FUNDAMENTAL OF DIGITAL

MODULATION

from 2PSK modulation to 128QAM modulation

NEC INTERNATIONAL TRAINING, LTD.

RADIO DIVISION
YOKOHAMA TRAINING CENTER

RING MODULATOR-1

IDEA OF 2PSK MODULATOR (0 - MOD)

MOD
OUTPUT

DATA
INPUT

RING
MODULATOR
LOCAL
INPUT

vco

70MHz

RING MODULATOR-2

LOCAL
INPUT

MOD
OUTPUT

DATA
INPUT

1
0

RING MODULATOR-2
LOCAL
INPUT

DATA
INPUT

MOD
OUTPUT

RING MODULATOR-3
LOCAL
INPUT

MOD
OUTPUT

DATA
INPUT

RING MODULATOR-4
MOD
OUTPUT

DATA
INPUT

RING
MODULATOR
LOCAL
INPUT

vco

180 ()
VECTOR DIAGRAM
OF MODULATOR OUTPUT

[0]

70MHz

0
[1]

4PSK MODULATOR-1
(1)
DATA-1

0 0 1 1

0 -
MOD
P-ch

DATA-2

0 1 1 0

MOD
OUT

(0)

(1)

P-ch

0 -
MOD
Q-ch

0 1 2 3

70MHz

VCO

(0)
Q-ch

(0,0)

4PSK MODULATOR-2
(1)
DATA-1

0 0 1 1

0 -
MOD
P-ch

DATA-2

0 1 1 0

MOD
OUT

(0)

(1)

P-ch

0 -
MOD
Q-ch

0 1 2 3

70MHz

(0,1)

VCO

(0)
Q-ch

4PSK MODULATOR-3
(1,1)
DATA-1

0 0 1 1

0 -
MOD
P-ch

DATA-2

0 1 1 0

(1)

MOD
OUT

(0)

(1)

P-ch

0 -
MOD
Q-ch

0 1 2 3

70MHz

VCO

(0)
Q-ch

4PSK MODULATOR-4
(1)
DATA-1

0 0 1 1

0 -
MOD
P-ch

DATA-2

0 1 1 0

MOD
OUT

(0)

(1)

P-ch

0 -
MOD
Q-ch

0 1 2 3

70MHz

VCO

(1,1)

(0)
Q-ch

4PSK MODULATOR-5
(1)
(1,1)
DATA-1

0 0 1 1

0 -
MOD
P-ch

DATA-2

0 1 1 0

(0,1)

MOD
OUT

(0)

(1)

P-ch

0 -
MOD
Q-ch

0 1 2 3

70MHz

VCO

(1,0)

(0)
Q-ch

(0,0)

16QAM MODULATOR
+3L
+L
-L

DATA-1
DATA-2

0 0 0 0---1
0 0 0 0---1

+3L

-3L

D/A
CONV

0 -
MOD
P-ch

DATA-3
DATA-4

0 0 1 1---1
0 1 0 1---1

+L
+3L

-L

+L
-L

D/A
CONV

0 -
MOD
+3L

0 1 2 3 - - - 16

MOD
OUT

+L
-L

Q-ch

Q-ch

-3L

70MHz

-3L

VCO

-3L

P-ch

64QAM MODULATOR
8 levels

0 0 0 0---1
DATA-1
DATA-2
DATA-3

0 0 0 0---1
0 0 0 0---1

+7L
+5L
+3L
+L
-L
-3L
-5L
-7L

+7L
+5L

0 -

D/A
CONV

MOD
P-ch

+3L

MOD
OUT

+L
+7L

+5L

+3L

+L

-L
-L

DATA-4
DATA-5
DATA-6

0 0 1 1---1
0 0 1 1---1
0 0 1 1---1

0 -

D/A
CONV

0 1 2 3 - - - 64
8 levels

MOD
+7L
+5L
+3L
+L
-L
-3L
-5L
-7L

70MHz

Q-ch

-3L
-5L
-7L

Q-ch
VCO

-3L

-5L

-7L

P-ch

128QAM MODULATOR
(SDH/MLC)
12 levels
19 Mb/s
8 streams

24 Mb/s
7 streams

24 Mb/s
8 streams

data-1

D/A
CONV

data-2
data-3
data-4
data-5

+11L
+9L
+7L
+5L
+3L
+L
-L
-3L
-5L
-7L
-9L
-11L

SPEED
& 8 -7
CONV

RFCOH
INS

MLC
ENCOD

MAPPING

0 -
MOD
MOD
OUT

P-ch

data-6
data-7
data-8

0 -
MOD

D/A
CONV

12 levels

+11L
+9L
+7L
+5L
+3L
+L
-L
-3L
-5L
-7L
-9L
-11L

Q-ch

VCO

70 MHz

MODULATION TYPE DIFFERENCES

2 status

4 status

2PSK

4PSK

1 stream
(100 Mb/s)

8PSK

2 streams
(50 Mb/s)

3 streams
(33Mb/s)

32 status

16 status
16 QAM

64 status

32 QAM

4 streams
(25Mb/s)

64 QAM

5 streams
(20 Mb/s)

128 QAM

6 streams
(16.7Mb/s)

256 status

128 status

7 streams
(14.3Mb/s)

8 status

256 QAM
8 streams
(12.5 Mb/s)

128QAM CONSTELLATION

Q-ch
12 LEVELS

12 LEVELS

P-ch

MODULATION & BANDWIDTH

MODULATOR
100MB/s

128QAM
64QAM
16QAM
8PSK
4PSK
2PSK

supposed that
100Mb/s data is carried by different level
of the modulator

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

F0

+10

+20

+30

+40

+50

FREQUENCY (MHz)