APPLICATION OF

MOTORS TO ADJUSTABLE
FREQUENCY DRIVES
PART 1
Alan Lowe, Senior Electrical Consultant

NON-AGENDA

RISE TIMES
REFLECTED WAVES
BEARING CURRENTS
CABLE SELECTION
IGBT

AGENDA

INTRODUCTION
NOMENCLATURE
WHY USE AFD
HORSEPOWER, SPEED, TORQUE
MOTOR CAPABILITIES & LIMITATIONS
TYPES OF LOADS
3

PRE-TEST

A SPECIAL MOTOR WILL BE REQUIRED

FOR DRIVE APPLICATIONS:

A.

ALWAYS

B.

MOST OF THE TIME

C.

RARELY

D.

NEVER
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A MOTOR APPLIED TO AN AFD MUST

MEET WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING:

A.

NEMA M-G 1 PART 30

B.

NEMA M-G 1 PART 31

C.

IEEE 841

D.

NEMA PREMIUM EFFICIENCY

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OPERATING ON AN AFD A 100 HP, 1200

RPM MOTOR CAN DELIVER 100 HP

A.

BETWEEN 1200 AND 1500 RPM

B.

BETWEEN 600 AND 1200 RPM

C.

ALL OF THE ABOVE

D.

NONE OF THE ABOVE

E.

DONT ASK MEI JUST CAME FOR LUNCH

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DRIVE NOMENCLATURE

IS IT--VSD, ASD, VFD,

OR

AFD

?
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DRIVE NOMENCLATURE

VARIABLE VS. ADJUSTABLE

THE WEATHER OUTSIDE IS VARIABLE

THE TEMPERATURE IN YOUR HOME IS

ADJUSTABLE

DRIVE NOMENCLATURE

SPEED

VS.

FREQUENCY

THERE ARE MANY KINDS OF

ADJUSTABLE SPEED DRIVES:
DC MOTORS
CONE PULLEYS
STEAM TURBINE
MECH. DIFFERENTIALS
EDDY CURRENT CLUTCHES
ADJUSTABLE VOLTAGE DRIVES
ADJUSTABLE FREQUENCY DRIVES
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DRIVE NOMENCLATURE

BE CAREFUL-DRIVE
CAN MEAN ALMOST ANYTHING

11

DRIVE NOMENCLATURE

DRIVE: THE EQUIPMENT USED FOR CONVERTING AVAILABLE ELECTRICAL

POWER INTO MECHANICAL POWER SUITABLE FOR THE OPERATION OF A
MACHINE. A DRIVE IS A COMBINATION OF A POWER CONVERTER
(CONTROL), MOTOR, AND ANY MOTOR MOUNTED AUXILIARY DEVICES.
12

WHY USE AN AFD?

A.

THE PROCESS REQUIRES IT

B.

THE PROCESS CAN BE IMPROVED BY IT

C.

ENERGY SAVINGS

D.

EASIER ON DRIVEN EQUIPMENT

13

WHY USE AN AFD?

E.

ACCELERATION OF HIGH INERTIA LOAD

F.

TO AVOID FREQUENT MOTOR STARTING

G.

AS A REPLACEMENT FOR GEARING

14

WHY WORRY ABOUT THE

MOTOR? WHATS DIFFERENT?

A.

CAN THE MOTOR PRODUCE THE REQUIRED

TORQUE THROUGHOUT THE OPERATING
SPEED RANGE?

B.

WILL THE MOTOR HAVE ADEQUATE

COOLING AT LOW SPEEDS?

C.

WILL HARMONICS FROM THE DRIVE CAUSE

THE MOTOR TO OVERHEAT?
15

WHY WORRY ABOUT THE

MOTOR? WHATS DIFFERENT

D. WILL THE MOTOR FLY APART AT OVERSPEED?

E. WILL THE DRIVE VOLTAGE WAVEFORM
DAMAGE THE MOTOR WINDINGS?

F.

WILL THE DRIVE VOLTAGE WAVEFORM

DAMAGE THE MOTOR BEARINGS?

16

ITS A DRIVE SYSTEM

17

THE MOTOR

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY
A 100 HP, 1800 RPM
MOTOR?

18

HORSEPOWER

19

MOTOR HORSEPOWER

33,000 FT-LBS/MIN

1 HP MOTOR

550 FT-LBS/SEC
746 WATTS / MOTOR EFFICIENCY

20

MOTOR HORSEPOWER

T RPM
HP
5252
HP 5252
T
RPM
21

MOTOR HORSEPOWER

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MOTOR HORSEPOWER
Generally a motor can deliver:

Rated TORQUE at and below base rated speed.

Rated HORSEPOWER at and above base rated
speed.

But there are some LIMITATIONS!

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NEMA MG-1

Part 30.2

GENERAL PURPOSE MOTORS

USED WITH ADJUSTABLE-VOLTAGE OR
ADJUSTABLE-FREQUENCY CONTROL OR
BOTH

Part 31

DEFINITE PURPOSE INVERTER FED

POLYPHASE MOTORS

24

LIMITATIONS: REDUCED COOLING

1.15 S.F.
1.0 S.F.
MOTOR

NEMA MG-1 FIGURE 30-2

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LIMITATIONS: HARMONIC HEATING

IT DEPENDS
ON THE MOTOR.
IT DEPENDS ON
THE DRIVE.
THERES NO
ESTABLISHED
METHOD OF
CALCULATION.

NEMA MG-1 FIGURE 30-3

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MOTOR TORQUE vs. SPEED

RATED TORQUE =
HP x 5252 / RPM

27

MOTOR TORQUE vs. SPEED

LRT per
NEMA MG-1
12.38.1
TABLE 12-2

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MOTOR LOCKED ROTOR

TORQUE

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MOTOR TORQUE vs. SPEED

P.U. TORQUE per

NEMA MG1,
12.40.1

30

MOTOR PULL UP TORQUE

NEMA MG-1 12.40.1 PULL UP TORQUE FOR DESIGN A AND B MOTORS

31

MOTOR TORQUE vs. SPEED

BD TORQUE per
NEMA MG1, 12.39.1

32

MINIMUM BREAKDOWN TORQUE

PER NEMA MG-1 12.39.1 FOR DESIGN A & B MOTORS

33

BREAKDOWN TORQUE
BREAKDOWN TORQUE
IS PROPORTIONAL TO (V/HZ)2
ABOVE BASE SPEED BREAKDOWN TORQUE
IS PROPORTIONAL TO (1/HZ)2
STARTING WITH 175% AT 60 HZ YIELDS
77.7% RATED TORQUE AT 90 HZ.

34

LIMITATIONS: TORQUE

B.D. TORQUE
= 77.7% TR
2/3TR x 3/2SR =
HPR

NEMA MG-1 FIGURE 30-4

35

TORQUE vs. SPEED

36

TORQUE vs. SPEED

ON AFD

37

TORQUE vs. SPEED

ON AFD

38

TORQUE vs. SPEED

ON AFD

39

MOTOR TORQUE vs. SPEED

40

MAXIMUM SAFE SPEED

41

LIMITATIONS: MAX SAFE SPEED

ALLOWABLE OVERSPEED OPERATION
POLES / RPM

200% / 120Hz

150% / 90Hz

125% / 75Hz

2 / 3600

Up to 5 HP

Up to 30 HP

Up to 50 HP

4 / 1800

Up to 20 HP

Up to150 HP Up to 300 HP

6 /1200

Up to 75 HP

Up to 350 HP

N/A

BASED ON NEMA MG 1 TABLE 30-1

42

LOAD CHARACTERISTICS

VARIABLE TORQUE
CONSTANT TORQUE
CONSTANT HORSEPOWER

43

VARIABLE TORQUE LOAD

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
FANS

44

VARIABLE TORQUE LOAD

AFFINITY LAWS FOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
Q1 RPM 1

Q2 RPM 2
H1 RPM 12

H 2 RPM 22

HP1 RPM 13

HP2 RPM 23

45

VARIABLE TORQUE LOAD

46

VARIABLE TORQUE LOAD

47

VARIABLE TORQUE LOAD

102% LOAD @ 65 HZ

48

SELECT MOTOR FOR

VARIABLE TORQUE LOADS

1. MAKE SURE THE MOTOR CAN OPERATE

SAFELY AT THE TOP SPEED REQUIRED BY

THE LOAD.

2. MAKE SURE THE MOTOR CAN DELIVER THE

REQUIRED HORSEPOWER AT THE TOP
SPEED.

3. LOW END OPERATION IS NOT A PROBLEM.

49

CONSTANT TORQUE LOADS

CONVEYORS
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
CRANES
PAPER MACHINE SECTIONS
50

CONSTANT TORQUE LOAD

51

SELECT MOTOR FOR

CONSTANT TORQUE LOADS

1. MAKE SURE THE MOTOR CAN OPERATE

SAFELY AT THE TOP SPEED REQUIRED BY

THE LOAD.

2. MAKE SURE THE MOTOR CAN DELIVER THE

REQUIRED TORQUE AT THE TOP SPEED.

3. BELOW 30 HZ GIVE YOURSELF SOME

MARGIN, LIMIT LOADING TO 80% OF RATING.

4. BELOW 15 HZ CONSULT THE MOTOR

MANUFACTURER.

52

CONSTANT HORSEPOWER

UNWIND STAND OF A WINDER

A CENTER WIND REEL

PUNCH

PRESS
53

CONSTANT HORSEPOWER

MOTOR MUST PROVIDE 165 FT-LBS AND 127.3 RPM

OR

HP = 165 x 127.3 /5252 = 4

54

CONSTANT HORSEPOWER

55

CONSTANT HORSEPOWER

56

CONSTANT HORSEPOWER

57

SELECT MOTOR FOR CONSTANT

HORSEPOWER LOADS

1. MOTOR MUST BE ABLE TO DELIVER THE

SPEED AND TORQUE REQUIRED AT THE
FASTEST AND SLOWEST OPERATING
SPEEDS.

2. THE MOTOR WILL BE OF SPECIAL DESIGN

OR VERY MUCH OVERSIZED.

58

SELECT MOTOR FOR CONSTANT

HORSEPOWER LOADS

3. ALL PARTIES MUST BE INVOLVED:

a)
b)
c)
d)

DRIVE VENDOR
MOTOR VENDOR
DRIVEN EQUIPMENT VENDOR
END USER

59

REMEMBER!

IN OUR SOCIETY: IAS

THE

APPLICATION
MATTERS
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APPLICATION OF MOTORS
TO ADJUSTABLE FREQUENCY DRIVES

END PART 1

61

APPLICATION OF MOTORS
TO ADJUSTABLE FREQUENCY DRIVES

QUESTIONS?
alan.lowe@amec.com
or
770-688-2575

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PPIC 2013 ANNUAL CONFERENCE

PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY COMMITTEE
2014 ANNUAL CONFERENCE
ATLANTA, GEORGIA
JUNE 23, 24 & 25

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