THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (2005) CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) silatil ] 121°" | penta faneolar] ™2"- Ieetrotes| Palatal | velar | Uvutar [Pharyngeal] P| cottal Nasal m! n nn] pl] ol Nn Plosive pb|md td tdlceulkglac 2 Fricative fv [Od|sz i [& h H e_lep Ssl{salcilxy{xy[h cling -Approximant v n al jl w Trill B Tr R Tap, Flap v t C eve tk { ‘poroximant Il LL «tot Lateral flap J CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) abrupt ("retroflex") ‘abrupt (“palatal”) fricated (“lateral”) ‘Anterior click releases. Voiced Ejectives (require posterior stops) | implosives | © Bilabial fricated 6 Bilabial |” Examples: Laminal alveol Dental or | 9? | Tamed dena | aveclar” | P” Biabial | Apical posaveotar | ¢ palatal | f° Dentilor alveolar $. Laminal io velar | k? velar |] Geral alveolar €. uvular | 5? Alveclar fricative ‘Wheresymbols appear in pairs the one to the right represents a modilly voiced consonant, except for murmured f. Shaded areis denote articulations judged to be impessible, CONSONANTS (CO-ARTICULATED) mM Ww y 6 z 5 Voiceless labialized velar approximant Voiced labialized velar approximant Voiced labiaized palatal approximant Voiceless palatalized postalveolar(alveolo- palatal) fricative Voiced palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative Simultaneous x and f (disputed) K® t5 affricates and double articulations may be joined by aie bar VOWELS SUPRASEGMENTALS TONE Front Nearfront Central Near back Back "Primary stress" Extrastress Leveltones ——_Contourtone examples: Close i \Y———i 48 wp u 1 Secondary stress [,foona'tifan] € ] top € A Rising Near dose rey “0 Long e'Halflong 6 1 High = @ V Falling Chose: 3\o 0 € Short & extrashort @ 1 Mid = € 1 Highrising Mid a + Syllablebreak __ Linking 8 4 tow & A towrising ‘Openimid ce—3\o—a 2 INTONATION (nobrea) 8 J Bottom & Y High falling Near open | Minor (oot) break Toneterracing & V Lowfalling Open av a——albp [] Major (intonation) break 1 upstep 8 1 Pesking Vowels at right & left of bullets are rounded & unrounded. Z Globalrise —\, Globalfall, + Downstep, ~@ M_ dipping DIACRITICS Diacritics may be placed above asymbol with a descender, asi). Other asymbols may appear as diacritics to represent phonetic detail: & (fricative release), b* (breathy voice), ’a (glottal onset), *(epenthetic schwa], 0% (diphthongization). SHLLABEITY aRAEASES PORATION | Painaevarncucion SECONDARY ARTICULATION 1g _[ syllabic od [sare ti Dental twdw|tabiatizet [9 x | More rounded 2g [Nonsyllabic [5 d | Nodelvoiceor Tt q | Apical di [Palatalized [5 x | Less rounded th he | (Prejaspirated Breathy voice | t | Laminal t¥ d¥ | velarized EZ | Nasalized d® | Nasalrelease | g | creaky voice te ‘Advanced td® | Pharyngealized | ar 3° | Rhoticity di Lateral release Strident it | Retracted tz on eae Q mend i € [SS Yd [orwanmat [aj [eons [th [stad Leo [Sea 2B | towered (Bis abilabial approximant) | @ 4 | Raised (J isa voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative, [a fricative trill)