Chapter

Sections:
2.1 Chemistrys Building Block: The Atom
2.2 Chemical Bonding: The Covalent Bond
2.3 The Ionic Bond
2.4 The Hydrogen Bond
2.5 Three-Dimensional Shape in Molecules
2.6 Water and Life
2.7 Acids and Bases

Student Goals:

By the end of this lecture series, students should be able to do the following:
Explain the nature of matter and why different substances, such as gold and iron,
are fundamentally different.
Name the three subatomic particles. Which contribute weight? Charge? Which
particles allow atoms to interact with each other?
Use the number of electrons in an element to determine whether an atom will react
and what kind ofand how manychemical bonds it will normally make.
Describe the three types of chemical bonds, explain their differences, and describe
the differences between nonpolar and polar molecules.
Explain what kinds of molecules go into solution in water and what kinds do not.
Define an acid and a base, and if given a pH reading, be able to understand what that
means in general and specifically for cells.

Chapter 2 Reading Guide

Define all key vocabulary terms listed below:

1. Acid
2. Acid rain
3. Alkaline
4. Atomic number
5. Ball-and-stick model
6. Base
7. Buffering system
8. Chemical bonding
9. Covalent bond
10. Electron
11. Electronegativity
12. Element
13. Hydrocarbon

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Hydrogen bond
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
Hydroxide ion
Ion
Ionic bonding
Ionic compound
Isotope
Law of conservation of mass
Mass
Molecular formula
Molecule
Neutron
Nonpolar covalent bond
Nucleus
pH scale
Polar covalent bond
Polarity
Product
Proton
Reactant
Solute
Solution
Solvent
Space-filling model
Specific heat
Structural formula

2.1 Chemistrys Building Block: The Atom

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

What is matter?
What is mass?
What is an atom?
What are the three constituents (subatomic particles) of an atom?
Where are protons and neutrons found in an atom?
Where are electrons found in an atom?
What is the charge of each subatomic particle?
a. Protons =
b. Neutrons =
c. Electrons =
8. What is an element?
9. Which subatomic particle defines each element?

Practice reading the periodic table [Page AP-3 in your eText]

10.
11.
12.
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15.
16.

What is the atomic number?
How do you determine the symbol using the periodic table?
How do you determine the element name using the periodic table?
How do you determine the atomic mass using the periodic table?
How do you determine the number of protons using the periodic table?
How do you determine the number of electrons using the periodic table?
How do you determine the number of neutrons using the periodic table?

Practice reading and using the periodic table:

17. For each of the following elements, fill in the table below.

Symbol Atomic #
Atomic Mass
Protons
Electrons
Carbon





Neon





Gold





Tin





Copper





Hydrogen





Radon





Iodine





Nitrogen






Isotopes

18. What is an isotope?
19. Draw and describe Figure 2.5 Same Element, Different Forms.

The Importance of Electrons
20. Why are electrons important in terms of bonding? Which electrons engage in
bonding in terms of orbital shell level?

Neutrons

2.2 Chemical Bonding: The Covalent Bond?

21. What is chemical bonding?
22. What is ionic bonding?
23. What is covalent bonding?

Energy Always Seeks Its Lowest State
24. Why do atoms undertake (engage) in bonding?
25. What is the relationship between stability and energy in terms of atoms?
26. How do atoms become stable?

Seeking a Full Outer Shell: Covalent Bonding
27. How many electrons are required to fill the 1st energy level of any given atom? How
many are required to fill levels thereafter?
28. Draw and describe Figure 2.6 Electron Configuration in Some Representative
Elements.

Chemical Bonding in One Instance: Water

29. Draw and describe Figure 2.7 Covalent Bonding.
30. What is a covalent bond?
31. What is the law of conservation of mass?

What Is a Molecule?
32. What is a molecule?

Reactive and Unreactive Elements
33. On the spectrum of stability in chemical elements what does the number one
represent? What does the number eight represent?

Covalent Polar and Nonpolar Bonding
34. What is electronegativity?
35. What is polarity?
36. What is a polar covalent bond?
37. What is a nonpolar covalent bond?
38. Draw and describe Figure 2.8 Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonding.

2.3 The Ionic Bond

What Is an Ion?
39. What is an ion?
40. What is ionic bonding?
41. What is an ionic compound?
42. Draw and describe Figure 2.9 Ionic bonding.

2.4 The Hydrogen Bond

43.
44.
45.
46.

What is a hydrogen bond?

Which elements does hydrogen typically pair with?
How are hydrogen bonds typically illustrated?
Draw and describe Figure 2.10 Hydrogen Bonding.

2.5 Three-Dimensional Shape in Molecules

47. What is a three-dimensional shape?
48. Why is three-dimensional shape critical?
49. Draw and describe Figure 2.11 Three-Dimensional Representations of Molecules.

2.6 Water and Life

Water Is a Major Player in Many of Lifes Processes
50. Why is water so important in terms of reactions?
51. What is a solution?
52. What is a solute?
53. What is a solvent?
54. Draw and describe Figure 2.14 Waters Power as a Solvent.
55. Explain how life is made possible under ice because of waters properties.

Moderating Temperature: Specific Heat
56. What is specific heat?

Cohesion and Surface Tension
57. What is cohesion?
58. What is surface tension?
59. What is adhesion?

Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Molecules
60. What are hydrocarbons?
61. What is hydrophilic? Hydrophobic?
62. Why is it important that some substances are hydrophobic in terms of living
systems?

2.7 Acids and Bases

Acids Yield Hydrogen Ions in Solution, Bases Accept Them
63. What does the H in pH stand for? What does the p stand for?
64. What is an acid?
65. What is a base?
66. What happens to water when you add an acid? What happens to water when you
add a base (Use Figure 2.18 Hydrogen Ions and pH to explain)?
67. What happens when you combine acidic and basic solutions (Use Figure 2.18
Hydrogen Ions and pH to explain)?
68. What does H+ stand for? What does OH- stand for?

Ranking Substances on the pH scale
69. What is the pH scale?
70. How is the pH scale logarithmic? What does being logarithmic mean in terms of the
difference between one pH number and another (for example pH 9 vs. pH 10)?
71. Describe the components of pH terminology.

Why Does pH Matter?

72. Explain why pH matters in terms of buffering systems and acid rain?