Lecture # 25
Traffic Loading- ISP MRUC LUMAR CR Car AEC Sg
Module 4: Pavement Design
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Traffic Loading Part 1
Dr. K. Sudhakar Reddy
cele iel em Olea ime) mel tale alse]
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
India
ws) Email: ksreddy@civil.iitkgp.ernet.inIndian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Specific Instructional Objectives
After completing this lesson, the student is
expected to
* appreciate the need to consider various traffic
related parameters in pavement design
* learn about different configurations of
commercial vehicles
+ understand the mode of load transfer to the
EN IY
* learn the general procedure followed for
pay estimation of design trafficGa Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Traffic Loads
Different Types of vehicles
* Cycles
* Two-wheelers
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* Single Unit Trucks
- Multi-unit Trucks LsIndian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
+ In evaluating the traffic condition of a facility
and for assessing the geometric design
requirements, it is necessary to consider all
types of vehicles using (or expected to use)
the facility.
Pei mel Mi ael-S ieee mM (el mre
carry significantly heavy loads are important —
commercial vehicles
+ Indian Roads Congress defines Commercial
vehicles as the vehicles having a laden weight
more than 3 Tonsa. Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
OLoT acer EMAL Ad ( oy
Bid U le) e101 ela)
Load - Gross load, Axle load, wheel load
rate |
CT | 120 kNIndian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Ke
Rear Axle Loadaj Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Tandem AxleIndian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Combinations of vehicular units and axles
Peer ui crete a eee ile Mel MULe i) MPLA Ey
* Single Unit truck with 2 or more axles
+ Vehicle-Trailer Combinations
Semi- trailer tractor combinations
Tractor and trailer combinationsIndian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Permissible Weights (tonnes) as per IRC
Single Tyre 6
FA-Single, Rear-Dual
Type-3
TYpe2-S1
Type 3-3
10.2
18 (TA)
10.2 10.2
18(TA) 10.2 18Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Load Transfer through Wheels
Pneumatic Tyres — Inflated with air
Three parameters need to be considered
* Total wheel load
* Shape of Contact area
+ Distribution of pressure over the contact areaTe
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
acme ———————— er
Contact Pressure and Tyre Pressure
For Low inflation pressures
Wall of tyre in Compression
Contact pressure is greater
than tyre pressureCIE MU Cm Mtoe hace reels
Contact Pressure and Tyre Pressure
Rigidity Factor= Contact pressure/Tyre pressure
RF = 1, when average tyre pressure = 0.7 MPa
RF > 1, when average tyre pressure < 0.7 MPa
RF < 1, when average tyre pressure > 0.7 MPa
ORY Com ace UM altel am edt ostc0 tc)
Contact Pressure = Wheel Load / (area of
Maye aia 9|Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Load Transfer through wheels
+ Vertical stresses
* Unidirectional surface shear stresses
+ Centripetal Shear stresses
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a
Unidirectional shear
Plt gett-t2t-4
Vertical braking/accelerationIndian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Load Transfer through wheels
erst til fale eo )a sts aed tecta. Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Load Transfer through wheels
The Pressure distribution (vertical, centripetal or
unidirectional) is normally not uniform
Normally only uniformly distributed vertical surface
stress equal to tyre pressure is considered for
analysisGa Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Load Contact Area
Shape of contact area
feel TaTe Lael]
Cea nil Colameycci0 ic)
* Tyre age
+ Pavement surface
OOo em TotalsIndian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Shape of Contact Area
Different shapes are considered for analysis
elicits
+ Rectangular
+ Rectangular with semi-circular ends
+ More exact shapes for rigorous analysisIndian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Circular Contact Area
Area (A) = wheel load (P) / contact pressure (p)
For Circular contact area, radius of contact area
is obtained as
a = (1/p)(P/p)°5
aGa Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
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iPERE nM TE er Coe wes TOA
EX: For P = 20kN and p= 0.7 MPaIndian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
EX: For P = 20KN and p= 0.7 MPaIndian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
EX: For P = 20kN and p=0.7 MPaCIE MUM mI) hale le eles
Rectangular Contact Area
Area = 0.5227 L? ae
0.8712L —j
Equivalent AreaGe. Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Design Loading Considerations
* Traffic loads applied over several years (design life
period) — traffic volumes normally increase each
Nir Ls
* Vehicles on a given road carry different loads
* Vehicles on different facilities carry different loads
* The wheel loads are applied over different portions
of the pavement and not at a single location.
* The manner of transmission of load to the
[Zpavement depends on the speed of the vehicleIndian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Design Traffic - Traffic Forecast
+ Pavement is designed to carry traffic loads
over a specified period (design life)
* Thus, it is essential to have a good estimate of
the total number of vehicles expected to use
the facility during the design life periodIndian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Traffic Forecast
+ It will also help in design if the traffic volumes
during different periods (even on an yearly
basis) of the design life can be estimated
* These estimates can be done from the traffic
volumes prevailing in a base year and by
selecting appropriate growth factors and
projection techniques.Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Traffic Forecast
A typical approach followed by Indian Roads.
Congress (IRC:37) for projection of traffic over
design life period is
Cumulative traffic (commercial vehicles) for
design period
N = 365xAx{(1+r)"-1}
r
where, A = Initial design traffic in the year of completion of
root MUU ML Maes Tmo) mers Tulle Leal tel (ott vehIndian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Traffic Forecast
r = annual growth rate of commercial vehicles
expressed as a fraction.
n = design period (years)
The traffic in the year of completion of construction is
estimated using the expression
A=P (1+r)
where, P = Number of commercial vehicles/day as per
last count
x = No. years between the last count and the year of
completion of construction.6a. Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Traffic Forecast
The Cumulative traffic (commercial vehicles) for
design period, N will have to be adjusted for
+ directional distribution of traffic
+ lateral placement characteristics of wheels on
Rem Mls
+ load spectrum
to get the design trafficIndian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Traffic Forecast
Example:
average two-way traffic per day on an existing 2-lane
highway counted in 2005 = 4000 commercial vehicles (P)
annual growth rate of commercial vehicles r = 7%,
n= design period = 15 years
construction of road is expected to be completed in the
Nr larity g
SOL:Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Traffic Forecast
Example:
* average two-way traffic per day on an existing 2-lane
highway counted in 2005 = 4000 commercial vehicles (P)
+ annual growth rate of commercial vehicles r = 7%,
+ n= design period = 15 years
* construction of road is expecoes to be completed in the
Lert g
SOL: t A HeIndian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Lateral Distribution of wheel loads
+ All the commercial vehicles do not take the same
lateral position of the highway
+ Depending on the type of facility (two-way, multi-
lane), number of lanes, etc the paths that the wheels
of commercial vehicles tread differ
+ Asa result all the wheels of all the commercial
vehicles utilizing the pavement during the design
period do not stress the same point on the pavement
eR Ca Rec allt lel
of loadsGd Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
oe S—————————————
Lateral Distribution of wheel loads
cargas maximas de las ruedas, el porcentaje
Femme 1 Cela 6 ear le AUT a]Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
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Critical the Flexible PavementIndian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
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20 2.0 0" «30 6.0
DISTANCE FROM PAVEMENT EDGE, x (m)Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
IRC Recommendations
Single — lane roads
design based on total number of commercial
vehicles in both directions.
Two-lane Single carriageway roads
design based on 75 % of the total number of
reece Rl CMe eum ere lelIndian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
IRC Recommendations
Four-lane Single carriageway roads
design based on 40 % of the total number of
commercial vehicles in both directions.
Dual carriageway roads
design of dual two-lane carriage way roads should
be based on 75 % of the number of commercial
vehicles in each direction. For dual three-lane
carriageway and dual four-lane carriageway, the
distribution factor will be 60 % and 45 %
Pinnaoa. Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
ST Ea,
In this lesson, we have discussed
+ about different configurations of commercial
vehicles
* about the manner in which the load is
transmitted to a pavement through a pneumatic
isc)
* regarding the need to consider the lateral
placement characteristics of wheel loads of
commercial vehicles i
2m) about estimating design trafficIndian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Questions from Lesson 4.2
(1) What are commercial vehicles ? Why do we
consider only these for pavement design ?
(2) What is the legally permissible Gross weight fora
vehicle having two axles (front axle has single
wheels and rear axle has dual wheels) ?
(3) Work out different typical load contact shapes that
er TM or eMere lar toler: Molar | MMMM ert ma
and a tyre pressure of 0.60 MPa.
(4) For a 6-lane divided highway carrying total two-way
volume of 8000cvpd (with 50:50 directional split)
what is the design daily traffic (in terms of
Ee] commercial vehicles?)Ga Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Answers for Questions asked in Lesson 4.1
(1)Are pavements important enough to demand
the services of specialists for design?
(2)How do you differentiate between flexible and
rigid pavements ?
(3)How do you distinguish between functional
and structural failures of pavements ?CIE UMUC CMM iol el \ AGC le lees
Answers for Questions asked in Lesson 4.1
(4) What are the main external Parameters
influencing pavement design ?
(5) What is the difference between empirical and
mechanistic approaches of pavement design ?
(6) What are the main disadvantages of designing
pavements following empirical criteria ?