WhowasNapoleonBonaparte?

Objective:DescribeimportanteventsinthelifeofNapoleonBonaparte.

Introduction

Directions:EachofthepaintingsbelowareofNapoleonBonaparte.Examinetheimagesandinformationpresented,thenanswerthe
questionthatfollows.
ImageA

ImageB

ImageC

BonaparteCrossingtheGrandSaint-BernardPassby
Jrme-MartinLangloisandJacques-LouisDavid,1802.

NapoleononhisImperialthrone.by

Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacques_Louis_David_-_Bonaparte_franchissant_le
_Grand_Saint-Bernard,_20_mai_1800_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg

Source:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ingres,_Napoleon_on_his_Imperial_throne.jp
g

DescribehowNapoleonisdepictedinImageA.

DescribehowNapoleonisdepictedinImageB.

DescribehowNapoleonisdepictedinImageC.

Jean-Auguste-DominiqueIngres,1806.

NapolonBonaparteabdicatedinFontainebleaubyPaul
Delaroche,1845
Source:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DelarocheNapoleon.jpg

Basedontheimagesabove,howdidNapoleonsroleinFranceandpeoplesperceptionofhimchangeovertime?

STAGE4|1799-1815:AgeofNapoleon

Nov.1799

Napoleon
overthrowsthe
Directoryand
declareshimself
FirstConsulof
France

March,1804

TheCode
Napoleonis
issued

1803-1815

June1815

Dec.1804

Napoleon
declareshimself
Emperorof
Franceand
reinstitutes
hereditaryrule

NapoleonicWars

Conquersand
controlsmostof
Europeby1812

Failstoinvade
RussiainDec.
1812andis
defeatedinwars
againstallied
European
powers

AtCongressof
ViennaEuropean
powersredraw
mapto
pre-Napoleonlines

LouisXVIII
installedasthe
kingofFrance

Napoleonis
exiledforlife
2

NapoleonBiography
WatcheachoftheclipslinkedbelowfromBiography.comaboutNapoleonBonaparteandanswerthequestionsthataccompany
eachsection.
MilitaryBeginnings(2:43)

FrenchDictator(2:29)

StrategicGenius(3:45)

TheFall(3:50)

Whatcharacteristicsmade
Napoleonagoodmilitary
leader?

Accordingtothevideo,why
didtheFrenchpeople
wantNapoleontotake
controlofthegovernment?

WhywasNapoleonableto
defeattheAustria,Russia,
andEnglandinthe
NapoleonicWars?

Whatmistakesdid
Napoleonmakeasa
leader?

WhatwasNapoleons
punishmentafterlosingthe
BattleofWaterloo?

Whatbeneficialchanges
didNapoleonmakein
France?

WhydidNapoleons
invasionofRussiafail?

FinalExile(2:45)


Directions:Readthrougheachofthehistoricaldocumentsbelowandanswerthequestionsthataccompanythem.Keeptheresearch
questionforthissectioninmindasyouread:

HowdoesNapoleonsrisetopowerrepresentacontinuationoforanendtorevolutionaryideals?

November,1799:NapoleonoverthrowstheDirectoryanddeclareshimselfFirstConsul
ofFrance

Document1:NapoleonBonaparte,personalaccount,NapoleonsAccountofHisCoupdEtat(excerpt),November10,1799
Note:ThisdocumentwasreleasedpublicallyduringNapoleonsreign.
HistoricalContext
From1788-1789,NapoleoncommandedFrenchtroopsinEgyptto
seizethelandfromtheOttomanEmpire.

WhileinEgypt,BonapartetriedtokeepacloseeyeonEuropean
affairs,relyinglargelyonnewspapersanddispatchesthatarrivedonly
irregularly.HewasorderedbacktoParisbytheDirectorywhofeared
aninvasion.

Vocabulary
coupdetat-alsoknownascoup,isasudden,usuallyviolent,
overthrowofagovernment

TheCouncilofElders-alsoknownastheCouncilofAncients,this
washalfoftheelectedofficialsthatwereapartofTheDirectory

Pre-ReadingQuestions
1.Whowrotethisdocument?
BythetimehereturnedtoParisinOctober,themilitarysituationhad

improvedduetoseveralFrenchvictories.TheRepublicwasbankrupt,
however,andthecorruptandinefficientDirectorywasmoreunpopular 2.Whenwasitwritten?
withtheFrenchpublicthanever.

BonapartewasapproachedbyoneoftheDirectors,Emmanuel
JosephSieys,seekinghissupportforacouptooverthrowtheFrench 3.Whatistheauthorsperspective?

Constitutionof1795.OnNovember9thand10th,troopsledby

Bonaparteseizedcontrolanddispersedthelegislativecouncils,
leavingasmallnumberofrepresentativestonameBonaparte,Sieys, 4.Whowastheintendedaudience?

andDucosasprovisionalConsulstoadministerthegovernment.

AlthoughSieysexpectedtodominatethenewregime,hewas

outmaneuveredbyBonaparte,whodraftedtheConstitutionofthe
5.Considertheauthorandhisperspective,whatbiasesshouldthe
YearVIIIandsecuredhisownelectionasfirstconsul.Thismadehim
readerrememberastheyreadthisdocument?
themostpowerfulpersoninFrance,apowerthatwasincreasedby

theConstitutionoftheYearX,whichmadehimfirstconsulforlife.

AdaptedfromNapoleonBonaparte.NewWorldEncyclopedia.
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Napoleon_Bonaparte


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On my return to Paris [from Egypt] I

founddivisionamongallauthorities,and
agreement upononlyonepoint,namely,
that the Constitution washalfdestroyed
andwasunabletosaveliberty.

All parties came to me, confided to me

their designs, disclosed their secrets,
and requested my support; I refused to
bethemanofaparty.

The Council of Elders summoned me; I

answered its appeal. A plan of general
restoration had been devised by men
whom the nation has been accustomed
to regard as the defenders of liberty,
equality, and property; this plan
required an examination, calm, free,
exempt from all influence and all fear.
Accordingly, the Council of Elders resolved upon the removal of the legislative Body to
Saint-Cloud; it gave me the responsibility of disposing the force necessary for its
independence. I believe it my duty to my fellow citizens, to the soldiers perishing in our
armies, to the national glory acquired at the cost of their blood, to accept the
command.

I presented myself at the Council of Five Hundred, alone, unarmed, my headuncovered,

just as the Elders had received and applauded me; I came to remind the majority of its
wishes,andtoassureitofitspower.

The stilettos [daggers] which menaced the deputies were instantly raised against their
liberator; twenty assassins threw themselves upon me and aimed at my breast. The
grenadiers of the Legislative Body whom I had left at the door of the hall ran forward,
placed themselves between theassassinsandmyself.Oneofthesebravegrenadiershad
hisclothespiercedbyastiletto.Theyboremeout.

6.HowdoesNapoleondescribethe
governmentwhenhereturnstoParis?

7.Napoleonwroteinlines7-10thatmany
peoplewantedhimtotakeactiontofixthe
government.HerespondsIrefusedtobethe
manofaparty.Whatdoyouthinkhemeant
bythat?Whywouldhewritethatinthis
document?

8.AccordingtoNapoleon,whocameupwith
theplanforthecoupdetat?Howdoeshe
describethem?Whydoyouthinkhe
describedtheminthatway?

9.Basedonlines25-47,inyourownwords,
describewhathappenedwhenNapoleon
attemptedhiscoupdetat.


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At the same moment criesofOutlawwereraisedagainstthedefenderofthelaw.Itwas

thefiercecryofassassinsagainstthepowerdestinedtorepressthem.

They crowded around the president, uttering threats, arms in their hands they
commanded him to outlaw me; I was informed of this: I ordered him to be rescued from
their fury, and six grenadiers [soldiers] of the Legislative Body secured him. Immediately
afterwardssomegrenadiersofthelegislativebodychargedintothehallandclearedit.

The factions, intimidated, dispersed and fled. The majority, freed from their attacks,
returned freely and peaceably into themeetinghall,listenedtotheproposalsonbehalfof
public safety, deliberated, and prepared the salutary [beneficial] resolution which is to
becomethenewandprovisionallawoftheRepublic.

Frenchmen, you will doubtless recognize in this conduct the zeal of a soldierofliberty,a
citizen devoted to the Republic.Conservative,tutelary[servingasaprotector],andliberal
ideas have been restored to their rights through the dispersal of the rebels who
oppressedtheCouncils.

STEWART,JOHNHALL,DOCUMENTARYSURVEYOFTHEFRENCHREVOLUTION,1st,1951.Printed
andelectronicallyreproducedbypermissionofPearsonEducation,Inc.,UpperSaddleRiver,NewJersey.
fromtheNYSSocialStudiesToolKit.http://www.c3teachers.org/inquiries/frenchrev/

10.Inlines30-31,whatworddoesNapoleon
usetorefertohimself?Whydoyouthinkhe
usesthisword?

11.WhydoyouthinkthatNapoleondescribes
himselfasa"soldierofliberty"(lines49-50)?

12.Accordingtolines50-51,whatdoes
Napoleonclaimtohavedonebycompleting
thecoup?

13.HowwouldaFrenchcitizenwhotook
Napoleonathisword(believedhim)seehim
afterreadingthis?

14.Whatwasthepurposeofthisdocument?

December,1804:NapoleondeclaredhimselfEmperorofFranceandreinstituted
hereditaryrule

Document3:Jacques-LouisDavid,painting,ConsecrationoftheEmperorNapoleonIandCoronationoftheEmpressJ
osephine,1804
HistoricalContextInJanuary1804,Napoleonspoliceuncoveredanassassinationplotagainsthim,sponsoredbytheHouseofBourbon(LouisXVIs
family).Bonapartethenusedthisincidenttojustifythere-creationofahereditarymonarchyanddivinerightinFrance,withhimselfasemperor,hopingthata
HouseofBourbonrestorationwouldbeimpossibleoncetheBonapartistsuccessionwasdeclaredintheconstitution.Hecrownedhimselfemperoron
December2,1804,atNotreDamedeParis.AftertheImperialregaliahadbeenblessedbythePope,Napoleoncrownedhimselfbeforecrowninghiswife
JosphineasEmpress.
1.Listtheobjectsorpeopleyou
seeinthepainting.

2.Describetheactioninthe
painting

3.Explainthemessagethatthe
paintingconveys.

Source:RMN-GrandPalais/ArtResource,NY.fromtheNYSSocialStudiesToolKit.http://www.c3teachers.org/inquiries/frenchrev/

Document4:NapoleonBonaparte,personalaccountdeliveredtotheLegislativeBody,NapoleonsAccountoftheInternalSituation
ofFrance,December31,1804
Pre-ReadingQuestions
1.Whowrotethisdocument?

2.Whenwasitwritten?

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3.Whowastheintendedaudience?

TheinternalsituationofFranceistodayascalmasithaseverbeeninthemostpeaceful
periods.Thereisnoagitationtodisturbthepublictranquility,nosuggestionofthose
crimeswhichrecalltheRevolution.Everywhereusefulenterprisesareinprogress,andthe
generalimprovements,bothpublicandprivate,attesttheuniversalconfidenceandsense
ofsecurity.

Itwasclearlyseenthatforagreatnationtheonlysalvationliesinhereditarypower[power
basedonfamilyrelation],whichcanaloneassureacontinuouspoliticallifewhichmay
endureforgenerations,evenforcenturies.

Afterprolongedconsideration,repeatedconferenceswiththemembersoftheSenate,
discussioninthecouncils,andthesuggestionsofthemostprudent[wise]advisers,a
seriesofprovisions[rules]wasdrawnupwhichregulatethesuccessiontotheimperial
throneTheFrenchpeople,byafreeandindependentexpression,thenmanifestedits
desirethattheimperialdignityshouldpassdowninadirectlinethroughthelegitimateor
adopteddescendantsofNapoleonBonaparte,orthroughthelegitimatedescendantsof
JosephBonaparte,orofLouisBonaparte.

FromthismomentNapoleon[speakinginthirdperson]was,bythemostunquestionable
oftitles,emperoroftheFrench.Nootheractwasnecessarytosanctionhisrightand
consecrate[makeofficialbyareligiousfigure]hisauthority.Buthewishedtorestorein
Francetheancientformsandrecallthoseinstitutionswhichdivinityitselfseemstohave
inspired.Hewishedtoimpressthesealofreligionitselfupontheopeningofhisreign.The
headoftheChurch[thePope],inordertogivetheFrenchastrikingproofofhispaternal
affection,consentedtoofficiateatthisaugust[distinguished]ceremony.Whatdeepand
enduringimpressionsdidthisleaveonthemindofNapoleonandinthememoryofthe
nation!Whatthoughtsforfutureraces!WhatasubjectofwonderforallEurope!

CopyrightHanoverHistoricalTextsCollection.UsedbypermissionofHanoverCollege,Hanover,
INfromtheNYSSocialStudiesToolKit.http://www.c3teachers.org/inquiries/frenchrev/

4.AccordingtoNapoleon,describewhatlifewaslikein
Francein1804.

5.WhatchangeintheFrenchgovernmenthasNapoleon
announcedinlines14-17?Doesthisrepresenta
continuationoftheidealsoftheFrenchrevolution,oranend
tothem?

6.Inline14,Napoleonusesthephrase,TheFrenchpeople,
byafreeandindependentexpression..Whydoyouthinkhe
usesthislanguage?

7.Whatancientform,thatwasabolishedearlierinthe
FrenchRevolutiondoesNapoleonrefertoinline22?

8.IfyouwereaFrenchcitizenwhosupportedtheidealsof
therevolution,howwouldyouviewNapoleonafterreading
this?

9.IfyouwereaFrenchcitizenwhosufferedfromthechaos
causedbytherevolutionuptothispoint,howwouldyou
viewNapoleonafterreadingthis?

10

HowdoesNapoleonsrisetopowerrepresentacontinuationoforanendtorevolutionaryideals?

Directions:ReviewthedocumentsyouexaminedaboveandfillinthechartbelowwithevidenceofNapoleonsactionsandwordsthat
representedacontinuationoforendtorevolutionaryideals.

SupportedtheContinuationof
RevolutionaryIdeals

ContributedtotheEndofRevolutionary
Ideals

NapoleonsActions

NapoleonsWords

12

HowdidtheFrenchRevolutionconclude?
Objective:DescribethestateoftheFrenchgovernmentandEuropeafterNapoleon.

1803-1815:NapoleonicWarsandtheFallofNapoleon

Between1803and1812,NapoleonexpandedthebordersofFrancetoincludemostof
Europeduringhismostsuccessfulperiodascommanderduringwhatarecalledthe
NapoleonicWars.

In1812Napoleon,whohadconqueredmostofEurope,heardthattheRussianswere
raisingalargearmyandpreparingforwar.Inresponse,Napoleonincreasedhistroopstoa
massiveforceof450,000-600,000men.Despiteadvisorswhowarnedagainstit,Napoleon
invadedRussia.

InsteadoffightingtheFrench,theRussiansretreatednorthintoRussia.Astheydidso,
theyburnedallofthecropsandkilledthelivestocktheypassedsoNapoleonstroops
wouldhavenothingtoeatastheymarchedinpursuit.Atthesametime,thecoldandlong
Russianwintersetin.Russiawastoobigandtoofarnorth(causingtheharshwinter)for
Napoleontoconquer.AfterfourmonthsofmarchingNapoleonturnedbacktowardsFrance
indefeatwithonly40,000soldiers.

AfterhisdefeatinRussia,acoalitionformedbetweenRussia,Prussia,theUnitedKingdom
(England),Spain,andPortugal.TheydefeatedtheFrencharmyattheBattleofNationsin
Octoberof1813,thenadvancedthroughFranceoccupyingParisinMarchof1814.
NapoleonwasforcedintoexileonanislandcalledElba.Heescapedafterlessthanayear
ontheisland,raisedanotherarmybutthattoowasdefeated.
In1815,NapoleonwassentencedtoexileforlifeontheremoteislandofSaintHelena
intheAtlanticOcean.

AdaptedfromNapoleonBonaparte.NewWorldEncyclopedia.
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Napoleon_Bonaparte

RegentsMultipleChoiceCheckforUnderstanding
1.WhichfactorsprotectedRussiafromcontrolbyNapoleonsarmy?
(1)religiousandculturalsimilarities
(2)industrializationand
modernization
(3)geographicsizeandlocation
(4)politicalandeconomicinstability

13

June,1815:AtCongressofViennaEuropeanpowersredrawmaptopre-Napoleonlines,Louis
XVIIIinstalledasthekingofFrance

Afterthetroopsofthecoalitionofcountriesthatdefeated
Napoleonin1814arrivedinParisandforcedasurrender,the
FrenchSenateinvitedLouisXVIsrelative,LouisXVIIItotake
thethrone.LouisXVIIIhadmadeseveraldeclarationswhilein
exilefromFrancestatingthatifheweretobethekingofFrance
thathewouldabidebytherulesofconstitutionandnotpersecute
thosewhofollowedNapoleon.FrancewasaConstitutional
MonarchyasitwasforabriefperiodbeforeLouisXVIsdeathin
firstyearsoftheFrenchRevolutionwithlessandlesspowerfor
themonarch.

AfterNapoleonwasdefeatedandexiledfromEurope,
representativesfromthemajorcountriesinEurope(Britain,
Austria,Prussia,France,Russia)metinViennatosettleland
ownershipissuescausedbyNapoleon'sbriefempireandto
redrawEuropespoliticalmap.

ThegoaloftheCongressofViennawastorestorethepowerof
familiesthatwereinpowerbeforetheFrenchRevolutionand
tocreatebalanceofpowerinEuropethatwouldpreventone
countryfromgainingtoomuchcontrolandcausingwar.

AdaptedfromLouisXVIIandCongressandTreatyofVienna.NewWorld
Encyclopedia.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France#Restoration_I
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Congress_and_Treaty_of_Vienna

RegentsMultipleChoiceCheckforUnderstanding

1.OneofthemainpurposesoftheCongressofVienna(18141815)wasto
(1)promotetheunificationofItaly
(2)preservetheGermanterritoriesgainedbyOttovonBismarck
(3)restorethepoweroftheHolyRomanEmpire
(4)establishabalanceofpowerinEuropeafterthedefeatofNapoleon

14