Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
VICEPRESIDENTE DE NEGOCIACIONES
INTERNACIONALES Y CONTRATOS
VICEPRESIDENTE DE OPERACIONES
EDITOR
E-mail:
DIRECCION POSTAL
TRADUCCION AL INGLES
Portada:
VOLUMEN 18
NUMERO 1-2
COCHABAMBA - BOLIVIA
JUNIO 2000
Ramiro Surez-Soruco
Introduccin / Introduction
Altiplano / Altiplano
39
77
101
111
127
1
13
145
167
10
199
por / by
RAMIRO SUAREZ-SORUCO
ramsu@bo.net
Captulo 1
INTRODUCCION
INTRODUCTION
Generalidades
General Aspects
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
EON
CICLO
TACSARIANO
EDADES
Reciente
Jursico inferior
Trisico superior
Carbonfero superior
Carbonfero inferior
Silrico inferior
Ordovcico superior
Cmbrico superior
BRASILIANO
900 540 Ma
SUNSAS
1280 900 Ma
SAN IGNACIO
1600 1280 Ma
TRANSAMAZONICO
> 1600 Ma
ANDINO
SUBANDINO
FANEROZOICO
PROTEROZOICO
CORDILLERANO
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
MD
S
A
B
PM C h
C
Gu
CO
S
A
CO
A
FH
Cha
S
I A
A
CO
A
Or
Episodio Pre-Andino
Pre-Andean Episode
Starting with the Tacsarian Cycle and during the greater part of the
Lower Paleozoic, the extensional development of the N-S and NWSE branches, and the subsequent separation of the mobile subplate of Arequipa, formed the intracratonal basins of the
Brazilian, Tacsarian and Cordillerano cycles (Contaya-Tacsara
Rift) in Bolivian territory.
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Episodio Andino
Andean Episode
The Andean Episode starts with the breakup of Gondwana (ca. 200
Ma), that severs South America from Africa. In this paper,
following Oller-Veramendis suggestion, two cycles are recognized
in this episode: the Andean I and the Andean II.
With the earliest Aluk , and later the Faralln plates collision, the
first volcanic arcs were formed. Starting in the Jurassic, the
sequences become continental, backarc basins with alluvial,
aeolian, fluvial and lagoon plains. During the Mesozoic, the
volcanic arc supplies lava, ashes and other materials that interbed
in the clastic sequences. Sea transgression (Miraflores Formation)
interrupt the continental deposit.
Coincidentally, the lastest date shows that the most important stage
of the Andean folding (Andean II) ocurrred approximately between
26 and 30 Ma [Late Oligocene Early Miocene] (Sempere et al.,
1990; Hrail et al., 1994). This action is linked to the Pacific
plates activity.
According to Tawackoli et al. (1996), the first important deformation in the southern Eastern Cordillera occured during the Lower
Oligocene, causing the erosion of the Cretaceous-Paleocene cover.
The Neogene basin started with a major tectonic pulse around 22
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
and 24 Ma, and within the basins, the compressive deformation has
various ages. At Nazareno, ages dating back to 22 to 12 Ma were
recorded, and at Tupiza-Estarca, activity started around 17 Ma.
Fig. 1.5 Correlacin estratigrfica simplificada del Ciclo Andino II (Oligoceno superior Reciente)
Simplified stratigraphic correlation of Andean II Cycle (Upper Oligocene Recent)
Provincias Geolgicas
Geological Provinces
??
??
??
??
??
??
??
??
??
??
??
??
50
100
150
200
Kms
Alto Madidi
8
6
3
1
Nort
e
4a
5
3b
3a
Centro
Sur
Agradecimientos
VOL. 18 (1-2)
Acknowledgements
Referencias
JUNIO 2000
References
y III Congreso Geol. de Espaa, Vol. 4 : 35-39, Salamanca,
Espaa, Junio 1992.
10
11
MADRE DE DIOS
SUBANDINO NORTE
FAJA PLEGADA
DE HUARINA
GRUPO TITICACA
CICLO SUBANDINO
TRIASICO
CARBONIFERO
SUPERIOR
BOPI
COPACABANA
CICLO CORDILLERANO
SERPUKHOVIANO
FAMENIANO
FRASNIANO
GRUPO CUEVO
CHUTANI
MBRO. COLLASUYO
COPACABANA
CARBONIFERO
MEDIO
EDADES
FAJA ANDINA
SUBANDINA SUR
TIQUINA
JURASICO INF.
PERMICO
JUNIO 2000
GRUPO
MANDIYUTI
COPACABANA
EDADES
VOL. 18 (1-2)
GRUPO
MACHARETI
YAURICHAMBI
MADRE DE DIOS
SUBANDINO NORTE
FAJA PLEGADA
DE HUARINA
FAJA ANDINA
SUBANDINA SUR
GRUPO RETAMA
GRUPO AMBO
SAIPURU
TOMACHI
FAJA BOOMERANG
ROBORE
IQUIRI
COLLPACUCHO
LOS MONOS
GIVETIANO
EIFELIANO
TEQUEJE
SICASICA
HUAMAMPAMPA
BELEN
ICLA
VILA VILA
SANTA ROSA
CATAVI
TARABUCO
UNCIA
KIRUSILLAS
EMSIANO
PRAGIANO
LOCHKOVIANO
PRIDOLIANO
LUDLOVIANO
WENLOCKIANO MED
RIO CARRASCO
LIMONCITO
ROBORE
EL CARMEN
CALIZA SACTA
LLALLAGUA
HUANUNI
WENLOCKIANO INF
LLANDOVERIANO
CANCAIRI
CANCAIRI
ASHGILLIANO SUP.
EDADES
MADRE DE DIOS
SUBANDINO
NORTE
AHSGILLIANO INF.
CICLO TACSARIANO
LLANVIRNIANO
NORTE
TOKOCHI
TARENE
CARADOCIANO
FAJA PLEGADA
DE HUARINA
AMUTARA
ENADERE
?
SUR
TAPIAL A & B
KOLLPANI
ANGOSTO
MARQUINA
COROICO
FAJA ANDINA
SUBANDINA SUR
NORTE
SUR
SAN BENITO
ANZALDO
CAPINOTA
PIRCANCHA
ARENIGIANO
/ SELLA
AGUA Y TORO
OBISPO
CIENEGUILLAS
ISCAYACHI
TREMADOCIANO
SAMA
TOROHUAYCO
CAMACHO
CAMBRICO
SUPERIOR
Fig. 1.7 Subdivisin en Dominios Tectono-Estratigrficos para los ciclos Tacsariano, Cordillerano y Subandino
12
Captulo 2
Introduction
El Altiplano es una extensa cuenca intramontana de aproximadamente 110.000 km2, formada en el Cenozoico, a partir del
comienzo del levantamiento de la Cordillera Oriental.
The formation of the Altiplano started during the PaleoceneEocene with the thrust of Arequipa-Huarina Massif over the
Guapor Craton, through a intercratonic suture located beneath the
Cordillera Real, and reflected at the surface on Cordillera Real
Fault Zone (Martnez et al., 1996). This overthrust originated the
13
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Proterozoico
Proterozoic
14
Ciclo Tacsariano
Tacsarian Cycle
En el pozo Santa Luca-X1, por debajo de una cubierta cenozoicacretcica de 1900 m, fueron recolectadas muestras de lutitas con
graptolites llanvirniano-caradocianos (Dalenz, 1996). Las rocas
ordovcicas del pozo Santa Luca estn sobremaduradas, y
presentan intercalaciones de lava intrudas en forma de sills.
Ciclo Cordillerano
Cordilleran Cycle
In this sectors subsurface, Silurian and Devonian, or only Devonian rocks have been reported, such as those at the La Joya welll
for instance (Beln Formation).
Ciclo Andino
Andean Cycle
Ciclo Andino I
Andean I Cycle
15
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
16
17
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Ciclo Andino II
Andean II Cycle
18
Discordante por encima de las sedimentitas de la Formacin KolluKollu, y con niveles de paleosuelos intermedios (horizonte ferruginoso), se disponen areniscas, areniscas arcsicas, arcilitas, yeso
estratificado y conglomerados de la Formacin Caquiaviri
(Ascarrunz et al., 1967), que representa a una secuencia fluvial y
lacustre, con influencia volcnica, depositada en una cuenca de
trasarco y antepas de la Cordillera Oriental. En algunas capas de
areniscas y arcosas se recolectaron restos de plantas fsiles que
fueron estudiadas por Singewald & Berry (1922). Swanson et al.
(1987) dataron un bloque de lava dactica encontrada en la base de
esta formacin en 14,2 0,4 Ma (Mioceno medio). Esta unidad
concluye con la Toba Ulloma (9,1 Ma, Everden et al., 1977), que
se constituye en un nivel gua de correlacin en el Altiplano Norte.
19
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
20
21
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Ciclo Tacsariano
Tacsariano Cycle
Ciclo Cordillerano
Cordillerano Cycle
22
Above the aforementioned, 170 m of shale abd silt from the Beln
Formation develop with abundant fauna consisting mainly of
Palaeoneilo cf. P. elliptica, Nuculites cf. N. pacatus and Chonetes
sp.
En el pozo Colchani, por debajo de una cubierta cenozoicocretcica de 2140 m, se perforaron lutitas siluro-devnicas.
Ciclo Andino I
Andean I Cycle
The best rock outcrops deposited during this cycle are located
within the realm of the Eastern Cordillera. A more complete
description of these sediments can be found in the description of
this geologic unit.
23
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
24
Ciclo Andino II
Andean II Cycle
25
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
El registro sedimentario contina con secuencias volcanosedimentarias del Oligoceno superior Mioceno inferior.
Ciclo Andino II
Andean II Cycle
The Negrillos Formation (Avila, 1965) was deposited in an intraarc and backarc basin alluvial environment, with volcanic
influence. This formation is made up by reddish argillaceous
sandstones, basalt and andesite flows, conglomerates, arkosic
sandstones, rhyolitic tuffs, and andesitic-basaltic lava flows.
Finally, there are several basaltic lava flows interbedded with
conglomeradic lenses.
26
Ciclo Brasiliano
Brazilian Cycle
Ciclo Tacsariano
Tacsarian Cycle
27
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Ciclo Cordillerano
Cordilleran Cycle
Ciclo Andino I
Andean I Cycle
28
The sequence starts with the shallow shelf marine sediments of the
Chaunaca Formation (Lohmann & Branisa, 1962), which is made
up by lacustrine silt and shale, thinly bedded fossiliferous basal
limestones. These rocks are superimposed in clear unconformity by
the sequences of El Molino Formation (Lohmann & Branisa,
1962), which were deposited in a lake and coastal carbonated shelf
environment, with marine influence. Following are the mudstones
fluvial and lacustrine clays of the Santa Luca Formation
(Lohmann & Branisa, 1962). In some of the basins sectors, they
are superimposed by the reddish tone shale, sandstone and
conglomerates of the Cayara Formation, the sediments of which,
according to Aranbar et al. (1995), make up an excellent reservoir
in a major part of the central Altiplano and Eastern Cordillera.
Ciclo Andino II
Andean II Cycle
At the end of the Upper Oligocene and basal Miocene, the Andean
II Cycle starts in the South Altiplano and the Volcanic Belt, in a
foreland basin of the Eastern Cordillera, with an important
sequence of coarse clastic units, specially conglomeradic ones,
which infill the different basins distributed among the different
areas of the Volcanic Belt and South Altiplano. Overlain and
interbedded by different types of lava, in particular andesitic lava,
the conglomeradic sequences are crossed through by several
volcanic bodies.
29
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
esta provincia incluyen y describen el Complejo caldrico VilamaCoruto, localizado en la frontera Bolivia-Argentina.
Vilama-Coruto Caldera Complex, located in the BolivianArgentine border, is included and described in this unit.
Further east, in the San Pablo de Lpez and Picalto areas and along
the San Antonio River, the San Vicente Formation is overlain by
the Esmoruco Formation (Choque & Mamani, 1997), which
pertains to restricted basin sediments in fluviolacustrine facies.
This unit is made up by volcanic agglomerates resulting from the
Rondal lavas, as well as gypseous claystones and sandstones
interbedded with polymictic conglomerates. Towards the top, the
fluviolacustrine sequence is interbedded by agglomerates with
volcanic lithics (Garca & Baldelln, 1997).
30
& Barrientos, 1967), which pertains to conglomerates and conglomerate sandstones, lavas, andesites, and basalts of c. 22 Ma.
Garca & Baldelln (1997) consider this unit as a facies change of
the Suri Pujio Formation.
West, in the area of the Ollage Volcano, over the rocks of the
Julaca Formation and separated by the Marquiri lavas (18 Ma),
accumulated braided river fluvial deposits, represented by the
conglomerates and sandstones of the Tomaquesa Formation
(Almendras et al., 1997). A tuff basal level gave an age of 16.7
1.0 Ma (Garca-Duarte, unpublished).
Both over Ordovician rocks and over the Rodrguez Formation, the
fluvial sequences of the Churaa Formation (Choque & Mamani,
1997) are laid out in unconformity. These sequences are made up
by conglomerates, downward fining and upward coarsening tuffaceous sandstones, interbedded with pumice agglomerate and dacitic
pumice flow levels (Garca & Baldelln, 1997). A basal tuff gave
an age of 13.9 0.5 Ma (Choque & Mamani, 1997).
31
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Among the volcanic bodies, standing out in this area of San Pedro
de Lpez Soniquera are the Torrelaire, Champini, and Tronchada
Lagunillas tuffs, as well as the Lozada tuffs and lavas. In the
Quetena area, tuff, lava, andesite, and dacite deposits and other
bodies develop in the Aguadita and Kastor volcanic centers, as well
as in the Capina Caldera (Pacheco et al., 1966). On top of these
large volcanic events, there are other bodies and large volcanic
centers defined by the Bolivian Geological and Mining Survey
(Sergeomin), whose inclusion in these pages would take up much
space. The description and nomenclature of the aforementioned
cand be found in the descriptions of the Sergeomin maps.
Sntesis estructural
Structural Synthesis
Las cuencas del norte y del centro del Altiplano estn relacionadas
con un sobreescurrimiento progresivo hacia el este del Macizo
precmbrico noraltiplnico (mediante la zona de falla de San
Andrs, con vergencia hacia el este).
- Las cuencas suraltiplnicas corresponden a una sucesin esteoeste de cuencas sobre bloques imbricados (Lpez, al este; Julaca,
al oeste). Las zonas positivas (horsts paleozoicos) que las separan,
son progresivamente erosionadas y sus productos resedimentados.
Pero, a veces, estas zonas positivas son fosilizadas (regin de
Pululus). Las discordancias sucesivas indican, al igual como en el
norte, la continuidad del acortamiento.
32
33
VOL. 18 (1-2)
Referencias
JUNIO 2000
References
CADIMA, J., 1975. Informe geolgico regional del rea de SevaruyoRo Mulato-Altiplano Central (Campaa 1972).- Informe interno
YPFB (GXG-2039), Oruro.
34
35
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
36
R.
de
de
de
37
Captulo 3
CORDILLERA ORIENTAL
EASTERN CORDILLERA
Introduccin
Introduction
Rocks from the Brazilian Cycle outcrop only in the Chapare region
(Limbo Group), NE from the city of Cochabamba, and in the Tarija
area, as an extension of the Brazilian facies of northeastern
Argentina.
39
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Estratigrafa
Stratigraphy
Ciclo Brasiliano
Brazilian Cycle
40
Ciclo Tacsariano
Tacsarian Cycle
41
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
In Bolivia and Argentina, three lithological units were distinguished. In Bolivia, in the headwaters of the Camacho River and at the
Rosario-Rejar profile, regions located to the west of Padcaya,
from base to top, the Camacho, Torohuayco and Sama formations
were distinguished. In Argentina they were grouped under the
name of Mesn Group.
The sequence ends with the whitish, pink and greenish quartzitic
sandstones of the Sama Formation (Ahlfeld & Branisa, 1960),
which have a more extensive area development than the preceding
units. This unit is well developed in the Yunchar and Tacsara
ridges; generally, it has a thickness exceeding 400 m. The presence
of Scolithos and other prints produced by worms constitute the only
evidence of biological activity in this unit.
42
SEGMENTO
ATOCHA
SEGMENTO MOCHARA
SEGMENTO YUNCHARA
EDAD
ATOCHA
JURCUMA
MOCHARA
TARAYA
CULPINA
TACSARA
ASHGILLIANO
CARADOCIANO
Tapial B
Tapial A
Kollpani
Angosto
Marquina
Jurcuma
LLANVIRNIANO
Pircancha
ARENIGIANO
Pircancha
Sella
Agua y Toro
HUNNEBERGIANO
Agua y Toro
Jaricas
Obispo
Obispo
Cieneguillas
Cieneguillas
Iscayachi
Iscayachi
Sama
Sama
Abra Negra
Taraya
TREMADOCIANO
CAMBRICO SUP.
Sama
Fig. 3.1 Correlacin estratigrfica de rocas del Ciclo Tacsariano en la Cordillera Oriental Sur
Stratigraphic correlation chart of theTacsarian Cycle rocks in the south of Eastern Cordillera.
43
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
In the central part, the Mochar Segment, two sequences have been
recognized: to the west, the Jurcuma Formationa, and to the east,
the Abra Negra, Agua y Toro and Pircancha formations, which
were deposited between the Hunnebergian and the Basal
Llanvirnian (Erdtmann & Surez, 1999). The Jurcuma and Abra
Negra formations have yet to be duly formalized.
44
ASHGILLIANO INF.
FORMACION SAN BENITO
CARADOCIANO
GRUPO
COCHABAMBA
LLANVIRNIANO
FORMACION ANZALDO
FORMACION CAPINOTA
FORMACION AVISPAS
BRASILIANO ?
GRUPO LIMBO
FORMACION PUTINTIRI
In the central part of the Eastern Cordillera, only the Middle and
Upper Ordovician rocks are exposed, pertaining to the
Cochabamba Group which, from base to top is made up by the
Capinota, Anzaldo and San Benito formations.
This groups oldest rocks are dark gray shale and silt from the
Capinota Formation (Rivas, 1971), the base of which is not visible
in the region. This unit was deposited during the Middle
Ordovician, in a deep shelf marine environment. The shale of
Capinota Formation has an extensive area development; the
fossiliferous rocks were deposited in relatively deep marine
environments, with a high sulphur content. Currently, when these
get diluted with rainwater, it causes the fertile soils of the
Cochabamba valley to become poor.
45
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
La unidad ms antigua de la regin, la Formacin Coroico (SurezSoruco, 1992), corresponde a una potente secuencia peltica
depositada en un ambiente marino de plataforma profunda, en una
cuenca de rift. Segn Santivaez et al. (1996), la Formacin
Coroico est constituda mayormente por lutitas negras, aflora
principalmente en el ncleo de amplias estructuras anticlinales. Sin
embargo, el rasgo caracterstico de estas rocas es la notoria
disminucin del tamao del grano de la base al tope, es decir, en la
base presenta areniscas de grano fino de color gris marrn con
laminacin horizontal y que pasan gradualmente hacia el tope a
lutitas negras carbonosas. En estos sedimentos se recolectaron
algunos trilobites, graptolitos y braquipodos que sugieren una
edad llanvirniana. El pase de la Formacin Coroico a la Formacin
Amutara es transicional por incremento de los bancos arenosos.
Ms al noroeste, entre Caranavi y Apolo, continan los afloramientos ordovcicos, mayormente en facies pelticas del
Ordovcico medio (Zona de Didymograptus murchisoni), aunque
conservando por sectores, en los niveles superiores, secuencias con
46
La Fase Oclyica
Ciclo Cordillerano
Cordilleran Cycle
47
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
the Cordillera Real fault zone and its extension into the city of
Sucre, and later to the south through the Tocloca fault. This sector
includes the Puerto Acosta-Escoma, Pennsula de Copacabana,
Sicasica-Beln, Huanuni-Chayanta, and Tica Tica basins, to the
SW of Potos. This sectors stratigraphic sequence is represented
by the Cancairi, Huanuni, Llallagua, Unca and Catavi formations,
for the Silurian, and the Vila Vila, Beln, Sicasica, Collpacucho
and Ambo Group formations, for the Devonian and Lower
Carboniferous.
C I C L O
C O R D I L L E R A N O
FAJA PLEGADA
DE HUARINA
FAJA ANDINASUBANDINA
GRUPO AMBO
SAIPURU
IQUIRI
COLLPACUCHO
LOS MONOS
SICASICA
HUAMAMPAMPA
BELEN
ICLA
VILA VILA
SANTA ROSA
CATAVI
TARABUCO
UNCIA
KIRUSILLAS
LLALLAGUA
???
HUANUNI
CANCAIRI
CANCAIRI
Fig. 3.3 Estratigrafa de los sedimentos del Ciclo Cordillerano en la Cordillera Oriental de Bolivia.
48
This basins main infill took place with material coming from the
erosion of the Ordovician and Brasilian rocks outcropping levels.
Denudated and accumulated in a deep basin, this material formed a
poorly bedded massive strata sequence, large fallen blocks, slipped
layers and abundant clasts of different materials and origins, which
make up the Cancairi Formation (Koeberling, 1919). These
diamictites develop completely unbedded massive bodies with
arenaceous bodies that slipped and got incorporated within these
sediments. This unit is settled in regional erosive unconformity
over Ordovician rocks of different ages, from Tremadocian and
Arenigian to the south, to Upper Ordovician rocks in the
Cochabamba region (Surez-Soruco, 1995). In the Independencia
InquisiviMilluni region, the diamictites rest upon the Caradocian
rocks. For an age analysis on this unit, reference to the nextmentioned should be made for the Cochabamba sector, which is the
only region of the country with diagnostic fossils. The major
thickness of this formation (upon the 1000 m) occurs in the Tica
Tica and Chayanta basins.
49
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
In the western sector, over the entire border of the Cordillera Real
(Yani Huayna Potos), the cordilleran rocks were subjected to a
dynamothermal metamorphic process, producing a metamorphic
aureole. This metamorphism affected the sediments of the Catavi,
Unca and Cancairi formations, and even the Ordovician rocks in
the region: the Coroico and Amutara formations (Prez-Guarachi,
1980). This set of rocks altered by metamorphism was called
Cordillera Real Slates by Kozlowski (1923).
50
51
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Faja Andina-Subandina
Andean-Subandean Belt
Both in the central and western sectors, the eastern border of the
Eastern Cordillera and Interandean displays a stratigraphic
arrangement similar to that of the western sector (Beln-Sicasica
basin). Although the rocks in this cycle are well exposed in the
entire Eastern Cordillera, the most complete Silurian rock outcrops
are distributed in the El Potrero-Tarabuco-Icla-Supaymayu area, in
de Department of Chuquisaca, and in the Cajas-Jarcas Yesera and
Angosto de Alarache region, in the Department of Tarija (Mendoza
& Surez-Soruco, 1981; Lpez-Pugliessi & Surez-Soruco, 1982).
In these departments, no Silurian rocks outcrop east of the 6415
meridian.
Just like in the rest of the basin, the Cordilleran Cycle starts in the
eastern sector with the Cancairi Formation (Koeberling, 1919).
The only difference is that the thicknesses are notoriously reduced,
with thicknesses ranging between 20 and 200 m, minimum values
when compared with the western sector (Tica Tica and Chayanta
basins of Huarina Fold Belt), which displays thicknesses exceeding
1000 m. In this sector, the Cancairi Formation is made up by
shallower shelf marine sediments. The predominant lithology
pertains to silty matrix diamictites, with abundant and relatively
uniform quartzitic sandstone rounded clasts in the central part, and
a greater variety if rocks, and clast diameters towards the south. In
this latter sector, there are also straited and faceted clasts,
indicating a relation with some alpine-type valley galciation to the
south (Crowell et al., 1980, 1981). In the central part, in turn, the
basin is shallower and displays development of carbonatic rocks in
the upper part (Sacta Limestone), of which the stratigraphic
relation is still being debated. The silts (Lampaya and Pojo),
limestones and limey sandstones (Tunari Cordillera) contain
abundant fauna of Llandoverian trilobites, corals, brachiopods, and
mollusks (Paraencrinurus boliviensis Zone) and the basal
Wenlockian Ozarcodina sagitta rhenana association (Ichoa-X1
well). In the La Cumbre section (road La Paz to Los Yungas), a
chitinozoan of the high part of the Middle Llandoverian was found
(Grahn et al., in press). This information aside, the age of the
Cancairi Formation is still under debate, since the chronological
position of some of the taxons is not clear enough (Surez Soruco
& Benedetto, 1996).
52
53
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
and then located at the top of the arenacous member together with
Clarkeia antisiensis.
54
Ciclo Subandino
Subandean Cycle
55
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Ciclo Andino I
Andean I Cycle
56
57
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Finally, the deposit ends in this basin sector with the Piami
Formation (Barrios, 1989), which is laid out in unconfromity over
the Ococoya Formation. This formation features downward coarsening clastic sediments. The predominatly arenaceous and slightly
crossbedded basal portion shif to towards the top to a fine material
portion. Therein, fine tabular sandstone levels with crossbedded
microlamination and rippled parts are interbedded. The lower
portion was deposited by braided rivers, whil the upper portion,
with predominantly pellitic material, the system could pertain to
meandering rivers. These sediments are equivalent to the
Tiahuanaco, Potoco, Camargo and Cayara Formations.
Ciclo Andino II
Andean II Cycle
58
Ciclo Andino I
Andean I Cycle
59
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Ciclo Andino II
Andean II Cycle
The sediments filling this foreland basin, along the western border
of the Eastern Cordillera, have been given different formation
names, depending on their geographic position. From north to
south, four formations are recognized, namely the Morochata,
Parotani, Bolivar and Mondragn formations. This Compendium
considers that all four formations are approximately synchronic,
and mark the initiation of the Andean II Cycle in this Eastern
Cordillera region.
60
Later on, in the western sector and during the terminal Miocene,
the eroded surfaces of both the Bolivar Formation and the whole
Paleozoic and Mesozoic sequence were covered by the ignimbrites
of the Morococala Formation (Ahlfeld & Branisa, 1960). This
formations volcanites make up ash flows that can be differentiated
in two cooling units: the first on has a rhyolite-andalucite composition (8.4 Ma), and the second one a rhyolite-cordierite composition
(6.8 Ma). These rocks pertain to three ingnimbritic emissions with
welded to unwelded ash flows (Pacheco et al., 1992, 1994; Garca
et al., 1993).
La Cuenca de Miraflores-Potos
Ciclo Andino I
Andean I Cycle
61
VOL. 18 (1-2)
FASES
TECTONICAS
AREA DE
ATOCHA
sector occidental
POST
JUNIO 2000
AREA DE
MIRAFLORES
sector central
AREA DE
CAMARGO
sector oriental
Cayara
Impora
Santa
RIFT
El
conglomerados
Luca
Molino
Chaunaca
Torotoro
Aroifilla
Miraflores
SYNRIFT
Tarapaya
La Puerta
B a s a m
e n t o
Pa l e o
z o i c o
Fig. 3.4 Estratigrafa de los sedimentos del Ciclo Andino I en la Cordillera Oriental.
62
63
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Ciclo Andino II
Andean II Cycle
The large discontinuity in the Andes occurs in the OligoceneMiocene limit, due to the formation of a complex volcanic arc in
Peruvian-Chilenian territory. During the Andean II Cycle, the sedimentation is closely linked to the Miocene volcanism, particularly
in centers such as Potos, Tupiza, Atocha, Uyuni and San Cristobal
(Wolter & Siebel, 1998). Most of the activity is located over the
large tectonic lineaments such as Uyuni-Khenyani.
64
65
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
66
Sntesis estructural
Structural Synthesis
67
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
towards the Chiquitos region; a second branch with N-S trend, from
Chapare to northern Argentina; and the third branch, with SE-NW
trend from Chapare to Peru, and which probably also affects
Equatorian territory. The extensional development of the N-S and
SE-NW fractures caused the formation of a wide rift, and the
consequent separation of the Arequipa-Huarina Microplate. The
opening of these fractures probably followed a rotational formation
order, according to the following clockwise order: Chiquitos Basin
(mainly Proterozoic), Tacsara Basin (opened at the end of the
Proterozoic), and Contaya Basin (in the Middle Ordovician)
[Erdtmann & Surez-Soruco, 1999].
During the Brazilian and Tacsarian cycles, the initially small basin
was infilled with clastic sediments and marine carbonates, which
were coarse and non-fossiliferous during the Cambrian, and
gradually became thinner during the Ordovician (facies with
graptolites). Starting with the Middle Ordovician, submarine flows
basic and ultramafic rocks were produced, and at the end of the
Ordovician, the injection of large plutonic bodies located in
northern Argentina produce the uplift of an ocloyic proto-range.
During the Cordilleran Cycle, the basin was considerably expanded,
although the facies are shallower.
68
Coincidentally, the latest data show that the most important Andean
folding stage occured around 20 Ma (late Oligocene Early
Miocene) (Hrail et al., 1994; Sempere et al., 1990). This action is
linked to the pacific plate motion.
Magmatismo
Magmatism
Paleozoico
Paleozoic
Mesozoico
Mesozoic
69
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Cenozoico
Cenozoic
70
Referencias
References
CROWELL, J. C., A. C. ROCHA-CAMPOS & R. SUAREZSORUCO, 1980. Silurian glaciation in central South America.Fifth International Gondwana Symposium (Wellington, New
Zealand) : 105-110, 4 text-figs.
CROWELL, J. C., R. SUAREZ-SORUCO & A. C. ROCHACAMPOS, 1981. The Silurian Cancairi (Zapla) formation of
Bolivia, Argentina and Peru.(in: Hambrey y Harland (eds)
Earth's pre-Pleistocene glacial record) Cambridge Univ. Press,
1004 p : 902-907.
71
SERGEOMIN - YPFB
DALENZ-FARJAT, A. & D. MERINO-RODO, 1994. Comportamiento asociativo y bioestratigrafa de la Formacin Copacabana
de los departamentos de Cochabamba y oeste de Santa Cruz.Memorias del XI Congreso Geolgico de Bolivia (Santa Cruz) :
186-198.
DIAZ-MARINEZ, E.
& A. DALENZ-FARJAT, 1995. La
Formacin Yaurichambi (Carbonfero superior): depsitos
siliclsticos costeros y fluvideltaicos de la base del Grupo
Titicaca de Bolivia.- Primer Encuentro de Geologa del Cono
Sur : 245 247.
GUMUCIO, C., 1967. Estudio geolgico de la regin de Colcha Cerro Grande - Bolivar, provs. de Arque, Cochabamba y N. de
Ibaez, Potos.- Tesis de Grado UMSA (# 98), La Paz.
72
73
SERGEOMIN - YPFB
OLLER-VERAMENDI, J., 1992. Cuadro cronoestratigrfico de
Bolivia.- Publicacin especial de YPFB-GXG, Santa Cruz,1992.
74
TURNER, J.C.M., 1960. Faunas graptolticas de Amrica del Sur.Revista de la Asociacin Geolgica Argentina, 14 (1-2) : 1-180.,
Buenos Aires.
ULRICH, A., 1892. Palaeozoische Versteinerungen aus Bolivien.Neues Jahrb.Min. Geol.u.Pal., 8 : 5-116, pls. 1-5, 2 figs.
SUAREZ-SORUCO, R., 1984. El Ciclo Cordillerano (Silrico Carbnico Inferior) en Bolivia y su relacin con paises limitrofes.Reunin del proyecto IGCP-193, Oaxtepec, Mexico (Archivo
YPFB-GXG-2871)
75
O
IN
ND
BA
SU
LLANURA BENIANA
CRATON
RT
O
N
DE
GUAPORE
CC
SF
CO
RD
I
LL
ER
A
A
AD
EG
PL
LP
AL
AN
NT
PA
JA
FA
CA
OR
IE
NT
AL
Cochabamba
Santa Cruz
DE
I
AR
HU
ALTIPLANO
K
FU
C H I L E
A
LLANURA CHQUE
Tarija
PIE DE MONTE
INTERANDINO
FS
CORDIL
LERA O
RIENTA
L
ALTIPLANO
SUBANDINO SUR
FAT
C FP
CA
NA
Potos
LLANU
RA CH
IQUIT
ANA
A R G E N T I N A
ABREVIACIONES
CFP: Cabalgamiento Frontal Principal, CANP: Cabalgamiento Andino Principal, CALP: Cabalgamiento Altiplnico Principal,
FUK : Falla Uyuni-Khenayani, FSV: Falla San Vicente
nea gruesa corresponde al lineamiento formado por el SFCR: Sistema
La l
de Fallas de la Cordillera Real y la FAT : Falla Aiquile-Tupiza,
que separa los terrenos Macizo de Arequipa- Huarina y Cratn de Guapor
76
Captulo 4
SIERRAS SUBANDINAS
SUBANDEAN BELT
Introduccin
Introduction
77
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Subandino Norte.-
North Subandean.-
Subandino Sur.-
South Subandean.-
Estratigrafa
Stratigraphy
Subandino Norte
North Subandean
Ciclo Tacsariano
Tacsarian Cycle
The Enadere Formation (Canedo-Reyes, 1960) is an approximately 250 m thick unit of deep shelf marine sediments, deposited
in a foreland basin. According to Oller (1984), most of the
sedimentites of the lower part correspond to fine grained, light gray
and greenish gray siltstones and sandstones, that are compact and
well bedded in centrimetric banks, and interbedded by thin levels
of black shale. The upper part is made up by hard, light to greenish
gray, fine grained, well bedded argillaceous sandstones. The
presence of worm tubes (Scolithos), flute casts (conical molds), and
groove casts (rectilinear grooves) is important. According to
78
The Tarene Formation (Canedo-Reyes, 1960) continues transitionally, corresponding to marine sediments, of shallow shelf as
well, but with a marked coastal influence. These sediments were
accumulated in a foreland basin. According to Beccar & Toledo
(1990), it is made up by quartzitic sandstones shifting to yellowish
gray to whitish gray quartzites, very hard and conspicuous, which
form monotonous successions in banks of up to 2.50 m with low
angle crossbedding and decametric lenticular geometry in generally
minor downward fining sequences. The formations deposit
environment was esentially that of a beach, a high infratidal to
supratidal area (shore dunes). As limit between the Tarene and
Tequeje formations, that is, between the Tacsarian and Cordilleran
Cycles, there is a paleosoil with ferrugoinous crusts.
Ciclo Cordillerano
Cordilleran Cycle
The Tequeje Formation (Canedo-Reyes, 1960) is a mostly argillaceous unit with a thickness of 700 to 900 m. In some sectors (such
as at the Undumo River), the formation starts with a thin
conglomerate level, followed by a pellitic sequence with some
calcareous interbedding. In the Enategua River influence area, at
the basal levels of the upper pellitic member, several levels of
syenite, gabbro and andesite layer-lodes have been detected (Oller,
1984). The discovered fossils include mainly brachiopods of the
Lower to Middle Devonian. This age was confirmed by
palynology.
79
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
El pase con la unidad superior, la Formacin Kaka (LpezMurillo, 1967), se ubica en la base de la primera diamictita de esta
ltima unidad. La Formacin Kaka representa una secuencia
marina de plataforma somera, con una marcada influencia
glacimarina y evidentes rasgos de resedimentacin. Al igual que las
anteriores unidades, estas rocas se depositaron en una cuenca de
antepas.
The passage with the upper unit, the Kaka Formation (LpezMurillo, 1967), is located at the base of the first diamictite of the
last unit. The Kaka Formation represents a shallow shelf marine
sequence, with marked glacimarine influence and evident resedimentation features. Just like the previous units, these rocks
deposited in a foreland basin.
80
Ciclo Subandino
Subandean Cycle
LAGO TITICACA
SUBANDINO
NORTE
Formacin Tiquina
ausente
Fm. Chutani
Fm. Bopi
Mbro. Collasuyo
TITICACA
Formacin Copacabana
Fm. Copacabana
Formacin Yaurichambi
Fig. 4.1 Cuadro de correlacin entre las unidades del Grupo Titicaca del Subandino Norte y Lago Titicaca.
Correlation chart among of the Titicaca Group units of the Northern Subandean and Lake Titicaca.
En relacin estratigrfica concordante, sobreyacen las areniscas de
la Formacin Bopi (Oller, 1984), que fueron depositadas en un
ambiente transicional deltaico y costero, con influencia elica y
fluvial, en cuenca de trasarco. Estos sedimentos, segn Oller
(1986), estn constituidos en la base por areniscas de grano fino,
con entrecruzamiento y ondulitas, intercaladas con delgados
81
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Ciclo Andino I
Andean I Cycle
In unconformity over the preceding unit overlies the Beu Formation (Schlagintweit, 1939), attributed to the Mesozoic. With these
sediments, an aeolian and fluvial continental regime begins in a rift
backarc basin. According to Beccar & Toledo (1990), it is made up
by basal conglomerates, and fine reddish brown silty sandstones,
with tangential crossbedding in several plays. Towards the top, the
crosbedding becomes more regular, and the grain diameter
increases. Environmentally, it is interpreted as a depositional cycle
of continental nature, which starts with fluvial deposits of moderate
to high energy; it later evolves into an aeolian dune environment
(desertic), with occasional fluvial events of little intensity. Close to
the top, it shifts gradually to an environment with greater hydric
influence, as shown by a change in climate from dry hot to humid
hot. This unit displays good indications of hydrocarbons, such as
fluorescence and oil impregnations, in the Tacuaral well.
This unit has been attributed to the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian), due to the presence of Gasteroclupea branisai remanents, just
like in the El Molino and the Cajones Formations of the Eastern
Cordillera and the South Subandean, respectively. The Eslabn and
Flora formations (calcareous sandstones and paleosoils) constitute
the facies equivalent to the El Molino Formation in the Eastern
Cordillera.
82
Ciclo Andino II
Andean II Cycle
83
VOL. 18 (1-2)
SUBANDINO
NORTE
Pleistoceno
Plioceno
Mioceno superior
JUNIO 2000
SUBANDINO
SUR
Fm. uapua
Fm. Tutumo
Fm. Emboroz
Fm. Charqui
Fm. Guandacay
Fm. Tariqua
Mioceno
Mioceno inferior
Oligoceno superior
Fm. Quendeque
Fm. Yecua
Fm. Bala
Fm. Petaca
Fig. 4.2 Cuadro de correlacin entre las unidades del Ciclo Andino II del Subandino Norte y Sur.
Correlation chart among Andean II Cycle units of Northern and Southern Subandean
Subandino Sur
South Subandean
Ciclo Tacsariano
Tacsarian Cycle
The oldest rocks in the northern sector of the South Subandean are
quartzitic sandstones attributed to the San Benito Formation
(Ahlfeld & Branisa, 1960). There is no doubt that this unit is
84
Ciclo Cordillerano
Cordilleran Cycle
La presencia de sedimentos del Devnico inferior est debidamente documentada en subsuelo, a grandes profundidades. Las
areniscas entrecruzadas de la Formacin Santa Rosa han sido
sealadas en algunos pozos. En el pozo Caigua 2-XII, por ejemplo,
fue registrada desde los 2088 m, hasta la profundidad final. Por la
profundidad a la que se encuentra, la materia orgnica contenida en
estos sedimentos se encuentra sobremadurada y genera solamente
hidrocarburos gaseosos. Las ms importantes reservas de gas del
pas provienen de estos sedimentos.
The basin gradually heaped up, and the shelf became shallower.
The coastal influence is noticeable due ot the presencee of plant
remanents. The sequence becomes more arenaceous, and the Iquiri
Formation (White, 1925) starts, defining a interbedding of
sandstones and pellites, where the former prevail. It is not easy to
define the top of the Los Monos Formation. The passage is gradual,
85
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Ciclo Subandino
Subandean Cycle
Deposited in a foreland basin, the Macharet basal turbiditic groupcomplex is made up by a submarine canal grid which cut and
intertwine with each other, following a general SE-NW slope and
filling a Subandean basin with detritus coming from both, the
western hercynic range and the Guapor Craton. The sedimentary
sequence is made up by cyclic events of conglomerates-sands and
clay-diamictite, which from base to top, they were differentiated as
the Tupambi, Itacuam-Tarija, Chorro and Taiguati formations.
86
GRUPO
MANDIYUTI
GRUPO
MACHARETI
Formacin Chorro
Formacin Itacuam / Tarija
Formacin Tupambi
Fig. 4.3 Cuadro estratigrfico de los grupos Macharet y Mandiyut (Carbonfero superior Prmico).
Stratigraphic chart of Macharet and Mandiyut groups (Upper Carboniferous Permian)
Just like that of the Cordilleran Cycle, this sequence was deposited
in a foreland basin. The scarce paleontological information
available prevents having an exact idea of the units age. YPFB
palynological determninations (Lobo, personal comm.) assigned a
Upper Namurian age to these rocks. Azcuy & Laffite (1981)
recognized two palynological associations (A and B); the lower
with Ancistrospora verrucosa, and the upper one with
Potonieisporites sp., assigning a Middle to Upper Carboniferous
age to them. Consequently, these sediments were assigned to the
Namurian to Westfalian. However, based on paleogeographical
reconstructions and stratigraphic correlations, some recent works
87
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
The Macharet Group ends with the deposit of shallow shelf marine
sediments of the Taiguati Formation (Harrington ,1922), which
reflect a marked glacimarine influence and evidence of resedimentation. It features a predominatly red lithology that stands
out with regards to the over- and underlying units. It is made up by
diamictites, whitish gray sandstone lenses, claystones and reddish
brown, well bedded, and finally laminated siltstones. There is
marine fauna of the Levipustula levi Zone present in the unit.
Other the the aforementioned brachiopod, the association is made
up mostly by mollusks including: Cypricardinia (?) boliviana,
Limipecten cf. L. burnettensis, Stutchburia sp., Myonia sp.,
Mourlonia balapucense, Leptodesma sp., Sanguinolites ? spp.,
Myalina sp., Vacuonella? sp., Naiadites cf. N. modiolaris and
Wilkingia cf. W. elliptica. a large portion of this fauna was found at
the greenish gray nodes and concretions, thus its marine origin
being reflected by the color. At the Paganzo Basin (Argentina), the
Levipustula levis is considered to the of Namurian-Westfalian age
(Andreis & Archangelsky, 1996). Nonetheless, in Australia, this
species age could be slightly older (Roberts et al., 1995).
88
The group ends with the San Telmo Formation (White, 1923),
which represents a shallow marine shelf with accented deltaic
influence and evidenc of re-sedimentation. Three characteristic
members were differentiated in this unit, which have not been
preserved all of the time due to the effects of the unconformity of
the Cangapi Formation sandstones. This subdivision refers to the
Yaguacua shale, Chimeo sandstones, and Caiguam diamictites.
GRUPO CUEVO
Formacin Vitiacua
Formacin Cangapi
Formacin San Telmo
89
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
The Ipaguazu Formation (Padula & Reyes, 1958) lies over the
previous unit, constituting a continental, fluvial and lacustrine
deposit of shale and marl, with interbedding of sandstones, gypsum
and halite. Lpez-Pugliessi (personal comm.) emphasizes the
presence of conglomeradic levels at the base, with limestone and
gypsum clasts of the previous formation. With that, he indicates a
unconforming relation with the Vitiacua limestones. The Ipaguazu
Formation was deposited in a narrow graben with NNW trend
(back-arc rift).
The Subandean Cycle ends with the San Diego Formation (LpezPugliessi, 1968). Also known as the Tea and Milk Sandstones,
this unit does not have regional distribution and is restricted to a
few localities in the South Subandean, particularly in the influence
area of the Tarija-Villamontes road. Its relative presence is due to
the subsequent erosive action. The Ipaguazu and San Diego
Formations were deposited during the Early Jurassic.
Ciclo Andino
Andean Cycle
90
Most authors assert that the Tacur Group (Mather, 1922) displays
two different sequences: South of Ro Grande, only the Tapecua,
Castelln and Ichoa formations are present, whereas, north of Ro
Grande the Ichoa and Yantata formations develop.
SECTOR CENTRAL
GRUPO
TACURU
SECTOR SUR
Formacin Cajones
ausente
Formacin Yantata
ausente
Formacin Ichoa
ausente
Formacin Castelln
ausente
Formacin Tapecua
v v Basalto de
Entre Ros v v
Fig. 4.5 Cuadro estratigrfico del Grupo Tacur (Jursico superior Cretcico inferior).
Stratigraphic chart of Tacur Group (Upper Jurassic Lower Cretaceous)
Las principales caractersticas sedimentolgicas de estas unidades
se resumen seguidamente. El Grupo Tacur se inicia con la
Formacin Tapecua (Lpez-Pugliessi, 1971), que representa a una
secuencia arenosa de ambiente fluvial y elico. Concordantemente
sobreyace la Formacin Castelln (Lpez-Pugliessi, 1971),
formada por areniscas tambin de un rgimen fluvial y depsitos de
tipo lacustre. En esta unidad estn presentes restos fsiles de
branquipodos (conchostrceos), ostrcodos y vertebrados. Pinto &
Sanguinetti (1987) estudiaron los ostrcodos recolectados en las
areniscas entrecruzadas de la Formacin Castelln en el Ro
Parapet. La fauna pertenece a las familias Limnocytheridae,
Cyprididae y Darwinulidae, que relacionada con otras formas
similares de Brasil y Gabn, permitieron asignarle una edad
cretcica inferior. Sin embargo no puede descartarse totalmente
que el depsito de esta unidad se hubiera iniciado a mediados o
fines del Jursico.
In unconforming relation over the above, overlie Ichoa Formations (Chamot et al., 1958) crossbedded yellowish sandstones of
fluvial and aeolian environment. South of Ro Grande, the
91
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Con esta unidad concluye la secuencia del Grupo Tacur al sur del
Ro Grande. En cambio, en el sector central marca el inicio esta
etapa de sedimentacin. A diferencia del sector sur, al norte del Ro
Grande, y hasta la latitud del Chapare, la Formacin Ichoa se
asienta con discordancia sobre rocas silricas, devnicas,
carbonferas y permo-trisicas. Esta unidad ha sido tradicionalmente considerada de edad cretcica superior, sin embargo
existe la tendencia actual de considerarla ms antigua, por
correlacin con eventos elicos jursicos del Brasil (Oller &
Sempere, 1990).
sequence of the Tacur Group ends with this unit. In the central
sector of Subandean Belt, on the other hand, it marks the beginning
of this stage of sedimentation. Contrary to the southern sector, the
Ichoa Formation settles in unconformity over Silurian, Devonian,
Carboniferous, and Permian-Triassic rocks, north of Ro Grande
and up to the latitude of Chapare. This unit has been traditionally
considered of Upper Cretaceous age; however, by correlation with
Jurassic aeolian events in Brazil, there is a current trend to consider
it as old as Brasil (Oller & Sempere, 1990).
Andean II Cicle
Ciclo Andino II
Discordante sobre lo anterior se inicia la sedimentacin negena en
una cuenca de antepas del Subandino. Inicialmente definido como
serie, y luego como formacin, el Grupo Chaco (Stebinger, 1920)
incluye y representa la mayor parte de la secuencia cenozoica del
subandino meridional (Oligoceno superior?Plioceno). En esta
unidad se agrupan las formaciones Petaca, Yecua, Tariqua y
Guandacay. La Formacin Emboroz suprayacente es excluida del
grupo por tener una relacin basal discordante, que refleja el inicio
de una cuenca diferente.
92
Formacin Emboroz
Formacin Guandacay
GRUPO CHACO
Formacin Tariqua
Formacin Yecua
Formacin Petaca
Formacin Cajones
Fig. 4.6 Cuadro estratigrfico del Grupo Chaco (Oligoceno superior Plioceno inferior).
Stratigraphic chart of Chaco Group (Upper Oligocene Lower Pliocene)
The clays and multicolor marls of the Yecua Formation (Padula &
Reyes, 1958) continue transitionally, representing an alluvial,
deltaic and coastal transitional environment, with a notorious
marine influence from the southeast. Among the fossils collected,
crab claws and cirripedia samples Balanus (?) sp. (Branisa, 1970),
as well as foraminifera (Ammonia beccarii ) of undebated marine
origin, were recovered. Its continental relation is undeniable due to
the lacustrine mollusk and ostracode fauna that developed in
swamps neighboring the coast, as well as to the presence of
vertebrates: fish, reptiles, and mammalian, such as the Middle
Miocene cf. Theosodon macrauchenid, collected at the Yapacan
River. The finding of the first fossil remanents of an electric eel,
Ellisella kirschbaumi (Gayet & Meunier, 1991; Marshall, et al.,
1993) is worth pointing out. On the basis of the total fossiliferous
content, the age assigned to this formation is Middle to Upper
Miocene.
The sequence continues transitionally with the thick pelliticarenaceous sequence of the Tariqua Formation (Ayaviri, 1964),
of up to 3000 m. Mostly argillaceous and silty, these sediments
were deposited during the highest Miocene or Lower Pliocene, in a
continental environment, under a fluviolacustrine regime.
Transicionalmente, con la presencia del primer banco conglomerdico, se inicia una unidad de mayor tamao de grano, con arenas,
conglomerados y niveles pelticos intercalados, que definen la
Formacin Guandacay (Ayaviri, 1964), posiblemente depositada
93
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Geoqumica
Geochemistry
The main oil source rocks in the North Subandean are PermianCarboniferous: the black shale of the Retama Group and particularly that of the Copacabana Formation, which presents high
organic content values. However, the generating importance of the
Paleozoic, and particularly Devonian formations can not be
dismissed. Other unit displaying hydrocarbon indications is the Beu
Formation.
Sntesis estructural
Structural Synthesis
94
Recursos Econmicos
Economic Resources
At some of the rivers of the Beni River basin, such as the Tequeje
and Maniqui rivers, there are alluvial gold beds resulting from the
erosion of Upper Miocene to Pliocene conglomerates (Tutumo
Formation) (Hrail et al., 1991). The presence of diamonds at the
95
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
On the other hand, the south Subandean has a better and relatively
stable road grid, which was developed simultaneously to the the oil
exploitation, and the consequent and simultaneous agricultural
activity. Other than the exploitation of non.mineral resources for
the construction industry, the main economic activity of the
southern Subandean Ranges, piedmont, and the adjacent plain is
the oil activity. The fodling and overthrusting of the Andean belt
made possible the formation of structural traps which served as
storage for hydrocarbons that have been exploited since the 20s.
In meridian trend chains, many parallel ranges were formed
during the Andean folding, from Argentina up to the Santa Cruz de
la Sierra latitude. These ranges coincide regularly with narrow
anticline structures separated by wide sinclines. When displaying
sags to the north and south, these anticlines form closed structures
tha make up excellent hydrocarbon accumulation traps. The fields
that have produced enough gas and oil during the last 70 years to
cover the countrys energy demands are well known. Fields such as
Bermejo, Sanandita. Monteagudo, Camiri, Colpa, Caranda, and
others, not only produced energy resources, but also generated the
development of towns and secondary economic activities in the
surrounding areas.
Referencias
References
AYAVIRI, A., 1964. Geologa Del rea de Tarija, entre Los ros
Pilaya - Pilcomayo y Ro Bermejo.- Informe interno YPFB
(GXG-996), 59 p., 17 adjs.
96
97
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
SUAREZ-RIGLOS, M. & A. DALENZ-FARJAT, 1993. Pteromorphia (Bivalvia) Noriano de la Formacin Vitiacua, del rea de
Villamontes (Tarija).- (in: R.Surez-Soruco (ed.) Fsiles y
Facies de Bolivia, Vol. II - Invertebrados y Paleobotnica).
Revista Tcnica de YPFB, 13/14 (1-4) : 155-160, Santa Cruz
diciembre,1993.
ULRICH, A., 1893. Palaeozoische Versteinerungen aus Bolivien.Neues Jahrb.Min. Geol.u.Pal., 8 : 5-116, pls. 1-5, 2 figs.
VAVRDOVA, M., J. BECK, P. DUFKA & P. E. ISAACSON, 1996.
Palynology of the Devonian (Lochkovian to Tournaisian)
sequence, Madre de Dios Basin, northern Bolivia.- Vestnk
Ceskho geologickho stavu, 71 (4) : 333-349, Praha.
98
99
100
Captulo 5
Introduccin
Introduction
101
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
like in the Madre de Dios region, in this unit, the wedging towards
the edge of the eastern basin and over the Proterozoic basement is
marked, and the Phanerozoic sedimentary sequences are
progressively interrupted.
In the last few years, the history of the abandoned riverbeds of the
regions main rivers has been under study, with the purpose of
interpreting the counterclockwise deviation related to the uplifting
of the cratons margin and the basins block tectonics (Dumont,
1994).
102
of
in
in
in
From the mineral resource point of view, the Madre de Dios basin
has particular economic interest due to the important indications of
hydrocarbon presence in arenaceous reservoirs of the Devonian and
Permian-Carboniferous, evident by means of three exploratory
drillings carried out in the Manuripi and Madre de Dios rivers.
Estratigrafa
Stratigraphy
The Pando Plain and the adjacent regions are almost entirely
covered by recent sediments pertaining to the flood plains produced
by the annual overflow of the southwestern rivers. In the cuts of the
gorges scoured by the main rivers, such as the Acre River in the
Brazilian border, Neogene and Quaternary sediments, with fossil
vertebrate remanents, can be observed.
Ciclo Brasiliano
Brazilian Cycle
103
C I C L O
E D A D
Cuaternario
Negeno
ANDINO
Pal. - Negeno
Cretcico
SUBANDINO
Permo Carbonfero
CORDILLERANO
Carbonfero inf.
a
Silrico sup.
Silrico ?
TACSARIANO
VOL. 18 (1-2)
BRASILIANO
JUNIO 2000
FORMACION
ESPESOR
(m)
CANDELARIA
COBIJA
QUENDEQUE
380
BALA
170
ESLABN
BEU
170 - 240
COPACABANA
YAURICHAMBI
142-296
47-89
TOREGUA
TOMACHI
TEQUEJE
S/N
290
510
220
3
NO DIFERENCIADAS
BASAMENTO
CRISTALINO
Ciclo Tacsariano
Tacsarian Cycle
Ciclo Cordillerano
Cordilleran Cycle
104
Fossil fragments of other cores from the Pando X-1 well, among
others the one located at 1501.52 meters deep (Tomachi
Formation), were sent to France by the author. As a result, the
presence of fish scales of actinopterigian palaeonisciforms was
established, and the poorly preserved print of a conodont (Janvier,
personal comm., 1991), which suggested a Famennian to Lower
Carboniferous age.
105
Lobo, 1991
Mobil, 1992
Prez-Leytn,
1993
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Intervalo (mbbp)
950 1100
1275 1340
1654 - 1654
Biozona
Verrucosisporites spp.
Retispora lepidophyta
Schizocystia saharica
Intervalo (mbbp)
1139 1157
1247 1425
1524 1751
1771 1882
1906 1916
Edad
Late Famennian-Early Tournaisian
Early-Middle Famennian
Givetian - Middle Famennian
Eifelian
Early to Early Middle Devonian
Intervalo (mbbp)
951 985
1009 1100
1167
1246 1347
1598 1935
Edad
Viseano
Tournaisiano superior
Fameniano (Struniano)
Fameniano
Gediniano a Emsiano inferior
Ciclo Subandino
Subandean Cycle
106
Recently, Mamet (1994) and Mamet & Isaacson (1997) studied the
calcareous algae, foraminiferids (endothyrids and fusulinids) of the
Copacabana Formation.
Ciclo Andino
Andean Cycle
For lack of more detailed areal geological research, the stratigraphic relation between the Cobija and the Quendeque formations
is unknown. It is likely that both formations have different
accumulation areas. The Cobija and Candelaria formations are
known mainly in the northwestern end (Cobija-Bolpebra), while
the Bala and Quendeque formations were investigated at the oil
107
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Carrasco (1986, p. 178) refiere que en estos sedimentos se encontraron las especies identificadas provisionalmente como: Clase
Osteichthyes: Subclase Osteoglosidae, Orden Chondrichthyes.
Clase Reptilia: Orden Cheloni, Fodicnemis sp. Clase Mammalia:
Orden Rodentia (dientes no determinados). Clase Aves fragmentos
indeterminados. Fsiles de plantas: Existen tallos silicificados sin
determinacin (retrabajados). Se debe anotar que varias de las
piezas fueron ubicadas en sedimentos recientes, no in situ."
Recursos Minerales
Mineral Resources
From the geological point of view, little research has been carried
out on the Madre de Dios Basin; therefore, its mineralogical
potential is unknown. The exploitation of non-metallic mineral is
108
Referencias
References
109
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
LEYTON, L. F., 1986. Estudio geolgico del Cuaternario Terciario. Ros - Manuripi - Orthon (Departamento de Pando).Informe interno GEOBOL, No.12a , La Paz.
LEYTON, F. & J. PACHECO, 1989. Geologa del CuaternarioTerciario aflorante en el Ro Madre de Dios (Deptos.: Pando-La
Paz-Beni).- Memoria del VIII Congreso Geolgico de Bolivia
(La Paz,1986), Tomo I : 328-352, La Paz.
SOLIS, R. & D. E. SANDERS, 1991. Pando-X1, Final well report.Informe interno Occidental Boliviana & Mobil Boliviana de
Petrleos, july-october 1991.
VARGAS-FLORES, C. & J. OLLER-VERAMENDI, 1977. Sntesis
geolgica de la Faja subandina del norte y la Llanura benianopandina.- Informe interno YPFB (GXG-2198), septiembre 1977.
110
Captulo 6
Introduccin
Introduccin
This chapter will consider the plains in the central and eastern
central part of the country; that is, those located south of the Beni
Plain, from the Ichoa River to the Chiquitos Ranges, forming a belt
that borders the Guapor Craton. Therefore, this region embraces
the area from the Chapare Boomerang plains to the chiquitano
ridges, comprising as well the adjacent Chiquitos Plain, which
continues southwards up to the border with Paraguay, thus being
separated from the Chaco Plain by the Alto de Izozog.
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Ciclo Brasiliano
Brazilian Cycle
The oldest of the Brazilian basins was filled by the rocks of the
Boqu Group (Mitchell et al., 1979). In a longitudinal cut presented
by Montemurro (1991a), the Boqu Group basin is divided in two
sectors by a Proterozoic height. The western sector (Boqu
Cahama) has the greatest area extension. On the other hand, located
next to the Brazilian border, the eastern sector is narrower.
At the basins western border are the San Francisco, Colmena and
Cahama formations. At the border limit, only the San Francisco
and Mutn Formations were distiguished.
112
GRUPO BOQUI
SECTOR BOQUI-CAHAMA
SECTOR MUTUN
Formacin Cahama
Formacin Colmena
Formacin San Francisco
Formacin Mutn
Formacin San Francisco
Fig. 6.1 Cuadro de correlacin del Grupo Boqu entre Boqu-Cahama y el Mutn.
Boqu Group correlation chart among Boqu-Cahama and the Mutn
In this sector, the Boqu Group ends with the sedimentites of the
Cahama Formation (Mitchell et al., 1979). This unit is made up by
greenish gray to brown diamictites, interbedded with a few
sandstone and siltstones levels, and represents submarine mud
flows. The idea of these being tillites, and therefore having a
glaciar origin was discarded (Litherland et al., 1986). At YPFB,
this unit was called Puttatoe Formation (Lpez et al., 1982).
113
SNIA. SUNSAS
Fm. Pesenema
Fm. Bocamina
Fm. Poror
Fm. Cuarr
VOL. 18 (1-2)
SNIA. SANTIAGO
JUNIO 2000
Fm. Pesenema
Fm. Piococa
Fm. Motac
Fm. Pesenema
Fm. Piococa
Fm. Motac
Fm. Poror
Fm. Poror
Fm. Pacobillo
Fig. 6.2 Cuadro de correlacin de rocas brasilianas entre las serranas de Sunss, Santiago y San Jos.
Correlation chart of the Brasilian rocks among the Sunss, Santiago and San Jos belts.
La posicin estratigrfica de las calizas de la Formacin Poror es
tema de discusin. Algunos autores (Lpez-Paulsen, 1982; Oller,
1987, 1992, entre otros) las ubican en el tope del Grupo Boqu.
Otros (Mitchell et al., 1979; Berrang & Litherland, 1982; Montemurro, 1991) las colocan en la base del Grupo Tucavaca. Los
criterios de las dos posiciones son vlidos. Como se indic anteriormente, este trabajo seguir la posicin de los estudios
realizados por el Proyecto Precmbrico. En ese entendido, el Grupo
Tucavaca se inicia con areniscas conglomerdicas (formaciones
Pacobillo o Cuarri), y contina con las calizas de la Formacin
Poror (Hess, 1959). Segn Mitchell, et. al. (1979), estas ltimas
calizas corresponden a micritas porcelanizadas, altamente
recristalizadas, depositadas en una plataforma carbonatada. Estas
calizas tienen, en la Serrana Santiago (lado sur del Valle
Tucavaca), un espesor entre 150 y 200 m, mientras que en la
Serrana Sunss (lado norte del valle), el espesor es menor a 60 m.
Esta formacin es el principal horizonte gua dentro del Grupo
Tucavaca. Segn Oller (1987), esta unidad tiene un importante
contenido de hidrocarburos lquidos (rellenando grietas y porosidad
secundaria), y constituy uno de los objetivos principales en la
perforacin del pozo Otuquis-X1 en la llanura chiquitana.
Finally, the Tucavaca Groups ends with the pellite deposit of the
Pesenema Formation (Hess, 1959). This unit is made up by
phyllites and fine grained light gray shale, interbedded with darker
strips of shale with less than 3 cm thick hard gray calcareous ribs
(OConnor et al., 1979).
Ciclo Cordillerano
Cordilleran Cycle
BARBOSA, 1949
Serie
Santiago
Fm. La Torre
Fm. Limoncito
Fm. El Carmen
Serie
Santiago
Fm. Limoncito
Fm. Robor
Fm. El Carmen
YPFB
Grupo
Santiago
Fm. Limoncito
Fm. Robor
Fm. El Carmen
Fig. 6.3 Cuadro de equivalencias estratigrficas del Grupo Santiago (Ciclo Cordillerano).
Stratigraphic equivalences of the Santiago Group (Cordilleran Cycle).
Las rocas del Ciclo Cordillerano en las Sierras Chiquitanas
representan el depsito de una secuencia marina de plataforma
somera en el borde estable de una cuenca de antepas. Las
formaciones inferiores El Carmen y Robor, reflejan adems una
marcada influencia costera y deltaica. Las secuencias cordilleranas
en este sector de la cuenca tienen faunas comunes a la Cuenca
Andina y a las de la Cuenca del Paran. El ciclo comienza en el
Llandoveriano ? (Formacin El Carmen) y concluye en el
Frasniano (Formacin Iquiri).
115
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
116
Ciclo Subandino
Subandean Cycle
Ciclo Andino
Andean Cycle
La nomenclatura de las areniscas jursicas tiene dos interpretaciones diferentes, la del grupo de trabajo del Proyecto
Precmbrico que considera al Grupo Portn dividido en las
formaciones Chochis y Tobit, y el criterio de los gelogos de
YPFB que nominan Grupo Chochis y lo dividen en las formaciones
El Portn y Tobit. El nombre de El Portn fue introducido por
Oliveira & Leonardos (1943), y Hess (1960) lo elev a la categora
de grupo. El trmino de Grupo Chochis fue propuesto por Pareja en
1971. Si bien en el Lxico Estratigrfico de Bolivia (Surez &
Daz, 1996) se sigui el ordenamiento de YPFB, por razones de
prioridad en este trabajo se efecta la enmienda y se utilizar la
categora de Hess.
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
118
Ciclo Tacsariano
Tacsarian Cycle
La cuenca ordovcica aparentemente no alcanz el sector ChapareBoomerang, as como tampoco est presente al este en las Sierras
Chiquitanas. Ocasionalmente se citan en subsuelo rocas de esta
edad, que posiblemente correspondan a la base del Silrico. Sin
embargo no se descarta que en algunos sectores los niveles
superiores de la secuencia tacsariana estn presentes.
Apparently, the Ordovician basin did not reach the ChapareBoomerang, and is absent to the east at the Chiquitos Ranges, as
well. Ocassionally, rocks this age have been quoted in the
subsurface, likely pertaining to the Silurians base. However, the
probability of there being upper levels of the Tacsarian sequence in
some sectors is not dismissed.
Ciclo Cordillerano
Cordilleran Cycle
119
FORMACION
VOL. 18 (1-2)
MIEMBRO
JUNIO 2000
ARENA
IQUIRI
LIMONCITO
Remanso
Montecristo
San Juan
Chapare
Yapacan
Arenisca No. 1
Arenisca No. 2
Arenisca Ayacucho
Arenisca No. 3
Arenisca No. 4
Arenisca Pira
Boomerang
(cuello peltico)
ROBOR
Ar. Sara
EL CARMEN
CANCAIRI / SACTA
Fig. 6.4 Cuadro estratigrfico de las unidades del Ciclo Cordillerano en la regin Chapare-Boomerang.
Stratigraphic chart of Cordilleran Cycle units in the Chapare-Boomerang region.
The rocks of the Iquiri Formation (White, 1925) are not always
present in the area. The Ichoa Formation sandstones generally lie
over the Limoncito Formation pellites. When present, the marine
shelf sediments of the Iquiri Formation, for instance at the San Juan
and Santa Rosa fields, correspond to arenaceous banks interbedded
by siltstones and claystones.
Subandean Cycle
Ciclo Subandino
121
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Ciclo Andino
Andean Cycle
In most of the areas oil fields, the Petaca Formation lies over the
Yantata Formation. In deeper sectors, that is, those that are the
farthest from the basins border, there are records of the deposit of
the calcareous sandstones of the Cajones Formation (Heald &
Mather, 1922). Atrributed to the Upper Cretaceous by correlation
with their likes in the Subandean and Eastern Cordillera, these
rocks were deposited in a deltaic environment.
122
Sntesis estructural
Structural Synthesis
Recursos Minerales
Mineral Resources
123
VOL. 18 (1-2)
Referencias
JUNIO 2000
References
BARBOSA, O., 1949. Contribuo a Geologa da Regio Brasil Bolivia.- Minerao e Metalurgia, 13 (77) : 271 - 278.
HAHN, G. & H.D.PFLUG, 1985. Die Cloudinidae n. fam., KalkRhren aus dem Vendium und Unter-Kambrium.Senckenbergiana lethaea, 65 (4/6) : 413-431, Frankfurt am
Main, 28.2.1985.
124
125
Captulo 7
Introduccin
Introduction
127
VOL. 18 (1-2)
CICLO
Ma
JUNIO 2000
EVENTOS TECTO-OROGENICOS
Orogenia Brasiliana
520
BRASILIANO
900
Orogenia Sunss
900
SUNSAS
1280
Orogenia San Ignacio
1280
SAN IGNACIO
1600
1600
TRANSAMAZONICO
2500
Fig. 7.1 Cuadro estratigrfico de los ciclos proterozoicos del Cratn de Guapor.
Stratigraphic chart of Proterozoic cycles in Guapor Cratn
Complejos:
In Bolivia, the rocks prior to the San Ignacio Orogeny are known as
the Metamorphic Basement. This basement is made up by all the
metamorphic complexes of the Transamazonic and San Ignacio
cycles.
128
this age only defines the metamorphis stage, the original rocks that
gave place to the granulites are undoubtedly older, possibly
belonging to the Archean (> 2500 Ma).
129
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Lying over the Lomas Manechis Complex, in the Las Petas San
Matas area, there is another metamorphic set which is equivalent
to the Chiquitana and Aventura complexes. This unit was called
Ro Fortuna Complex by Pitfield et al. (1979). It is a set of
metasediments and paragneisses that settle transitionally over the
rocks of the San Bartolo subgroup in the Lomas Manechis
Complex. The rocks of the San Ignacio Supergroup are absent in
this region, and the metamorphites of the Ro Fortuna Complex are
covered by the rocks of the Sunss Group. The Complexs highest
unit is the Ascensin Formation (Pitfield et al., 1979), which is
made up by genisses with metarkoses.
On the southern border of the Guapor Craton (the area of San Jos
de Chiquitos, Santo Corazn and Robor), the schists and gneisses
of the Aventura Complex (Aventura Group of Mitchell et al.,
1979) are present in conformity over the Lomas Manechis
Complex. This unit was initially placed in the San Ignacio Cycle
after the authors name taking into consideration that it is not only
made up by metasediments but also by orthogneisses, Curro et al.
(1997, in press) and Landvar et al. (1997, in press) assign it to the
Tranzamazonic Cycle and give it the category of Complex. During
the San Ignacio Orogeny, granitoid bodies were bedded in this
complex, and later, at the beginning of the Upper Proterozoic
(Sunss Orogeny), the complex was intruded by pegmatites, mafic
rock dikes, granites, and quartz veins. From the base to the top, the
Aventura Complex is divided into three units: the Patuj Domain,
the Cristal Sequence and the Baha Las Tojas Sequence.
130
Finally, the Baha Las Tojas Sequence (Baha Las Tojas Gneiss
Formation of Mitchell et al., 1979) is the low grade metasedimentary unit, pertaining to a facies of greenschist, light gray
micaceous quartzites, greenish gray meta-arenites and metaarkoses, with gradation relations among each other. This units
original environment was an offshore environment (Landvar et al.,
1997).
The units defined for the La Bella Group (Fletcher et al., 1979)
refer to the Porvenir Formation (Fletcher et al., 1979), made up by
mainly quartzitic arenaceous metasediments and calcic silicate
bands, derived from the dynamothermal metamorphism of the
argillaceous and dolomitic sediments. Fletcher (1979, p. 12)
suggests a transition of the metasamites to biotite granitic paragneisses. The Quiser Formation (Fletcher et al., 1979) follows,
represented by an alternated succession of muscovite, biotite and
amphibol schists. South of Estancia El Prado, this unit contains
marine environment ferrous silicate horizons. Finally, the Dolorida
Formation (Fletcher et al., 1979) is present. It is made up by semipellitic schists with plenty of quartz and muscovite, a minor portion
of biotite, garnet and staurolite, as well as graphitic schists and
calc-silicate rocks.
131
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Outcropping to the north and west of the craton, between 1600 and
1400 Ma, a metamorphic sequence developed in eastern Bolivia.
Rocks of the Supergroup are absent to the east, that is, in the areas
of Las Petas, San Matas, San Jos de Chiquitos, Santo Corazn
and Robor.
++ + +++++++
+ + OROGENIA + +
+ SAN IGNACIO +
+++++++++++
+++++++++++
SUPERGRUPO
SAN IGNACIO
Complejo Granitoide
Pensamiento
Tres Picos
Padre Eterno
San Cristobal
Piso Firme
Bella Vista
Fm. Bonanza
Fm. El Colorado
Fm. El Cerrito
Grupo Serrana
Martnez
Fig. 7.2 Cuadro estratigrfico del Ciclo San Ignacio (Cratn de Guapor).
Stratigraphic chart of San Ignacio Cycle (Guapor Craton)
132
133
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
In the Villazn area, later on took place the granitoid intrusions and
the dynamothermal effects of the Pensamiento Granitoid
Complex, of the San Ignacio Orogeny. The activity and effects of
the latter will be discussed as follows.
+ + Orogenia + +
+ San Ignacio + +
Supergrupo
San Ignacio
Grupo Dalriada
Grupo Primavera
Fig. 7.4 Cuadro estratigrfico del Ciclo San Ignacio (Cratn de Guapor).
Stratigraphic chart of San Ignacio Cycle (Guapor Craton)
A manera de megaxenolitos (roof pendants) dentro del Complejo
de granitoides Pensamiento, afloran los grupos Primavera y
Dalriada, que corresponden tambin a rocas sedimentarias,
volcanosedimentarias y metasedimentarias de bajo grado
metamrfico.
In the Concepcin, San Javier, and San Ramn area, lying over the
Chiquitana Complex is the San Ignacio Supergroup (Litherland et
al., 1979), to which the La Bella (described above) and Naranjal
groups were initially attributed. In view of the considerations
included at the end of the description of the Chiquitana Group,
only the Naranjal Group will be described in this section.
134
In the San Ramn area (Adameck et al., 1996), the Naranjal Group
has a slightly different composition. It is made up by nine units: a
basal quartzite (San Pablo Formation), followed by the banded
metatuffs of the Taporo Formation; a mafic tuffite-phyllite; felsic
volcanites; continuing with the black phyllites of the Santa Rosa
Formation; followed by the phyllites to mafic volcanites; quartzites
and rhyolites; mafic volcanites to phyllites; rhyolitic metavolcanites of the Guapom Formation, and ending with felsic
phyllites and tuffites.
Como conclusin del Ciclo San Ignacio, entre los 1400 y 1280 Ma,
se desarroll un importante evento gneo, que corresponde a la
primera orogenia documentada en Bolivia, caracterizada por el
emplazamiento e intrusin de cuerpos granitoides, complejos
granofricos y otras manifestaciones magmticas. Los ms importantes ejemplos de esta actividad intrusiva son los siguientes.
As an end to the San Ignacio Cycle, between 1400 and 1280 Ma, an
important igneous event took place, corresponding to the first
orogeny documented in Bolivia. It features the bedding and
intrusion of granitoid bodies, granophyric complexes, and other
magmatic manifestations. The most important examples of this
intrusive activity are the following:
135
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
the early stage is the Can Colina Granite. As example for the late
stage, the plutons of the San Rafael and Espritu Metagranite, and
the anatectic granites of Motacucito and Santa Catalina can be
quoted.
In the San Jos San Diablo area, the Colmena, Tauca, Ataito, and
San Pablo granitoids, as well as small mafic intrusions are
attributed to this orogeny (Landvar et al., in press).
Just like the previous cycle, this cycle is separated into two large
events: the nature of the first event is sedimentary, and orogenic in
the case of the second one. The rocks of the first event were
deposited by the rivers coming from the north, on a peneplanated
surface of the San Ignacio Orogen. At the end of the cycle
(between 1000 and 900 Ma), the second event caused the
emplacement of granitoids and other igneous rocks, as well as
alterations brought on by metamorphism.
136
The first event in this cycle, which occurred between 1280 and
1000 Ma, is represented mainly by the sedimentary sequences that
belong to the Huanchaca, Sunss, Vibosi and Tajibos groups.
The basal unit, the Arco Iris Formation (Litherland et al., 1982), is
made up by sandstones with conglomerate and shale interbedding;
the Buena Vista Formation (Litherland et al., 1982) is made up by
sandstones with tabular-plane crossbedding; and the Cuatro
Carpas Formation (Litherland et al., 1982), by quartzites
interbedded by thin conglomerate levels. Finally, the Huanchaca
Group ends with the Ro Verde Formation (Litherland et al., 1982)
which represents a shale and quartzite alternation.
The Sunss Group (Oviedo & Justiniano, 1967) was defined in the
range of the same name. The Sunss Group is made up by
quartzites, sandstones, shale and oligomictic quartz conglomerates,
1000 to 6000 m thick, which deposited by the mature rivers
flowing south after the peneplanation of the San Ignacio Orogen.
In the Concepcin, San Javier and San Ramn area, from base to
top, the Sunss Group is made up by the following units: the
Cachuela Formation (Lpez & Bernasconi, 1989), a metasedimentary unit with interbedded volcanoclastic horizons towards the
top of the sequence; over the preceding unit, the Tusequis
Formation (Matos & Jacobs, 1994), is a clastic sequence at the
base, and volcanosedimentary at the top, made up by basal
conglomerate, sandstones and lavas. The Sunss Group sequence
continues with the Los Tajibos Succession (Hess, 1960), made up
by the Zapocoz, Laguna and Len formations. Adameck et al.
(1996) prefer to call these rocks by the informal name of Los
Tajibos Succession. The basal unit, the Zapocoz Formation
(Fletcher et al, 1979), is made up by metaconglomerates, and
quartzitic and arkosic sandstones. The Laguna Formation (Fletcher
et al, 1979) is made up by micaceous and graphitic schists, and
finally, the Len Formation (Fletcher et al, 1979), by micaceous
quartzites, meta-arkoses and quartz-micaceous schists.
137
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
In the Las Petas San Matas region, the Sunss Group has the
following configuration (from base to top): the El Puquo
Formation (Pitfield et al., 1979), the El Elucin Formation
(Pitfield et al., 1979), and over the above, the Cabecera Formation
(Pitfield et al., 1979). In the area, this cycle ends with the rocks of
the El Encanto Succession.
In the San Jos de Chiquitos, Santo Corazn and Robor area, from
base to top, the Sunss Group is made up by the Guapama
Formation (Mitchell et al., 1979), of oligomictic conglomerates
with a silty and schistose matrix; the Tacuaral Formation (Curro et
al., 1995), of arenacous, biotitic schists with thin meta-sandstone
and black phyllite interbedding; the Peasco Formation (Curro et
al., 1995), of fine grained light gray quartzites and metasandstones; and the Guanaco Formation (Curro et al., 1995), of
phyllites with abundant garnet and muscovite.
Orogenia Sunss
Casi al final del ciclo, hacia los 1000 Ma, tiene lugar un nuevo
evento gneo que contina hasta los 900 Ma aproximadamente.
Corresponde a la Orogenia Sunss, que emplaza nuevos cuerpos
intrusivos, que modifica y altera las rocas previas. Con este evento
orognico concluye el Ciclo Sunss. Este proceso gneo produjo el
emplazamiento de granitoides como los complejos de Rincn del
Tigre, Chaquipoc, Guapasal, Paqui, Tarechi, Nomoca, Santa
Teresita, Manantial, El Cedro, y otros grandes cuerpos
magmticos.
Almost at the end of the cycle, towards 1000 Ma, a new igneous
event took place, running approximately into 900 Ma. This refers
to the Sunss Orogeny, which emplace new intrusive bodies
modifying and altering the previous rocks. The Sunss Cycle ends
with this orogenic event. This igneous process produced the
emplacement of granitoids such as the Rincn del Tigre,
Chaquipoc, Guapasal, Paqui, Tarechi, Nomoca, Santa Teresita,
Manantial, El Cedro and other large magmatic bodies.
It would take an entire monograph to describe of all these complexes of igneous rocks, gabbros, diorites, granites, granodiorites,
pegmatite dikes, and quartz veins. As an example and to illustrate
the event, this section will focus only on the best known of them,
the Rincn del Tigre Igneous Complex (Webb et al., 1976), which
refers to a 62 km long and 26 km wide structure, with soft NW-SE
trend folding, and a thickness exceeding 3000 m. The intrusion is
not metamorphized, and from base to top, the sequence is made up
by dunite, bronzite, norite, tholeitic gabbro and granophyd. After
Annels et al. (1981): The igneous textures indicate that the
ultramafic and mafic areas have been differentiated by crystal
settleing processes, after several injections of basic magma. The
granophyd is believed to have formed by the melting of the upper
part or roof of the arkosic rocks, and the ensuing minor hybridation
by gabbric liquids. Over the granophyd, the rocks have suffered a
remarkable contact metamorphism.
138
Estos sedimentos estn constituidos principalmente por conglomerados, diamictitas, areniscas arcsicas, y rocas pelticas y
carbonticas.
These sediments are made up mainly by conglomerates, diamictites, arkosic sandstones, and pellitic and cabonatic rocks.
CICLO
GRUPO
-
BRASILIANO
Tucavaca
Boqu
FORMACION
Murcilago
Pesenema
Bocamina
Poror
Cuarr
Piococa
Motac
Pacobillo
Cahama
Colmena
San Francisco
139
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
The Brazilian Cycle continues with the deposit of a nonfossiliferous marine sedimentary sequence, formed at the base by
carbonatic rocks; it is coarsely clastic in the middle portion, and
mainly pellitic in the upper part. This sequence was clustered by
Hess (1959) under the name of Tucavaca Group. With preferably
WNW trend, this set is laid out in unconformity over both, the
gneissic basement and the conglomerates of the Boqu Group. In
the San Jos de Chiquitos San Diablo area, the Poror, Piococa
and Pesenema formations were differentiated, while in the Santo
Corazn Los Tajibos area, only the last two formations are
recognized.
Finally, the Tucavaca Group sequence ends with a pellitic unit, the
Pesenema Formation (Hess, 1960), made up mainly by banded
fissil shale and mudstones. These fine sediments are interbedded by
some arkosic sandstone lenses and conglomerates.
140
Brazilian Orogeny
Recursos minerales
Mineral Resources
According to the legend in the Geological Map of the PreCambrian Project Area (1976-83): The oldest occurrence shown
in the map is a graphitic horizon in the San Ignacio Schist Belt.
Gold concentrated in the quartz veins, intruding into the schist belts
during the San Ignacio Orogeny. Small scale mining of secondary
concentrations in a Quaternary alluvium took place. There are rich
manganese veins in the San Simn Ridge. Within the Orogens
boundaries, there is columbite-tantalite, berylium, and large
muscovite plates in some of the pegmatites that intruded into the
schists of the San Ignacio Supergroup during the Sunss Orogeny.
In them, the subsequent meteorization produced substantial kaolin
reserves. In the Ascencin de Guarayos area, there is cassiterite
and derived alluvial deposits in these same pegmatites. During the
same orogeny, magnetite-cupriferous gabbro bands, traceable for
over 10 km and containing bornite and calcosine were formed in
the Rincn del Tigre Complex. In the Brazilian Cycle, manganese
iron stratiform bodies developed in the Boqu Group, and high
quality amethist/citrine deposits were produced in silicification
areas along the major faults that shear the Murcilago (Formation).
The little cupriferous mineralization near the unconformity of the
Tucavaca Group in the San Jos surroundings, has been
temporarily assigned to this cycle. The Mesozoic Carbonatic
Complex of Manom Hill contains concentrations of uranium,
thorium, rare earth, niobium, and phosphates, while the manganese
mineralization takes place in a siliceous lode in the Huanchaca
Range. Tertiary erosion cycles produced secondary concentrations
of nickel over the ultramafic rocks of the Rincn del Tigre
Complex. The map does not show the occurrences of ferruginous
bauxite, chromite, pyrope-type garnet with kimberlitic affinity, the
concentations of garnet, cyanite, sillimanite, staurolite, feldspar and
quartz, and the aggregate ballast resources, construction rocks,
ornamental and sharpening rocks, clay, limestone, sand and
gravel.
Referencias
References
AHLFELD, F., 1946. Geologa de Bolivia.- Revista del Museo de
La Plata, 3 : 5 - 370.
141
VOL. 18 (1-2)
Geologa de Bolivia.-
JUNIO 2000
ALMEIDA, F. F. M. de, 1945. Geologa do Sudoeste Matogrossense.- Min. Agr. Depto. Nac. Prod. Min., 116, Rio de
Janeiro.
ERICSON, E. K. & E. RODRIGUEZ., 1957. Chiquitos reconnaissance.- Informe interno BOGOC (GR-01.12).
ERICSON, E. K. & A. CALDAS., 1957. Geological reconnaissance of the Guarayos Area of the Brasilian Shield.- Informe
interno BOGOC (GR-01.08).
AVILA-SALINAS, W., 1991. Investigacin petrolgica y geoqumica de un metabasalto komattico de la regin de San Javier
(Provincia uflo de Chavez, Santa Cruz).- Boletn de la
Sociedad Geolgica Boliviana, 26 : 57-82, La Paz.
BARBOSA, O., 1949. Contribuo a Geologa da Regio Brasil Bolivia.- Minerao e Metalurgia, 13 (77) : 271 - 278.
142
HAHN, G. & H. D.PFLUG, 1985. Die Cloudinidae n. fam., KalkRhren aus dem Vendium und Unter-Kambrium.Senckenbergiana lethaea, 65 (4/6) : 413-431, Frankfurt am
Main, 28.2.1985.
LISBOA, M. A., 1909. Oeste de Sao Paulo, Sud de Mato Grosso.Rio de Janeiro.
143
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
PAREJA, J., 1975. Discordancias en el extremo oriente de Bolivia.Revista Tcnica de YPFB., 4 (3) : 845 -855.
144
por / by
Captulo 8
POTENCIAL DE HIDROCARBUROS
HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL
Carlos Oviedo Gmez (1) & Ricardo Morales Lavadenz (2)
Introduccin
Introduction
This chapter is a succint compilation of data resulting from unpublished YPFB reports and other papers published by YPFB and
other companies. A list of such works is included at the end of this
chapter.
On the basis of the Davenport Code, the new Oil Code (1956)
opened the doors to foreign investment. This was a period of great
production, mostly by Bolivian Gulf Oil; however, it ends with the
nationalization of the above company (1969), with prior annulment
of the 1968 Oil Code.
---------(1)
(2)
145
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
These facts marked a new stage in the oil history, with an initial
hegemony by YPFB for some years. This situation ends with the
promulgation of a new Hydrocarbon Law (1972), which promotes
the entry into the country of oil companies such as Union Oil,
Occidental, Phillips, Lone Star, etc. With the Capitalization Decree
(1997), YPFB turns into an inspection and control entity,
transfering the exploration and production areas to private
enterprises.
The production of hydrocarbons was conditioned by the international market of natural gas. The variations among 1997 and 1999 are
the following (YPFB-VPNC,2000):
PRODUCCION
1997
1998
1999
32.625
37.799
32.460
517,1
519,5
484,1
RESERVAS DE PETROLEO/CONDENSADO
(Millones de barriles)
1997
PROBADAS (P1)
PROBABLES (P2)
P1 + P2
POSIBLES
(P3)
P1 + P2 + P3
1998
1999
2000
116
142
152
397
85
75
89
295
201
217
241
692
110
44
97
345
311
260
337
1037
1998
1999
2000
PROBADAS (P1)
3.75
4.16
5.28
18.31
PROBABLES (P2)
1.94
2.46
3.30
13.90
P1 + P2
5.69
6.62
8.58
32.21
POSIBLES (P3)
4.13
3.17
5.47
17.61
P1 + P2 + P3
9.82
9.79
14.05
49.82
146
Areas de Exploracin
Exploratory Plays
Esta rea se encuentra ubicada al norte del pas (Fig. 8.1), coincide
con la provincia geolgica del mismo nombre y la cuenca de
antepas Madre de Dios que es la prolongacin oriental de su
homloga peruana. En su sector sur, est separada del rea
exploratoria Beni, por el Alto de Madidi. Su acceso es posible por
va area (aeropuerto de Puerto Amrica), o a travs de los ros
Madre de Dios, Abun y Orton. Comprende una superficie
aproximada de 61.000 km2.
This area is to the north of the country (Fig. 8.1). It coincides with
the geological unit of the same name and with the Madre de Dios
foreland basin, which is the eastern extension of its homologue in
Peru. In the southern sector, it is separated from the Beni play by
the Madidi Height. Access is possible by air (Puerto Amrica
airport), or by the Madre de Dios, Abun and Orton rivers. It
comprises a surface area of approximately 61,000 km2.
147
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Area Beni
Beni Play
This areas representative stratigraphic sequence displays maximum development in the foredeep region adjacent to the North
Subandean, where an almost complete Ordovician - Neogene
sequence is expected. The area distribution of such can be observed
in the maps in Figures 8.4 through 8.9. This sequence is wedged by
overlapping over the basement tilted to the west, and by erosion at
different levels.
148
Area Chaco
Chaco Play
With 119,000 km2, this is the exploratory play with the largest
extension (Fig. 8.1). It is located southeast, in a plain covered by
washout material with low Neogene and Quaternary sand hills.
The Baados de Izozog swampy area is located in this region. It is
located in the central part, and presents two fluvial drainage
systems that belong to the Amazon and del Plata hydrographic
basins. There is good access in the region, both by air and train, as
well as by numerous secondary roads.
From the structural point of view, the Chaco Plain can be divided
into two areas, separated by the Izozog Height. The first area, to
the north, displays large structures of low amplitude and NW_SE
orientation. They were probably generated by the jostling of PreAndean basement faults and by the Jurassic-Neogene uplift of the
Izozog Height. Four of these structures are open fields. On the
basis of seismostratigarphic studies, interest areas for stratigraphic
trap prospecting have been located in the area. This area comprises
the Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Late Paleogene and Neogene systems that are wedged
against the Guapor Craton by both, overlapping and erosion at
different levels.
149
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
In the area, private companies have carried out some seismic works
on the ridges. Several surface geological prospecting works have
also been carried out by both YPFB and private companies. To
date, five structures have been bored unsuccessfully.
150
Ubicada al sur del pas (Fig. 8.1), con una extensin de 75.000 km2,
coincide con gran parte del sector sur de la provincia geolgica
subandina, su limite oriental con el rea Pie de Monte es de
carcter tectnico y morfolgico. El acceso a esta regin es posible
por va frrea, area, y terrestre con caminos principales y
secundarios. El drenaje est controlado por los flancos de las
serranas y los valles sinclinales norte-sur, como tambin por ros
principales de carcter antecedente como los ros Grande, Parapet,
Pilcomayo y Bermejo.
Morphologically, this exploratory play corresponds to the Subandean ranges formed by a series of north-south parallel chains, with
elevations ranging between 1000 and 2000 m, which are related to
elongated assymetrical folds generated by the Andean orogeny,
within a classical range fold-thrust belt. From west to east, the
sinclines shift from very compressed to little compressed. The ages
vary successively in the same direction, from the Middle Miocene
to the Pliocene.
151
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Piedmont Play
Ubicada al sur del pas (Fig. 8.1), con una extensin de 33.000 km2,
corresponde en gran parte a la faja oriental del sector sur de la
provincia Subandina. Esta rea exploratoria en su parte norte (rea
Santa Cruz-Boomerang) inflexiona hacia el noroeste, extendindose hasta las cercanas de Villa Tunari. Se trata de una faja
relativamente delgada, de 30 a 60 km de ancho, cuyos limites
oriental y occidental con las reas Subandino Sur y Chaco,
respectivamente, son de carcter tectnico y morfolgico.
Due to its economic importance, this area has been subject of much
geological, geophysical and geochemical prespecting. From the
point of view of exploratory activity, it is considered as a mature
area, containing the largest number of open fields.
Limiting with the Beni play, the northern area is known as the
Boomerang area. Its feature is being a transference area of the last
Andean deformation front, where fault traps prevail mainly in the
central sector, which pertains to the Santa Rosa Hills or Boomerang
Hills. These hills structures are aligned in the shape of an arc.
Other distinguishing feature is the presence of Silurian reservoirs,
other than the reservoirs present in the aforementioned systems.
152
Area Altiplano
Altiplano Play
Since 1960, both YPFB and private companies carried out a great
deal of exploratory activity related to the geology, geophysics,
geochemistry, and exploratory perforation. The latter refers to eight
scattered perforations in the whole region, which provided valuable
information to make a better evaluation of the regions hydrocarbon system parameters. There are also conventional aereal
photographs and satellite images.
153
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
En toda el rea, para la secuencia continental y marina jursicacretcica-paleocena, se define un modelo tectono-estratigrfico
complejo, con el desarrollo de sistemas de rifts emplazados sobre
fallas antiguas extensionales o de cizalla (Fig. 8.11). En el limite
oriental del Altiplano, est ubicado el "Alto Tectnico de OruroCarata", de rumbo NNW-SSE, que separa el rift altiplnico del rift
cordillerano de Maragua. La distribucin areal de todas las secuencias estratigrficas mencionadas pueden observarse en los mapas
correspondientes a las figuras 8.4 a 8.9.
Area Pantanal
Pantanal Play
154
Referencias
References
155
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
156
157
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
158
159
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
160
161
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
162
163
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
164
165
VOL. 18 (1-2)
166
1) Santa Luca, 2) El Molino, 3) Chaunaca, 4) Aroifilla, 5) Miraflores, 6) Tarapaya, 7) Sucre, 8) Ravelo, 9) Torotoro, 10) La Puerta, 11) Condo, 12 Yura.
(Fuente: Meneley Enterprices Ttd.)
Captulo 9
167
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
ESCUDO PRECAMBRICO
PRE-CAMBRIAN SHIELD
168
169
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
the same time, most productive was the San Ignacio orogenesis era
(approx. 1400-1280 Ma), with an intense tectonic metamorphic and
magmatic activity which gave place to the San Ignacio of San
Simn lodes and saddle reefs, syn- to late kynematic, of mesothermal gold, and subsidiarily, of epithermal manganese epizonal
schists (Pitfield 1983, Litherland et al. 1986).
170
Falla / Fault
Postulado
Postulated
??
Observado
Observed
Postulado
Postulated
Po
Po>Sph
Au-Ag-Apy-Po
Sph>Po
Py
Po>Sph
Au-Cpy
Po-Py
Filita negra
Black phyllite
Apy
Arsenopirita
Arsenopyrite
Cpy
Calcopirita
Chalcopyrite
Po
Formacin ferrfera bandeada
Banded iron formation
Py
Chert exhalativo
Exhalative chert
Sph
Oro en venillas
Stringer gold
Silicificacin
Silicification
Riolita, riodacita
Rhyolite, rhyodacite
Pirrotina
Pyrrhotite
Pirita
Pyrite
Esfalerita
Sphalerite
Argilita clortica
Chloritic argillite
Fig. 9.2 Modelo metalognico del yacimiento de oro sedex de Puquio Norte (segn Adamek et al. 1996) /
Metallogenic model for the Puquio Norte sedex gold deposit (after Adamek et al. 1996)
171
VOL. 18 (1-2)
??
JUNIO 2000
Five are the significant metallic concentration eras that have shaped
the current appearance of this belt. The first and of greater current
interest for mining prospecting is the initial superimposed
sedimentation stage (1600 (?)1350 Ma) of the San Ignacio MesoProterozoic cycle, which, as mentioned above, was accompanied
by volcanic and metallotect exhalative activity, which, during the
last few years was already detected or inferred in a series of San
Ignacio schist belts making up said belt. Thus, Adamek et al.
(1996) have been able to identify a genuine volcanosedimentary
sequence (Naranjal Group) in the weakly metamorphized uflo de
Chvez belt. This sequence possibly has a riftal ensialic origin with
a predominantly basic bimodal volcanism; a meta BIF in this
sequence harbors the sedex gold bed of North Puquio (fig. 9.2),
suggestively nowadays the first bed in the Bolivian shield to be
exploited at industrial scale. More recently, an important massive
copper and gold sulphur bed, namely the Miguela bed, has been
discovered within a volcanosedimentary stack comparable,
although more proximal and acidic, to the neighboring Guarayos
schist belt. Lately, other gold deposits of the previous types were
programmed to be explored at the uflo de Chvez belt. If we
assume a similar volcanosedimentary genesis, which is very
plausible, for the protolith (in part calcic and carbonated) of the
strata-related, equally copper and gold-bearing Don Mario bed in
the southern Cristal schist belt (Heuschmidt & Miranda-Martnez
1995), it is evident that all the vulcanogenic syngenetic mineralizations recognized to date in the shield, are closely linked to the main
SW arc of the San Ignacio Supergroup schist belt. Precisely such
arc makes up the trunk metallotect of the Sunsas mineralized belt.
This means that, if these still isolated stratiform to strata-related Au
and Cu findings were to be complemented with other findings
within the other belts (Huachi, Las Abejas, Salvatierra, El Puente,
Zapoco, Nocemano, San Ignacio, San Diablo, Los Huasos) in the
same arc, such metallogenic province would become the first
metalliferous volcanosedimentary belt seen in Bolivia, and
therefore, without a doubt not only in the priority prospective area
of the Precambrian craton, but also in one of the main prospective
areas in the whole country.
Sucediendo a esta fase de sedimentacin bajo rgimen probablemente distensivo, la orognesis San Ignacio, cuyos efectos fueron
algo atenuados en la faja geotectnicamente marginal de Sunsas,
no removiliz sino en pequea escala la mineralizacin singentica
precedente, dando solamente origen a vetas menores y espordicas
de cuarzo aurfero cual aquellas del distrito de San Ramn,
producidas por secrecin sintectnica precoz del oro sedimentarioexhalativo del Grupo Naranjal (Bennett 1986, Litherland et al.
1986).
172
173
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Por ltimo, hacia el fin del ciclo orognico Sunsas, la intrusin del
Complejo Igneo bandeado Rincn del Tigre, megasill plegado de
hasta aproximadamente 5000 m de espesor diferenciado en
trminos ultramficos, mficos y flsicos de base a tope, trajo
consigo el preenriquecimiento en Ni y otros metales sider o
calcfilos de las dunitas serpentinizadas que componen la mayor
parte de su unidad inferior ultramfica, unidad cuya potencia
alcanza a su vez ms de la mitad de aquella total del sill (Annells &
Burton 1984).
Finally, towards the end of the Sunsas orogenic cycle, the intrusion
of the banded Rincn del Tigre Igneous Complex, a folded
megasill of a thickness up to approximately 5000 m, and differentiated from base to top in ultramafic, mafic and felsic terms,
brought along the enrichment in Ni and other siderophylous or
calcophylous metals of the serpentinized dunites that make up most
of the lower ultramafic unit, the power of which reaches more than
a half of that of the total sill (Annells & Burton 1984).
More recently, the Rincn del Tigre Complex was the only Sunsas
polymetallic belt district in which the waste reconcentration of the
primary mineralizations by the Tertiary post-epirogenic lateritization cycles played a determining economic role (cf. Cerro Peln).
Here, the peneplanated and lateritized surfaces of Cerro Peln are
metallotect, being of Oligocene or Miocene age, and further below,
the San Ignacio surfaces, of Neomiocene age and equivalent to the
Velhas de Brasil Surface. Beneath both of the aforementioned,
potentially exploitable nickel bearing saprolites develop in
echelons: the oldest, thickest, continuous and richest hanging at a
certain height under the Cerro Peln Surface, which tops a
succession of levelled hills, the youngest buried at the base of the
pedogenetic profile of the San Ignacio Surface, itself buried under
modern pediments (Annells & Burton op. cit., Shaw 1985;
Litherland et al. 1986).
174
??
??
??
175
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
OROGENO ANDINO
ANDEAN OROGEN
Conceptos generales
General Concepts
??
??
176
Fig. 9.3 Fajas y Yacimientos Metalferos de los Andes Centrales, segn Heuschmidt 1995/
Metalliferous belts and deposits of the Central Andes (after Heuschmidt 1995)
177
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
178
Finally, during the Upper Miocene and Lower Pliocene (11-4 Ma,
approx.) (Redwood, op. cit.), the last remarkable tectonomagmatic
episode of the Andean orogenic cycle originated, together with
subvolcanic stocks, domes, stratovolcanoes, calderas, and vast
ignimbritic shields, a diversity of vulcanogenic mineralizations of
precious and base metals, bismuth uranium, etc., which are scattered
along and across the aforementioned Central Andean polymetallic
belt, from central Peru to the Puna, and from the Main Chilean
Cordillera to the Altiplano eastern margin, with some satellite
deposits at contemporary volcanic plateaus (Los Frailes and
Morococala, in the southwest of Bolivia, Macusani in the southeast
of Peru), which are superimposed over the tin belt to the east. In this
way, the Neogene magmatic explosion happened to be the
geological phenomenon with the most important metallogenic and
economic consequences in the history of the Central Andes
(Redwood, op. cit.).
179
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
180
East of the iron, copper and gold deposits of the Jurassic to coastal
Eo-Cretaceous metallogenic belt of Peru and Chile, the Central
Andes feature, as mentioned before, the broadside succession of four
extensive arched metallic belts, in an increasing outer position
within the orogen (parallel to the Bolivian orocline and its NW and S
extensions), with a general NW-SE to N-S strike: the Western
Cordillera copper belt (sensu lato) the Altiplano and Western
Cordillera polymetallic belt (mostly with precious and base
metals), the tin belt and the essentially gold-antimonium and leadzink Eastern Cordillera marginal polymetallic belt.
The Bolivian Andes take part in the last three out of the four belts
and, continuing with theE-W sequential description started for the
Precambrian shield, the following metallogenic and deposit
synopsis is structured according to the zoning of those three belts in
that direction, and each of them, by chronological order of the
mineralization cycles responsible for both, their global progressive
metallic specialization and the regional features of their different
segments, in terms of their geochemical signature and deposit
types.
The gold-antimonium and lead-zink belt that unfolds for about 1800
km along the hillsides and buttresses NE and E of the Eastern
Cordillera, from the outskirts of Cuzco in the south-central
metallogenic segment of the Peruvian Andes to the south of Salta, at
the border of the Argentine Pampean Craton, is the most extensive of
the mineral belts across the Bolivian Andes. Clearly bound to the
west (with exception of its ends) by the tin belt, to the east in turn, it
has a much less defined boundary that gets lost in the ranges jungle
spurs. Outside the very attractive antimonium province in southern
Bolivia, its marginal geographic situation and the proximity of an
exceptionally rich metalliferous belt, have put a stop, to a great
extent, to the progress of knowledge on its mineral resources and the
typology of its deposits. This is a more detrimental fact considering
that this is a metallogenically complex belt, maybe the most
heterochronous and heterotypical in Bolivia (in the sense of
Routhier 1980).
181
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
182
Fig. 9.4 Modelo gentico de los depsitos vetiformes de Sb-Au asociados a series sedimentarias de los Andes bolivianos
(modificado de Lehrberger 1992) /
Genetic model for the sediment-associated vein-type Sb-Au deposits of the Bolivian Andes
(modified from Lehrberger 1992)
183
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
From the south of Potos to the vicinity of Jujuy, Argentina, the goldantimonium and lead-zink belt of the Eastern Cordillera is clearly
subdivided into two parallel strips with a general N-S trend (see
Trong et al. (eds.) 1996, Trong et al. 1993).
??
??
184
La gnesis y edad de estos depsitos antimono-aurferos y plumbozinquferos permanecen todava controvertidas. En el caso de los
primeros, Lehrberger (1992), en conformidad con el modelo
metalognico secrecionista prevaleciente en la actualidad para las
mineralizaciones de esta clase en otros lugares de la misma faja,
sugiere para las de Bolivia tres pocas de concentracin mineral (fig.
9.4 ):
I.
I.
At the Lower Paleozoic marginal euxinic basin, the preenrichment in Sb and Au of the metallotect dark shale,
basically by
the adsorption and ion exchange at the
argillaceous mineral surfaces, by the precipitation of sulphurs
in a reducer environment, and by filtration through argillaceous
mud during the diagenesis and the compaction; the latter also
provided the necessary fluids for the transportation of metals.
II.
II.
III.
III.
185
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
intrusivos plutnicos (depsitos tele o cripto plutnicos) o subvolcnicos (depsitos epitermales) flsicos expuestos o no.
On the other hand, the opinions of Dill et al. (1997) y de Sureda &
Galliski (1989) are opposed to the aformentioned assignation of the
major antimonium-gold mineralization to the Neo-Paleozoic
orogenic cycle. These authors assign the Bolivian and Argentine
deposits, respectively, of the antimonium province under discussion,
to the Oligo-Miocene, which agrees better a priori with the marked
control of this type of mineralization by tectonic structures generally
considered as Andean.
En el caso de los depsitos vetiformes de la franja plumbozinqufera, no se cuenta todava con ningn modelo gentico global y
los datos isotpicos disponibles hasta la fecha para aquellos de
Bolivia (Macfarlane et al. 1990) indican una edad ya mesoterciaria
(la ms plausible por las mismas razones que anteriormente) o
mesozoica, mientras que los datos existentes acerca de los distritos
del noroeste argentino, ubicados en la prolongacin al sur de los de
Bolivia, abogan ms bien en favor de una edad ordovcica (Barbieri
et al. 1989). Como en el caso precedente, se tendr que esperar
dataciones radio-mtricas fiables para atribuir estas mineralizaciones
a una o varias poca(s) metalognica(s) determinada(s): Terciario
Medio, Mesozoico u Ordovcico.
186
Faja estafera
With a NW-SE to N-S trend, the tin belt extends for a length of over
1200 km, just like the marginal polimetallic belt that runs along with
it to the east, from the Peruvian sector of Macusani (approx. 14
latitude S) towards the northwest, beyond the Argentine mine of
Pirquitas (approx. 23 S) towards the south. Essentially confined to
the W limb and the heights of the current back-arc orogenic belt of
the Eastern Cordillera, it reaches a mean width of 40 km in its
northern and meridional portions, increasing up to a maximum in the
order of 100 km in its central portion, pertaining to the most
developed portion east of the Bolivian orocline.
187
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
In this belts central segment, less uplifted and therefore less deeply
eroded that the northern sector from which it is separated by the
transcurrent Tapacar megafault, a certain number of small
subvolcanic funneled stocks (San Pablo, Coriviri, Condor Iquia,
Chualla Grande, La Salvadora, etc) and ocassional volcanic domes
(Colquechaca Dome Complex) of dacitic to rhyodacitic composition
roughly equivalent, in petrochemical terms, to the preceding
plutonites, are related to a later Eo-Miocene magmatic stage (22-19
Ma). These typically synkinematic intrusions and extrusions
control a group of vein-shaped deposits, irregularly scattered or
locally strata-related (in Cretaceous calc-arenites), whether telescoped polymetallic (Sn-Ag-Zn-Pb-Bi-W...) or essentially Boliviantype tin-bearing, several of them very or still exceptionally rich:
Japo, Santa Fe - Morococala, Huanuni, Llallagua, Poop, AvicayaTotoral, Bolvar, Colquechaca, etc. (Ahlfeld & Schneider-Scherbina,
op. cit.; Trong & Riera-Kilibarda (eds.) 1996, GEOBOL-PNUD
1982, etc.). Within the same metallogenic province, but commonly
not associated to this magmatism, at least apparently, but instead to
Ordovician psammopellitic series, multiple antimonium and gold
veins are scattered; their age and genesis are sitll not well defined,
188
189
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
With a very long (over 2000 km in the Central Andes alone) and
wide (over 250 km) Ag-Pb-Zn-Cu-Au-etc. belt, this portion of
Bolivia rides over the Altiplano to the east and over the Eastern
Cordillera heights to the west (Polymetallic Altiplano Province
of Petersen 1970).
190
??
??
??
??
??
??
191
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
LLANURA CHACO-BENIANA
Con sus 500 km y ms de longitud por 10 (al NE) a 180 (al SW) de
anchura, esta elongada provincia monometlica se extiende, de SW a
NE, de un borde al otro de la llanura de inundacin de la Amazonia
boliviana. Su substrato regional, aflorante slo en rpidos
(cachuelas), islotes e inselbergs tabulares a lo largo del bajo Beni
(de Cachuela Esperanza hacia el NE) y del alto Madera, es un
basamento cristalino proterozoico que pertenece a la margen
occidental del escudo centrobrasileo y a su prolongacin en
profundidad ms al W. Fuera del extremo NE de la cuenca (regin de
Araras), este basamento se halla cubierto por un antiguo glacis
aluvial pedemontano principalmente limo-arcilloso de algunas
decenas de metros de espesor que ha sido datado del Mioceno
Superior-Plioceno y atribuido a un primer ciclo notable de
degradacin-agradacin provocado por el solevantamiento de los
Andes Orientales y de la faja subandina (Heuschmidt & MirandaMartnez 1995).
192
The first type of deposits are known esentially within the Manoa
Formation in the Araras district, over the western shore of the high
Madera River. Although this formations basal conglomerate
normally has less than 1 g/m3 Au, the gravels and to a lesser extent
the sand, overlying loosely, are much richer in gold, particularly
inside the old intraformational canals, which can reach a yield of up
to 10 g/m3 or more, such as in the case of Nueva Esperanza (Ruiz
1989, Saravia 1988).
193
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
which tend to float, explains the common presence of the metal (in
the Manoa Formation, for instance) at a higher alluvion profile
level than that of the basal paystreak clasts in which most of the
coarse particles of these proximal range placers concentrate (Ruiz
1989).
Referencias
References
194
BOYLE, R. W., 1979. The geochemistry of gold and its deposits.Geol. Surv. Can. Bull., 280, 584 p.
BORIC, R., F. DAZ & V. MAKSAEV, 1990. Geologa y yacimientos metalferos de la regin de Antofagasta.- Boletn SERNAGEOMIN-Chile, 40, 246 p.
195
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
GRANT, J. N., C. HALLS, S. M. F. SHEPPARD & W. AVILASALINAS, 1980. Evolution of the porphyry tin deposits of
Bolivia.- Mining Geology Spec. Issue, 8 : 151-173.
HERAIL, G., M. FORNARI, G. VISCARRA-RUIZ, J. A. RUIZANACHURI, L. POZZO & J. F. DUMONT, 1991. Les placers
d'or de Bolivie: milieux de formation et structure gologique.- (In:
Hrail, G. & M. Fornari (eds.), Actes du Symposium International
sur les Gisements Alluviaux d'Or), La Paz, Bolivie, 3-5 Juin 1991
: 115-143, ORSTOM Editions, La Paz.
REDWOOD, S. D., 1987. Metallogenic belts of the Central Andes.(in: Proceedings Pacific Rim Congress' 87), : 899-907.
REDWOOD, S. D., 1993. The Metallogeny of the Bolivian Andes.(in: Sillitoe R.H., F. Camus, C. Mpodozis & S. D. Redwood (eds.)
Metallogeny of the Central Andes), MDRU Short Course # 15,
22-24 November 1993, University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, 59 p.
RSSLING, R. & G. BORJA-NAVARRO, 1994. Geologa estructural en la Cordillera Oriental entre Potos y Tupiza.- Boletn
GEOBOL, 5 (especial) : 35-48, La Paz.
ROUTHIER, P., 1980. O sont les mtaux pour l'avenir ? Les
provinces mtalliques. Essai de mtallognie globale.- Mm.
BRGM, 105, 410 p.
196
197
Captulo 10
Introduccin
Introduction
Evolucin Pre-Andina
Pre-Andean Evolution
199
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Ordovcico.
Evolution of the South-American Continental Margin during
the Ordovician.
200
Evolucin Andina
Andean Evolution
The Andean cycle began about 200 Ma ago in the Lias. Since the
first andean event the focus of the magmatic arc moved progressively eastward with an average velocity of about l km per 1 Ma.
201
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
202
203
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
204
Since late Oligocene time the focus of magmatism has been at the
active magmatic arc in the Western Cordillera. The products are
mainly mantle-derived differentiates with varying degree of crustal
contamination (Aitcheson et al., 1995; Wrner et al., 1994).
Al igual que los Himalaya, los Andes son una cordillera ejemplar
para el estudio de los procesos tectnicos de placa en un margen
continental activo. Hasta con 750 km, los Andes tienen aqu el
mayor ancho W-E entre la Cordillera Costera de Chile y las
llanuras Chaqueas en Bolivia. El espesor cortical es de 60 a 70
km (James, 1971; Wigger et al., 1994; Beck et al., 1996).
205
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Longitudinal
Valley
Coastal
Cordillera
Trench
72W
Coast
71
CSS
69
Ms Tv CB
Mv
CSB
Ollage
Pzv
Pzg
Jg
0 km
Western
Cordillera
Precordillera
70
Kg
Qv
LC
Eastern
Cordillera
67
Qs
66
KTs
Nazca Plate
FM
HCZ
Villamontes
63
0 km
CB
MC
20
?
?
60
80
Chaco
Tarija
HCZ
LC
LC
40
Subandean
Belt
65
Pzs
CB
LVZ
Tupiza
64
Tg
LC
20
Altiplano
68
40
LC
Lithosphere Mantle
earthquake
60
100
80
AF
CB
CSB
CSS
FM
200
HCZ
Jg
Kg
KTs
LC
LVZ
Mc
Ms
Mv
Pzg
Pzs
Pzv
Qs
Qv
Tg
Tv
VF
aseismic front
continental basement
( mainly Precambrian)
continental slope basement
continental slope sediments
forearc mantle lithosphere
(partially hydrated)
high conductivity zone
Jurassic intrusives
Cretaceous intrusives
Cretaceous-Tertiary sediments
lower crust
low (p-wave) velocity zone
middle crust
Mesozoic sediments
Mesozoic arc volcanics
Paleozoic intrusives
Paleozoic sediments
Paleozoic volcanics
Quaternary sediments
Neogene - Quaternary volcanics
Paleogene intrusives
Early Tetiary volcanics
volcanic front
100
Asthenosphere
200
300
E. Scheuber 11/95
300
Fig. 10. 5 Seccin a travs de los Andes a lo largo de 21 lat. S. Dibujo en base a datos geofsicos y geolgicos.
Section across the Andes along 21 lat. S. Sketch on base of geophysical and geological data.
Beneath the southern part of the Central Andes the crust-mantleboundary is not well defined. Geophysical investigatons led to the
conclusion, that under the southern Altiplano and Western
Cordillera different Mohorovicic-discontinuities exist with different ages and origins put together by tectonic shortening (Giese,
1996). Well defined "Mohos" are recognized east of the Altiplano,
wele the Precambrian Brazilian Shield is pushed underneath the
Eastern Cordillera and west of the Western Cordillera, were the
Moho can be indicated from beneath the coastline onto the
Precordillera (Fig. 10.5). A more detailled image of the deep seated
structures and the crust mantle-boundary of this part of the Andes
206
La Cordillera Costera
207
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
- La Precordillera
- The Precordillera
The Precordillera was the sight of the magmatic arc from late
Cretaceous to the end of Eocene. This mountain range forms a
separate morphostructural unit built up by several outcrops of
basement oriented in N-S-direction and their Triassic to Cenozoic
cover intruded by "Mid-Cretaceous" granitoidic rocks exposed in
the western part of the Precordillera. The basement ridges form the
nuclei of steeply flanked anticlines cut in many cases by high-angle
reverse faults. The tectonic style of the Precordillera is thickskinned without the existence of thrust and decollements.
- La Depresin Preandina
- La Cordillera Occidental
208
- El Altiplano
- The Altiplano
209
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
- La Cordillera Oriental
- La Zona Interandina
210
The eastern border of the Bolivian Andes forms a belt of thinskinned folding and faulting envolving Cambrian to Triassic strata
and the Precambrian basement. The folds and thrusts continue over
long distances along strike and have significant displacements.
Here the continental crust is overthrusted over its foreland along
relatively low angle thrusts. The base of the crust in the hangingwall of the transcrustal thrust is evidenced by seismic refraction
studies to be located at a depth of 25 to 30 km (Schmitz, 1994)
marking the border between brittle and ductile deformation (Kley,
1993). The Moho-discontinuity in this part of the Andes lies at a
depth of 50 to 60 km. The Precambrian basement of the Brazilian
Shield is locally involved in the east-verging thrusts (Kley &
Gangui, 1993; Kley et al., 1996).
Referencias
References
211
SERGEOMIN - YPFB
DAMM, K.W., S. PICHOWIAK & W. ZEIL, 1981. The plutonism
in the North Chilean coast-range and its geodynamic
significance.- Geologische Rundschau, 70 : 1054-1076.
GIESE, P., 1996. Die Zentralen Anden, ein Orogen mit zwei
unterschiedlichen Wurzeln.- Terra Nostra 8/96, abstracts of 15.
Geow. Lateinamerika-Kolloquium, : 46, Hamburg.
KLEY, J., A. H. GANGUI & D. KRGER, 1996. Basementinvolved blind thrusting in the Eastern Cordillera, southern
Bolivia: Evidence from cross-section balancing, gravimetric and
magnetotelluric data: Tectonophysics, 259 : 171-184.
LUCASSEN, F. & G. FRANZ, 1991. Generation and metamorphism of new crust in magmatic arcs; a case study from N Chile,
(in Anonymous, ed., Sixth meeting of the European Union of
Geosciences), Volume 3: Sixth meeting of the European Union
of Geosciences: Strasbourg, March 24-28, p. 125.
SEMPERE, T., 1993. Paleozoic to Jurassic Evolution of Bolivia.Second ISAG, Oxford, abstracts, : 547-550.
SEYFRIED, H., G. WRNER, D. UHLIG & I. KOHLER, 1994.
Eine kleine Landschaftsgeschichte der Anden in Nordchile.Jahrbuch der Universitt Stuttgart, : 60-71.
212
213
70
69
67
68
66
65
64
62
63
61
60
59
58
10
Ta
IL
S
RA
B
11
MAPA
GEOLOGICO
DE
BOLIVIA
Qh
BR
AS
COBIJA
IL
10
11
28
Cobija
Trinidad
12
12
27
3
La Paz
26
18
17
10
Cochabamba
Oruro
Santa Cruz
11
7
Sucre
16
15
19
Potos
12
13
14
Tarija
20 22
24
21
23
25
200 km
Ta
13
80
60
13
40
PERU
14
PGiP
Pi
Pi
Ps
Ta
20
Pi
PGi p
PGi p
Ts
15
Ts
Pc
Ph
AC
40
40
60
15
Pc
Pc
Pi
16
TRi
Pi
LA PAZ
D
Ts
Ta
Ph
Pc
Qh
17
COCHABAMBA
Q
Tv
S-D
Ts
ORURO
18
SANTA CRUZ
Pt
Pmg
Ts
P Bsu
Tv
J-Kp
18
D
S
Ts
17
19
40
JKag
IC
16
Jkp
80
TIT
14
PGi p
TRINIDAD
20
Pi
LA
K
SUCRE
19
Tv
POTOSI
20
CHILE
Tv
21
SALAR DE
UYUNI
20
Tv
Qs
PARAGUAY
K
D
Tv
21
Ts
TARIJA
22
22
Tv
ARGENTINA
23
23
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
VOLUMEN 18
NUMERO 1-2
COCHABAMBA - BOLIVIA
JUNIO 2000
VOLUMEN 18
NUMERO 1-2
COCHABAMBA - BOLIVIA
JUNIO 2000
VOLUMEN 18
NUMERO 1-2
COCHABAMBA - BOLIVIA
JUNIO 2000
PRESIDENTE
VICEPRESIDENTE DE NEGOCIACIONES
INTERNACIONALES Y CONTRATOS
VICEPRESIDENTE DE OPERACIONES
EDITOR
E-mail:
DIRECCION POSTAL
TRADUCCION AL INGLES
Portada:
VOLUMEN 18
NUMERO 1-2
COCHABAMBA - BOLIVIA
JUNIO 2000
PROLOGO / FOREWORD
El Servicio Nacional de Geologa y Minera
(SERGEOMIN) y Yacimientos Petrolferos Fiscales
Bolivianos (YPFB), con el esfuerzo coordinado de sus
profesionales, publicaron en 1978 el primer Mapa
Geolgico de Bolivia. Transcurridos 22 aos desde esa
oportunidad, hoy ponen a disposicin de los profesionales
gelogos la nueva versin del Mapa Geolgico de Bolivia,
escala 1:1.000.000, y el presente Compendio de Geologa
de Bolivia.
Esta publicacin se realiza en una etapa de austeridad de
las dos instituciones estatales, como producto de la
profunda crisis por la que atraviesa la minera nacional,
debido a las bajas cotizaciones de los minerales metlicos;
sin embargo, la participacin y el esfuerzo del personal
profesional y tcnico de SERGEOMIN y YPFB, hizo
posible llevar adelante esta edicin, en la que se ha
introducido el resultado de los ltimos datos e
interpretaciones de campo y laboratorio obtenidas por
ambas instituciones.
Para la elaboracin del presente mapa se han empleado las
ms modernas tcnicas de la cartografa, de modo que a la
fecha ofrecemos una versin en formato digital (CD-R),
ponindonos al da con las exigencias de la tecnologa
actual.
Tanto el Servicio Nacional de Geologa y Minera como
Yacimientos Petrolferos Fiscales Bolivianos, han
generado durante los ltimos aos una amplia informacin
geolgica y minera de todo el territorio boliviano.
Mediante sus diferentes unidades se realizaron actividades
de exploracin, mapeo, evaluacin del potencial
mineralgico y petrolero, as como la inventariacin de los
recursos naturales del pas. Paralelamente, SERGEOMIN
apoy a la minera mediana, chica y cooperativistas con
asesoramiento tcnico y logstico para encarar el desarrollo
de sus actividades. Toda la informacin y los datos
geolgicos obtenidos se transfirieron al presente
Compendio y Mapa Geolgico.
La informacin con la que cuenta este mapa, servir de
apoyo en trabajos de exploracin y evaluacin de recursos
tanto de hidrocarburos como de minerales en el territorio
boliviano. Se tiene plena confianza que esta publicacin
ser de mucha utilidad para las diferentes entidades relacionadas a la geologa: estatales, privadas y educativas.
Ramiro Surez-Soruco
Introduccin / Introduction
Altiplano / Altiplano
39
77
101
111
127
1
13
145
167
10
199
por / by
RAMIRO SUAREZ-SORUCO
ramsu@bo.net
Captulo 1
INTRODUCCION
INTRODUCTION
Generalidades
General Aspects
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
EON
CICLO
TACSARIANO
EDADES
Reciente
Jursico inferior
Trisico superior
Carbonfero superior
Carbonfero inferior
Silrico inferior
Ordovcico superior
Cmbrico superior
BRASILIANO
900 540 Ma
SUNSAS
1280 900 Ma
SAN IGNACIO
1600 1280 Ma
TRANSAMAZONICO
> 1600 Ma
ANDINO
SUBANDINO
FANEROZOICO
PROTEROZOICO
CORDILLERANO
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
MD
S
A
B
PM C h
C
Gu
CO
S
A
CO
A
FH
Cha
S
I A
A
CO
A
Or
Episodio Pre-Andino
Pre-Andean Episode
Starting with the Tacsarian Cycle and during the greater part of the
Lower Paleozoic, the extensional development of the N-S and NWSE branches, and the subsequent separation of the mobile subplate of Arequipa, formed the intracratonal basins of the
Brazilian, Tacsarian and Cordillerano cycles (Contaya-Tacsara
Rift) in Bolivian territory.
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Episodio Andino
Andean Episode
The Andean Episode starts with the breakup of Gondwana (ca. 200
Ma), that severs South America from Africa. In this paper,
following Oller-Veramendis suggestion, two cycles are recognized
in this episode: the Andean I and the Andean II.
With the earliest Aluk , and later the Faralln plates collision, the
first volcanic arcs were formed. Starting in the Jurassic, the
sequences become continental, backarc basins with alluvial,
aeolian, fluvial and lagoon plains. During the Mesozoic, the
volcanic arc supplies lava, ashes and other materials that interbed
in the clastic sequences. Sea transgression (Miraflores Formation)
interrupt the continental deposit.
Coincidentally, the lastest date shows that the most important stage
of the Andean folding (Andean II) ocurrred approximately between
26 and 30 Ma [Late Oligocene Early Miocene] (Sempere et al.,
1990; Hrail et al., 1994). This action is linked to the Pacific
plates activity.
According to Tawackoli et al. (1996), the first important deformation in the southern Eastern Cordillera occured during the Lower
Oligocene, causing the erosion of the Cretaceous-Paleocene cover.
The Neogene basin started with a major tectonic pulse around 22
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
and 24 Ma, and within the basins, the compressive deformation has
various ages. At Nazareno, ages dating back to 22 to 12 Ma were
recorded, and at Tupiza-Estarca, activity started around 17 Ma.
Fig. 1.5 Correlacin estratigrfica simplificada del Ciclo Andino II (Oligoceno superior Reciente)
Simplified stratigraphic correlation of Andean II Cycle (Upper Oligocene Recent)
Provincias Geolgicas
Geological Provinces
??
??
??
??
??
??
??
??
??
??
??
??
50
100
150
200
Kms
Alto Madidi
8
6
3
1
Nort
e
4a
5
3b
3a
Centro
Sur
Agradecimientos
VOL. 18 (1-2)
Acknowledgements
Referencias
JUNIO 2000
References
y III Congreso Geol. de Espaa, Vol. 4 : 35-39, Salamanca,
Espaa, Junio 1992.
10
11
MADRE DE DIOS
SUBANDINO NORTE
FAJA PLEGADA
DE HUARINA
GRUPO TITICACA
CICLO SUBANDINO
TRIASICO
CARBONIFERO
SUPERIOR
BOPI
COPACABANA
CICLO CORDILLERANO
SERPUKHOVIANO
FAMENIANO
FRASNIANO
GRUPO CUEVO
CHUTANI
MBRO. COLLASUYO
COPACABANA
CARBONIFERO
MEDIO
EDADES
FAJA ANDINA
SUBANDINA SUR
TIQUINA
JURASICO INF.
PERMICO
JUNIO 2000
GRUPO
MANDIYUTI
COPACABANA
EDADES
VOL. 18 (1-2)
GRUPO
MACHARETI
YAURICHAMBI
MADRE DE DIOS
SUBANDINO NORTE
FAJA PLEGADA
DE HUARINA
FAJA ANDINA
SUBANDINA SUR
GRUPO RETAMA
GRUPO AMBO
SAIPURU
TOMACHI
FAJA BOOMERANG
ROBORE
IQUIRI
COLLPACUCHO
LOS MONOS
GIVETIANO
EIFELIANO
TEQUEJE
SICASICA
HUAMAMPAMPA
BELEN
ICLA
VILA VILA
SANTA ROSA
CATAVI
TARABUCO
UNCIA
KIRUSILLAS
EMSIANO
PRAGIANO
LOCHKOVIANO
PRIDOLIANO
LUDLOVIANO
WENLOCKIANO MED
RIO CARRASCO
LIMONCITO
ROBORE
EL CARMEN
CALIZA SACTA
LLALLAGUA
HUANUNI
WENLOCKIANO INF
LLANDOVERIANO
CANCAIRI
CANCAIRI
ASHGILLIANO SUP.
EDADES
MADRE DE DIOS
SUBANDINO
NORTE
AHSGILLIANO INF.
CICLO TACSARIANO
LLANVIRNIANO
NORTE
TOKOCHI
TARENE
CARADOCIANO
FAJA PLEGADA
DE HUARINA
AMUTARA
ENADERE
?
SUR
TAPIAL A & B
KOLLPANI
ANGOSTO
MARQUINA
COROICO
FAJA ANDINA
SUBANDINA SUR
NORTE
SUR
SAN BENITO
ANZALDO
CAPINOTA
PIRCANCHA
ARENIGIANO
/ SELLA
AGUA Y TORO
OBISPO
CIENEGUILLAS
ISCAYACHI
TREMADOCIANO
SAMA
TOROHUAYCO
CAMACHO
CAMBRICO
SUPERIOR
Fig. 1.7 Subdivisin en Dominios Tectono-Estratigrficos para los ciclos Tacsariano, Cordillerano y Subandino
12
Captulo 2
Introduction
El Altiplano es una extensa cuenca intramontana de aproximadamente 110.000 km2, formada en el Cenozoico, a partir del
comienzo del levantamiento de la Cordillera Oriental.
The formation of the Altiplano started during the PaleoceneEocene with the thrust of Arequipa-Huarina Massif over the
Guapor Craton, through a intercratonic suture located beneath the
Cordillera Real, and reflected at the surface on Cordillera Real
Fault Zone (Martnez et al., 1996). This overthrust originated the
13
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Proterozoico
Proterozoic
14
Ciclo Tacsariano
Tacsarian Cycle
En el pozo Santa Luca-X1, por debajo de una cubierta cenozoicacretcica de 1900 m, fueron recolectadas muestras de lutitas con
graptolites llanvirniano-caradocianos (Dalenz, 1996). Las rocas
ordovcicas del pozo Santa Luca estn sobremaduradas, y
presentan intercalaciones de lava intrudas en forma de sills.
Ciclo Cordillerano
Cordilleran Cycle
In this sectors subsurface, Silurian and Devonian, or only Devonian rocks have been reported, such as those at the La Joya welll
for instance (Beln Formation).
Ciclo Andino
Andean Cycle
Ciclo Andino I
Andean I Cycle
15
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
16
17
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Ciclo Andino II
Andean II Cycle
18
Discordante por encima de las sedimentitas de la Formacin KolluKollu, y con niveles de paleosuelos intermedios (horizonte ferruginoso), se disponen areniscas, areniscas arcsicas, arcilitas, yeso
estratificado y conglomerados de la Formacin Caquiaviri
(Ascarrunz et al., 1967), que representa a una secuencia fluvial y
lacustre, con influencia volcnica, depositada en una cuenca de
trasarco y antepas de la Cordillera Oriental. En algunas capas de
areniscas y arcosas se recolectaron restos de plantas fsiles que
fueron estudiadas por Singewald & Berry (1922). Swanson et al.
(1987) dataron un bloque de lava dactica encontrada en la base de
esta formacin en 14,2 0,4 Ma (Mioceno medio). Esta unidad
concluye con la Toba Ulloma (9,1 Ma, Everden et al., 1977), que
se constituye en un nivel gua de correlacin en el Altiplano Norte.
19
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
20
21
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Ciclo Tacsariano
Tacsariano Cycle
Ciclo Cordillerano
Cordillerano Cycle
22
Above the aforementioned, 170 m of shale abd silt from the Beln
Formation develop with abundant fauna consisting mainly of
Palaeoneilo cf. P. elliptica, Nuculites cf. N. pacatus and Chonetes
sp.
En el pozo Colchani, por debajo de una cubierta cenozoicocretcica de 2140 m, se perforaron lutitas siluro-devnicas.
Ciclo Andino I
Andean I Cycle
The best rock outcrops deposited during this cycle are located
within the realm of the Eastern Cordillera. A more complete
description of these sediments can be found in the description of
this geologic unit.
23
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
24
Ciclo Andino II
Andean II Cycle
25
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
El registro sedimentario contina con secuencias volcanosedimentarias del Oligoceno superior Mioceno inferior.
Ciclo Andino II
Andean II Cycle
The Negrillos Formation (Avila, 1965) was deposited in an intraarc and backarc basin alluvial environment, with volcanic
influence. This formation is made up by reddish argillaceous
sandstones, basalt and andesite flows, conglomerates, arkosic
sandstones, rhyolitic tuffs, and andesitic-basaltic lava flows.
Finally, there are several basaltic lava flows interbedded with
conglomeradic lenses.
26
Ciclo Brasiliano
Brazilian Cycle
Ciclo Tacsariano
Tacsarian Cycle
27
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Ciclo Cordillerano
Cordilleran Cycle
Ciclo Andino I
Andean I Cycle
28
The sequence starts with the shallow shelf marine sediments of the
Chaunaca Formation (Lohmann & Branisa, 1962), which is made
up by lacustrine silt and shale, thinly bedded fossiliferous basal
limestones. These rocks are superimposed in clear unconformity by
the sequences of El Molino Formation (Lohmann & Branisa,
1962), which were deposited in a lake and coastal carbonated shelf
environment, with marine influence. Following are the mudstones
fluvial and lacustrine clays of the Santa Luca Formation
(Lohmann & Branisa, 1962). In some of the basins sectors, they
are superimposed by the reddish tone shale, sandstone and
conglomerates of the Cayara Formation, the sediments of which,
according to Aranbar et al. (1995), make up an excellent reservoir
in a major part of the central Altiplano and Eastern Cordillera.
Ciclo Andino II
Andean II Cycle
At the end of the Upper Oligocene and basal Miocene, the Andean
II Cycle starts in the South Altiplano and the Volcanic Belt, in a
foreland basin of the Eastern Cordillera, with an important
sequence of coarse clastic units, specially conglomeradic ones,
which infill the different basins distributed among the different
areas of the Volcanic Belt and South Altiplano. Overlain and
interbedded by different types of lava, in particular andesitic lava,
the conglomeradic sequences are crossed through by several
volcanic bodies.
29
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
esta provincia incluyen y describen el Complejo caldrico VilamaCoruto, localizado en la frontera Bolivia-Argentina.
Vilama-Coruto Caldera Complex, located in the BolivianArgentine border, is included and described in this unit.
Further east, in the San Pablo de Lpez and Picalto areas and along
the San Antonio River, the San Vicente Formation is overlain by
the Esmoruco Formation (Choque & Mamani, 1997), which
pertains to restricted basin sediments in fluviolacustrine facies.
This unit is made up by volcanic agglomerates resulting from the
Rondal lavas, as well as gypseous claystones and sandstones
interbedded with polymictic conglomerates. Towards the top, the
fluviolacustrine sequence is interbedded by agglomerates with
volcanic lithics (Garca & Baldelln, 1997).
30
& Barrientos, 1967), which pertains to conglomerates and conglomerate sandstones, lavas, andesites, and basalts of c. 22 Ma.
Garca & Baldelln (1997) consider this unit as a facies change of
the Suri Pujio Formation.
West, in the area of the Ollage Volcano, over the rocks of the
Julaca Formation and separated by the Marquiri lavas (18 Ma),
accumulated braided river fluvial deposits, represented by the
conglomerates and sandstones of the Tomaquesa Formation
(Almendras et al., 1997). A tuff basal level gave an age of 16.7
1.0 Ma (Garca-Duarte, unpublished).
Both over Ordovician rocks and over the Rodrguez Formation, the
fluvial sequences of the Churaa Formation (Choque & Mamani,
1997) are laid out in unconformity. These sequences are made up
by conglomerates, downward fining and upward coarsening tuffaceous sandstones, interbedded with pumice agglomerate and dacitic
pumice flow levels (Garca & Baldelln, 1997). A basal tuff gave
an age of 13.9 0.5 Ma (Choque & Mamani, 1997).
31
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Among the volcanic bodies, standing out in this area of San Pedro
de Lpez Soniquera are the Torrelaire, Champini, and Tronchada
Lagunillas tuffs, as well as the Lozada tuffs and lavas. In the
Quetena area, tuff, lava, andesite, and dacite deposits and other
bodies develop in the Aguadita and Kastor volcanic centers, as well
as in the Capina Caldera (Pacheco et al., 1966). On top of these
large volcanic events, there are other bodies and large volcanic
centers defined by the Bolivian Geological and Mining Survey
(Sergeomin), whose inclusion in these pages would take up much
space. The description and nomenclature of the aforementioned
cand be found in the descriptions of the Sergeomin maps.
Sntesis estructural
Structural Synthesis
Las cuencas del norte y del centro del Altiplano estn relacionadas
con un sobreescurrimiento progresivo hacia el este del Macizo
precmbrico noraltiplnico (mediante la zona de falla de San
Andrs, con vergencia hacia el este).
- Las cuencas suraltiplnicas corresponden a una sucesin esteoeste de cuencas sobre bloques imbricados (Lpez, al este; Julaca,
al oeste). Las zonas positivas (horsts paleozoicos) que las separan,
son progresivamente erosionadas y sus productos resedimentados.
Pero, a veces, estas zonas positivas son fosilizadas (regin de
Pululus). Las discordancias sucesivas indican, al igual como en el
norte, la continuidad del acortamiento.
32
33
VOL. 18 (1-2)
Referencias
JUNIO 2000
References
CADIMA, J., 1975. Informe geolgico regional del rea de SevaruyoRo Mulato-Altiplano Central (Campaa 1972).- Informe interno
YPFB (GXG-2039), Oruro.
34
35
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
36
R.
de
de
de
37
Captulo 3
CORDILLERA ORIENTAL
EASTERN CORDILLERA
Introduccin
Introduction
Rocks from the Brazilian Cycle outcrop only in the Chapare region
(Limbo Group), NE from the city of Cochabamba, and in the Tarija
area, as an extension of the Brazilian facies of northeastern
Argentina.
39
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Estratigrafa
Stratigraphy
Ciclo Brasiliano
Brazilian Cycle
40
Ciclo Tacsariano
Tacsarian Cycle
41
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
In Bolivia and Argentina, three lithological units were distinguished. In Bolivia, in the headwaters of the Camacho River and at the
Rosario-Rejar profile, regions located to the west of Padcaya,
from base to top, the Camacho, Torohuayco and Sama formations
were distinguished. In Argentina they were grouped under the
name of Mesn Group.
The sequence ends with the whitish, pink and greenish quartzitic
sandstones of the Sama Formation (Ahlfeld & Branisa, 1960),
which have a more extensive area development than the preceding
units. This unit is well developed in the Yunchar and Tacsara
ridges; generally, it has a thickness exceeding 400 m. The presence
of Scolithos and other prints produced by worms constitute the only
evidence of biological activity in this unit.
42
SEGMENTO
ATOCHA
SEGMENTO MOCHARA
SEGMENTO YUNCHARA
EDAD
ATOCHA
JURCUMA
MOCHARA
TARAYA
CULPINA
TACSARA
ASHGILLIANO
CARADOCIANO
Tapial B
Tapial A
Kollpani
Angosto
Marquina
Jurcuma
LLANVIRNIANO
Pircancha
ARENIGIANO
Pircancha
Sella
Agua y Toro
HUNNEBERGIANO
Agua y Toro
Jaricas
Obispo
Obispo
Cieneguillas
Cieneguillas
Iscayachi
Iscayachi
Sama
Sama
Abra Negra
Taraya
TREMADOCIANO
CAMBRICO SUP.
Sama
Fig. 3.1 Correlacin estratigrfica de rocas del Ciclo Tacsariano en la Cordillera Oriental Sur
Stratigraphic correlation chart of theTacsarian Cycle rocks in the south of Eastern Cordillera.
43
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
In the central part, the Mochar Segment, two sequences have been
recognized: to the west, the Jurcuma Formationa, and to the east,
the Abra Negra, Agua y Toro and Pircancha formations, which
were deposited between the Hunnebergian and the Basal
Llanvirnian (Erdtmann & Surez, 1999). The Jurcuma and Abra
Negra formations have yet to be duly formalized.
44
ASHGILLIANO INF.
FORMACION SAN BENITO
CARADOCIANO
GRUPO
COCHABAMBA
LLANVIRNIANO
FORMACION ANZALDO
FORMACION CAPINOTA
FORMACION AVISPAS
BRASILIANO ?
GRUPO LIMBO
FORMACION PUTINTIRI
In the central part of the Eastern Cordillera, only the Middle and
Upper Ordovician rocks are exposed, pertaining to the
Cochabamba Group which, from base to top is made up by the
Capinota, Anzaldo and San Benito formations.
This groups oldest rocks are dark gray shale and silt from the
Capinota Formation (Rivas, 1971), the base of which is not visible
in the region. This unit was deposited during the Middle
Ordovician, in a deep shelf marine environment. The shale of
Capinota Formation has an extensive area development; the
fossiliferous rocks were deposited in relatively deep marine
environments, with a high sulphur content. Currently, when these
get diluted with rainwater, it causes the fertile soils of the
Cochabamba valley to become poor.
45
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
La unidad ms antigua de la regin, la Formacin Coroico (SurezSoruco, 1992), corresponde a una potente secuencia peltica
depositada en un ambiente marino de plataforma profunda, en una
cuenca de rift. Segn Santivaez et al. (1996), la Formacin
Coroico est constituda mayormente por lutitas negras, aflora
principalmente en el ncleo de amplias estructuras anticlinales. Sin
embargo, el rasgo caracterstico de estas rocas es la notoria
disminucin del tamao del grano de la base al tope, es decir, en la
base presenta areniscas de grano fino de color gris marrn con
laminacin horizontal y que pasan gradualmente hacia el tope a
lutitas negras carbonosas. En estos sedimentos se recolectaron
algunos trilobites, graptolitos y braquipodos que sugieren una
edad llanvirniana. El pase de la Formacin Coroico a la Formacin
Amutara es transicional por incremento de los bancos arenosos.
Ms al noroeste, entre Caranavi y Apolo, continan los afloramientos ordovcicos, mayormente en facies pelticas del
Ordovcico medio (Zona de Didymograptus murchisoni), aunque
conservando por sectores, en los niveles superiores, secuencias con
46
La Fase Oclyica
Ciclo Cordillerano
Cordilleran Cycle
47
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
the Cordillera Real fault zone and its extension into the city of
Sucre, and later to the south through the Tocloca fault. This sector
includes the Puerto Acosta-Escoma, Pennsula de Copacabana,
Sicasica-Beln, Huanuni-Chayanta, and Tica Tica basins, to the
SW of Potos. This sectors stratigraphic sequence is represented
by the Cancairi, Huanuni, Llallagua, Unca and Catavi formations,
for the Silurian, and the Vila Vila, Beln, Sicasica, Collpacucho
and Ambo Group formations, for the Devonian and Lower
Carboniferous.
C I C L O
C O R D I L L E R A N O
FAJA PLEGADA
DE HUARINA
FAJA ANDINASUBANDINA
GRUPO AMBO
SAIPURU
IQUIRI
COLLPACUCHO
LOS MONOS
SICASICA
HUAMAMPAMPA
BELEN
ICLA
VILA VILA
SANTA ROSA
CATAVI
TARABUCO
UNCIA
KIRUSILLAS
LLALLAGUA
???
HUANUNI
CANCAIRI
CANCAIRI
Fig. 3.3 Estratigrafa de los sedimentos del Ciclo Cordillerano en la Cordillera Oriental de Bolivia.
48
This basins main infill took place with material coming from the
erosion of the Ordovician and Brasilian rocks outcropping levels.
Denudated and accumulated in a deep basin, this material formed a
poorly bedded massive strata sequence, large fallen blocks, slipped
layers and abundant clasts of different materials and origins, which
make up the Cancairi Formation (Koeberling, 1919). These
diamictites develop completely unbedded massive bodies with
arenaceous bodies that slipped and got incorporated within these
sediments. This unit is settled in regional erosive unconformity
over Ordovician rocks of different ages, from Tremadocian and
Arenigian to the south, to Upper Ordovician rocks in the
Cochabamba region (Surez-Soruco, 1995). In the Independencia
InquisiviMilluni region, the diamictites rest upon the Caradocian
rocks. For an age analysis on this unit, reference to the nextmentioned should be made for the Cochabamba sector, which is the
only region of the country with diagnostic fossils. The major
thickness of this formation (upon the 1000 m) occurs in the Tica
Tica and Chayanta basins.
49
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
In the western sector, over the entire border of the Cordillera Real
(Yani Huayna Potos), the cordilleran rocks were subjected to a
dynamothermal metamorphic process, producing a metamorphic
aureole. This metamorphism affected the sediments of the Catavi,
Unca and Cancairi formations, and even the Ordovician rocks in
the region: the Coroico and Amutara formations (Prez-Guarachi,
1980). This set of rocks altered by metamorphism was called
Cordillera Real Slates by Kozlowski (1923).
50
51
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Faja Andina-Subandina
Andean-Subandean Belt
Both in the central and western sectors, the eastern border of the
Eastern Cordillera and Interandean displays a stratigraphic
arrangement similar to that of the western sector (Beln-Sicasica
basin). Although the rocks in this cycle are well exposed in the
entire Eastern Cordillera, the most complete Silurian rock outcrops
are distributed in the El Potrero-Tarabuco-Icla-Supaymayu area, in
de Department of Chuquisaca, and in the Cajas-Jarcas Yesera and
Angosto de Alarache region, in the Department of Tarija (Mendoza
& Surez-Soruco, 1981; Lpez-Pugliessi & Surez-Soruco, 1982).
In these departments, no Silurian rocks outcrop east of the 6415
meridian.
Just like in the rest of the basin, the Cordilleran Cycle starts in the
eastern sector with the Cancairi Formation (Koeberling, 1919).
The only difference is that the thicknesses are notoriously reduced,
with thicknesses ranging between 20 and 200 m, minimum values
when compared with the western sector (Tica Tica and Chayanta
basins of Huarina Fold Belt), which displays thicknesses exceeding
1000 m. In this sector, the Cancairi Formation is made up by
shallower shelf marine sediments. The predominant lithology
pertains to silty matrix diamictites, with abundant and relatively
uniform quartzitic sandstone rounded clasts in the central part, and
a greater variety if rocks, and clast diameters towards the south. In
this latter sector, there are also straited and faceted clasts,
indicating a relation with some alpine-type valley galciation to the
south (Crowell et al., 1980, 1981). In the central part, in turn, the
basin is shallower and displays development of carbonatic rocks in
the upper part (Sacta Limestone), of which the stratigraphic
relation is still being debated. The silts (Lampaya and Pojo),
limestones and limey sandstones (Tunari Cordillera) contain
abundant fauna of Llandoverian trilobites, corals, brachiopods, and
mollusks (Paraencrinurus boliviensis Zone) and the basal
Wenlockian Ozarcodina sagitta rhenana association (Ichoa-X1
well). In the La Cumbre section (road La Paz to Los Yungas), a
chitinozoan of the high part of the Middle Llandoverian was found
(Grahn et al., in press). This information aside, the age of the
Cancairi Formation is still under debate, since the chronological
position of some of the taxons is not clear enough (Surez Soruco
& Benedetto, 1996).
52
53
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
and then located at the top of the arenacous member together with
Clarkeia antisiensis.
54
Ciclo Subandino
Subandean Cycle
55
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Ciclo Andino I
Andean I Cycle
56
57
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Finally, the deposit ends in this basin sector with the Piami
Formation (Barrios, 1989), which is laid out in unconfromity over
the Ococoya Formation. This formation features downward coarsening clastic sediments. The predominatly arenaceous and slightly
crossbedded basal portion shif to towards the top to a fine material
portion. Therein, fine tabular sandstone levels with crossbedded
microlamination and rippled parts are interbedded. The lower
portion was deposited by braided rivers, whil the upper portion,
with predominantly pellitic material, the system could pertain to
meandering rivers. These sediments are equivalent to the
Tiahuanaco, Potoco, Camargo and Cayara Formations.
Ciclo Andino II
Andean II Cycle
58
Ciclo Andino I
Andean I Cycle
59
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Ciclo Andino II
Andean II Cycle
The sediments filling this foreland basin, along the western border
of the Eastern Cordillera, have been given different formation
names, depending on their geographic position. From north to
south, four formations are recognized, namely the Morochata,
Parotani, Bolivar and Mondragn formations. This Compendium
considers that all four formations are approximately synchronic,
and mark the initiation of the Andean II Cycle in this Eastern
Cordillera region.
60
Later on, in the western sector and during the terminal Miocene,
the eroded surfaces of both the Bolivar Formation and the whole
Paleozoic and Mesozoic sequence were covered by the ignimbrites
of the Morococala Formation (Ahlfeld & Branisa, 1960). This
formations volcanites make up ash flows that can be differentiated
in two cooling units: the first on has a rhyolite-andalucite composition (8.4 Ma), and the second one a rhyolite-cordierite composition
(6.8 Ma). These rocks pertain to three ingnimbritic emissions with
welded to unwelded ash flows (Pacheco et al., 1992, 1994; Garca
et al., 1993).
La Cuenca de Miraflores-Potos
Ciclo Andino I
Andean I Cycle
61
VOL. 18 (1-2)
FASES
TECTONICAS
AREA DE
ATOCHA
sector occidental
POST
JUNIO 2000
AREA DE
MIRAFLORES
sector central
AREA DE
CAMARGO
sector oriental
Cayara
Impora
Santa
RIFT
El
conglomerados
Luca
Molino
Chaunaca
Torotoro
Aroifilla
Miraflores
SYNRIFT
Tarapaya
La Puerta
B a s a m
e n t o
Pa l e o
z o i c o
Fig. 3.4 Estratigrafa de los sedimentos del Ciclo Andino I en la Cordillera Oriental.
62
63
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Ciclo Andino II
Andean II Cycle
The large discontinuity in the Andes occurs in the OligoceneMiocene limit, due to the formation of a complex volcanic arc in
Peruvian-Chilenian territory. During the Andean II Cycle, the sedimentation is closely linked to the Miocene volcanism, particularly
in centers such as Potos, Tupiza, Atocha, Uyuni and San Cristobal
(Wolter & Siebel, 1998). Most of the activity is located over the
large tectonic lineaments such as Uyuni-Khenyani.
64
65
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
66
Sntesis estructural
Structural Synthesis
67
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
towards the Chiquitos region; a second branch with N-S trend, from
Chapare to northern Argentina; and the third branch, with SE-NW
trend from Chapare to Peru, and which probably also affects
Equatorian territory. The extensional development of the N-S and
SE-NW fractures caused the formation of a wide rift, and the
consequent separation of the Arequipa-Huarina Microplate. The
opening of these fractures probably followed a rotational formation
order, according to the following clockwise order: Chiquitos Basin
(mainly Proterozoic), Tacsara Basin (opened at the end of the
Proterozoic), and Contaya Basin (in the Middle Ordovician)
[Erdtmann & Surez-Soruco, 1999].
During the Brazilian and Tacsarian cycles, the initially small basin
was infilled with clastic sediments and marine carbonates, which
were coarse and non-fossiliferous during the Cambrian, and
gradually became thinner during the Ordovician (facies with
graptolites). Starting with the Middle Ordovician, submarine flows
basic and ultramafic rocks were produced, and at the end of the
Ordovician, the injection of large plutonic bodies located in
northern Argentina produce the uplift of an ocloyic proto-range.
During the Cordilleran Cycle, the basin was considerably expanded,
although the facies are shallower.
68
Coincidentally, the latest data show that the most important Andean
folding stage occured around 20 Ma (late Oligocene Early
Miocene) (Hrail et al., 1994; Sempere et al., 1990). This action is
linked to the pacific plate motion.
Magmatismo
Magmatism
Paleozoico
Paleozoic
Mesozoico
Mesozoic
69
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Cenozoico
Cenozoic
70
Referencias
References
CROWELL, J. C., A. C. ROCHA-CAMPOS & R. SUAREZSORUCO, 1980. Silurian glaciation in central South America.Fifth International Gondwana Symposium (Wellington, New
Zealand) : 105-110, 4 text-figs.
CROWELL, J. C., R. SUAREZ-SORUCO & A. C. ROCHACAMPOS, 1981. The Silurian Cancairi (Zapla) formation of
Bolivia, Argentina and Peru.(in: Hambrey y Harland (eds)
Earth's pre-Pleistocene glacial record) Cambridge Univ. Press,
1004 p : 902-907.
71
SERGEOMIN - YPFB
DALENZ-FARJAT, A. & D. MERINO-RODO, 1994. Comportamiento asociativo y bioestratigrafa de la Formacin Copacabana
de los departamentos de Cochabamba y oeste de Santa Cruz.Memorias del XI Congreso Geolgico de Bolivia (Santa Cruz) :
186-198.
DIAZ-MARINEZ, E.
& A. DALENZ-FARJAT, 1995. La
Formacin Yaurichambi (Carbonfero superior): depsitos
siliclsticos costeros y fluvideltaicos de la base del Grupo
Titicaca de Bolivia.- Primer Encuentro de Geologa del Cono
Sur : 245 247.
GUMUCIO, C., 1967. Estudio geolgico de la regin de Colcha Cerro Grande - Bolivar, provs. de Arque, Cochabamba y N. de
Ibaez, Potos.- Tesis de Grado UMSA (# 98), La Paz.
72
73
SERGEOMIN - YPFB
OLLER-VERAMENDI, J., 1992. Cuadro cronoestratigrfico de
Bolivia.- Publicacin especial de YPFB-GXG, Santa Cruz,1992.
74
TURNER, J.C.M., 1960. Faunas graptolticas de Amrica del Sur.Revista de la Asociacin Geolgica Argentina, 14 (1-2) : 1-180.,
Buenos Aires.
ULRICH, A., 1892. Palaeozoische Versteinerungen aus Bolivien.Neues Jahrb.Min. Geol.u.Pal., 8 : 5-116, pls. 1-5, 2 figs.
SUAREZ-SORUCO, R., 1984. El Ciclo Cordillerano (Silrico Carbnico Inferior) en Bolivia y su relacin con paises limitrofes.Reunin del proyecto IGCP-193, Oaxtepec, Mexico (Archivo
YPFB-GXG-2871)
75
O
IN
ND
BA
SU
LLANURA BENIANA
CRATON
RT
O
N
DE
GUAPORE
CC
SF
CO
RD
I
LL
ER
A
A
AD
EG
PL
LP
AL
AN
NT
PA
JA
FA
CA
OR
IE
NT
AL
Cochabamba
Santa Cruz
DE
I
AR
HU
ALTIPLANO
K
FU
C H I L E
A
LLANURA CHQUE
Tarija
PIE DE MONTE
INTERANDINO
FS
CORDIL
LERA O
RIENTA
L
ALTIPLANO
SUBANDINO SUR
FAT
C FP
CA
NA
Potos
LLANU
RA CH
IQUIT
ANA
A R G E N T I N A
ABREVIACIONES
CFP: Cabalgamiento Frontal Principal, CANP: Cabalgamiento Andino Principal, CALP: Cabalgamiento Altiplnico Principal,
FUK : Falla Uyuni-Khenayani, FSV: Falla San Vicente
nea gruesa corresponde al lineamiento formado por el SFCR: Sistema
La l
de Fallas de la Cordillera Real y la FAT : Falla Aiquile-Tupiza,
que separa los terrenos Macizo de Arequipa- Huarina y Cratn de Guapor
76
Captulo 4
SIERRAS SUBANDINAS
SUBANDEAN BELT
Introduccin
Introduction
77
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Subandino Norte.-
North Subandean.-
Subandino Sur.-
South Subandean.-
Estratigrafa
Stratigraphy
Subandino Norte
North Subandean
Ciclo Tacsariano
Tacsarian Cycle
The Enadere Formation (Canedo-Reyes, 1960) is an approximately 250 m thick unit of deep shelf marine sediments, deposited
in a foreland basin. According to Oller (1984), most of the
sedimentites of the lower part correspond to fine grained, light gray
and greenish gray siltstones and sandstones, that are compact and
well bedded in centrimetric banks, and interbedded by thin levels
of black shale. The upper part is made up by hard, light to greenish
gray, fine grained, well bedded argillaceous sandstones. The
presence of worm tubes (Scolithos), flute casts (conical molds), and
groove casts (rectilinear grooves) is important. According to
78
The Tarene Formation (Canedo-Reyes, 1960) continues transitionally, corresponding to marine sediments, of shallow shelf as
well, but with a marked coastal influence. These sediments were
accumulated in a foreland basin. According to Beccar & Toledo
(1990), it is made up by quartzitic sandstones shifting to yellowish
gray to whitish gray quartzites, very hard and conspicuous, which
form monotonous successions in banks of up to 2.50 m with low
angle crossbedding and decametric lenticular geometry in generally
minor downward fining sequences. The formations deposit
environment was esentially that of a beach, a high infratidal to
supratidal area (shore dunes). As limit between the Tarene and
Tequeje formations, that is, between the Tacsarian and Cordilleran
Cycles, there is a paleosoil with ferrugoinous crusts.
Ciclo Cordillerano
Cordilleran Cycle
The Tequeje Formation (Canedo-Reyes, 1960) is a mostly argillaceous unit with a thickness of 700 to 900 m. In some sectors (such
as at the Undumo River), the formation starts with a thin
conglomerate level, followed by a pellitic sequence with some
calcareous interbedding. In the Enategua River influence area, at
the basal levels of the upper pellitic member, several levels of
syenite, gabbro and andesite layer-lodes have been detected (Oller,
1984). The discovered fossils include mainly brachiopods of the
Lower to Middle Devonian. This age was confirmed by
palynology.
79
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
El pase con la unidad superior, la Formacin Kaka (LpezMurillo, 1967), se ubica en la base de la primera diamictita de esta
ltima unidad. La Formacin Kaka representa una secuencia
marina de plataforma somera, con una marcada influencia
glacimarina y evidentes rasgos de resedimentacin. Al igual que las
anteriores unidades, estas rocas se depositaron en una cuenca de
antepas.
The passage with the upper unit, the Kaka Formation (LpezMurillo, 1967), is located at the base of the first diamictite of the
last unit. The Kaka Formation represents a shallow shelf marine
sequence, with marked glacimarine influence and evident resedimentation features. Just like the previous units, these rocks
deposited in a foreland basin.
80
Ciclo Subandino
Subandean Cycle
LAGO TITICACA
SUBANDINO
NORTE
Formacin Tiquina
ausente
Fm. Chutani
Fm. Bopi
Mbro. Collasuyo
TITICACA
Formacin Copacabana
Fm. Copacabana
Formacin Yaurichambi
Fig. 4.1 Cuadro de correlacin entre las unidades del Grupo Titicaca del Subandino Norte y Lago Titicaca.
Correlation chart among of the Titicaca Group units of the Northern Subandean and Lake Titicaca.
En relacin estratigrfica concordante, sobreyacen las areniscas de
la Formacin Bopi (Oller, 1984), que fueron depositadas en un
ambiente transicional deltaico y costero, con influencia elica y
fluvial, en cuenca de trasarco. Estos sedimentos, segn Oller
(1986), estn constituidos en la base por areniscas de grano fino,
con entrecruzamiento y ondulitas, intercaladas con delgados
81
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Ciclo Andino I
Andean I Cycle
In unconformity over the preceding unit overlies the Beu Formation (Schlagintweit, 1939), attributed to the Mesozoic. With these
sediments, an aeolian and fluvial continental regime begins in a rift
backarc basin. According to Beccar & Toledo (1990), it is made up
by basal conglomerates, and fine reddish brown silty sandstones,
with tangential crossbedding in several plays. Towards the top, the
crosbedding becomes more regular, and the grain diameter
increases. Environmentally, it is interpreted as a depositional cycle
of continental nature, which starts with fluvial deposits of moderate
to high energy; it later evolves into an aeolian dune environment
(desertic), with occasional fluvial events of little intensity. Close to
the top, it shifts gradually to an environment with greater hydric
influence, as shown by a change in climate from dry hot to humid
hot. This unit displays good indications of hydrocarbons, such as
fluorescence and oil impregnations, in the Tacuaral well.
This unit has been attributed to the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian), due to the presence of Gasteroclupea branisai remanents, just
like in the El Molino and the Cajones Formations of the Eastern
Cordillera and the South Subandean, respectively. The Eslabn and
Flora formations (calcareous sandstones and paleosoils) constitute
the facies equivalent to the El Molino Formation in the Eastern
Cordillera.
82
Ciclo Andino II
Andean II Cycle
83
VOL. 18 (1-2)
SUBANDINO
NORTE
Pleistoceno
Plioceno
Mioceno superior
JUNIO 2000
SUBANDINO
SUR
Fm. uapua
Fm. Tutumo
Fm. Emboroz
Fm. Charqui
Fm. Guandacay
Fm. Tariqua
Mioceno
Mioceno inferior
Oligoceno superior
Fm. Quendeque
Fm. Yecua
Fm. Bala
Fm. Petaca
Fig. 4.2 Cuadro de correlacin entre las unidades del Ciclo Andino II del Subandino Norte y Sur.
Correlation chart among Andean II Cycle units of Northern and Southern Subandean
Subandino Sur
South Subandean
Ciclo Tacsariano
Tacsarian Cycle
The oldest rocks in the northern sector of the South Subandean are
quartzitic sandstones attributed to the San Benito Formation
(Ahlfeld & Branisa, 1960). There is no doubt that this unit is
84
Ciclo Cordillerano
Cordilleran Cycle
La presencia de sedimentos del Devnico inferior est debidamente documentada en subsuelo, a grandes profundidades. Las
areniscas entrecruzadas de la Formacin Santa Rosa han sido
sealadas en algunos pozos. En el pozo Caigua 2-XII, por ejemplo,
fue registrada desde los 2088 m, hasta la profundidad final. Por la
profundidad a la que se encuentra, la materia orgnica contenida en
estos sedimentos se encuentra sobremadurada y genera solamente
hidrocarburos gaseosos. Las ms importantes reservas de gas del
pas provienen de estos sedimentos.
The basin gradually heaped up, and the shelf became shallower.
The coastal influence is noticeable due ot the presencee of plant
remanents. The sequence becomes more arenaceous, and the Iquiri
Formation (White, 1925) starts, defining a interbedding of
sandstones and pellites, where the former prevail. It is not easy to
define the top of the Los Monos Formation. The passage is gradual,
85
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Ciclo Subandino
Subandean Cycle
Deposited in a foreland basin, the Macharet basal turbiditic groupcomplex is made up by a submarine canal grid which cut and
intertwine with each other, following a general SE-NW slope and
filling a Subandean basin with detritus coming from both, the
western hercynic range and the Guapor Craton. The sedimentary
sequence is made up by cyclic events of conglomerates-sands and
clay-diamictite, which from base to top, they were differentiated as
the Tupambi, Itacuam-Tarija, Chorro and Taiguati formations.
86
GRUPO
MANDIYUTI
GRUPO
MACHARETI
Formacin Chorro
Formacin Itacuam / Tarija
Formacin Tupambi
Fig. 4.3 Cuadro estratigrfico de los grupos Macharet y Mandiyut (Carbonfero superior Prmico).
Stratigraphic chart of Macharet and Mandiyut groups (Upper Carboniferous Permian)
Just like that of the Cordilleran Cycle, this sequence was deposited
in a foreland basin. The scarce paleontological information
available prevents having an exact idea of the units age. YPFB
palynological determninations (Lobo, personal comm.) assigned a
Upper Namurian age to these rocks. Azcuy & Laffite (1981)
recognized two palynological associations (A and B); the lower
with Ancistrospora verrucosa, and the upper one with
Potonieisporites sp., assigning a Middle to Upper Carboniferous
age to them. Consequently, these sediments were assigned to the
Namurian to Westfalian. However, based on paleogeographical
reconstructions and stratigraphic correlations, some recent works
87
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
The Macharet Group ends with the deposit of shallow shelf marine
sediments of the Taiguati Formation (Harrington ,1922), which
reflect a marked glacimarine influence and evidence of resedimentation. It features a predominatly red lithology that stands
out with regards to the over- and underlying units. It is made up by
diamictites, whitish gray sandstone lenses, claystones and reddish
brown, well bedded, and finally laminated siltstones. There is
marine fauna of the Levipustula levi Zone present in the unit.
Other the the aforementioned brachiopod, the association is made
up mostly by mollusks including: Cypricardinia (?) boliviana,
Limipecten cf. L. burnettensis, Stutchburia sp., Myonia sp.,
Mourlonia balapucense, Leptodesma sp., Sanguinolites ? spp.,
Myalina sp., Vacuonella? sp., Naiadites cf. N. modiolaris and
Wilkingia cf. W. elliptica. a large portion of this fauna was found at
the greenish gray nodes and concretions, thus its marine origin
being reflected by the color. At the Paganzo Basin (Argentina), the
Levipustula levis is considered to the of Namurian-Westfalian age
(Andreis & Archangelsky, 1996). Nonetheless, in Australia, this
species age could be slightly older (Roberts et al., 1995).
88
The group ends with the San Telmo Formation (White, 1923),
which represents a shallow marine shelf with accented deltaic
influence and evidenc of re-sedimentation. Three characteristic
members were differentiated in this unit, which have not been
preserved all of the time due to the effects of the unconformity of
the Cangapi Formation sandstones. This subdivision refers to the
Yaguacua shale, Chimeo sandstones, and Caiguam diamictites.
GRUPO CUEVO
Formacin Vitiacua
Formacin Cangapi
Formacin San Telmo
89
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
The Ipaguazu Formation (Padula & Reyes, 1958) lies over the
previous unit, constituting a continental, fluvial and lacustrine
deposit of shale and marl, with interbedding of sandstones, gypsum
and halite. Lpez-Pugliessi (personal comm.) emphasizes the
presence of conglomeradic levels at the base, with limestone and
gypsum clasts of the previous formation. With that, he indicates a
unconforming relation with the Vitiacua limestones. The Ipaguazu
Formation was deposited in a narrow graben with NNW trend
(back-arc rift).
The Subandean Cycle ends with the San Diego Formation (LpezPugliessi, 1968). Also known as the Tea and Milk Sandstones,
this unit does not have regional distribution and is restricted to a
few localities in the South Subandean, particularly in the influence
area of the Tarija-Villamontes road. Its relative presence is due to
the subsequent erosive action. The Ipaguazu and San Diego
Formations were deposited during the Early Jurassic.
Ciclo Andino
Andean Cycle
90
Most authors assert that the Tacur Group (Mather, 1922) displays
two different sequences: South of Ro Grande, only the Tapecua,
Castelln and Ichoa formations are present, whereas, north of Ro
Grande the Ichoa and Yantata formations develop.
SECTOR CENTRAL
GRUPO
TACURU
SECTOR SUR
Formacin Cajones
ausente
Formacin Yantata
ausente
Formacin Ichoa
ausente
Formacin Castelln
ausente
Formacin Tapecua
v v Basalto de
Entre Ros v v
Fig. 4.5 Cuadro estratigrfico del Grupo Tacur (Jursico superior Cretcico inferior).
Stratigraphic chart of Tacur Group (Upper Jurassic Lower Cretaceous)
Las principales caractersticas sedimentolgicas de estas unidades
se resumen seguidamente. El Grupo Tacur se inicia con la
Formacin Tapecua (Lpez-Pugliessi, 1971), que representa a una
secuencia arenosa de ambiente fluvial y elico. Concordantemente
sobreyace la Formacin Castelln (Lpez-Pugliessi, 1971),
formada por areniscas tambin de un rgimen fluvial y depsitos de
tipo lacustre. En esta unidad estn presentes restos fsiles de
branquipodos (conchostrceos), ostrcodos y vertebrados. Pinto &
Sanguinetti (1987) estudiaron los ostrcodos recolectados en las
areniscas entrecruzadas de la Formacin Castelln en el Ro
Parapet. La fauna pertenece a las familias Limnocytheridae,
Cyprididae y Darwinulidae, que relacionada con otras formas
similares de Brasil y Gabn, permitieron asignarle una edad
cretcica inferior. Sin embargo no puede descartarse totalmente
que el depsito de esta unidad se hubiera iniciado a mediados o
fines del Jursico.
In unconforming relation over the above, overlie Ichoa Formations (Chamot et al., 1958) crossbedded yellowish sandstones of
fluvial and aeolian environment. South of Ro Grande, the
91
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Con esta unidad concluye la secuencia del Grupo Tacur al sur del
Ro Grande. En cambio, en el sector central marca el inicio esta
etapa de sedimentacin. A diferencia del sector sur, al norte del Ro
Grande, y hasta la latitud del Chapare, la Formacin Ichoa se
asienta con discordancia sobre rocas silricas, devnicas,
carbonferas y permo-trisicas. Esta unidad ha sido tradicionalmente considerada de edad cretcica superior, sin embargo
existe la tendencia actual de considerarla ms antigua, por
correlacin con eventos elicos jursicos del Brasil (Oller &
Sempere, 1990).
sequence of the Tacur Group ends with this unit. In the central
sector of Subandean Belt, on the other hand, it marks the beginning
of this stage of sedimentation. Contrary to the southern sector, the
Ichoa Formation settles in unconformity over Silurian, Devonian,
Carboniferous, and Permian-Triassic rocks, north of Ro Grande
and up to the latitude of Chapare. This unit has been traditionally
considered of Upper Cretaceous age; however, by correlation with
Jurassic aeolian events in Brazil, there is a current trend to consider
it as old as Brasil (Oller & Sempere, 1990).
Andean II Cicle
Ciclo Andino II
Discordante sobre lo anterior se inicia la sedimentacin negena en
una cuenca de antepas del Subandino. Inicialmente definido como
serie, y luego como formacin, el Grupo Chaco (Stebinger, 1920)
incluye y representa la mayor parte de la secuencia cenozoica del
subandino meridional (Oligoceno superior?Plioceno). En esta
unidad se agrupan las formaciones Petaca, Yecua, Tariqua y
Guandacay. La Formacin Emboroz suprayacente es excluida del
grupo por tener una relacin basal discordante, que refleja el inicio
de una cuenca diferente.
92
Formacin Emboroz
Formacin Guandacay
GRUPO CHACO
Formacin Tariqua
Formacin Yecua
Formacin Petaca
Formacin Cajones
Fig. 4.6 Cuadro estratigrfico del Grupo Chaco (Oligoceno superior Plioceno inferior).
Stratigraphic chart of Chaco Group (Upper Oligocene Lower Pliocene)
The clays and multicolor marls of the Yecua Formation (Padula &
Reyes, 1958) continue transitionally, representing an alluvial,
deltaic and coastal transitional environment, with a notorious
marine influence from the southeast. Among the fossils collected,
crab claws and cirripedia samples Balanus (?) sp. (Branisa, 1970),
as well as foraminifera (Ammonia beccarii ) of undebated marine
origin, were recovered. Its continental relation is undeniable due to
the lacustrine mollusk and ostracode fauna that developed in
swamps neighboring the coast, as well as to the presence of
vertebrates: fish, reptiles, and mammalian, such as the Middle
Miocene cf. Theosodon macrauchenid, collected at the Yapacan
River. The finding of the first fossil remanents of an electric eel,
Ellisella kirschbaumi (Gayet & Meunier, 1991; Marshall, et al.,
1993) is worth pointing out. On the basis of the total fossiliferous
content, the age assigned to this formation is Middle to Upper
Miocene.
The sequence continues transitionally with the thick pelliticarenaceous sequence of the Tariqua Formation (Ayaviri, 1964),
of up to 3000 m. Mostly argillaceous and silty, these sediments
were deposited during the highest Miocene or Lower Pliocene, in a
continental environment, under a fluviolacustrine regime.
Transicionalmente, con la presencia del primer banco conglomerdico, se inicia una unidad de mayor tamao de grano, con arenas,
conglomerados y niveles pelticos intercalados, que definen la
Formacin Guandacay (Ayaviri, 1964), posiblemente depositada
93
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Geoqumica
Geochemistry
The main oil source rocks in the North Subandean are PermianCarboniferous: the black shale of the Retama Group and particularly that of the Copacabana Formation, which presents high
organic content values. However, the generating importance of the
Paleozoic, and particularly Devonian formations can not be
dismissed. Other unit displaying hydrocarbon indications is the Beu
Formation.
Sntesis estructural
Structural Synthesis
94
Recursos Econmicos
Economic Resources
At some of the rivers of the Beni River basin, such as the Tequeje
and Maniqui rivers, there are alluvial gold beds resulting from the
erosion of Upper Miocene to Pliocene conglomerates (Tutumo
Formation) (Hrail et al., 1991). The presence of diamonds at the
95
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
On the other hand, the south Subandean has a better and relatively
stable road grid, which was developed simultaneously to the the oil
exploitation, and the consequent and simultaneous agricultural
activity. Other than the exploitation of non.mineral resources for
the construction industry, the main economic activity of the
southern Subandean Ranges, piedmont, and the adjacent plain is
the oil activity. The fodling and overthrusting of the Andean belt
made possible the formation of structural traps which served as
storage for hydrocarbons that have been exploited since the 20s.
In meridian trend chains, many parallel ranges were formed
during the Andean folding, from Argentina up to the Santa Cruz de
la Sierra latitude. These ranges coincide regularly with narrow
anticline structures separated by wide sinclines. When displaying
sags to the north and south, these anticlines form closed structures
tha make up excellent hydrocarbon accumulation traps. The fields
that have produced enough gas and oil during the last 70 years to
cover the countrys energy demands are well known. Fields such as
Bermejo, Sanandita. Monteagudo, Camiri, Colpa, Caranda, and
others, not only produced energy resources, but also generated the
development of towns and secondary economic activities in the
surrounding areas.
Referencias
References
AYAVIRI, A., 1964. Geologa Del rea de Tarija, entre Los ros
Pilaya - Pilcomayo y Ro Bermejo.- Informe interno YPFB
(GXG-996), 59 p., 17 adjs.
96
97
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
SUAREZ-RIGLOS, M. & A. DALENZ-FARJAT, 1993. Pteromorphia (Bivalvia) Noriano de la Formacin Vitiacua, del rea de
Villamontes (Tarija).- (in: R.Surez-Soruco (ed.) Fsiles y
Facies de Bolivia, Vol. II - Invertebrados y Paleobotnica).
Revista Tcnica de YPFB, 13/14 (1-4) : 155-160, Santa Cruz
diciembre,1993.
ULRICH, A., 1893. Palaeozoische Versteinerungen aus Bolivien.Neues Jahrb.Min. Geol.u.Pal., 8 : 5-116, pls. 1-5, 2 figs.
VAVRDOVA, M., J. BECK, P. DUFKA & P. E. ISAACSON, 1996.
Palynology of the Devonian (Lochkovian to Tournaisian)
sequence, Madre de Dios Basin, northern Bolivia.- Vestnk
Ceskho geologickho stavu, 71 (4) : 333-349, Praha.
98
99
100
Captulo 5
Introduccin
Introduction
101
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
like in the Madre de Dios region, in this unit, the wedging towards
the edge of the eastern basin and over the Proterozoic basement is
marked, and the Phanerozoic sedimentary sequences are
progressively interrupted.
In the last few years, the history of the abandoned riverbeds of the
regions main rivers has been under study, with the purpose of
interpreting the counterclockwise deviation related to the uplifting
of the cratons margin and the basins block tectonics (Dumont,
1994).
102
of
in
in
in
From the mineral resource point of view, the Madre de Dios basin
has particular economic interest due to the important indications of
hydrocarbon presence in arenaceous reservoirs of the Devonian and
Permian-Carboniferous, evident by means of three exploratory
drillings carried out in the Manuripi and Madre de Dios rivers.
Estratigrafa
Stratigraphy
The Pando Plain and the adjacent regions are almost entirely
covered by recent sediments pertaining to the flood plains produced
by the annual overflow of the southwestern rivers. In the cuts of the
gorges scoured by the main rivers, such as the Acre River in the
Brazilian border, Neogene and Quaternary sediments, with fossil
vertebrate remanents, can be observed.
Ciclo Brasiliano
Brazilian Cycle
103
C I C L O
E D A D
Cuaternario
Negeno
ANDINO
Pal. - Negeno
Cretcico
SUBANDINO
Permo Carbonfero
CORDILLERANO
Carbonfero inf.
a
Silrico sup.
Silrico ?
TACSARIANO
VOL. 18 (1-2)
BRASILIANO
JUNIO 2000
FORMACION
ESPESOR
(m)
CANDELARIA
COBIJA
QUENDEQUE
380
BALA
170
ESLABN
BEU
170 - 240
COPACABANA
YAURICHAMBI
142-296
47-89
TOREGUA
TOMACHI
TEQUEJE
S/N
290
510
220
3
NO DIFERENCIADAS
BASAMENTO
CRISTALINO
Ciclo Tacsariano
Tacsarian Cycle
Ciclo Cordillerano
Cordilleran Cycle
104
Fossil fragments of other cores from the Pando X-1 well, among
others the one located at 1501.52 meters deep (Tomachi
Formation), were sent to France by the author. As a result, the
presence of fish scales of actinopterigian palaeonisciforms was
established, and the poorly preserved print of a conodont (Janvier,
personal comm., 1991), which suggested a Famennian to Lower
Carboniferous age.
105
Lobo, 1991
Mobil, 1992
Prez-Leytn,
1993
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Intervalo (mbbp)
950 1100
1275 1340
1654 - 1654
Biozona
Verrucosisporites spp.
Retispora lepidophyta
Schizocystia saharica
Intervalo (mbbp)
1139 1157
1247 1425
1524 1751
1771 1882
1906 1916
Edad
Late Famennian-Early Tournaisian
Early-Middle Famennian
Givetian - Middle Famennian
Eifelian
Early to Early Middle Devonian
Intervalo (mbbp)
951 985
1009 1100
1167
1246 1347
1598 1935
Edad
Viseano
Tournaisiano superior
Fameniano (Struniano)
Fameniano
Gediniano a Emsiano inferior
Ciclo Subandino
Subandean Cycle
106
Recently, Mamet (1994) and Mamet & Isaacson (1997) studied the
calcareous algae, foraminiferids (endothyrids and fusulinids) of the
Copacabana Formation.
Ciclo Andino
Andean Cycle
For lack of more detailed areal geological research, the stratigraphic relation between the Cobija and the Quendeque formations
is unknown. It is likely that both formations have different
accumulation areas. The Cobija and Candelaria formations are
known mainly in the northwestern end (Cobija-Bolpebra), while
the Bala and Quendeque formations were investigated at the oil
107
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Carrasco (1986, p. 178) refiere que en estos sedimentos se encontraron las especies identificadas provisionalmente como: Clase
Osteichthyes: Subclase Osteoglosidae, Orden Chondrichthyes.
Clase Reptilia: Orden Cheloni, Fodicnemis sp. Clase Mammalia:
Orden Rodentia (dientes no determinados). Clase Aves fragmentos
indeterminados. Fsiles de plantas: Existen tallos silicificados sin
determinacin (retrabajados). Se debe anotar que varias de las
piezas fueron ubicadas en sedimentos recientes, no in situ."
Recursos Minerales
Mineral Resources
From the geological point of view, little research has been carried
out on the Madre de Dios Basin; therefore, its mineralogical
potential is unknown. The exploitation of non-metallic mineral is
108
Referencias
References
109
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
LEYTON, L. F., 1986. Estudio geolgico del Cuaternario Terciario. Ros - Manuripi - Orthon (Departamento de Pando).Informe interno GEOBOL, No.12a , La Paz.
LEYTON, F. & J. PACHECO, 1989. Geologa del CuaternarioTerciario aflorante en el Ro Madre de Dios (Deptos.: Pando-La
Paz-Beni).- Memoria del VIII Congreso Geolgico de Bolivia
(La Paz,1986), Tomo I : 328-352, La Paz.
SOLIS, R. & D. E. SANDERS, 1991. Pando-X1, Final well report.Informe interno Occidental Boliviana & Mobil Boliviana de
Petrleos, july-october 1991.
VARGAS-FLORES, C. & J. OLLER-VERAMENDI, 1977. Sntesis
geolgica de la Faja subandina del norte y la Llanura benianopandina.- Informe interno YPFB (GXG-2198), septiembre 1977.
110
Captulo 6
Introduccin
Introduccin
This chapter will consider the plains in the central and eastern
central part of the country; that is, those located south of the Beni
Plain, from the Ichoa River to the Chiquitos Ranges, forming a belt
that borders the Guapor Craton. Therefore, this region embraces
the area from the Chapare Boomerang plains to the chiquitano
ridges, comprising as well the adjacent Chiquitos Plain, which
continues southwards up to the border with Paraguay, thus being
separated from the Chaco Plain by the Alto de Izozog.
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Ciclo Brasiliano
Brazilian Cycle
The oldest of the Brazilian basins was filled by the rocks of the
Boqu Group (Mitchell et al., 1979). In a longitudinal cut presented
by Montemurro (1991a), the Boqu Group basin is divided in two
sectors by a Proterozoic height. The western sector (Boqu
Cahama) has the greatest area extension. On the other hand, located
next to the Brazilian border, the eastern sector is narrower.
At the basins western border are the San Francisco, Colmena and
Cahama formations. At the border limit, only the San Francisco
and Mutn Formations were distiguished.
112
GRUPO BOQUI
SECTOR BOQUI-CAHAMA
SECTOR MUTUN
Formacin Cahama
Formacin Colmena
Formacin San Francisco
Formacin Mutn
Formacin San Francisco
Fig. 6.1 Cuadro de correlacin del Grupo Boqu entre Boqu-Cahama y el Mutn.
Boqu Group correlation chart among Boqu-Cahama and the Mutn
In this sector, the Boqu Group ends with the sedimentites of the
Cahama Formation (Mitchell et al., 1979). This unit is made up by
greenish gray to brown diamictites, interbedded with a few
sandstone and siltstones levels, and represents submarine mud
flows. The idea of these being tillites, and therefore having a
glaciar origin was discarded (Litherland et al., 1986). At YPFB,
this unit was called Puttatoe Formation (Lpez et al., 1982).
113
SNIA. SUNSAS
Fm. Pesenema
Fm. Bocamina
Fm. Poror
Fm. Cuarr
VOL. 18 (1-2)
SNIA. SANTIAGO
JUNIO 2000
Fm. Pesenema
Fm. Piococa
Fm. Motac
Fm. Pesenema
Fm. Piococa
Fm. Motac
Fm. Poror
Fm. Poror
Fm. Pacobillo
Fig. 6.2 Cuadro de correlacin de rocas brasilianas entre las serranas de Sunss, Santiago y San Jos.
Correlation chart of the Brasilian rocks among the Sunss, Santiago and San Jos belts.
La posicin estratigrfica de las calizas de la Formacin Poror es
tema de discusin. Algunos autores (Lpez-Paulsen, 1982; Oller,
1987, 1992, entre otros) las ubican en el tope del Grupo Boqu.
Otros (Mitchell et al., 1979; Berrang & Litherland, 1982; Montemurro, 1991) las colocan en la base del Grupo Tucavaca. Los
criterios de las dos posiciones son vlidos. Como se indic anteriormente, este trabajo seguir la posicin de los estudios
realizados por el Proyecto Precmbrico. En ese entendido, el Grupo
Tucavaca se inicia con areniscas conglomerdicas (formaciones
Pacobillo o Cuarri), y contina con las calizas de la Formacin
Poror (Hess, 1959). Segn Mitchell, et. al. (1979), estas ltimas
calizas corresponden a micritas porcelanizadas, altamente
recristalizadas, depositadas en una plataforma carbonatada. Estas
calizas tienen, en la Serrana Santiago (lado sur del Valle
Tucavaca), un espesor entre 150 y 200 m, mientras que en la
Serrana Sunss (lado norte del valle), el espesor es menor a 60 m.
Esta formacin es el principal horizonte gua dentro del Grupo
Tucavaca. Segn Oller (1987), esta unidad tiene un importante
contenido de hidrocarburos lquidos (rellenando grietas y porosidad
secundaria), y constituy uno de los objetivos principales en la
perforacin del pozo Otuquis-X1 en la llanura chiquitana.
Finally, the Tucavaca Groups ends with the pellite deposit of the
Pesenema Formation (Hess, 1959). This unit is made up by
phyllites and fine grained light gray shale, interbedded with darker
strips of shale with less than 3 cm thick hard gray calcareous ribs
(OConnor et al., 1979).
Ciclo Cordillerano
Cordilleran Cycle
BARBOSA, 1949
Serie
Santiago
Fm. La Torre
Fm. Limoncito
Fm. El Carmen
Serie
Santiago
Fm. Limoncito
Fm. Robor
Fm. El Carmen
YPFB
Grupo
Santiago
Fm. Limoncito
Fm. Robor
Fm. El Carmen
Fig. 6.3 Cuadro de equivalencias estratigrficas del Grupo Santiago (Ciclo Cordillerano).
Stratigraphic equivalences of the Santiago Group (Cordilleran Cycle).
Las rocas del Ciclo Cordillerano en las Sierras Chiquitanas
representan el depsito de una secuencia marina de plataforma
somera en el borde estable de una cuenca de antepas. Las
formaciones inferiores El Carmen y Robor, reflejan adems una
marcada influencia costera y deltaica. Las secuencias cordilleranas
en este sector de la cuenca tienen faunas comunes a la Cuenca
Andina y a las de la Cuenca del Paran. El ciclo comienza en el
Llandoveriano ? (Formacin El Carmen) y concluye en el
Frasniano (Formacin Iquiri).
115
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
116
Ciclo Subandino
Subandean Cycle
Ciclo Andino
Andean Cycle
La nomenclatura de las areniscas jursicas tiene dos interpretaciones diferentes, la del grupo de trabajo del Proyecto
Precmbrico que considera al Grupo Portn dividido en las
formaciones Chochis y Tobit, y el criterio de los gelogos de
YPFB que nominan Grupo Chochis y lo dividen en las formaciones
El Portn y Tobit. El nombre de El Portn fue introducido por
Oliveira & Leonardos (1943), y Hess (1960) lo elev a la categora
de grupo. El trmino de Grupo Chochis fue propuesto por Pareja en
1971. Si bien en el Lxico Estratigrfico de Bolivia (Surez &
Daz, 1996) se sigui el ordenamiento de YPFB, por razones de
prioridad en este trabajo se efecta la enmienda y se utilizar la
categora de Hess.
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
118
Ciclo Tacsariano
Tacsarian Cycle
La cuenca ordovcica aparentemente no alcanz el sector ChapareBoomerang, as como tampoco est presente al este en las Sierras
Chiquitanas. Ocasionalmente se citan en subsuelo rocas de esta
edad, que posiblemente correspondan a la base del Silrico. Sin
embargo no se descarta que en algunos sectores los niveles
superiores de la secuencia tacsariana estn presentes.
Apparently, the Ordovician basin did not reach the ChapareBoomerang, and is absent to the east at the Chiquitos Ranges, as
well. Ocassionally, rocks this age have been quoted in the
subsurface, likely pertaining to the Silurians base. However, the
probability of there being upper levels of the Tacsarian sequence in
some sectors is not dismissed.
Ciclo Cordillerano
Cordilleran Cycle
119
FORMACION
VOL. 18 (1-2)
MIEMBRO
JUNIO 2000
ARENA
IQUIRI
LIMONCITO
Remanso
Montecristo
San Juan
Chapare
Yapacan
Arenisca No. 1
Arenisca No. 2
Arenisca Ayacucho
Arenisca No. 3
Arenisca No. 4
Arenisca Pira
Boomerang
(cuello peltico)
ROBOR
Ar. Sara
EL CARMEN
CANCAIRI / SACTA
Fig. 6.4 Cuadro estratigrfico de las unidades del Ciclo Cordillerano en la regin Chapare-Boomerang.
Stratigraphic chart of Cordilleran Cycle units in the Chapare-Boomerang region.
The rocks of the Iquiri Formation (White, 1925) are not always
present in the area. The Ichoa Formation sandstones generally lie
over the Limoncito Formation pellites. When present, the marine
shelf sediments of the Iquiri Formation, for instance at the San Juan
and Santa Rosa fields, correspond to arenaceous banks interbedded
by siltstones and claystones.
Subandean Cycle
Ciclo Subandino
121
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Ciclo Andino
Andean Cycle
In most of the areas oil fields, the Petaca Formation lies over the
Yantata Formation. In deeper sectors, that is, those that are the
farthest from the basins border, there are records of the deposit of
the calcareous sandstones of the Cajones Formation (Heald &
Mather, 1922). Atrributed to the Upper Cretaceous by correlation
with their likes in the Subandean and Eastern Cordillera, these
rocks were deposited in a deltaic environment.
122
Sntesis estructural
Structural Synthesis
Recursos Minerales
Mineral Resources
123
VOL. 18 (1-2)
Referencias
JUNIO 2000
References
BARBOSA, O., 1949. Contribuo a Geologa da Regio Brasil Bolivia.- Minerao e Metalurgia, 13 (77) : 271 - 278.
HAHN, G. & H.D.PFLUG, 1985. Die Cloudinidae n. fam., KalkRhren aus dem Vendium und Unter-Kambrium.Senckenbergiana lethaea, 65 (4/6) : 413-431, Frankfurt am
Main, 28.2.1985.
124
125
Captulo 7
Introduccin
Introduction
127
VOL. 18 (1-2)
CICLO
Ma
JUNIO 2000
EVENTOS TECTO-OROGENICOS
Orogenia Brasiliana
520
BRASILIANO
900
Orogenia Sunss
900
SUNSAS
1280
Orogenia San Ignacio
1280
SAN IGNACIO
1600
1600
TRANSAMAZONICO
2500
Fig. 7.1 Cuadro estratigrfico de los ciclos proterozoicos del Cratn de Guapor.
Stratigraphic chart of Proterozoic cycles in Guapor Cratn
Complejos:
In Bolivia, the rocks prior to the San Ignacio Orogeny are known as
the Metamorphic Basement. This basement is made up by all the
metamorphic complexes of the Transamazonic and San Ignacio
cycles.
128
this age only defines the metamorphis stage, the original rocks that
gave place to the granulites are undoubtedly older, possibly
belonging to the Archean (> 2500 Ma).
129
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Lying over the Lomas Manechis Complex, in the Las Petas San
Matas area, there is another metamorphic set which is equivalent
to the Chiquitana and Aventura complexes. This unit was called
Ro Fortuna Complex by Pitfield et al. (1979). It is a set of
metasediments and paragneisses that settle transitionally over the
rocks of the San Bartolo subgroup in the Lomas Manechis
Complex. The rocks of the San Ignacio Supergroup are absent in
this region, and the metamorphites of the Ro Fortuna Complex are
covered by the rocks of the Sunss Group. The Complexs highest
unit is the Ascensin Formation (Pitfield et al., 1979), which is
made up by genisses with metarkoses.
On the southern border of the Guapor Craton (the area of San Jos
de Chiquitos, Santo Corazn and Robor), the schists and gneisses
of the Aventura Complex (Aventura Group of Mitchell et al.,
1979) are present in conformity over the Lomas Manechis
Complex. This unit was initially placed in the San Ignacio Cycle
after the authors name taking into consideration that it is not only
made up by metasediments but also by orthogneisses, Curro et al.
(1997, in press) and Landvar et al. (1997, in press) assign it to the
Tranzamazonic Cycle and give it the category of Complex. During
the San Ignacio Orogeny, granitoid bodies were bedded in this
complex, and later, at the beginning of the Upper Proterozoic
(Sunss Orogeny), the complex was intruded by pegmatites, mafic
rock dikes, granites, and quartz veins. From the base to the top, the
Aventura Complex is divided into three units: the Patuj Domain,
the Cristal Sequence and the Baha Las Tojas Sequence.
130
Finally, the Baha Las Tojas Sequence (Baha Las Tojas Gneiss
Formation of Mitchell et al., 1979) is the low grade metasedimentary unit, pertaining to a facies of greenschist, light gray
micaceous quartzites, greenish gray meta-arenites and metaarkoses, with gradation relations among each other. This units
original environment was an offshore environment (Landvar et al.,
1997).
The units defined for the La Bella Group (Fletcher et al., 1979)
refer to the Porvenir Formation (Fletcher et al., 1979), made up by
mainly quartzitic arenaceous metasediments and calcic silicate
bands, derived from the dynamothermal metamorphism of the
argillaceous and dolomitic sediments. Fletcher (1979, p. 12)
suggests a transition of the metasamites to biotite granitic paragneisses. The Quiser Formation (Fletcher et al., 1979) follows,
represented by an alternated succession of muscovite, biotite and
amphibol schists. South of Estancia El Prado, this unit contains
marine environment ferrous silicate horizons. Finally, the Dolorida
Formation (Fletcher et al., 1979) is present. It is made up by semipellitic schists with plenty of quartz and muscovite, a minor portion
of biotite, garnet and staurolite, as well as graphitic schists and
calc-silicate rocks.
131
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Outcropping to the north and west of the craton, between 1600 and
1400 Ma, a metamorphic sequence developed in eastern Bolivia.
Rocks of the Supergroup are absent to the east, that is, in the areas
of Las Petas, San Matas, San Jos de Chiquitos, Santo Corazn
and Robor.
++ + +++++++
+ + OROGENIA + +
+ SAN IGNACIO +
+++++++++++
+++++++++++
SUPERGRUPO
SAN IGNACIO
Complejo Granitoide
Pensamiento
Tres Picos
Padre Eterno
San Cristobal
Piso Firme
Bella Vista
Fm. Bonanza
Fm. El Colorado
Fm. El Cerrito
Grupo Serrana
Martnez
Fig. 7.2 Cuadro estratigrfico del Ciclo San Ignacio (Cratn de Guapor).
Stratigraphic chart of San Ignacio Cycle (Guapor Craton)
132
133
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
In the Villazn area, later on took place the granitoid intrusions and
the dynamothermal effects of the Pensamiento Granitoid
Complex, of the San Ignacio Orogeny. The activity and effects of
the latter will be discussed as follows.
+ + Orogenia + +
+ San Ignacio + +
Supergrupo
San Ignacio
Grupo Dalriada
Grupo Primavera
Fig. 7.4 Cuadro estratigrfico del Ciclo San Ignacio (Cratn de Guapor).
Stratigraphic chart of San Ignacio Cycle (Guapor Craton)
A manera de megaxenolitos (roof pendants) dentro del Complejo
de granitoides Pensamiento, afloran los grupos Primavera y
Dalriada, que corresponden tambin a rocas sedimentarias,
volcanosedimentarias y metasedimentarias de bajo grado
metamrfico.
In the Concepcin, San Javier, and San Ramn area, lying over the
Chiquitana Complex is the San Ignacio Supergroup (Litherland et
al., 1979), to which the La Bella (described above) and Naranjal
groups were initially attributed. In view of the considerations
included at the end of the description of the Chiquitana Group,
only the Naranjal Group will be described in this section.
134
In the San Ramn area (Adameck et al., 1996), the Naranjal Group
has a slightly different composition. It is made up by nine units: a
basal quartzite (San Pablo Formation), followed by the banded
metatuffs of the Taporo Formation; a mafic tuffite-phyllite; felsic
volcanites; continuing with the black phyllites of the Santa Rosa
Formation; followed by the phyllites to mafic volcanites; quartzites
and rhyolites; mafic volcanites to phyllites; rhyolitic metavolcanites of the Guapom Formation, and ending with felsic
phyllites and tuffites.
Como conclusin del Ciclo San Ignacio, entre los 1400 y 1280 Ma,
se desarroll un importante evento gneo, que corresponde a la
primera orogenia documentada en Bolivia, caracterizada por el
emplazamiento e intrusin de cuerpos granitoides, complejos
granofricos y otras manifestaciones magmticas. Los ms importantes ejemplos de esta actividad intrusiva son los siguientes.
As an end to the San Ignacio Cycle, between 1400 and 1280 Ma, an
important igneous event took place, corresponding to the first
orogeny documented in Bolivia. It features the bedding and
intrusion of granitoid bodies, granophyric complexes, and other
magmatic manifestations. The most important examples of this
intrusive activity are the following:
135
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
the early stage is the Can Colina Granite. As example for the late
stage, the plutons of the San Rafael and Espritu Metagranite, and
the anatectic granites of Motacucito and Santa Catalina can be
quoted.
In the San Jos San Diablo area, the Colmena, Tauca, Ataito, and
San Pablo granitoids, as well as small mafic intrusions are
attributed to this orogeny (Landvar et al., in press).
Just like the previous cycle, this cycle is separated into two large
events: the nature of the first event is sedimentary, and orogenic in
the case of the second one. The rocks of the first event were
deposited by the rivers coming from the north, on a peneplanated
surface of the San Ignacio Orogen. At the end of the cycle
(between 1000 and 900 Ma), the second event caused the
emplacement of granitoids and other igneous rocks, as well as
alterations brought on by metamorphism.
136
The first event in this cycle, which occurred between 1280 and
1000 Ma, is represented mainly by the sedimentary sequences that
belong to the Huanchaca, Sunss, Vibosi and Tajibos groups.
The basal unit, the Arco Iris Formation (Litherland et al., 1982), is
made up by sandstones with conglomerate and shale interbedding;
the Buena Vista Formation (Litherland et al., 1982) is made up by
sandstones with tabular-plane crossbedding; and the Cuatro
Carpas Formation (Litherland et al., 1982), by quartzites
interbedded by thin conglomerate levels. Finally, the Huanchaca
Group ends with the Ro Verde Formation (Litherland et al., 1982)
which represents a shale and quartzite alternation.
The Sunss Group (Oviedo & Justiniano, 1967) was defined in the
range of the same name. The Sunss Group is made up by
quartzites, sandstones, shale and oligomictic quartz conglomerates,
1000 to 6000 m thick, which deposited by the mature rivers
flowing south after the peneplanation of the San Ignacio Orogen.
In the Concepcin, San Javier and San Ramn area, from base to
top, the Sunss Group is made up by the following units: the
Cachuela Formation (Lpez & Bernasconi, 1989), a metasedimentary unit with interbedded volcanoclastic horizons towards the
top of the sequence; over the preceding unit, the Tusequis
Formation (Matos & Jacobs, 1994), is a clastic sequence at the
base, and volcanosedimentary at the top, made up by basal
conglomerate, sandstones and lavas. The Sunss Group sequence
continues with the Los Tajibos Succession (Hess, 1960), made up
by the Zapocoz, Laguna and Len formations. Adameck et al.
(1996) prefer to call these rocks by the informal name of Los
Tajibos Succession. The basal unit, the Zapocoz Formation
(Fletcher et al, 1979), is made up by metaconglomerates, and
quartzitic and arkosic sandstones. The Laguna Formation (Fletcher
et al, 1979) is made up by micaceous and graphitic schists, and
finally, the Len Formation (Fletcher et al, 1979), by micaceous
quartzites, meta-arkoses and quartz-micaceous schists.
137
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
In the Las Petas San Matas region, the Sunss Group has the
following configuration (from base to top): the El Puquo
Formation (Pitfield et al., 1979), the El Elucin Formation
(Pitfield et al., 1979), and over the above, the Cabecera Formation
(Pitfield et al., 1979). In the area, this cycle ends with the rocks of
the El Encanto Succession.
In the San Jos de Chiquitos, Santo Corazn and Robor area, from
base to top, the Sunss Group is made up by the Guapama
Formation (Mitchell et al., 1979), of oligomictic conglomerates
with a silty and schistose matrix; the Tacuaral Formation (Curro et
al., 1995), of arenacous, biotitic schists with thin meta-sandstone
and black phyllite interbedding; the Peasco Formation (Curro et
al., 1995), of fine grained light gray quartzites and metasandstones; and the Guanaco Formation (Curro et al., 1995), of
phyllites with abundant garnet and muscovite.
Orogenia Sunss
Casi al final del ciclo, hacia los 1000 Ma, tiene lugar un nuevo
evento gneo que contina hasta los 900 Ma aproximadamente.
Corresponde a la Orogenia Sunss, que emplaza nuevos cuerpos
intrusivos, que modifica y altera las rocas previas. Con este evento
orognico concluye el Ciclo Sunss. Este proceso gneo produjo el
emplazamiento de granitoides como los complejos de Rincn del
Tigre, Chaquipoc, Guapasal, Paqui, Tarechi, Nomoca, Santa
Teresita, Manantial, El Cedro, y otros grandes cuerpos
magmticos.
Almost at the end of the cycle, towards 1000 Ma, a new igneous
event took place, running approximately into 900 Ma. This refers
to the Sunss Orogeny, which emplace new intrusive bodies
modifying and altering the previous rocks. The Sunss Cycle ends
with this orogenic event. This igneous process produced the
emplacement of granitoids such as the Rincn del Tigre,
Chaquipoc, Guapasal, Paqui, Tarechi, Nomoca, Santa Teresita,
Manantial, El Cedro and other large magmatic bodies.
It would take an entire monograph to describe of all these complexes of igneous rocks, gabbros, diorites, granites, granodiorites,
pegmatite dikes, and quartz veins. As an example and to illustrate
the event, this section will focus only on the best known of them,
the Rincn del Tigre Igneous Complex (Webb et al., 1976), which
refers to a 62 km long and 26 km wide structure, with soft NW-SE
trend folding, and a thickness exceeding 3000 m. The intrusion is
not metamorphized, and from base to top, the sequence is made up
by dunite, bronzite, norite, tholeitic gabbro and granophyd. After
Annels et al. (1981): The igneous textures indicate that the
ultramafic and mafic areas have been differentiated by crystal
settleing processes, after several injections of basic magma. The
granophyd is believed to have formed by the melting of the upper
part or roof of the arkosic rocks, and the ensuing minor hybridation
by gabbric liquids. Over the granophyd, the rocks have suffered a
remarkable contact metamorphism.
138
Estos sedimentos estn constituidos principalmente por conglomerados, diamictitas, areniscas arcsicas, y rocas pelticas y
carbonticas.
These sediments are made up mainly by conglomerates, diamictites, arkosic sandstones, and pellitic and cabonatic rocks.
CICLO
GRUPO
-
BRASILIANO
Tucavaca
Boqu
FORMACION
Murcilago
Pesenema
Bocamina
Poror
Cuarr
Piococa
Motac
Pacobillo
Cahama
Colmena
San Francisco
139
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
The Brazilian Cycle continues with the deposit of a nonfossiliferous marine sedimentary sequence, formed at the base by
carbonatic rocks; it is coarsely clastic in the middle portion, and
mainly pellitic in the upper part. This sequence was clustered by
Hess (1959) under the name of Tucavaca Group. With preferably
WNW trend, this set is laid out in unconformity over both, the
gneissic basement and the conglomerates of the Boqu Group. In
the San Jos de Chiquitos San Diablo area, the Poror, Piococa
and Pesenema formations were differentiated, while in the Santo
Corazn Los Tajibos area, only the last two formations are
recognized.
Finally, the Tucavaca Group sequence ends with a pellitic unit, the
Pesenema Formation (Hess, 1960), made up mainly by banded
fissil shale and mudstones. These fine sediments are interbedded by
some arkosic sandstone lenses and conglomerates.
140
Brazilian Orogeny
Recursos minerales
Mineral Resources
According to the legend in the Geological Map of the PreCambrian Project Area (1976-83): The oldest occurrence shown
in the map is a graphitic horizon in the San Ignacio Schist Belt.
Gold concentrated in the quartz veins, intruding into the schist belts
during the San Ignacio Orogeny. Small scale mining of secondary
concentrations in a Quaternary alluvium took place. There are rich
manganese veins in the San Simn Ridge. Within the Orogens
boundaries, there is columbite-tantalite, berylium, and large
muscovite plates in some of the pegmatites that intruded into the
schists of the San Ignacio Supergroup during the Sunss Orogeny.
In them, the subsequent meteorization produced substantial kaolin
reserves. In the Ascencin de Guarayos area, there is cassiterite
and derived alluvial deposits in these same pegmatites. During the
same orogeny, magnetite-cupriferous gabbro bands, traceable for
over 10 km and containing bornite and calcosine were formed in
the Rincn del Tigre Complex. In the Brazilian Cycle, manganese
iron stratiform bodies developed in the Boqu Group, and high
quality amethist/citrine deposits were produced in silicification
areas along the major faults that shear the Murcilago (Formation).
The little cupriferous mineralization near the unconformity of the
Tucavaca Group in the San Jos surroundings, has been
temporarily assigned to this cycle. The Mesozoic Carbonatic
Complex of Manom Hill contains concentrations of uranium,
thorium, rare earth, niobium, and phosphates, while the manganese
mineralization takes place in a siliceous lode in the Huanchaca
Range. Tertiary erosion cycles produced secondary concentrations
of nickel over the ultramafic rocks of the Rincn del Tigre
Complex. The map does not show the occurrences of ferruginous
bauxite, chromite, pyrope-type garnet with kimberlitic affinity, the
concentations of garnet, cyanite, sillimanite, staurolite, feldspar and
quartz, and the aggregate ballast resources, construction rocks,
ornamental and sharpening rocks, clay, limestone, sand and
gravel.
Referencias
References
AHLFELD, F., 1946. Geologa de Bolivia.- Revista del Museo de
La Plata, 3 : 5 - 370.
141
VOL. 18 (1-2)
Geologa de Bolivia.-
JUNIO 2000
ALMEIDA, F. F. M. de, 1945. Geologa do Sudoeste Matogrossense.- Min. Agr. Depto. Nac. Prod. Min., 116, Rio de
Janeiro.
ERICSON, E. K. & E. RODRIGUEZ., 1957. Chiquitos reconnaissance.- Informe interno BOGOC (GR-01.12).
ERICSON, E. K. & A. CALDAS., 1957. Geological reconnaissance of the Guarayos Area of the Brasilian Shield.- Informe
interno BOGOC (GR-01.08).
AVILA-SALINAS, W., 1991. Investigacin petrolgica y geoqumica de un metabasalto komattico de la regin de San Javier
(Provincia uflo de Chavez, Santa Cruz).- Boletn de la
Sociedad Geolgica Boliviana, 26 : 57-82, La Paz.
BARBOSA, O., 1949. Contribuo a Geologa da Regio Brasil Bolivia.- Minerao e Metalurgia, 13 (77) : 271 - 278.
142
HAHN, G. & H. D.PFLUG, 1985. Die Cloudinidae n. fam., KalkRhren aus dem Vendium und Unter-Kambrium.Senckenbergiana lethaea, 65 (4/6) : 413-431, Frankfurt am
Main, 28.2.1985.
LISBOA, M. A., 1909. Oeste de Sao Paulo, Sud de Mato Grosso.Rio de Janeiro.
143
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
PAREJA, J., 1975. Discordancias en el extremo oriente de Bolivia.Revista Tcnica de YPFB., 4 (3) : 845 -855.
144
por / by
Captulo 8
POTENCIAL DE HIDROCARBUROS
HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL
Carlos Oviedo Gmez (1) & Ricardo Morales Lavadenz (2)
Introduccin
Introduction
This chapter is a succint compilation of data resulting from unpublished YPFB reports and other papers published by YPFB and
other companies. A list of such works is included at the end of this
chapter.
On the basis of the Davenport Code, the new Oil Code (1956)
opened the doors to foreign investment. This was a period of great
production, mostly by Bolivian Gulf Oil; however, it ends with the
nationalization of the above company (1969), with prior annulment
of the 1968 Oil Code.
---------(1)
(2)
145
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
These facts marked a new stage in the oil history, with an initial
hegemony by YPFB for some years. This situation ends with the
promulgation of a new Hydrocarbon Law (1972), which promotes
the entry into the country of oil companies such as Union Oil,
Occidental, Phillips, Lone Star, etc. With the Capitalization Decree
(1997), YPFB turns into an inspection and control entity,
transfering the exploration and production areas to private
enterprises.
The production of hydrocarbons was conditioned by the international market of natural gas. The variations among 1997 and 1999 are
the following (YPFB-VPNC,2000):
PRODUCCION
1997
1998
1999
32.625
37.799
32.460
517,1
519,5
484,1
RESERVAS DE PETROLEO/CONDENSADO
(Millones de barriles)
1997
PROBADAS (P1)
PROBABLES (P2)
P1 + P2
POSIBLES
(P3)
P1 + P2 + P3
1998
1999
2000
116
142
152
397
85
75
89
295
201
217
241
692
110
44
97
345
311
260
337
1037
1998
1999
2000
PROBADAS (P1)
3.75
4.16
5.28
18.31
PROBABLES (P2)
1.94
2.46
3.30
13.90
P1 + P2
5.69
6.62
8.58
32.21
POSIBLES (P3)
4.13
3.17
5.47
17.61
P1 + P2 + P3
9.82
9.79
14.05
49.82
146
Areas de Exploracin
Exploratory Plays
Esta rea se encuentra ubicada al norte del pas (Fig. 8.1), coincide
con la provincia geolgica del mismo nombre y la cuenca de
antepas Madre de Dios que es la prolongacin oriental de su
homloga peruana. En su sector sur, est separada del rea
exploratoria Beni, por el Alto de Madidi. Su acceso es posible por
va area (aeropuerto de Puerto Amrica), o a travs de los ros
Madre de Dios, Abun y Orton. Comprende una superficie
aproximada de 61.000 km2.
This area is to the north of the country (Fig. 8.1). It coincides with
the geological unit of the same name and with the Madre de Dios
foreland basin, which is the eastern extension of its homologue in
Peru. In the southern sector, it is separated from the Beni play by
the Madidi Height. Access is possible by air (Puerto Amrica
airport), or by the Madre de Dios, Abun and Orton rivers. It
comprises a surface area of approximately 61,000 km2.
147
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Area Beni
Beni Play
This areas representative stratigraphic sequence displays maximum development in the foredeep region adjacent to the North
Subandean, where an almost complete Ordovician - Neogene
sequence is expected. The area distribution of such can be observed
in the maps in Figures 8.4 through 8.9. This sequence is wedged by
overlapping over the basement tilted to the west, and by erosion at
different levels.
148
Area Chaco
Chaco Play
With 119,000 km2, this is the exploratory play with the largest
extension (Fig. 8.1). It is located southeast, in a plain covered by
washout material with low Neogene and Quaternary sand hills.
The Baados de Izozog swampy area is located in this region. It is
located in the central part, and presents two fluvial drainage
systems that belong to the Amazon and del Plata hydrographic
basins. There is good access in the region, both by air and train, as
well as by numerous secondary roads.
From the structural point of view, the Chaco Plain can be divided
into two areas, separated by the Izozog Height. The first area, to
the north, displays large structures of low amplitude and NW_SE
orientation. They were probably generated by the jostling of PreAndean basement faults and by the Jurassic-Neogene uplift of the
Izozog Height. Four of these structures are open fields. On the
basis of seismostratigarphic studies, interest areas for stratigraphic
trap prospecting have been located in the area. This area comprises
the Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Late Paleogene and Neogene systems that are wedged
against the Guapor Craton by both, overlapping and erosion at
different levels.
149
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
In the area, private companies have carried out some seismic works
on the ridges. Several surface geological prospecting works have
also been carried out by both YPFB and private companies. To
date, five structures have been bored unsuccessfully.
150
Ubicada al sur del pas (Fig. 8.1), con una extensin de 75.000 km2,
coincide con gran parte del sector sur de la provincia geolgica
subandina, su limite oriental con el rea Pie de Monte es de
carcter tectnico y morfolgico. El acceso a esta regin es posible
por va frrea, area, y terrestre con caminos principales y
secundarios. El drenaje est controlado por los flancos de las
serranas y los valles sinclinales norte-sur, como tambin por ros
principales de carcter antecedente como los ros Grande, Parapet,
Pilcomayo y Bermejo.
Morphologically, this exploratory play corresponds to the Subandean ranges formed by a series of north-south parallel chains, with
elevations ranging between 1000 and 2000 m, which are related to
elongated assymetrical folds generated by the Andean orogeny,
within a classical range fold-thrust belt. From west to east, the
sinclines shift from very compressed to little compressed. The ages
vary successively in the same direction, from the Middle Miocene
to the Pliocene.
151
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Piedmont Play
Ubicada al sur del pas (Fig. 8.1), con una extensin de 33.000 km2,
corresponde en gran parte a la faja oriental del sector sur de la
provincia Subandina. Esta rea exploratoria en su parte norte (rea
Santa Cruz-Boomerang) inflexiona hacia el noroeste, extendindose hasta las cercanas de Villa Tunari. Se trata de una faja
relativamente delgada, de 30 a 60 km de ancho, cuyos limites
oriental y occidental con las reas Subandino Sur y Chaco,
respectivamente, son de carcter tectnico y morfolgico.
Due to its economic importance, this area has been subject of much
geological, geophysical and geochemical prespecting. From the
point of view of exploratory activity, it is considered as a mature
area, containing the largest number of open fields.
Limiting with the Beni play, the northern area is known as the
Boomerang area. Its feature is being a transference area of the last
Andean deformation front, where fault traps prevail mainly in the
central sector, which pertains to the Santa Rosa Hills or Boomerang
Hills. These hills structures are aligned in the shape of an arc.
Other distinguishing feature is the presence of Silurian reservoirs,
other than the reservoirs present in the aforementioned systems.
152
Area Altiplano
Altiplano Play
Since 1960, both YPFB and private companies carried out a great
deal of exploratory activity related to the geology, geophysics,
geochemistry, and exploratory perforation. The latter refers to eight
scattered perforations in the whole region, which provided valuable
information to make a better evaluation of the regions hydrocarbon system parameters. There are also conventional aereal
photographs and satellite images.
153
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
En toda el rea, para la secuencia continental y marina jursicacretcica-paleocena, se define un modelo tectono-estratigrfico
complejo, con el desarrollo de sistemas de rifts emplazados sobre
fallas antiguas extensionales o de cizalla (Fig. 8.11). En el limite
oriental del Altiplano, est ubicado el "Alto Tectnico de OruroCarata", de rumbo NNW-SSE, que separa el rift altiplnico del rift
cordillerano de Maragua. La distribucin areal de todas las secuencias estratigrficas mencionadas pueden observarse en los mapas
correspondientes a las figuras 8.4 a 8.9.
Area Pantanal
Pantanal Play
154
Referencias
References
155
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
156
157
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
158
159
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
160
161
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
162
163
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
164
165
VOL. 18 (1-2)
166
1) Santa Luca, 2) El Molino, 3) Chaunaca, 4) Aroifilla, 5) Miraflores, 6) Tarapaya, 7) Sucre, 8) Ravelo, 9) Torotoro, 10) La Puerta, 11) Condo, 12 Yura.
(Fuente: Meneley Enterprices Ttd.)
Captulo 9
167
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
ESCUDO PRECAMBRICO
PRE-CAMBRIAN SHIELD
168
169
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
the same time, most productive was the San Ignacio orogenesis era
(approx. 1400-1280 Ma), with an intense tectonic metamorphic and
magmatic activity which gave place to the San Ignacio of San
Simn lodes and saddle reefs, syn- to late kynematic, of mesothermal gold, and subsidiarily, of epithermal manganese epizonal
schists (Pitfield 1983, Litherland et al. 1986).
170
Falla / Fault
Postulado
Postulated
??
Observado
Observed
Postulado
Postulated
Po
Po>Sph
Au-Ag-Apy-Po
Sph>Po
Py
Po>Sph
Au-Cpy
Po-Py
Filita negra
Black phyllite
Apy
Arsenopirita
Arsenopyrite
Cpy
Calcopirita
Chalcopyrite
Po
Formacin ferrfera bandeada
Banded iron formation
Py
Chert exhalativo
Exhalative chert
Sph
Oro en venillas
Stringer gold
Silicificacin
Silicification
Riolita, riodacita
Rhyolite, rhyodacite
Pirrotina
Pyrrhotite
Pirita
Pyrite
Esfalerita
Sphalerite
Argilita clortica
Chloritic argillite
Fig. 9.2 Modelo metalognico del yacimiento de oro sedex de Puquio Norte (segn Adamek et al. 1996) /
Metallogenic model for the Puquio Norte sedex gold deposit (after Adamek et al. 1996)
171
VOL. 18 (1-2)
??
JUNIO 2000
Five are the significant metallic concentration eras that have shaped
the current appearance of this belt. The first and of greater current
interest for mining prospecting is the initial superimposed
sedimentation stage (1600 (?)1350 Ma) of the San Ignacio MesoProterozoic cycle, which, as mentioned above, was accompanied
by volcanic and metallotect exhalative activity, which, during the
last few years was already detected or inferred in a series of San
Ignacio schist belts making up said belt. Thus, Adamek et al.
(1996) have been able to identify a genuine volcanosedimentary
sequence (Naranjal Group) in the weakly metamorphized uflo de
Chvez belt. This sequence possibly has a riftal ensialic origin with
a predominantly basic bimodal volcanism; a meta BIF in this
sequence harbors the sedex gold bed of North Puquio (fig. 9.2),
suggestively nowadays the first bed in the Bolivian shield to be
exploited at industrial scale. More recently, an important massive
copper and gold sulphur bed, namely the Miguela bed, has been
discovered within a volcanosedimentary stack comparable,
although more proximal and acidic, to the neighboring Guarayos
schist belt. Lately, other gold deposits of the previous types were
programmed to be explored at the uflo de Chvez belt. If we
assume a similar volcanosedimentary genesis, which is very
plausible, for the protolith (in part calcic and carbonated) of the
strata-related, equally copper and gold-bearing Don Mario bed in
the southern Cristal schist belt (Heuschmidt & Miranda-Martnez
1995), it is evident that all the vulcanogenic syngenetic mineralizations recognized to date in the shield, are closely linked to the main
SW arc of the San Ignacio Supergroup schist belt. Precisely such
arc makes up the trunk metallotect of the Sunsas mineralized belt.
This means that, if these still isolated stratiform to strata-related Au
and Cu findings were to be complemented with other findings
within the other belts (Huachi, Las Abejas, Salvatierra, El Puente,
Zapoco, Nocemano, San Ignacio, San Diablo, Los Huasos) in the
same arc, such metallogenic province would become the first
metalliferous volcanosedimentary belt seen in Bolivia, and
therefore, without a doubt not only in the priority prospective area
of the Precambrian craton, but also in one of the main prospective
areas in the whole country.
Sucediendo a esta fase de sedimentacin bajo rgimen probablemente distensivo, la orognesis San Ignacio, cuyos efectos fueron
algo atenuados en la faja geotectnicamente marginal de Sunsas,
no removiliz sino en pequea escala la mineralizacin singentica
precedente, dando solamente origen a vetas menores y espordicas
de cuarzo aurfero cual aquellas del distrito de San Ramn,
producidas por secrecin sintectnica precoz del oro sedimentarioexhalativo del Grupo Naranjal (Bennett 1986, Litherland et al.
1986).
172
173
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Por ltimo, hacia el fin del ciclo orognico Sunsas, la intrusin del
Complejo Igneo bandeado Rincn del Tigre, megasill plegado de
hasta aproximadamente 5000 m de espesor diferenciado en
trminos ultramficos, mficos y flsicos de base a tope, trajo
consigo el preenriquecimiento en Ni y otros metales sider o
calcfilos de las dunitas serpentinizadas que componen la mayor
parte de su unidad inferior ultramfica, unidad cuya potencia
alcanza a su vez ms de la mitad de aquella total del sill (Annells &
Burton 1984).
Finally, towards the end of the Sunsas orogenic cycle, the intrusion
of the banded Rincn del Tigre Igneous Complex, a folded
megasill of a thickness up to approximately 5000 m, and differentiated from base to top in ultramafic, mafic and felsic terms,
brought along the enrichment in Ni and other siderophylous or
calcophylous metals of the serpentinized dunites that make up most
of the lower ultramafic unit, the power of which reaches more than
a half of that of the total sill (Annells & Burton 1984).
More recently, the Rincn del Tigre Complex was the only Sunsas
polymetallic belt district in which the waste reconcentration of the
primary mineralizations by the Tertiary post-epirogenic lateritization cycles played a determining economic role (cf. Cerro Peln).
Here, the peneplanated and lateritized surfaces of Cerro Peln are
metallotect, being of Oligocene or Miocene age, and further below,
the San Ignacio surfaces, of Neomiocene age and equivalent to the
Velhas de Brasil Surface. Beneath both of the aforementioned,
potentially exploitable nickel bearing saprolites develop in
echelons: the oldest, thickest, continuous and richest hanging at a
certain height under the Cerro Peln Surface, which tops a
succession of levelled hills, the youngest buried at the base of the
pedogenetic profile of the San Ignacio Surface, itself buried under
modern pediments (Annells & Burton op. cit., Shaw 1985;
Litherland et al. 1986).
174
??
??
??
175
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
OROGENO ANDINO
ANDEAN OROGEN
Conceptos generales
General Concepts
??
??
176
Fig. 9.3 Fajas y Yacimientos Metalferos de los Andes Centrales, segn Heuschmidt 1995/
Metalliferous belts and deposits of the Central Andes (after Heuschmidt 1995)
177
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
178
Finally, during the Upper Miocene and Lower Pliocene (11-4 Ma,
approx.) (Redwood, op. cit.), the last remarkable tectonomagmatic
episode of the Andean orogenic cycle originated, together with
subvolcanic stocks, domes, stratovolcanoes, calderas, and vast
ignimbritic shields, a diversity of vulcanogenic mineralizations of
precious and base metals, bismuth uranium, etc., which are scattered
along and across the aforementioned Central Andean polymetallic
belt, from central Peru to the Puna, and from the Main Chilean
Cordillera to the Altiplano eastern margin, with some satellite
deposits at contemporary volcanic plateaus (Los Frailes and
Morococala, in the southwest of Bolivia, Macusani in the southeast
of Peru), which are superimposed over the tin belt to the east. In this
way, the Neogene magmatic explosion happened to be the
geological phenomenon with the most important metallogenic and
economic consequences in the history of the Central Andes
(Redwood, op. cit.).
179
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
180
East of the iron, copper and gold deposits of the Jurassic to coastal
Eo-Cretaceous metallogenic belt of Peru and Chile, the Central
Andes feature, as mentioned before, the broadside succession of four
extensive arched metallic belts, in an increasing outer position
within the orogen (parallel to the Bolivian orocline and its NW and S
extensions), with a general NW-SE to N-S strike: the Western
Cordillera copper belt (sensu lato) the Altiplano and Western
Cordillera polymetallic belt (mostly with precious and base
metals), the tin belt and the essentially gold-antimonium and leadzink Eastern Cordillera marginal polymetallic belt.
The Bolivian Andes take part in the last three out of the four belts
and, continuing with theE-W sequential description started for the
Precambrian shield, the following metallogenic and deposit
synopsis is structured according to the zoning of those three belts in
that direction, and each of them, by chronological order of the
mineralization cycles responsible for both, their global progressive
metallic specialization and the regional features of their different
segments, in terms of their geochemical signature and deposit
types.
The gold-antimonium and lead-zink belt that unfolds for about 1800
km along the hillsides and buttresses NE and E of the Eastern
Cordillera, from the outskirts of Cuzco in the south-central
metallogenic segment of the Peruvian Andes to the south of Salta, at
the border of the Argentine Pampean Craton, is the most extensive of
the mineral belts across the Bolivian Andes. Clearly bound to the
west (with exception of its ends) by the tin belt, to the east in turn, it
has a much less defined boundary that gets lost in the ranges jungle
spurs. Outside the very attractive antimonium province in southern
Bolivia, its marginal geographic situation and the proximity of an
exceptionally rich metalliferous belt, have put a stop, to a great
extent, to the progress of knowledge on its mineral resources and the
typology of its deposits. This is a more detrimental fact considering
that this is a metallogenically complex belt, maybe the most
heterochronous and heterotypical in Bolivia (in the sense of
Routhier 1980).
181
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
182
Fig. 9.4 Modelo gentico de los depsitos vetiformes de Sb-Au asociados a series sedimentarias de los Andes bolivianos
(modificado de Lehrberger 1992) /
Genetic model for the sediment-associated vein-type Sb-Au deposits of the Bolivian Andes
(modified from Lehrberger 1992)
183
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
From the south of Potos to the vicinity of Jujuy, Argentina, the goldantimonium and lead-zink belt of the Eastern Cordillera is clearly
subdivided into two parallel strips with a general N-S trend (see
Trong et al. (eds.) 1996, Trong et al. 1993).
??
??
184
La gnesis y edad de estos depsitos antimono-aurferos y plumbozinquferos permanecen todava controvertidas. En el caso de los
primeros, Lehrberger (1992), en conformidad con el modelo
metalognico secrecionista prevaleciente en la actualidad para las
mineralizaciones de esta clase en otros lugares de la misma faja,
sugiere para las de Bolivia tres pocas de concentracin mineral (fig.
9.4 ):
I.
I.
At the Lower Paleozoic marginal euxinic basin, the preenrichment in Sb and Au of the metallotect dark shale,
basically by
the adsorption and ion exchange at the
argillaceous mineral surfaces, by the precipitation of sulphurs
in a reducer environment, and by filtration through argillaceous
mud during the diagenesis and the compaction; the latter also
provided the necessary fluids for the transportation of metals.
II.
II.
III.
III.
185
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
intrusivos plutnicos (depsitos tele o cripto plutnicos) o subvolcnicos (depsitos epitermales) flsicos expuestos o no.
On the other hand, the opinions of Dill et al. (1997) y de Sureda &
Galliski (1989) are opposed to the aformentioned assignation of the
major antimonium-gold mineralization to the Neo-Paleozoic
orogenic cycle. These authors assign the Bolivian and Argentine
deposits, respectively, of the antimonium province under discussion,
to the Oligo-Miocene, which agrees better a priori with the marked
control of this type of mineralization by tectonic structures generally
considered as Andean.
En el caso de los depsitos vetiformes de la franja plumbozinqufera, no se cuenta todava con ningn modelo gentico global y
los datos isotpicos disponibles hasta la fecha para aquellos de
Bolivia (Macfarlane et al. 1990) indican una edad ya mesoterciaria
(la ms plausible por las mismas razones que anteriormente) o
mesozoica, mientras que los datos existentes acerca de los distritos
del noroeste argentino, ubicados en la prolongacin al sur de los de
Bolivia, abogan ms bien en favor de una edad ordovcica (Barbieri
et al. 1989). Como en el caso precedente, se tendr que esperar
dataciones radio-mtricas fiables para atribuir estas mineralizaciones
a una o varias poca(s) metalognica(s) determinada(s): Terciario
Medio, Mesozoico u Ordovcico.
186
Faja estafera
With a NW-SE to N-S trend, the tin belt extends for a length of over
1200 km, just like the marginal polimetallic belt that runs along with
it to the east, from the Peruvian sector of Macusani (approx. 14
latitude S) towards the northwest, beyond the Argentine mine of
Pirquitas (approx. 23 S) towards the south. Essentially confined to
the W limb and the heights of the current back-arc orogenic belt of
the Eastern Cordillera, it reaches a mean width of 40 km in its
northern and meridional portions, increasing up to a maximum in the
order of 100 km in its central portion, pertaining to the most
developed portion east of the Bolivian orocline.
187
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
In this belts central segment, less uplifted and therefore less deeply
eroded that the northern sector from which it is separated by the
transcurrent Tapacar megafault, a certain number of small
subvolcanic funneled stocks (San Pablo, Coriviri, Condor Iquia,
Chualla Grande, La Salvadora, etc) and ocassional volcanic domes
(Colquechaca Dome Complex) of dacitic to rhyodacitic composition
roughly equivalent, in petrochemical terms, to the preceding
plutonites, are related to a later Eo-Miocene magmatic stage (22-19
Ma). These typically synkinematic intrusions and extrusions
control a group of vein-shaped deposits, irregularly scattered or
locally strata-related (in Cretaceous calc-arenites), whether telescoped polymetallic (Sn-Ag-Zn-Pb-Bi-W...) or essentially Boliviantype tin-bearing, several of them very or still exceptionally rich:
Japo, Santa Fe - Morococala, Huanuni, Llallagua, Poop, AvicayaTotoral, Bolvar, Colquechaca, etc. (Ahlfeld & Schneider-Scherbina,
op. cit.; Trong & Riera-Kilibarda (eds.) 1996, GEOBOL-PNUD
1982, etc.). Within the same metallogenic province, but commonly
not associated to this magmatism, at least apparently, but instead to
Ordovician psammopellitic series, multiple antimonium and gold
veins are scattered; their age and genesis are sitll not well defined,
188
189
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
With a very long (over 2000 km in the Central Andes alone) and
wide (over 250 km) Ag-Pb-Zn-Cu-Au-etc. belt, this portion of
Bolivia rides over the Altiplano to the east and over the Eastern
Cordillera heights to the west (Polymetallic Altiplano Province
of Petersen 1970).
190
??
??
??
??
??
??
191
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
LLANURA CHACO-BENIANA
Con sus 500 km y ms de longitud por 10 (al NE) a 180 (al SW) de
anchura, esta elongada provincia monometlica se extiende, de SW a
NE, de un borde al otro de la llanura de inundacin de la Amazonia
boliviana. Su substrato regional, aflorante slo en rpidos
(cachuelas), islotes e inselbergs tabulares a lo largo del bajo Beni
(de Cachuela Esperanza hacia el NE) y del alto Madera, es un
basamento cristalino proterozoico que pertenece a la margen
occidental del escudo centrobrasileo y a su prolongacin en
profundidad ms al W. Fuera del extremo NE de la cuenca (regin de
Araras), este basamento se halla cubierto por un antiguo glacis
aluvial pedemontano principalmente limo-arcilloso de algunas
decenas de metros de espesor que ha sido datado del Mioceno
Superior-Plioceno y atribuido a un primer ciclo notable de
degradacin-agradacin provocado por el solevantamiento de los
Andes Orientales y de la faja subandina (Heuschmidt & MirandaMartnez 1995).
192
The first type of deposits are known esentially within the Manoa
Formation in the Araras district, over the western shore of the high
Madera River. Although this formations basal conglomerate
normally has less than 1 g/m3 Au, the gravels and to a lesser extent
the sand, overlying loosely, are much richer in gold, particularly
inside the old intraformational canals, which can reach a yield of up
to 10 g/m3 or more, such as in the case of Nueva Esperanza (Ruiz
1989, Saravia 1988).
193
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
which tend to float, explains the common presence of the metal (in
the Manoa Formation, for instance) at a higher alluvion profile
level than that of the basal paystreak clasts in which most of the
coarse particles of these proximal range placers concentrate (Ruiz
1989).
Referencias
References
194
BOYLE, R. W., 1979. The geochemistry of gold and its deposits.Geol. Surv. Can. Bull., 280, 584 p.
BORIC, R., F. DAZ & V. MAKSAEV, 1990. Geologa y yacimientos metalferos de la regin de Antofagasta.- Boletn SERNAGEOMIN-Chile, 40, 246 p.
195
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
GRANT, J. N., C. HALLS, S. M. F. SHEPPARD & W. AVILASALINAS, 1980. Evolution of the porphyry tin deposits of
Bolivia.- Mining Geology Spec. Issue, 8 : 151-173.
HERAIL, G., M. FORNARI, G. VISCARRA-RUIZ, J. A. RUIZANACHURI, L. POZZO & J. F. DUMONT, 1991. Les placers
d'or de Bolivie: milieux de formation et structure gologique.- (In:
Hrail, G. & M. Fornari (eds.), Actes du Symposium International
sur les Gisements Alluviaux d'Or), La Paz, Bolivie, 3-5 Juin 1991
: 115-143, ORSTOM Editions, La Paz.
REDWOOD, S. D., 1987. Metallogenic belts of the Central Andes.(in: Proceedings Pacific Rim Congress' 87), : 899-907.
REDWOOD, S. D., 1993. The Metallogeny of the Bolivian Andes.(in: Sillitoe R.H., F. Camus, C. Mpodozis & S. D. Redwood (eds.)
Metallogeny of the Central Andes), MDRU Short Course # 15,
22-24 November 1993, University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, 59 p.
RSSLING, R. & G. BORJA-NAVARRO, 1994. Geologa estructural en la Cordillera Oriental entre Potos y Tupiza.- Boletn
GEOBOL, 5 (especial) : 35-48, La Paz.
ROUTHIER, P., 1980. O sont les mtaux pour l'avenir ? Les
provinces mtalliques. Essai de mtallognie globale.- Mm.
BRGM, 105, 410 p.
196
197
Captulo 10
Introduccin
Introduction
Evolucin Pre-Andina
Pre-Andean Evolution
199
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Ordovcico.
Evolution of the South-American Continental Margin during
the Ordovician.
200
Evolucin Andina
Andean Evolution
The Andean cycle began about 200 Ma ago in the Lias. Since the
first andean event the focus of the magmatic arc moved progressively eastward with an average velocity of about l km per 1 Ma.
201
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
202
203
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
204
Since late Oligocene time the focus of magmatism has been at the
active magmatic arc in the Western Cordillera. The products are
mainly mantle-derived differentiates with varying degree of crustal
contamination (Aitcheson et al., 1995; Wrner et al., 1994).
Al igual que los Himalaya, los Andes son una cordillera ejemplar
para el estudio de los procesos tectnicos de placa en un margen
continental activo. Hasta con 750 km, los Andes tienen aqu el
mayor ancho W-E entre la Cordillera Costera de Chile y las
llanuras Chaqueas en Bolivia. El espesor cortical es de 60 a 70
km (James, 1971; Wigger et al., 1994; Beck et al., 1996).
205
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
Longitudinal
Valley
Coastal
Cordillera
Trench
72W
Coast
71
CSS
69
Ms Tv CB
Mv
CSB
Ollage
Pzv
Pzg
Jg
0 km
Western
Cordillera
Precordillera
70
Kg
Qv
LC
Eastern
Cordillera
67
Qs
66
KTs
Nazca Plate
FM
HCZ
Villamontes
63
0 km
CB
MC
20
?
?
60
80
Chaco
Tarija
HCZ
LC
LC
40
Subandean
Belt
65
Pzs
CB
LVZ
Tupiza
64
Tg
LC
20
Altiplano
68
40
LC
Lithosphere Mantle
earthquake
60
100
80
AF
CB
CSB
CSS
FM
200
HCZ
Jg
Kg
KTs
LC
LVZ
Mc
Ms
Mv
Pzg
Pzs
Pzv
Qs
Qv
Tg
Tv
VF
aseismic front
continental basement
( mainly Precambrian)
continental slope basement
continental slope sediments
forearc mantle lithosphere
(partially hydrated)
high conductivity zone
Jurassic intrusives
Cretaceous intrusives
Cretaceous-Tertiary sediments
lower crust
low (p-wave) velocity zone
middle crust
Mesozoic sediments
Mesozoic arc volcanics
Paleozoic intrusives
Paleozoic sediments
Paleozoic volcanics
Quaternary sediments
Neogene - Quaternary volcanics
Paleogene intrusives
Early Tetiary volcanics
volcanic front
100
Asthenosphere
200
300
E. Scheuber 11/95
300
Fig. 10. 5 Seccin a travs de los Andes a lo largo de 21 lat. S. Dibujo en base a datos geofsicos y geolgicos.
Section across the Andes along 21 lat. S. Sketch on base of geophysical and geological data.
Beneath the southern part of the Central Andes the crust-mantleboundary is not well defined. Geophysical investigatons led to the
conclusion, that under the southern Altiplano and Western
Cordillera different Mohorovicic-discontinuities exist with different ages and origins put together by tectonic shortening (Giese,
1996). Well defined "Mohos" are recognized east of the Altiplano,
wele the Precambrian Brazilian Shield is pushed underneath the
Eastern Cordillera and west of the Western Cordillera, were the
Moho can be indicated from beneath the coastline onto the
Precordillera (Fig. 10.5). A more detailled image of the deep seated
structures and the crust mantle-boundary of this part of the Andes
206
La Cordillera Costera
207
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
- La Precordillera
- The Precordillera
The Precordillera was the sight of the magmatic arc from late
Cretaceous to the end of Eocene. This mountain range forms a
separate morphostructural unit built up by several outcrops of
basement oriented in N-S-direction and their Triassic to Cenozoic
cover intruded by "Mid-Cretaceous" granitoidic rocks exposed in
the western part of the Precordillera. The basement ridges form the
nuclei of steeply flanked anticlines cut in many cases by high-angle
reverse faults. The tectonic style of the Precordillera is thickskinned without the existence of thrust and decollements.
- La Depresin Preandina
- La Cordillera Occidental
208
- El Altiplano
- The Altiplano
209
VOL. 18 (1-2)
JUNIO 2000
- La Cordillera Oriental
- La Zona Interandina
210
The eastern border of the Bolivian Andes forms a belt of thinskinned folding and faulting envolving Cambrian to Triassic strata
and the Precambrian basement. The folds and thrusts continue over
long distances along strike and have significant displacements.
Here the continental crust is overthrusted over its foreland along
relatively low angle thrusts. The base of the crust in the hangingwall of the transcrustal thrust is evidenced by seismic refraction
studies to be located at a depth of 25 to 30 km (Schmitz, 1994)
marking the border between brittle and ductile deformation (Kley,
1993). The Moho-discontinuity in this part of the Andes lies at a
depth of 50 to 60 km. The Precambrian basement of the Brazilian
Shield is locally involved in the east-verging thrusts (Kley &
Gangui, 1993; Kley et al., 1996).
Referencias
References
211
SERGEOMIN - YPFB
DAMM, K.W., S. PICHOWIAK & W. ZEIL, 1981. The plutonism
in the North Chilean coast-range and its geodynamic
significance.- Geologische Rundschau, 70 : 1054-1076.
GIESE, P., 1996. Die Zentralen Anden, ein Orogen mit zwei
unterschiedlichen Wurzeln.- Terra Nostra 8/96, abstracts of 15.
Geow. Lateinamerika-Kolloquium, : 46, Hamburg.
KLEY, J., A. H. GANGUI & D. KRGER, 1996. Basementinvolved blind thrusting in the Eastern Cordillera, southern
Bolivia: Evidence from cross-section balancing, gravimetric and
magnetotelluric data: Tectonophysics, 259 : 171-184.
LUCASSEN, F. & G. FRANZ, 1991. Generation and metamorphism of new crust in magmatic arcs; a case study from N Chile,
(in Anonymous, ed., Sixth meeting of the European Union of
Geosciences), Volume 3: Sixth meeting of the European Union
of Geosciences: Strasbourg, March 24-28, p. 125.
SEMPERE, T., 1993. Paleozoic to Jurassic Evolution of Bolivia.Second ISAG, Oxford, abstracts, : 547-550.
SEYFRIED, H., G. WRNER, D. UHLIG & I. KOHLER, 1994.
Eine kleine Landschaftsgeschichte der Anden in Nordchile.Jahrbuch der Universitt Stuttgart, : 60-71.
212
213
70
69
67
68
66
65
64
62
63
61
60
59
58
10
Ta
IL
S
RA
B
11
MAPA
GEOLOGICO
DE
BOLIVIA
Qh
BR
AS
COBIJA
IL
10
11
28
Cobija
Trinidad
12
12
27
3
La Paz
26
18
17
10
Cochabamba
Oruro
Santa Cruz
11
7
Sucre
16
15
19
Potos
12
13
14
Tarija
20 22
24
21
23
25
200 km
Ta
13
80
60
13
40
PERU
14
PGiP
Pi
Pi
Ps
Ta
20
Pi
PGi p
PGi p
Ts
15
Ts
Pc
Ph
AC
40
40
60
15
Pc
Pc
Pi
16
TRi
Pi
LA PAZ
D
Ts
Ta
Ph
Pc
Qh
17
COCHABAMBA
Q
Tv
S-D
Ts
ORURO
18
SANTA CRUZ
Pt
Pmg
Ts
P Bsu
Tv
J-Kp
18
D
S
Ts
17
19
40
JKag
IC
16
Jkp
80
TIT
14
PGi p
TRINIDAD
20
Pi
LA
K
SUCRE
19
Tv
POTOSI
20
CHILE
Tv
21
SALAR DE
UYUNI
20
Tv
Qs
PARAGUAY
K
D
Tv
21
Ts
TARIJA
22
22
Tv
ARGENTINA
23
23
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58