10-6

1. sample - 10 disney movies; pop - all disney movies; attribute - whether or not disney
makes violent movies.
2. sample - my professors; pop - professors; attribute - whether or not they wear glasses
3. sample - conservatives I know; pop - most conservatives; attribute - whether or not
they like Huckabee
4. sample - what I saw; pop - columbus state; att - whether its a fun place to be
5. sample - last 10 el nios; pop - all el nios; att - whether theyll be associated with
below-average rainfall across southern canada.
6. sample - the last pianos the music department sold; pop - all the music departments
pianos; att - whether or not theyre overpriced.
7. sample - costcos store-brand coffee; pop - all costco store-brand products; att whether theyre as good as the name brand
8. sample - most people i know; pop - 55% approval rating; att - whether or not hes a
marxist
9. sample - those two dudes drag racing; pop - young people around here; att - whether
or not theyre crazy
10. sample - these fries from mcds; pop - all fries from mcds; whether or not theyre too
salty
10-7
1. a - quart of milk; b - this joint; c - whether or not this joint is overpriced
2. a - what Ive seen; b - everyone in Carmel; c - whether or not theyre snobs
3. a - the two computers; b - PCs and Macs; c - which is better
4. a - the life insurance salespeople I know; b - all life insurance sales people; c whether theyre trying to sell you stuff you dont need
5. a - whatever they just saw (a bad driver, most likely); b - drivers in this town; c - how
crazy they are
6. a - where I live; b - everywhere; c - how many dropped calls they get with AT&T
7. a - the first test; b - the rest of the class (tests, etc.); c - how well Ill do
8. a - the doorbell and the hot water heater; b - the whole house; c - how well the home
appliances work
9. a - where the person is on the coast; b - the entire coast; c - seeing frost after march
10. a - the english class I took; b - all english classes; c - how boring they are
10-8
3, 5, 4, 1, 2

10-9
5, 4, 2, 1, 3
10-10
5, 2, 4, 3, 1
10-12
1. 1
2. 2
3. 4
4. 3
5. 1
6. 5
7. 4
8. 4
9. 4
10. 1
11. 4
12. 3
13. 4
10-13
1. less
2. less
3. less
4. more
5. more
6. less
10-14
1. the students that submitted evaluations
2. Ludlums students (100 students from three classes)
3. if Ludlum deserves retention and promotions
4. none that we know of
5. no
6. no

7. very weak
10-16
1. analogues: rats and humans. att: whether or not saccharin causes cancer (rats have
this attribute, while humans are predicted to have it)
2. analogues; doug gray the businessman and doug gray the potential mayor. att:
whether or not hed make a fine mayor (future doug gray has this attribute, current doug
gray is predicted to have it in the future)
3. analogues: voters in georgia and alabama; att: jeb bushs popularity (exists in
georgia, predicted to exist in alabama as well)
4. analogues: ant poison and windex; att: whether we can clean the windows with it (can
do it with windex, predicted to do it with ant poison)
5. angus on the violin, angus on the viola; att: whether hed be great on the viola (great
on the violin, predicted to be great on viola too)
6. will smiths last movie, and his next movie; whether the next movie will be any good
(last one was great, next one predicted to be great as well)
7. jan & dec heating bill; whether itll be high (dec was, jan expected)
8. haws at meetings, hawed in class; whether hell speak up (in class already, prob at
meeting)
9. hitler, kim jong il; appeasement and whether or not itll work (didnt with hitler, wont
with kim)
10. abortion, capital punishment; whether or not its wrong (abortion wrong, cap pun
wrong too)
10-24
1. slanted; looking for more negative answers
2. slanted; looking for more negative answers
3. not slanted
4. slanted;
5.

CH 11
method of difference
if something unusual happens and if we then find that something else unusual has

happened, we should suspect this as the possible cause (hypothesis).

John Stuart Mill
this, in combination with the method of agreement, is used not only to suggest a causal
hypothesis but also to confirm it.
method of agreement
when occurrences of one event are accompanied by occurrences of another, the two
events are said to be ASSOCIATED (e.g., a bacon sandwich causing migraines)
covariation - when variation in one phenomenon is accompanied by variation in
another (e.g., atmospheric CO2 + global warming = suggest a causal linkage btw the
two)
CUM HOC, ERGO PROPTER HOC = with that, therefore because of that ->
FALLACY -> thinking that a correlation or covariation btw two variables PROVES that
one causes the other
POST HOC, ERGO PROPTER HOC = after that, therefore because of that ->
FALLACY -> when one thinks that the mere fact that one event PRECEDED another
event proves that the earlier event caused the later one. (key thing to remember is the
person is not HYPOTHESIZING but CONFIRMING)
causal mechanism - the thing that has the property of making an effect happen, given
the cause. can sometimes be attributed to coincidence.
*we probably do not even begin to look for correlations as suggesting causation,
except where a causal mechanism can be conceived.
Best Diagnosis Method of forming causal hypotheses - coming up with the best possible
diagnosis with a series of symptoms
post hoc, ergo propter hoc. We can say, I took Zicam, and the cold didnt develop. We
cant say, I took Zicam, and that prevented the cold from developing.