notices that as the plane accelerates down the runway, the string makes an angle @ with the vertical as shown above. (@) In the space below, draw a free-body diagram of the ring, showing and labeling all the forces present. The plane reaches a takeoff speed of 65 m/s after accelerating for a total of 30 s. (b) Determine the minii jum length of the runway needed.AP* Newton's Laws Free Response Questions age 12 (© Determine the angle 6 that the string makes with the vertical during the acceleration of the plane before it leaves the ground. (@ What additional information would be needed in order to estimate the mechanical energy of the airplane at the instant of takeoff? Explain your answer.Ab* Newton's Laws Free Response Questions. age 13 2005 Q2 (10 points) ae eg A simple pendulum consists ofa bob of mass 1.8 kg attached to a string of length 2.3 m. The pendulum is held at an angle of 30° from the vertical by a light horizontal string attached to a wall, as shown above. (a) On the figure below, draw a free-body diagram showing and labeling the forces on the bob in the position shown above.Ap* Newton's Laws Free Response Questions page 14 (®) Calculate the tension in the horizontal string. (©) The horizontal string is now cut close to the bob, and the pendulum swings down, Calculate the speed of the bob at its lowest posiAP* Newton's Laws Free Response Questions page 15 2005B QI (10 points) A student of mass m stands on a platform scale in an elevator in a tall building, The positive direction for all vector quantities is upward. (a) Draw a free-body diagram showing and labeling all the forces acting on the student, who is represented by the dot below. (b) Derive an expression for the reading on the scale in terms of the acceleration a of the elevator, the mass m of the student, and fundamental constants.Ap* Newton's Laws Free Response Questions page 16 An inspector provides the student with the following graph showing the acceleration a of the elevator as a function of time ¢. 2.0) ‘Acceleration (mis?) 10: © i. During what time interval(s) is the force exerted by the platform scale on the student a maximum value? ii, Calculate the magnitude of that maximum force for a 45 kg student. (@) During what time interval(s) is the speed of the elevator constant?AP* Newton's Laws Free Response Questions page 17 1993 QL wl 7 7 F420 it 3B 3 300: ma i 9 3 10 1S 20 Teme () ‘A student whose normal weight is 500 newtons stands on a scale in an elevator and records the scale reading as a function of time. ‘The data are shown in the graph above. At time ¢= 0, the levator is at displacement x= 0 with velocity v= 0, Assume that the positive directions for displacement, velocity, and acceleration are upward. (a) On the diagram below, draw and label all of the forces on the student at ¢ = 8 seconds. vator for each 5-second interval. (b) Calculate the acceleration a of th i, Indicate your results by completing the following table. Time Interval (s) 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 a (mls*) ii, Plot the acceleration as a function of time on the following graph.AP* Newton's Laws Free Response Questions page 18 (©) Determine the vel v of the elevator at the end of each $-second interval. i. Indicate your results by completing the following table. Time (s) 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 v(mjs) fi, Plot the velocity as a function of time on the following graph. Velocity (ms) (@) Determine the displacement x of the elevator above the starting point at the end of each S-second interval.AP* Newton's Laws Free Response Questions. page 19 i, Indicate your results by completing the following table, Time (s) 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 x(m) — — — — if. Plot the displacement as a function of time on the following graph. 250| ‘Time (8) gb---J----t--- 422AP* Newton's Laws Free Response Questions age 20 2002 QI (15 points) —~ H t ‘ 4 I t ! Ground 122s Maximum height Rocket Engine ignites Engine shuts down, parachute deploys. descends. Note: Figures not drawn to scale. ‘A model rocket of mass 0.250 kg is launched vertically with an engine that is ignited at time ¢=0, as shown above. The engine provides an impulse of 20.0 N s by firing for 2.0 s. Upon reaching its ‘maximum height, the rocket deploys a parachute, and then descends vertically to the ground. (@) On the figures below, draw and label a free-body diagram for the rocket during each of the following intervals. i. While the engine . After the engine stops, After the parachute is firing but before the parachute is deployed (b) Determine the magnitude of the average acceleration of the rocket during the 2 s firing of the engine.AP* Newton's Laws Free Response Questions. page 21 (©) What maximum height will the rocket reach? (@) At what time after / = 0 will the maximum height be reached?AP* Newton's Laws Free Response Questions age 22 1986 QI 2.0 kg. 4.0kg 1.0 kg} ‘Three blocks of masses 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 kilograms are connected by massless strings, one of which passes over a frictionless pulley of negligible mass, as shown above. Calculate each of the following. (a) The acceleration of the 4-kilogram block (b) The tension in the string supporting the 4-kilogram block (©) The tension in the string connected to the I-kilogram blockAb* Newton's Laws Free Response Questions page 23 1982 Q2 ee] aro [eam ower =| Tensce eae toad | m,=800%0 A crane is used to hoist a load of mass m; = $00 kilograms. The load is suspended by a cable from ahook of mass m, = 50 kilograms, as shown in the diagram above. The load is lifted upward at a constant acceleration of 2 mis”, (a) On the diagrams below draw and label the forces acting on the hook and the forces acting on the load as they accelerate upward 5 = (b) Determine the tension T, in the lower cable and the tension T> in the upper cable as the hook and load are accelerated upward at 2 m/s”, Use g= 10 m/s*,AP* Newton's Laws Free Response Questions page 24 2003 QI (15 points) Student B 60 ke Student A 70 kg A rope of negligible mass passes over a pulley of negligible mass attached to the ceiling, as shown above. One end of the rope is held by Student 4 of mass 70 kg, who is at rest on the floor. The opposite end of the rope is held by Student B of mass 60 kg, who is suspended at rest above the floor. (@) On the dots below that represent the students, draw and label free-body diagrams showing the forces on Student A and on Student B. ez (b) Calculate the magnitude of the force exerted by the floor on Student 4.AP* Newton's Laws Free Response Questions page 25 Student B now climbs up the rope at a constant acceleration of 0.25 m/s2 with respect to the floor, (©) Calculate the tension in the rope while Student B is accelerating. (@) As Student B is accelerating, is Student 4 pulled upward off the floor? Justify your answer, (©) With what minimum acceleration must Student B climb up the rope to lift Student 4 upward off the floor?AP* Newton's Laws Free Response Questions page 26 1991 QL sin 30" sin 60° = 0.87 cos 30° cos 60° = 0.50 tan 30° tan 60" = 1.73 5.0kg A 5.0-Kilogram monkey hangs initially at rest from two vines, A and B. as shown above. Each of the vines has length 10 meters and negligible mass. (a) On the figure below, draw and label all of the forces acting on the monkey. (Do not resolve the forces into components, but do indicate their directions.) (b) Determine the tension in vine B while the monkey is at rest.‘AP* Newton's Laws Free Response Questions _page 27 ‘The monkey releases vine A and swings on vine B. Neglect air resistance. (©) Determine the speed of the monkey as it passes through the lowest point of its first swing. (d) Determine the tension in vine B as the monkey passes through the lowest point of its first swing,AP* Work, Power, & Energy Free Response Questions 1977 QI A block of mass 4 kilograms, which has an on a horizontal surface. ial speed of 6 meters per second at time f= 0, slides (@) Calculate the work IV that must be done on the block to bring it to rest. Ifa constant friction force of magnitude 8 newtons is exerted on the block by the surface, determine the following: (b) The speed v of the block as a function of the time ¢ () The (OA? iar taf Cl Bod hContact i pat 2) Te uti we Cari 84308 ins amnesty pen, pm nee hs WM ianAp* Work, Power, & Energy Free Response Questions page 2 1988 Q2 A ball thrown vertically downward strikes a horizontal surface with a speed of 15 meters per second. It then bounces, and reaches a maximum height of 5 meters. Neglect air resistance on the ball. (a) What is the speed of the ball immediately after it rebounds from the surface? (b) What fraction of the ball’ tial kinetic energy is apparently lost during the bounce? (©) Ifthe specific heat of the ball is 1,800 J/kg °C, and if all of the lost energy is absorbed by ‘the molecules of the ball, by how much does the temperature of the ball increase?Ab* Work, Power, & Energy Free Response Questions page 3 1979 QL — 30 m/s 80m 1 From the top of a cliff 80 meters high, a ball of mass 0.4 kilogram is launched horizontally with a velocity of 30 meters per second at time t= 0-as shown above. The potential energy of the ball is zero at the bottom of the cliff, Use g = 10 meters per second squared. (a) Calculate the potential, kinetic, and focal energies of the ball at time t =O. (b) On the axes below, sketch and Label graphs of the potential, kinetic, and total energies of the ball as functions of the distance fallen from the top of the cliff. wou 500 Energy 400: Cioules) 399 200: 100 o 0 ®@ HD © SH 6 WM 8 . Bottom of iff Distance Fallen (meters) cliffAP* Work, Power, & Energy Free Response Questions page 4 (©) On the axes below sketch and label the kinetic and potential energies of the ball as functions of time until the ball hits 600 500 Energy 400 (oules) QO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a Time (seconds)AP* Work, Power, & Energy Free Response Questions page 5 1982. Q3 A child of mass M holds onto a rope and steps off a platform. Assume that the initial speed of the child is zero. The rope has length R and negligible mass, The initial angle of the rope with the vertical is @, as shown in the drawing above. (@) Using the principle of conservation of energy, develop an expression for the speed of the child at the lowest point in the swing in terms of g, R, and cos (b) The tension in the rope at the lowest point is 1.5 times the weight of the child. Determine the value of cos @.Ap* Work, Power, & Energy Free Response Questions_page 6 1985 Q2 Two 10-kilogram boxes are connected by a massless string that passes over a massless frictionless pulley as shown above. The boxes remain at rest, with the one on the right hanging vertically and the one on the left 2.0 meters from the bottom of an inclined plane that makes an angle of 60° with the horizontal. The coefficients of kinetic friction and static friction between the left-hand box and the plane are 0.15 and 0.30, respectively. You may use g = 10 m/s", sin 60° = 0.87, and cos 60° = 0.50. (a) What is the tension 7 in the string? (b) On the diagram below, draw and label all the forces acting on the box that is on the plane. (©) Determine the magnitude of the fictional force acting on the box on the plane.AP* Work, Power, & Energy Free Response Questions _page 7 ‘The string is then cut and the left-hand box slides down the inclined plane. (@) Determine the amount of mechanical energy that is converted into thermal energy during the slide to the bottom, (©) Determine the kinetic energy of the left-hand box when it reaches the bottom of the plane.AP* Work, Power, & Energy Free Response Questions page 8 ET =x] 1 2009 QI (15 points) ‘Compressed Released Spring at Spring on Table ‘Maximum Height In an experiment, students are to calculate the spring constant k of a vertical spring in a small jumping toy that initially rests on a table. When the spring in the toy is compressed a distance x from its uncompressed length Zo and the toy is released, the top of the toy rises to a maximum height # above the point of maximum compression. The students repeat the experiment several times, measuring h with objects of various masses taped to the top of the toy so that the combined ‘mass of the toy and added objects is m. The bottom of the toy and the spring each have negligible mass compared to the top of the toy and the objects taped to it. (@) Derive an expression for the height / in terms of m, x, k, and fundamental constants. With the spring compressed a distance x = 0.020 m in each trial, the students obtained the following data for different values of m. mi(kg) | him) 0.020. 0.49 0,030, 0.34 0.040. 0.28 0.050. 0.19 0.060, 0.18AP* Work, Power, & Energy Free Response Questions page 9 (b) i. What quantities should be graphed so that the slope of a best-fit straight line through the data points can be used to calculate the spring constant k? in one or both of the blank columns in the table with calculated values of your quantities, including units. (©) On the axes below, plot your data and draw a best-fit straight line. Label the axes and indicate the scale,AP* Work, Power, & Energy Free Response Questions page 10 (@) Using your best-fit 1, calculate the numerical value of the spring constant. (©) Describe a procedure for measuring the height / in the experiment, given that the toy is only momentarily at that maximum height.AP* Linear Momentum Free Response Questions 1997 QL LST TT Displacement (m) A.0.20 kg object moves along a straight line, The net force acting on the object varies with the object’s displacement as shown in the graph above. The object starts from rest at displacement x =O and time 1= 0 and is displaced a distance of 20 m. Determine each of the following (a) The acceleration of the particle when its displacement x is 6m. (b) The time taken for the object to be displaced the first 12m, (c) The amount of work done by the net force in displacing the object the first 12m. (@) The speed of the object at displacement x = 12m,Ap* Linear Momentum Free Response Questions page 2 (©) The final speed of the object at displacement x = 20m, () The change in the momentum of the object as it is displaced from x= 12m to x= 20mAP* Linear Momentum Free Response Questions page 3 1992. Q2 ‘A 30-kilogram child moving at 4.0 meters per second jumps onto a 50-kilogram sled that is initially at rest on a long, frictionless, horizontal sheet of ice. (@) Determine the speed of the child-sled system after the child jumps onto the sled, (b) Determine the kinetic energy of the chil ld-sled system after the child jumps onto the sled.Ap* Linear Momentum Free Response Questions page 4 ‘After coasting at constant speed for a short time, the child jumps off the sled in such a way that she is at rest with respect to the ice. (©) Determine the speed of the sled after the child jumps off it. (@) Determine the kinetic energy of the child-sled system when the child is at rest on the ice, (©) Compare the kinetic energies that were determined in parts (b) and (4). If the energy is greater in (d) than it is in (b), where did the increase come from? If the energy is less in (d) than it isin (b), where did the energy go?AP* Linear Momentum Free Response Questions age 5 2008B QI (10 points) IE A-70 kg woman and her 35 kg son are standing at rest on an ice rink, as shown above. They push against each other for a time of 0.60 s, causing them to glide apart. The speed of the woman immediately after they separate is 0.55 m/s, Assume that during the push, friction is negligible compared with the forces the people exert on each other. (a) Calculate the initial speed of the son after the push. (b) Calculate the magnitude of the average force exerted on the son by the mother during the push.Ap* Linear Momentum Free Response Questions page 6 (©) How do the magnitude and direction of the average force exerted on the mother by the son during the push compare with those of the average force exerted on the son by the mother? Justify your answer. (d) After the initial push, the friction that the ice exerts cannot be considered negligible, and the mother comes to rest after moving a distance of 7.0 m across the ice. If their coefficients of friction are the same, how far does the son move after the push?AP* Linear Momentum Free Response Questions page 7 1996 QI (15 points) —— +3 —1 M be a B ‘Two identical objects A and B of mass M move on a one-dimensional, horizontal air track. Object B initially moves to the right with speed vp. Object 4 initially moves to the right with speed 3 vo, 50 that it collides with object B. Friction is negligible. Express your answers to the following in terms of Mand vo (a) Determine the total momentum of the system of the two objects. (b) A student predicts that the collision will be totally inelastic (the objects stick together on collision). Assuming this is true, determine the following for the two objects immediately after the colli i. The speed ‘The direction of motion (left or right) When the experiment is performed, the student is surprised to observe that the objects separate after the collision and that object B subsequently moves to the right with a speed 2.5 wo.Ap* Linear Momentum Free Response Questions page 8 (©) Determine the following for object 4 immediately after the collision. i, The speed ii, The direction of motion (left or right) (@) Determine the kinetic energy dissipated in the actual experiment.AP* Linear Momentum Free Response Questions page 9 1978 Q2 M, H M | pe —— Ds ——$} A block of mass M travels horizontally with a constant speed vo on a plateau of height H until it comes to a cliff. A toboggan of mass M2 is positioned on level ground below the cliffs shown, above. The center of the toboggan is a distance D from the base of the cliff. (a) Determine D in terms of vo, H, and g so that the block lands in the center of the toboggan. (b) The block sticks to the toboggan, which is free to slide without friction. Determine the resulting velocity of the block and toboggan.AP* Linear Momentum Free Response Questions page 10 1984 Q2 View From Above Two objects of masses M;= 1 kilogram and Mz =4 kilograms are free to slide on a horizontal frictionless surface. The objects collide and the magnitudes and directions of the velocities of the ‘two objects before and after the collision are shown on the diagram above. (sin 37° = 0.6, cos 37° =08, lan 37°=0.75) (@) Calculate the x and y components (p, and py, respectively) of the momenta of the two objects before and after the collision, and write your results in the proper places in the following table. (b) Show. using the data that you listed in the table, that linear momentum is conserved in this collision Before Collision After CollisionAP* Linear Momentum Free Response Questions page 11 (©) Calculate the kinetic energy of the two-object system before and after the collisi n. (@) Is kinetic energy conserved in the collision?AP* Linear Momentum Free Response Questions page 12 1981 Q2 PAN 3 is] A massless spring is between a 1-kilogram mass and a 3-kilogram mass as shown above, but is not attached to either mass. Both masses are on a horizontal frictionless table. In an experiment, the I-kilogram mass is held in place and the spring is compressed by pushing on the 3-kilogram mass. ‘The 3-kilogram mass is then released and moves off with a speed of 10 meters per second. (a) Determine the minimum work needed to compress the spring in this experiment. ‘The spring is compressed again exactly as above, but this time both masses are released simultaneously. (b) Determine the final velocity of each mass relative to the cable after the masses are released.AP* Linear Momentum Free Response Questions page 13 1983 Q2 2M |—ey, [ # AAAAYY Before Collision roy After Collision ‘A block of mass M is resting on a horizontal, frictionless table and is attached as shown above to a relaxed spring of spring constant k. A second block of mass 2M and initial speed vo collides with and sticks to the first block, Develop expressions for the following quantities in terms of M, k, and (a) ¥, the speed of the blocks immediately after impact, (©) 2, the maximum distance the spring is compressed (©) T, the period of the subsequent simple harmonic motionAP* Linear Momentum Free Response Questions age 14 1985 QI NS 100 mys | tag Ee] Before Collision Immediately After Collision A 2-kilogram block initially hangs at rest at the end of two I-meter strings of negligible mass as shown on the left diagram above. A 0.003-kilogram bullet, moving horizontally with a speed of 1000 meters per second, strikes the block and becomes embedded in it. After the collision, the bullet/ block combination swings upward, but does not rotate. (a) Calculate the speed v of the bulle/ block combination just after the collision. (b) Calculate the ratio of the initial kinetic energy of the bullet to the kinetic energy of the bullet/ block combination immediately after the collision. (©) Calculate the maximum vertical height above the initial rest position reached by the bullevblock combination.AP* Linear Momentum Free Response Questions age 15 2002 Q4 (15 points) ae h Ci t —— Ground =0 T=2s Maximum eight, Engine ignites. Engine shuts down, parachute deploys, Note: Figures not drawn to scale. ‘A model rocket of mass 0.250 kg is launched vertically with an engine that is ignited at time ¢ as shown above. The engine provides an impulse of 20.0 N s by firing for 2.0 s, Upon reaching its, ‘maximum height, the rocket deploys a parachute, and then descends vertically to the ground, (a) On the figures below, draw and label a free-body diagram for the rocket during each of the following intervals. i, While the ii, After the engine ii, After the engine is firing stops, but before parachute is the parachute is deployed deployed (b) Determine the magnitude of the average accelera the engine. of the rocket during the 2 s firing ofAb* Linear Momentum Free Response Questions page 16 (©) What maximum height will the rocket reach? (@) At what time after ¢= 0 will the maximum height be reached?AP* Circular & Gravitation Free Response Questions 1992 QI A 0.10-kilogram solid rubber ball is attached to the end of a 0.80-meter length of light thread. The ball is swung in a vertical circle, as shown in the diagram above. Point P, the lowest point of the circle, is 0.20 meter above the floor. The speed of the ball at the top of the circle is 6.0 meters per second, and the total energy of the ball is kept constant. (a) Determine the total energy of the ball, using the floor as the zero point for gravitational potential energy. (b) Determine the speed of the ball at point P, the lowest point of the circle. (AP saretnab ae Clg a heal Baws oc ond dot eke id (2 Te Qs we Capi 08 Tyo Seto ce anand nde ts Weta aAP* Circular & Gravitation Free Response Questions page 2 (c) Determine the tension in the thread at i, the top of the circle; ii, the bottom of the circle. ‘The ball only reaches the top of the cirele once before the thread breaks when the ball is at the lowest point of the circle. (@) Determine the horizontal distance that the ball travels before hitting the floor.AP* Circular & Gravitation Free Response Questions. page 3 1978 QL A 0.5-kilogram object rotates freely in a vertical circle at the end of a string of length 2 meters as shown above. As the object passes through point P at the top of the circular path, the tension in the string is 20 newtons. Assume g= 10 meters per second squared, («) On the following diagram of the object, draw and clearly label all significant forces on the object when it is at point P. () Calculate the speed of the object at point P.Ap* Circular & Gravitation Free Response Questions page 4 (©) Calculate the increase in Kinetic energy of the object as it moves from point P to point Q. (@) Calculate the tension in the string as the object passes through point Q.AP* Circular & Gravitation Free Response Questions age 5. 1984 QU A ball of mass M attached to a string of length L moves in a circle in a vertical plane as shown above. At the top of the circular path, the tension in the string is twice the weight of the ball. At the bottom, the ball just clears the ground. Air resistance is negligible. Express all answers in terms of M,L, and g. (@) Determine the magnitude and direction of the net force on the ball when it is at the top. (b) Determine the speed vo of the ball at the top.AP* Circular & Gravitation Free Response Questions page 6 ‘The string is then cut when the ball is at the top. (©) Determine the time it takes the ball to reach the ground. (@) Determine the horizontal distance the ball travels before hitting the ground,AP* Circular & Gravitation Free Response Questions __page 7 1977 Q2 ee A box of mass M, held in place by friction, rides on the flatbed of a truck which is traveling with constant speed v. The truck is on an unbanked circular roadway having radius of curvature R. a, On the diagram provided above, indicate and clearly label all the force vectors acting on the box, b. Find what condition must be satisfied by the coefficient of static friction , between the box and the truck bed, Express your answer in terms of v, R, and g. If the roadway is properly banked, the box will still remai v even when the truck bed is frictionless. place on the truck for the same speed c. On the diagram below indicate and clearly label the two forces acting on the box under these conditions NL d. Which, if either, of the two forces acting on the box is greater magnitude?AP* Circular & Gravitation Free Response Questions. page 8 2002B Q2 (15 points) ‘A ball attached to a string of length ¢ swings in a horizontal circle, as shown above, with a constant speed. The string makes an angle 6 with the vertical, and 7'is the magnitude of the tension in the string. Express your answers to the following in terms of the given quantities and fundamental constants. (@) On the figure below, draw and label vectors to represent all the forces acting on the ball when it is at the position shown in the diagram. The lengths of the vectors should be consistent with the relative magnitudes of the forces. (b) Determine the mass of the ball.AP* Circular & Gravitation Free Response Questions __page 9 (©) Determine the speed of the ball (d) Determine the frequency of revolution of the ball. (©) Suppose that the string breaks as the ball swings in its circular path. Quali the trajectory of the ball after the string breaks but before it hits the ground.AP* Circular & Gravitation Free Response Questions __ page 10 20098 Q4 (15 points) ‘An experiment is performed using the apparatus above. A small disk of mass m1 on a frictionless table is attached to one end of a string. The string passes through a hole in the table and an attached narrow, vertical plastic tube. An object of mass m2 is hung at the other end of the string. A student holding the tube makes the disk rotate in a circle of constant radius r, while another student measures the period P. 2m |" that relates P and m2 . (a) Derive the equation P ‘The procedure is repeated, and the period P is determined for four different values of mz , where ‘mi = 0.012 kg and r = 0.80 m. The data, which are presented below, can be used to compute an experimental value for g. my (kg) | 0.020 0.040 0.060 0.080 Ps) 1.40 1.05 0.80 0.75AP* Circular & Gravitation Free Response Questions _page 11 (b) What quantities should be graphed to yield a straight line with a slope that could be used to determine g? (©) On the grid below, plot the quantities determined in part (b), label the axes, and draw the best-fit line to the data. You may use the blank rows above to record any values you may need to calculate, (d) Use your graph to calculate the experimental value of g.AP* Circular & Gravitation Free Response Questions __ page 12 1994 Q2 Side View A track consists ofa frictionless arc XY, which is a quarter-circle of radius R, and a rough horizontal section YZ. Block 4 of mass M is released from rest at point X, slides down the curved section of the track, and collides instantaneously and inelastically with identical block B at point ¥. ‘The two blocks move together to the right, sliding past point P, which is a distance ¢from point Y. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the blocks and the horizontal part of the track is 11 Express your answers in terms of M, & 44, R, and g. (a) Determine the speed of block A just before it hits block B. (b) Determine the speed of the combined blocks immediately after the collision.AP* Circular & Gravitation Free Response Questions page 13 (©) Determine the amount of kit ic energy lost due to the collision, (@) The specific heat of the material used to make the blocks is ¢. Determine the temperature rise that results from the collision in terms of c and the other given quantities. (Assume that no energy is transferred to the track or to the air surrounding the blocks.) (©) Determine the additional thermal energy that is generated as the blocks move from ¥ to PAP* Circular & Gravitation Free Response Questions je 14 1995 Q3 (15 points) Now Figure not drawn to scale. Part of the track of an amusement park roller coaster is shaped as shown above. A safety bar is oriented lengthwise along the top of each car. In one roller coaster car, a small 0.10-kilogram ball is suspended from this bar by a short length of light, inextensible string, (a) Initially, the car is at rest at point i. Onthe diagram below, draw and label all the forces acting on the 0.10-kilogram ball O Calculate the tension in the string, ‘The car is then accelerated horizontally, goes up a 30° incline, goes down a 30° incline, and then goes around a vertical circular loop of radius 25 meters. For each of the four situations described in parts (b) to (e), do all three of the following. In each situation, assume that the ball has stopped swinging back and forth. 1) Determine the horizontal component T) of the tension in the string in newtons and record your answer in the space provided. 2) Determine the vertical component T, of the tension in the string in newtons and record your answer in the space provided. 3) Show on the adjacent diagram the approximate direction of the string with respect to the vertical. The dashed line shows the vertical in each situation. (b) The car is at point B moving horizontally to the right with an acceleration of 5.0 m/s. mist 1 ——$—AP* Circular & Gravitation Free Response Questions age 15 (c) The car is at point C and is being pulled up the 30° incline with a constant speed of 30 mis. Th= loration of 5.0 m/s T= Ty (©) The car is at point £ moving upside down with an instantaneous speed of 25 m/s and no tangential acceleration at the top of the vertical loop of radius 25 meters EAb* Circular & Gravitation Free Response Questions __ page 16: 2004 QI (15 points) A designer is working on a new roller coaster, and she begins by making a scale model. On this model, a car of total mass 0.50 kg moves with negligible friction along the track shown in the figure above. The car is given an initial speed vo = 1.5 m s at the top of the first hill of height 2.0 m. Point A is located at a height of 1.9 m at the top of the second hill, the upper part of whic! circular are of radius 0.95 m. (@) Calculate the speed of the car at point 4. (b) On the figure of the car below, draw and label vectors to represent the forces on the car at point A.AP* Circular & Gravitation Free Response Questions page 17 (©) Caloulate the magnitude of the force of the track on the car at point A. (@) In order to stop the car at point 4, some friction must be introduced. Calculate the work that must be done by the friction force in order to stop the car at point A. (©) Explain how to modify the track design to cause the car to lose contact with the track at point A before descending down the track, Justify your answer.AP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions FLUIDS 2002 Q6 6. (10 points) In the laboratory, you are given a cylindrical beaker containing a fluid and you are asked to determine the density r of the fluid. You are to use a spring of negligible mass and unknown spring, constant & attached to a stand, An irregularly shaped object of known mass m and density D (D >> p) hangs from the spring, You may also choose from among the following items to complete the task. +A metric ruler + A stopwatch String (@) Explain how you could experimentally determine the spring constant k. (b) The spring-object system is now arranged so that the object (but none of the spring) is immersed in the unknown fluid, as shown above. Describe any changes that are observed in the spring-object system and explain why they occur. (AP asin adalah Cli ed women pn (hs stan ean Buen Alger or esstcha e cAP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions page 2 (©) Explain how you could experimentally determine the density of the fluid. (@___ Show explicitly, using equations, how you will use your measurements to calculate the fluid density p. Start by identifying any symbols you use in your equations. Symbol | Physical qu:‘AP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions page 3 2003 Q6 6.(10 points) A diver descends from a salvage ship to the ocean floor at a depth of 35 m below the surface. The density of ocean water is 1.025 x 10° kg/m? (a) Calculate the gauge pressure on the diver on the ocean floor, (b) Calculate the absolute pressure on the diver on the ocean floor.‘AP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions page 4 ‘The diver finds a rectangular aluminum plate having dimensions 1.0 m x 2,0 m x 0.03 m. A hoisting cable is lowered from the ship and the diver connects it to the plate. The density of aluminum is 2.7 « 103 kg/m’, Ignore the effects of viscosity. (©) Calculate the tension in the cable if't lifts the plate upward at a slow, constant velocity. (@) Will the tension in the hoisting cable increase, decrease, or remain the same if the plate accelerates upward at 0.05 m/s2? se ___decrease__remain the same nc Explain your reasoning,AP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions page 5 20038 Q6 House l | L 6. (10 points) ‘A pump, submerged at the bottom of a well that is 35 m deep, is used to pump water uphill t0 a house that is 50 m above the top of the well, as shown above. The density of water is 1,000 kg/m*, All pressures are gauge pressures. Neglect the effects of friction, turbulence, and viscosity. (@) Residents of the house use 0.35 m° of water per day. The day’s pumping is completed in 2 hours during the day. cd to pump the water used per day i, Calculate the minimum work req ii, Calculate the minimum power rating of the pump.AP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions page 6 (b) The average pressure the pump actually produces is 9.20 x 10° N/m’, Within the well the water flows at 0.50 m/s and the pipe has a diameter of 3.0 om. At the house the pipe diameter is 1.25 cm. Calculate the flow velocity when a faucet in the house is open. ii, Explain how you would calculate the minimum pressure at the faucet.‘AP™ Thermodynamics Free Response Questions page 7 2004 Q4 2. (15 points) ‘While exploring a sunken ocean liner, the principal researcher found the absolute pressure on the robot observation submarine at the level of the ship to be about 413 atmospheres. The density of seawater is 1025 kg m° (@ Calculate the gauge pressure p, on the sunken ocean liner, (b) Calculate the depth D of the sunken ocean liner. (©) Calculate the magnitude F of the force due to the water on a viewing port of the submarine at this depth if the viewing port has a surface area of 0.0100 m?.AP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions page 8 Suppose that the ocean liner came to rest at the s irface of the ocean before it started to sink. Due to the resistance of the seawater, the sinking ocean liner then reached a terminal velocity of 10.0m/s after falling for 30.0 s. (@) Determine the magnitude a of the average acceleration of the ocean liner during this period oftime. (©) Assuming the acceleration was constant, calculate the distance d below the surface at which the ocean liner reached this terminal velocity. (® Calculate the time ¢ it took the ocean liner to sink from the surface to the bottom of the ocean,AP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions page 9 2005 QS Figure not drawn to scale. 5. (10 points) A large rectangular raft (density 650 kgim’) is floating on a lake. The surface area of the top of the raft is 8.2 m’ and its volume is 1.80 m’. The density of the lake water is 1000 kg/m’, (@) Calculate the height h of the portion of the raft that is above the surrounding water. (b) Calculate the magnitude of the buoyant force on the raft and state its direction. (© Ifthe average mass of a person is 75 kg, calculate the maximum number of people that can be on the raft without the top of the raft sinking below the surface of the water. (Assume that the people are evenly distributed on the raft.)AP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions page 10 2007 Q4 i + a . 4. (10 points) ‘The large container shown in the cross section above is filled with a liquid of density 1.1 < 10° kg/m’, A small hole of area 2.5 x 10° m? is opened in the side of the container a distance h below the liquid surface, which allows a stream of liquid to flow through the hole and into a beaker placed to the right of the container. At the same time, liquid is also added to the container at an appropriate rate so that /i remains constant. The amount of liquid collected in the beaker in 2.0 minutes is 7.2 * 10% m’. (a) Calculate the volume rate of flow of liquid from the hole in m*/s. (b) Calculate the speed of the liquid as it exits from the hole.AP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions. page 11 (©) Calculate the height h of liquid needed above the hole to cause the speed you determined in part (b). (@) Suppose that there is now less liquid in the beaker so that the height h is reduced to h 2. In relation to the beaker, where will the liquid hit the tabletop? Left of the beaker__In the beaker_ Right of the beaker Justify your answer.AP» Thermodynamics Free Response Questions page 12 2008 Q4 —~ 0,150 m 4, (10 points) A drinking fountain projects water at an initial angle of 50° above the horizontal, and the water reaches a maximum height of 0.150 m above the point of exit. Assume air resistance is negligible. (a) Calculate the speed at which the water leaves the fountain, (b) The radius of the fountain’s exit hole is 4.00 x 10° m, Caleulate the volume rate of flow of the water. (©) The fountain is fed by a pipe that at one point has a radius of 7.00 10° m and is 3.00 m below the fountain’s opening. The density of water is 1.0 x 10” kg/m’. Calculate the gauge pressure in the feeder pipe at this point.AP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions page 13 20088 Q4 4, (10 points) A fountain with an opening of radius 0.015 m shoots a stream of water vertically from ground level at 6.0 m/s. The density of water is 1000 kg m*. (a) Calculate the volume rate of flow of water. (b) The fountain is fed by a pipe that at one point has a radius of 0.025 m and is 2.5 m below the fountain’s opening, Calculate the absolute pressure in the pipe at this point. (©) The fountain owner wants to launch the water 4.0 m into the air with the same volume flow rate. A nozzle can be attached to change the size of the opening. Calculate the radius needed on this new nozzle.AP* Thermedynamics Free Response Questions page 14 2009 QS 5. (10 points) Three objects of identical mass attached to strings are suspended in a large tank of liquid, as shown above. (@) Must all three strings have the same tension? Justify your answer. ‘Object A has a volume of 1.0 x 10% m? and a densit which object A is attached is 0.0098 N. of 1300 kg/m’, The tension in the string to (b) Calculate the buoyant force on object A.‘AP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions page 15 (©) Calculate the density of the liquid. (@ Some of the liquid is now drained from the tank until only half of the volume of object A is submerged. Would the tension in the string to which object A is attached increase, decrease, or remain the same? Increase __Decrease_ Remain the same Justify your answer.AP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions page 16 20098 Q3 3. (1S points) ‘An underground pipe eat above. At point A, 0.50 m below ground level, the pipe has a cross-se ‘At ground level, the pipe has a cross-sectional area of 0.50 x 10% m’. point B at a speed of 8.2 m/s. ‘water of density 1000 kg/m3 to a fountain at ground level, as shown nal area of 1.0 x 10 m?. The water leaves the pipe at (@) Calculate the speed of the water in the pipe at point 4. (b) Calculate the absolute water pressure in the pipe at point A.AP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions page 17 (©) Calculate the maximum height above the ground that the water reaches upon leaving the pipe vertically at ground level, assuming air resistance is negligible, (@) Calculate the horizontal distance from the pipe that is reached by water exiting the pipe at 60° from the level ground, assuming air resistance is negligible.Ap* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions IDEAL GAS LAW 1996.7 ‘The inside of the cylindrical can shown above has cross-sectional arca 0,005 m? and length 0.15 m. The can is filled with an ideal gas 0.005 m? and covered with a loose cap. The gas is heated to 363 K and some is allowed to escape from the can so that the remaining gas reaches atmospheric pressure (1.0 = 10° Pa). The cap is now tightened, and the gas is cooled to 298 K, (a) What is the pressure ofthe cooled gas? (&) Determine the upward force exerted on the cap by the cooled gas inside the ean (©) Ifthe cap develops leak, how many moles of air would enter the can as i reaches final equilibrium at 298 K and atmospheric pressure? (Assume that air isan ideal gas.)Ap* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions age 2 200186 State 1 State 2 State 3 State 4 (00°C Note: Figures not drawn to scale. A cylinder is fitted with a freely moveable piston of arca 1.20 « 10 m’ and negligible mass. The cylinder below the piston is filled with a gas. At state 1, the gas has volume 1.50 x 10° m’, pressure 1.02 = 10° Pa, and the eylinder is in contact with a water bath at a temperature of 0° C. The gas is then taken through the following four-step process. ‘A 2.50 kg metal block is placed on top of the piston, compressing the gas to state 2, with the gas stil at 0°C. The cylinder is then brought in contact with a boiling water bath, raising the gas temperature to 100° C at state 3. The metal block is removed and the gas expands to state 4 still at 100° C. Finally, the cylinder is again placed in contact withthe water bath at 0° returning the system to state 1 (a) Determine the pressure of the gas in state 2. (b) Determine the volume of the gas in state 2AP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions page 3 (©) Indicate below whether the process from state 2 to state 3 is isothermal, isobaric, or adiabatic. Isothermal Isobaric__Adiabatie Explain your reasoning. (@) Is the process from state 4 to state I isobaric? _Yes No Explain your reasoning. (@) Determine the volume of the gas in state 4,AP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions age 4 2005 06 AreaA iston. et 9 An experiment is performed to determine the number 1 of moles of an ideal gas in the cylinder shown above. ‘The cylinder is fitted with a movable, frictionless piston of area 4. The piston is in equilibrium and is supported by the pressure of the gas. The gas is heated while its pressure P remains constant. Measurements are made of the temperature of the gas and the height # of the bottom of the piston above the base of the cylinder and are recorded inthe table below. Assume that the thermal expansion of the apparatus can be ignored, TR) | We) 300 1 325 : 335_| 1.29 375_ | 137 40s [147 (@), Write a relationship between the quantities 7‘and 1, in terms of the given quantities and fundamental constants, that witl allow you to determine » (8) Plot the data on the axes below so that you will be able to determine n from the relationship in part (a). Label the axes with appropriate numbers to show the scale, Him) 1K) (©) Using your graph and the values 4 = 0.027 m? and P = 1.0 atmosphere, determine the experimental value ofrAP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions age 5 20078 QS =p —+4 —S SS ‘The cylinder above contains an ideal gas and has a movable, frictionless piston of diameter D and mass M. The cylinder is in a laboratory with atmospheric pressure Py. Express all algebraic answers in terms of the given quantities and fundamental constants. (a) Initially, the piston i free to move but remains in equilibrium, Determine each of the following i. The force thatthe confined gas exerts on the piston fi, The absolute pressure of the confined gasAP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions page 6 (0) Ifa net amount of heat is transferred to the confined gas when the piston is fixed, what happens to the pressure ofthe gas? Pressure goes up. _ Pressure goes down, Pressure stays the same, Explain your reasoning. (©) Ina certain process the absolute pressure ofthe confined gas remains constant asthe piston moves up a distance xp. Calculate the work done by the confined gas during process.AP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions page 7 P-V DIAGRAMS 1983 Q4 ‘The p¥-diagram above represents the states of an ideal gas during one cycle of operation of a reversible heat engine. The cycle consists of the following four processes. Process Nature of Process AB Constant temperature (7, = 500 K) BC Adiabatic cD Constant temperature (7; = 200 kK) DA Adiabatic During process 4 B, the volume of the gas increases from Vp to 2%, and the gas absorbs 1,000 joules of heat, (8) ‘The pressure at 4 is po. Determine the pressure at B (b) Using the frst law of thermodynamics, determine the work performed by or on the gas during the process 42.Ap* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions age 8 (©) During the process 4B, does the entropy of the gas increase, decrease, or remain unchanged? Justify your answer. (@ Calculate the heal Q. given off by the gas in the process CD. (©) During the full eyele ABCDA, the total work the gas performs on its surroundings positive, neg. zero? Justify your answer,Ap* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions page 9 1989 Q4 An ideal gas initially has pressure p, volume Vo, and absolute temperature 7. It then undergoes the following, series of processes: 1. tis heated, at constant volume, until it reaches a pressure 2 po. UL, Itis heated, at constant pressure, until it reaches a volume 3. Il, Itis cooled, at constant volume, until it reaches a pressure po. IV, Itis cooled, at constant pressure, until it reaches a volume Ve. (@) On the axes below draw the pV diagram representing the series of processes; ji, label each end point with the appropriate value of absolute temperature in terms of To, (b) For this series of processes, determine the following in terms of po and Vo i, The net work done by the gas ji, ‘The net change in internal energy lif, The net heat absorbed (©) Given that C, = 5/2 Rand C, = 3/2 R, determine the heat transferred during process 2 in terms of po and VY.Ap* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions age 10 1990. Q4 p(N/m?) 2.0 x 10% 1.0 x 10% Vir) 25 x10° 50 x 107 One mole of an ideal monatomic gas, initially at point 4 at a pressure of 1.0 x 10° newtons per meter squared and ‘volume of 25 * 10° meter cubed, is taken through a 3-process cycle, as shown in the pV diagram above. Each process is done slowly and reversibly. For a monatomic gas, the heat capacities for constant volume acid constant pressure are, respectively, C,= (3/2)R and C,= (S/2)R, where 2 is the universal gas constant, 8.32 J/mole » K. Determine each of the following: (@) the temperature of the gas at each of the vertices, 4, B, and C, of the triangular cycle (©) the net work done by the gas for one eyele (©) the net heat absorbed by the gas for one full cycleAP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions page 11 (@ the heat given off by the gas for the third process from C to A (©) the efficiency of the cycleAp* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions age 12 1993 QS (105 Pa) B 109 m8) One mole of an ideal monatomic gas is taken through the eycle abca shown on the diagram above. State a has volume ¥,=17* 10 cubic meter and pressure Pa= 1.2 x 10° pascals, and state c has volume V.~51 x 10° cubic meter, Process ca lies along the 250 K isotherm. ‘The molar heat capacities for the gas C, = 20.8 Jimole K, and C,= 12.5 J/mole K, Determine each of the following, (@) The temperature Ty of state b (b) ‘The heat Ox, added to the gas during process ab (©) The change in internal energy Us UaAP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions page 13 (4) The work Wc done by the gas on its surroundings during process be ‘The net heat added to the gas for the entire cycle is 1,800 joules. Determine each of the following. (©). The net work done by the gas on its surroundings for the entire cycle The efficiency of a Camot engine that operates between the maximum and minimum temperatures in this | y cycleAp* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions page 14 1999 Q7 (10 points) A cylinder contains 2 moles of an ideal monatomic gas that is initially at state A with a volume of 1.0 x 10°? m? and a pressure of 4.0 * 10° Pa. The gas is brought isobarically to state B, where the volume is 2.0 x 107m? . The gas is then brought at constant volume to state C, where its temperature is the same as at state 4. The gas is then brought isothermally back to state. (@) Determine the pressure of the gas at state C, (b) On the axes below, state B is represented by the and C to represent states 4 and C, respectively. B. Sketch a graph of the complete cycle, Label points Pressure (x 10° Pa) o "107 20° 30° 40 Volume (x 10? m3)AP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions page 15 (©) State whether the net work done by the gas during the complete cycle is positive, negative, or zero. Justify your answer. (@ State whether this device is a reftigerator or a heat engine. Justify your answer.AP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions age 16 2003 Q5 (10 points) P (x105 Pa) A oylinder with a movable piston contains 0.1 mole of a monatomic ideal gas. The gas, initially at state a, can be taken through either of two cycles, abea or abeda, as shown on the PY diagram above. The following information is known about this system. Qe—a™ 685 J along the curved path W,—a= 120 J along the curved path U,— Uy = 4503 Wb = 753 (@) Determine the change in internal energy, U,— Uz, between states a and ¢, © i, Is heat added to or removed from the gas when the gas is taken along the path abc ? added to the gas__removed from the gas ii, Calculate the amount added or removed.AP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions page 17 (©) How much work is done on the gas in the process eda’? (@) Is heat added to or removed from the gas when the gas is taken along the path eda? __added to the gas__removed from the gas Explain your reasoning,AP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions age 18 20038 QS (10 points) P (Nim?) v@) O10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 (One mote of an ideal gas is taken around the eycle 4+B-+C-+4 as shown on the PY diagram above. (@) Calculate the temperature of the gas at point 4. (b) Calculate the net work done on the gas during one complete cycle.Ap* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions page 19 © i, Isheat added to or removed from the gas during one complete cycle? added to the gas__ removed from the gas fi, Calculate the heat added to or removed from the gas during one complete cycle. (@ After one complete cycle, is the internal energy of the gas greater, less, or the same as before? greater___less__the same Justify your answer. (©) After one complete cycle, is the entropy of the gas greater, less, or the same as before? _greater __less __ the same Justify your answer.je 20 namics Free Response Questions AP* Therm 2004 Q5 (10 points) 15 10 Vim) The diagram above of pressure P versus volume V shows the expansion of 2.0 moles of a monatomic ideal gas 9.0 m’, from state A to state B, As shown in the diagram, P, = Ps = 600 Nim? , ¥=3.0°and V, (a) Calculate the work done by the gas, as it expands. Calculate the change in internal energy ofthe gas as itexpands.AP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions page 21 ili, Calculate the heat added to or removed from the gas during this expansion. (b) The pressure is then reduced to 200 Ni without changing the volume a the gas is taken from state B to sate CC. Label state C onthe diagram and draw a line or carve to represent the process fom stale B to state C. (©) The gas is then compressed isothermally back to state A, i, Drawa line or curve on the diagram to represent this process. i, Isheat added to or removed from the gas during this isothermal compression? add to removed from Justify your answer.AP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions age 22 20048 QS One mote of an ideal gas is intially at pressure P, volume V;, and temperature 7;, represented by point A on the PY diagram above. The gas is taken around cycle ABCA shown. Process 42 is isobaric, process BC is isochoric, and process Ci is isothermal. (@) Calculate the temperature 7> at the end of process AB in terms of temperature 7), (b) Calculate the pressure P, atthe end of process BC in terms of pressure Pi.AP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions page 23 (©) Calculate the net work done on the gas when itis taken from A to B to C, Express your answer in terms of Pyand V, (@ Indicate below all ofthe processes that result in heat being added to the gas. AB BC cA Justify your answer.AP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions age 24 2006B QS (10 points) ° A sample of ideal gas is taken through steps I, II, and III in a closed cycle, as shown on the pressure P versus volume V diagram above, so that the gas returns to its original state. The steps in the cycle are as follows. 1. An isothermal expansion occurs from point 4 to point B, and the volume of the gas doubles. Il. An isobaric compression occurs from point B to point C, and the gas returns to its original volume. IIL, A constant volume addition of heat occurs from point C to point A and the gas returns to its original pressure, (@) Determine numerical values for the following ratios, justifying your answers in the spaces next to each ratio. Pa Pa Pe — Pa q ww,AP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions, page 25 (©) During step I, the change in internal energy is zero. Explain why. (©) During step III, the work done on the gas is zero. Explain why.AP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions age 26 2008 Q5 (10 points) P (atm) 5 B 4 3 Isotherm 2 1 A Cc Vm) © 0.001 Vo ™ ‘A.0.03 mol sample of helium is taken through the cycle shown in the diagram above, The temperature of state A is 400K. (@) For each process in this cycle, indicate in the table below whether the quantities W7, O, and AU are positive (), negative (>), ot zero (0). Vis the work done on the hetium sample. Process Ww @ | av A>B Boc CHA (b) Explain your response for the signs of the quantities for process 4B. (© Calculate Ve.AP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions page 27 1986 Q5 A proposed ocean power plant will utilize the temperature difference between surface seawater and seawater at a depth of 100 meters. Assume the surface temperature is 25° Celsius and the temperature at the 100-meter depth is 3° Celsius. (@) What is the ideal (Carnot) efficiency of the plant? (b) If the plant generates useful energy at the rate of 100 megawatts while operating with the efficiency found in part (a), at what rate is heat given off 0 the surroundings? (©) A nuclear power plant operates with an overall efficiency of 40 percent. At what rate must mass be converted 1 energy to give the same 100-megawatts output asthe ocean power plant above? Express your answer in kilograms per second.AP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions age 28 ‘The diagram below represents the Carnot eycle for a simple reversible (Camot) engine in which a fixed amount of gas, originally at pressure p» and volume vp, follows the path ABCDA. Pressure Pe AC Pod Po 2) % obra a - temperature change AT are positive, negative, or zero, respectively. (Q is positive when heat is added to the a5, and ATs positive when the temperature of the gas increases.) Q ar ay BC co |Ap* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions page 29 HEAT ENGINES 1991 Q3 ‘A heat engine consists of an oil-fired steam turbine driving an electric power generator with a power output of 120 megawatts. The thermal efficiency of the heat engine is 40 percent. (#) Determine the time rate at which heat is supplied to the engine. (B) If the heat of combustion of oil is 4.4 » 10” joules per kilogram, determine the rate in kilograms per second at which oil is burned. (©) Determine the time rate at which heat is discarded by the engine.Ap* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions page 30 (@ If the discarded heat is continually and completely absorbed by the water in a full tank measuring 200 meters by 50 meters by 10 meters, determine the change in the temperature of the water in 1 hour. (Density of water is 1.0 « 10° kg/m3; sp heat of water is 4.2 x 10° Jikg*C.)Ab* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions page 31 1995 Qs ‘A heat engine operating between temperatures of $00 K and 300 K is used to lift a 10-kilogram mass vertically at constant speed of 4 meters per second, (@) Determine the power that the engine must supply to lift the mass. (b) Determine the maximum possible efficiency at which the engine can operate.AP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions page 32 (©) Ifthe engine were to operate at the maximum possible efficiency, determine the following i, ‘The rate at which the hot reservoir supplies heat to the engine li, ‘The rate at which heat is exhausted to the cold reservoirAP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions age 33 1998 Q3 (10 points) Horizontal ‘Axis \— Hollow Tube Students are designing an experiment to demonstrate the conversion of mechanical energy into thermal energy. ‘They have designed the apparatus shown in the figure above. Small lead beads of total mass M and specific heat ¢ fill the lower hollow sphere. The valves between the spheres and the hollow tube can be opened or closed to control the flow of the lead beads. Initially both valves are open. (@) The lower valve is closed and a student tums the apparatus 180° about a horizontal axis, so that the filled sphere is now on top. This elevates the center of mass of the lead beads by a vertical distance A. What minimum amount of work must the student do to accomplish this?AP* Thermodynamics Free Response Questions age 34 © The valve is now opened and the lead beads tumble down the hollow tube into the other hollow sphere. Irall of the gravitational potential energy is converted into thermal energy in the lead beads, what is the tempera- ture increase of the lead? (©) The values of M, h, and c for the students’ apparatus are M=3.0 kg, h = 2.00 m, and ¢ = 128 Ji{kg“K). The students measure the initial temperature ofthe lead beads and then conduct 100 repetitions of the "elevate-and-drain" process. Again, assume that all of the gravitational potential energy is converted into ‘thermal energy in the lead beads. Calculate the theoretical cumulative temperature increase after the 100, repetitions. (@) Suppose that the experiment were conducted using smaller reservoirs, so that M was one-tenth as large (but was unchanged). Would your answers to parts (b) and (c) be changed? If so, in what way, and why? If not, why not? (e) When the experiment is actually done, the temperature increase is less than calculated in part (c). Identify a Ps ly Ps physical effect that might account for this discrepancy and explain why it lowers the temperature. ig spancy and explain why i