Scribd Logo
Carica

Benvenuto in Scribd!

  • 05 Traffic Studies - Part - II

    Caricato da

    Luis Aguirre
    9 visualizzazioni36 pagine
    diseño transito

    Titolo originale

    05 Traffic Studies _ Part - II

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Formati disponibili

    PDF o leggi online da Scribd

    Hai trovato utile questo documento?

    Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

    Segnala questo documento
    diseño transito

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Scarica in formato PDF o leggi online su Scribd
    Segnala contenuti inappropriati
    9 visualizzazioni36 pagine

    05 Traffic Studies - Part - II

    Caricato da

    Luis Aguirre
    diseño transito

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Scarica in formato PDF o leggi online su Scribd
    Segnala contenuti inappropriati
    di 36
    Lecture # 05 Traffic Studies: Part - Il Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Specific Instructional objectives After completing this lesson the student will be able to Ores Aes eee Me CET ls + Present spot speed data in suitable ways Peer laa Melia tem eile Nellie rsd reed * Carry out intersection delay studies Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Spot Speed Studies Measurement Techniques * Two alternative techniques are generally used ¥ Measurement of travel times as vehicles ir MC-let MB Uielami-r tigre Melia a cet-) ¥ Use of hand-held or fixed-mounted radar ati cled Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Enoscope feiterseie)s-] observer 3 * eee ia Straight Road Ye Light or Pole ee eee bam] okt fate) lee) ce) re a Cd ed cok tT) Awe mle lel lad + Enoscope is placed at a distance about 30m in such a way that image of the vehicle can be seen by observer when vehicle crosses exit boundary * At this instant stopwatch is stopped * Time required for the vehicle to cross the known length is recorded and converted to speed Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Hand-held or Fixed-mounted Radar Meters +Frequently used for measurement of spot speeds «Measure speed directly by reflecting an emitted radar wave off an oncoming vehicle and measuring the difference in the frequency between the emitted and reflected radar wave «The difference in frequency (referred to as ‘Doppler effect’) is proportional to the speed of the oncoming vehicle Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Practical Limitations of Using Radar Meters oo Cola eM ee te me Ce Um Me ML) range of Government regulated frequencies and ECM lr urd + Accuracy of various meters may vary + Difficult to conceal — drivers tend to slow down affecting the results of measurements *Accurate measurements are obtained only when the radar wave is reflected directly along the axis of the vehicle movement: Practically difficult. Adjustment requires a good measurement of the angle of wave deflection Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Practical Issues: Spot Speed Measurements «Field personnel need to make an effort to conceal iat Moe Uiiae Ceeh LA +Measurement of speeds of all vehicles is practically impossible. Therefore, vehicles must be selected randomly without any bias (like selecting only fast vehicles, slow vehicles, trucks etc.) SP AMM Oeil Cole Mu Cleric cd Eyer Mel elm MET R eM Tem ol cere ed others are forced to follow the platoon leader Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Presentation of Spot Speed Data Frequency Distribution Table Speed group elma ene el % freq. |in ] rae verre CMC a Cres Sc feel 2 Pt Oa Cra eat) i) Pr 30 Pa GB D el | | 30 ery Fray 15 5 | Fry rr) Era rr] PY ce ee et ey ee ez © Te Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Frequency Distribution Curve Theoretical normal distribution curve Percentage frequency és Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Cumulative Frequency Distribution Curve Cy Cet tas] ar ae ee Coes SE emo a ald a i a] &e1 a ee} % of vetricie at lower speed than x-axis ee ee ee eee By tu) Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Travel Time studies *Involve significant lengths of a facility or group of facilities forming a route +Information on the travel time between key points within the study area is sought and is used to identify those segments in need of improvements te Rue eRe Cu meer cM delay observations at points of congestion along the study route Tuto TETAM ie mem Cael Lele Uses of travel time information PMroM(e(Tul diam leol -Um Cree me meet Led *To measure arterial level of service *To provide necessary input to traffic assignment models, which focus on link travel time *To provide travel-time data for economic evaluation *To develop time contour maps and other depictions of traffic congestion in an area or region Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Field Study Techniques * Significant lengths of roadway is involved:difficult to remotely observe vehicles as they progress through study section + Floating car technique: Test car driver is asked to Pass as many vehicles pass the test car. This way test car approximates the behavior of an average vehicle in the traffic stream +Maximum car technique:Driver is asked to drive as fast as is safely practical in the traffic stream without ever exceeding the design speed of facility Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur + Average car technique: Driver is instructed to drive at the approximate average speed of the traffic iri) +Floating-car and average-car techniques: estimates of the average travel time through the section +Floating-car technique is generally applied on two- lane highways: passing is less and can be counted ETM rl elude tdi h +On-multilane facilities floating-car driving technique is difficult and unsafe. Average-car technique yields similar results with less stress experienced by the Cet) ao a aL Cod (2) ey Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur +Maximum-car technique does not result in measurement of average conditions in the traffic stream.Rather, the measured travel times represent the lower range of the distribution of travel times All test-car runs in a given study route should be with same driving strategy + Roadside observers can record license plate numbers as vehicle pass designated points along the route (alternative technique to collect travel time) Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Floating Car Technique /Average Car Technique Speed, flow and stopped delay of the stream can be obtained by noting down + Times at different control points * Time, location and cause of individual delays + Number of overtaking and overtaken vehicles + Number of vehicles traveling in the opposite CTs col) Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Field data sheet typically includes: Pate mal ule -1g ¥ Direction of trip ¥ Journey time Y Total stopped delay ¥ Number of overtaking vehicles ¥~ Number of overtaken vehicles v¥ Number of vehicles from opposite direction Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Journey time in specified direction with flow ‘q’ y(t, +1,) rae cr, 1,,=Measured journey time for 7 eas 4 acai ac keeled Mean journey speed Pee ON Rem TAO a= i CLR cee) fl Sem amey aa Amey ae eres Flow g= eae nN eae aL (aaa ae) ea A RN Teale ALY od Ce direction when the test vehicle was traveling in opposite direction Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Intersection Delay Studies + Measurement of total control delay + Control delay: Time-in-queue delay + time losses due to deceleration from and acceleration to ambient speed Study Methodology as per Highway Capacity Manual Direct observation of vehicles-in-queue A Minimum of two observers Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Observer -| + Keeps track of the end of standing queues for each cycle by observing the last vehicle in each lane that stops due to signal + Number of vehicles in queue are recorded on the field sheet at intervals between 10s and 20 s. » Vehicle-in-queue counts continue beyond survey period until all vehicles that entered the queue during survey period have exited intersection Observer -il + Counts vehicles arriving during the survey period and vehicles that stop'one or more times during Peco ke Tia ms tales) Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Clock Time Cycle No. a) a 6:01 PM 2 Cea | alt) aro) LCRA ComU melt Bats Bale) Ba ey cy ? cy LJ i] os 40 52 40 Sum of all vehicle-in queue counts (£Vj,)=132 veh. Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Total no. of vehicles arriving during the study period (V;) = 120 vehicles Total count of stopping vehicles (Vs;op): 75 a cf cf eee a . is 120 Tg = Average time in queue Peele es lai eel motel icy (20s) 0.9 is empirical adjustment factor accounting for errors due to sampling that tend to overestimate the delay ce Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Further adjustment for acceleration/deceleration delay rs : ee ta =3.75 vehicles es Ae VS med = zen = 0.625 ¥, 120 ra Vsic = No. of veh. Stopping per lane per cycle Nc = No. of cycle included in the survey (10) N, = No. of lanes in the survey lane group (2) ei = Fraction of vehicles stopping Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur d =T, +(FVS*CF)=19.8 +(0.625*5) = 22.9 s/veh d = Total control delay CF = Correction factor (obtained from given table) — a function of Free-flow speed and vehicle stopping ella elated Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Question Set 1. What are the practical limitations of using radar Teg 2. Discuss different ways of presentation of spot Byer RET) Mea Cel WM Mem uC ele melee eel aie average car technique? 4. What is ‘total control delay’ at intersection? TTT Me meme ele Ate (|g Answers to Questions of Lesson 2.3 OTe MUM ete meet ie: Leelee muir nl traffic volume counts + Field sheet to be designed carefully with clarity + Common elements of field sheet: Location, observers’ name, specific movement details, vehicle type details, weather condition, date, day, time, counting period, page ‘x’ of ‘y’ + All personnel must be properly trained: Purpose, field sheets, equipment, location, approach, vehicle type(s), etc. 5 Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur + Avoid too many observers at one location: may distract drivers and cause traffic disruptions + Time must be carefully coordinated at all locations and among all counting personnel + Number of counting personnel to be decided judiciously + Relief personnel must be provided + Work carried out by counting personnel must be supervised TC TET Me meme ALE ( | Lhe Discuss different ways of presentation of traffic volume data * Average Daily Traffic (ADT) * Traffic composition * Hourly variation charts * Turning movement diagram Tu T Me memati) Ate (| LL Average Daily Traffic (ADT) Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Traffic composition a3 Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur ee el AA Eee Olay Tu TELM meme ated) Leos Turning Movem jagram Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur What are the different uses of spot speed data? «Studying the effectiveness of speed limits or enforcement practices + Suggesting appropriate speed limits for application + Studying speed trends and assessing the effectiveness of policy on speed limit and lal Colee sills + Studying speed performance with respect to specific design applications: steepness, length of grade, alignment 5 *Investigating high-accident locations where speed Pay suspected to be a contributing factor Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur What are the errors normally occur during spot speed studies by field measurement of travel time over a short distance? + Observer usually stands at the location of one of bCeMce-TeMerol uel lam (UCIT Wm uml tava lel lalet-1a'd | “Ensures viewing vehicles crossing one boundary without distortion v Ensures viewing vehicles crossing the other ere Fla OL solace MC me-1 ae LaNe Tale] (-)) * The systematic measurement error created is called “Parallax” D Tu TET Me meme lated AGL (| ie sl alge eal ~~~ Line of sight = || (<

    Potrebbero piacerti anche