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  • Complex Variables

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    Neeraj Mosawa
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    Maths for Physicist The complex Plane. Polar Coordinates Cauchy Rieman theorems. Residue Theorem. Caushy Conditions

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    Complex variables

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    Maths for Physicist The complex Plane. Polar Coordinates Cauchy Rieman theorems. Residue Theorem. Caushy Conditions

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Scarica in formato PDF o leggi online su Scribd
    Segnala contenuti inappropriati
    93 visualizzazioni51 pagine

    Complex Variables

    Caricato da

    Neeraj Mosawa
    Maths for Physicist The complex Plane. Polar Coordinates Cauchy Rieman theorems. Residue Theorem. Caushy Conditions

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Scarica in formato PDF o leggi online su Scribd
    Segnala contenuti inappropriati
    di 51
    A complex. mnie = # ic sean nrdunpssl pair < of art riablos (x al ccara ise eat teliys Soe om canes _ceeieineianenenneas i The Fag ii ois he eel a Q) Z, 2% s srr cei wae ae M2 ¢ty2 poe el la een i es 39 3s th alles __ yx ha men tiys i) + Qe £ iy?) = Mr +42) +f (ui t42) ) “Bh Re tenese S Known as an ordered pair Ze ¢ Ctomplex) + Borgune tW0 erdor Mattore Not tho same jee Lr2e C1.) Zee Qt (24,3) Given Zi, 20, %3,..- 7 thon All the Usual Law of algebra apply: UO @i+Z2 = Zt zi (addition v commutattre) W) Zi4 (ZatZs) ~ GitZ) Zs Associative. Wi) ZZ2- DA, is WB. Zadae Ze B)iZse ABO VY) @itd)-(23)- dey Br t Bzs Otstnbutive , for Z- xtiy , Definition: . ct “ The Complex csngugak of Z, written ay FZ Cor Z*) iS defined by Z= ely. . “Dxfimition: The modulus. PR, 7 wntlan as bel. s donsad by —___] pete zt ey? (positive nots ae is gs i or eco 6 0 when nen a0. (450 RY=0)| ComPLEX PLANE 2 _ Tr is conventoak bey represen “a comper qumber_ = ely ae Argand diagram. on_lompler Plane: eho _ Pode — ef AROS Ze 54 Spe © Thare oo Unique coneanpondan| a 2 ___Oonnpl @v nuns oe __{,___— pee 2 thy nk enh “pti es ae \z)er- Polar coordinates :- ae +y? et = nedtteye 6 = tan! (Yio) Xe Fcosd Ye sine Ze rely 2 rfoset isind) S ae eet ee Fuller's Relation. \Z1; 9: modulus of & & : argument of Z - satisfies tha fallousing _ Me Princrpal Value of che argument of 2 _telation: fee _-K£ Ong2 £& 13 Some Tweore ms [ZZe) = |x). Lza| Praof:- laizal 4. 229+ Fea 222° 4G 2p Xi Za Ze = Iz,1?-1Z2]7 é 4) Z22 « Aad za} S| elias zie Freettnoorem above, UE Jaw 1 Zz laze | along, ZeAttys ret Zeaty. rie: i é IZbt~ 4% (Lely) (a-iy) = rer®. pg-i8 ae _ [Zale 6 Fem “[zitzal <2 lo-F ern Izy b4 1Ze le 128 em \2r+Zal fF 121) 42> ees = ase 2 tien. tle ake in Samo drradian: = iS t le ig, =o, Somenraanes eee eee Ze IQ+Zal 21 z1+ teal uk - Proof: ZEW zz Lys 1Z+z2l fe [upz): (Zt) = Blt +lzel* + wee 472%) "4a + 2 Rl Am) @ SIZ 4lze+ @1lZz21 ome Zexetiy 2% (mz) Zponiy 1zy]? 4 1Z21?4 QIZs NZI Ls AtZ, <2 VAy?4 1a)? ¢ lz lZl =2Re {zr} ae tN Re (24 é 12) : | Zh x2ny? => 12 =12) IZj4721 2s fal?+ fa24 aziz $ (tit tial)? (all positive) s (Altlal <(Z+z) : ~~ known _datne A thequatity At4%2)2 Izil+t 122) The Tnongle Inequality cee Tnlongth of ona se of angle is legs thr hn — ene sid onothor Prove tnat__|zi-Z2 12, |1 Zi) all in cose, Wale 69cm ‘Agate Kom _( ae zal ae How: \U-z2l = 68cm 2 1Q-221> Malle) —lWa-Zal 2 Liz = Iz} Tne we afoncebainan m2 sides of a triongle do Is 6a Given that tne Complex variable Zrwe con construc _ Synetions of 2 denoted by C2) eg: Z25 InZy ZZ 2 explZ) eke __We can often a as eee ee Fy a Mag aity Sus uty A ele Ze xaly fade Ucery) 4 Vea Coutpar) whore Uand V are raat Funelt ons _————— of the real variables 2 pe iat ht = 22 Z= tly Fads 27 = (x+tiy?? FQ). 2 -yt tabxy, sh as Fale Uy +o Veqy s | he de dfx. lim { Staged fen | | fk Fens) ae | eerta-z ) bed | : Le | “ae tee i = lim SSE bto0 \ $x erndee — F\tzi is defined provided that: tim ized) - ies Szr6 (ztdZ- Zz then = Um ale y Sxro [ = me 18 _Indapendont of te direction i Which we return to z YA Zplane She COM Opprasch Z a from anydiraction ___ @ontider increments Sein the wdirection Sy in_kna_Y=dureckion.- ks Ze ary pi _ Sz Seri Sy See Gut i dv a. 0. > y=corstont ( (nochange ing) Neen oN aes by brave hing parabel to a-axis ____ See oe _ slim es ai gy Lie gx50 gs gx (keeping y constant , ax j-2 motian iy aprile ie foetal fowtion 2 Se eo (motion only in_vertical direction ,—9 eee erat EIS S'S':-'S5~_~-~ rrr lim € lim (Eid + ¢ Sy i = kz>0 ie ) = ($y | = ty ‘Su + t& Sy>o\SY by e-idu 4% Ww oy 2 us ' at s.\ ov -ipu 5 (oy ay | To deme a dorivotive ( dee fs) dz y) SE or FZ) exists if au 4 Cav = av -tdu i a y ay ax known ag Couchy- Roman Condition. TF thd tondition 4 defined, Qu = av & ax dy ov. - Vu an oy THO donvatwe % thon said to bo path ndopandent for tha derivative to, ik. uFFictent if the partial derivatives ave continuous Defimtion: smeayys is 5 cufjerorable a function fx is said bo be andytic (or rogular or. on ho! mae at a point 2 if it possesses a ae : inks 1n errs ea of 2. BES. or a (es . oz a { Tho derwatives obey theusudl laws ab} ae Fitf,) = eh 4 a peer 2) ints fl + fo. dh dx mg fame]. = gad =e lak z= meg Fez Wye tc dey = = Mie 4 Vea) Check wether the Cauchy Rotman equations are gatistted . §cz) = We -y? 4 f2xy = : Usa?-y? a UE oy Ve 2xy ax oy OU A avis Qu ow ne ae ON = 2% ou is -2y 8y }y in i yi ute Ov dys -_ au 7 on ey an }y 7 aye 2 Check wether Ft)= zZ isanalytic..— _fezye 22 2g eee eee = Nig ee aS _ > Function isnot. analytic eee one. pre OF ‘Geuelae? animes __ANALITIC ae ip Sy, wane inkegey power BN py es eter hela Fug). nen 2 a Tce 5 \ QZ + O3B"' Circle of vonvergence: = SS __Thts_ 16 ene region of the £-| pine whee lon Liztl” comevges pea tipi Soo eae eg: lttetltt Ye tig +... converges te the qumbor 2 => Fmite Unik . Circle of convergonw: WY \. 2: Te tadtinof convergon a. rodiuvof = (ZI <1Z! _convergenca GH) Any polynomial for tg Gaz ned ke analytic ua thd whole plane . By definition , tre whole plane excludes the single pointe at infinity, detined as the point cowesponding to the origin Under the Wansfovmation ZL—rz'= | - Zz Rational Funcions Fz) = _AetaZ+ Q2g t+ ane” bet biz baz* +-- baZ” wheve the o's & tu bis are wormpler numbers... aye onalybie in tho region of the Z-plane whore the denominator _ig not Zero. _ The exponential function exp# = &* = Sx’ is ell “al _gnalytie in tae Whole complex. plane- Definition: wetinition. Functtons whith are analy in Hg whole complex plant ove called _ontire functions ea TF fez) Is analytic In tho whole aque plane, & bounded everywhere, Lincludig the poine at inf wity) 7 thon FCO 4;0 constant - -MULTI-VAUWED functions: ___Petinition: __.__ A Function 6 said fo be multivalued if tnora is more tran one value of FL2) ¢ov a. given valueof Z - Consider ywcz)= £42 a PU Ee Aly rele og Sone MO UV ae ert ea oo Se eee WOW VC) a we ae)® Wh git _ Becaure-of He anbiguity thal avises» = Draw a bvanch line ov curve From 2=0 onwards agree never to cross ite Z plone Bronch wrk - Tne cut #-plane do called a Riera Shook. i Weel aes oS We will need +o. Seman shetts - z é — ante e grdcorfoe— lock pikofu® plore is Convocted 0 vr Bkof eee = 3 kro plam - Fis wwvowent Av join the 2 shorts along ta byanch wrve - qnis is tan callad O Bertann Surfoc Day inter" sorfoet Week 3 past Oe Sieg see = 6% Feb 2015 po) Alenia . as ee - ae Consider Ene Fatlowing:= _ w=tnz : ee ee 27 as aca ee a 2 7h = pee ese (Sen rete ye is pire sine bet ao Inia cB: ee | —__Whon © changes from 8-+2« 'nz change by ani darn Ling You gp Movgn to _qnoing st Plane 2 TRE Cmetex Ivpeg Rar Chrevrus ee COMPLEX INTEGRAL: We want to evaluate __ F@) prane Gt dxe dy. 3S BB NaN : _f Fede [las vrfonecay) soe A Ba CaAucny THEOREM _ Gagne ninisawaeaes a aia 5 eps ie het 89 ke ch tA ass Sa ens tae 18 oF Wau Vane = ‘a aes ean Os Within this contoor as woll as on the boudary of tne contsusis Sau —t2ero. — hey gsm aiee: 7 Sa yess > Gn F@dax t Za Fedde =o _ ee a > 11+ frso - - | Ta--T ~ a 4 : Cais: b = { 2) dz -- (iw dz = . ‘ oe & f@dz=-9 . > = fredz is ins pin taken from A toB - a3 CAUCHY'S INTEGRAL Form: Te the function FLED és analytic within. Kon a.closed contour C Gif Ze 1S. point withinc, = Fz) dz = ani- Fee) _ Z-Zoe Zor pl af Stn gulonky Ths : $ no: J more [ve es _In the cogion CONTOUR 1S TAKEN. anti-clockwise, 6Y. Conv ENTION . NOTES (= Fa) ) ig not analytic, Z=Z= .~ Exclude it — Z-Be Lrdonominator aps tn 12f0_okneralsk\ from the Contovr as shown above = 22d. Soe > some.os caueky (aes tLeorenn_ di coneals each gttav = no Ad Uran BO kf. t Se 8 hone & Ek aeprach£ f, then , Bak < Fore +f ait) 6 do ere (3} make the circle as smalt as possible 5 eran Fz) -C de 2D @=+2n i Flz) { @=0° = Fle)" = ane- f C2e) ie fz) dz- = ani Free) ot Z-Ze __ Reomple varcables, if C2) és analyhic_, tnan_it in difforontiable tall ane one ty. Tf et tt Sr _____whave twa Lodooy © haat bes pated Lyn this Cane itis a _____Udle of rachis 2 feontveclaborigin) SZ: at Zz ZoD {saage Peso e eC a eds = _ ftz« OS 26 a eco Signet sw Thyror £ amelie ae emai TAYLOR sertes es _____fa: feat Aa) + tray? 2h) pees pe x=a. oF ox hea fon nit EE ‘i n dxe Xa ae — Foo. Bway? fb fzo nl asa kewwn 08 kwe expansion af foo abo wo point es Expand tn(2) about wet —_—— — Ineo. cry _ ave nce H-)4 +L lene.. SNL: w - 23 4n5_ 9% 4... Se ol aaa ve fe Cosas | 8 4m xy oe AM ge 2 &pansionat x=0 - expansion ak x=0.—? Moclavrin’s expansion Fou =: = 18 PPro). Sine ete weipl eas me Degmition: A singular pot sone hv olire FC) is nok analytic. s eg: fczd< ae za flay - 1 ci andl atte ey ae averywhere 9x¢8 Pt _ when Z=0.-_ ‘The point 2= a iscalleda singular point: Tho other points arecatied an ordinary pink fin ordinary point 1S onewharefG is analy Consilor FUE) = 1. “a eee +3 _ Amatytie at Z-1, 262,222 as But at 2-3, we howe a singular point > Usclated sig) => 2h is an ordinay point elseushrore Fae flee are j Seagulority — at 220. -An isolated singularity. ot z=20 Bone whore fl) ib rogulacer |__analyhic. at all potnh> cn.asmall region around Zo , axceptat Zo ___ itself - __Theovem = _ . v pees TE £2) is analytic Within o region Drexcopt For posscble Asslatod singularity at 2-20, then for alt athor points Z INK e EKO racsion D_ (exept at 220) , Fz) has a _: LAURENT EXPANSION abolit Z= Zs, oF the form : : cone = = = fer). Bag C20) x Xba (ae rey. n= fet =s = eee = i. Par . oieace —! principle J raoe es ioe Lavrenkorponsiae /aoront erpansion FE) Qo4q1 C 2-z0)t A2CZ-20)* 2 fate Fah te On(z-Zo)® + b+ Cz- Fj a + ba Cz-Z0% ANNAN? eee ee ie ys aetna leone ak (2-20) (2-Z0) 13-0215 often, what we wank & to find the residue, bs - 2g: woknow = 2% 2" provided 12l41. I-Z oo Ute teste de peleerzet. = = 1 tlt(z-0) + Gz-o0)* + ED ay: ; ey Lauren T © :singulavity Senes- —fesidue 9» beet ie the principal povt terminates at bm, tho | pink 22 Called a pole of order m_- The valucof be iscalled th tha a cosidue of Ter at the pole Z2z o 12 onl g2%_) tbe aban tas (E29) (2-20)? The residue is ba. it has @ poleat the point 220 orderst ee reciaued * 2) (2012-0) eae ai Gi) @r) -_ when the Senes “sHops abe ) We say hob (2+ ee thare is Opole of order ™ Be a tne point Z-Zs . 2 order 2 at point Pe, Z fosidue = aaa: —~Tpwo expand about a_requlay point then ql the bi's =o ¢-e, re eae Fea eat oo bbe Stem ui we oe an isolated gscontial singularity . (pote infinite ordor, Se a nee a fe). ae +90 4 Qi(Z-Zo)'+Q2(z-Zo)2t-2 sr ty ent hb X both sides by @Z-Zo) To Find br __ FC) -(2-t) = bi + Gol zz0) +54 (Ze Zo)? + Qrlz-2s) v/ ae eet Then, Toke Hmit as 2>2Z0, _whdn g Z-2e 20 but F(z).(2~-20 tate produck Rut + bre lim [(z-Ze) Fa) 2720 aE @-20) (F(2)) ]z-z0 ie un Mayon ts. (1D Given that there {sa Simple pole at Z=Zo- Thon its recidueb,~ LF (z-z0) FLED] 2220 or biz lim C(z-z0) fcz)I. Z7ile 2g: Suppose you havea Function where you can gasily Factor tha denominators eg: 9) where wlz)- (Z-a) Ue). wz) Fie. ge a (zZ-a) ce) Residue b, - [ Cz-ad(eea)l = a |o%. 3Cz) G9 tue) 2.4 2 ( Iw = 9a) Uw peal uca) sine a 2 — another _ b= Chea : —— he L@-3e eee Sa. ee ae ~__ Proceduve fov(2)_ : peer aae ee In gonoral, lat us suppose flz)-= v2) wee) Kui(ay= 0 jim other words, thoro 6 a simple Poteal Za bie Ka [ea qu) Z-2 a We) = lim 92) ane ‘ce - w(a) : cova! _(@a) : Derwative of wz) evaluated i abz=a. bin len [2 | pee bie [22 | iz) Jz-0 & backto _ flziz 1 ___— fomning back! Bae “th acon J zent — Given ¢ that i panko ae Suppose a rl at z=a-Thon, by laurent — _ Theorem, — 7 (a “a ie (aca) a(Z-al + 2 (%-03? ++- Peocenpre: Mulhiply both sidesby ¢z-0)° (z-a)% fle). bya ¢ baa (Zal4---bicz-ay*? 4 qual, Qi z-0) 1*" 4 Qa(z-ayr*? +. - Differentiate both sides (n~1) times ji.e take d%” ne dz this is chosen because we need the residue. Then, Subsitub Z=a (to get rid of brackets on the tight). (3 Na [(z-a)* 291 4-1) bs + powers of @-a) dz 24 bys d Uz-akzZ)J * yl E50. : Sane 4. wee : 3 4 pez ooce (zt) a) _ Alternatively; ——__— ee Aa e as [a ee I os ace tga af (ert | es oa (zay* (25. wh 4 os DS SI 3) fee) = cep? 5 Cer C2241)? (2-7 ext)* __ Double ploat_Z=! _- a — aa residue bie Um a Gat ev | zal aor ae arta _ Pordovble pole at Z=-i, —— 3 a eb Ges zero at Z

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