Formula Derivations and Presenta- tion ‘Design Criteria by Dr. Michael C. Soter eae The majority of manuals in the United States present formulae in terms of parameters which must be entered in dimensions defined simultaneously with the equation: For example, the equation for the extreme stress of a steel beam subjected to a bending moment would be given as: 12,0008 jee | $s | 4 where a is the stressiin Ibs/in?, Mis the bending moment in Kip- ft, and S is the modulus of resistance in in*. This formula mult always be accompanied by the ex- planation of the units used for each parameter, otherwise, it may lead to errongous use. To illusirate this, if the same formula is used by one person for a bending moment of M = 120 Kip-in and a modulus of § = 100 in’, the result would be: i I 000 120 = 14,400 | 100 1 while if some other person enters the equation with M= 10 Kip-ft (which is equal to 120 Kip-in} and the same modulus the result would be: x10 = 1200 In more scientific presentations, each parameter in a formula must be entered with its dimensions unless it represents a %imensionless quantity. This is"so because a dimensioned parameter (Such as @ bending moment) is neither 120 nor 10 but it is 120 times a)standard unit of force designated by Kip, and defined by the Bureau of Standards, times a standard unit Gf length designated by inch. Since 1 in) = 1 (ft) divided by (12) I ft 120 x Kip x in = 120 Kip x = 10x Kip x {t= 10 Kip-tt “De AcuerDo A SHMewA dete COITeRTO Rptica cove abi De tom | Pe -30hhO > 13 pst= SmrmMmM MMO MO OOO OO! Sooo I i If this is done, then tHe formula stands on its own and does not need to be accompanied by any explanation of the units which must be used with each parameter. Further, the formula can be readily used with any system of parameters and will always render correct and consistent results. For example, in such a presentation the| equation for extreme stress would be i | ie | Now If M= 120 Kip-in and $ = 100 in? 0 x,(1000 I 100 in’, Mio) 1,200 tbsfin’ I Mj= 10 Kip-ft and S =|100 int, ; ; | * 10 ip x ft _ 10 x (1000 tbs) x (12 in} °° 00 ins” 100 in? 200 lbs/in® - If M = 1362.55 kam (equivalent to 10 Kip-ft) and S = 1638.7 om? (equivalent to 100 in?), 1382.85 Kgm _ iS 56 x Kg x (100 cm) | 138255 Ko 1638.7 cm? 1838.7 em? 1638.7 em? = 94,3692, em Since 1 Kg = 2.2 tb and 16m = 0.3997 in: For the above reasons,/and in order to make the derivative of all formulae in this text applicable in the metric as well as the Ib-ft systems, all formulations have been derived and presented in this format.Aye ed ee emer eg ead eee eee eee) ener foe ee eeeh Hf He Geren) eee Cemeteryb. The design ot support spacing of round Gucts is based on (aj2 ‘© | tensile strength criterion |resulting {rom bending of the duct. and" (b) on a buckling criterion at points of maximum axial compression also resulting from the bending of the duct. The maximum bending moment which. will cause the critical tensions and compressions in the duct is assumed to be given by the.expression 7 ram oo OI OOM OOOO Oe Design of Support Spacing where, it w = total load of duct per linear foot of duct L = support spacing a The load w consists the dead load of the duct plus whatever superimposed ldads: (i.e., insulation, etc.) may be + acting on the duct, pius the weight of accumulated partidulate material in the duct. These loads are assumed to be as follows. For steel ducts, a uniform, superimposed load of § Ibs/sq ft of projected area of the duct is assumed S15R bs/cuft.-Thus, if a duct of diameter D and thicknéss tis used in a system carrying particulate material of a specific weight C, the load w is ‘computed as follows (considering that the weight of steel is 3.4 Ibs/(ft in?)). aH FOS BB = 3.4 rtD ibs/ftin?) Ate eure. (2) Déad load 10.68 tO Ibs/(ft in?) Superimposed toad w, = 5D Ibs/ft? = 0.417 D Ibs/ift in) (3) eee 1 xD? ft\? Particulate load Wp =——C = 0.00273 D?C in, (4) LR 80% Aut : and, 1 = " I | wa + We Wp = (10.681 + 0.417 in) D Ibs/{ft in?) (4a)* feurine Zz Fiber ougitudiuch; pdetetses'g Bt eeeeu Fe = los00 PSE solide por tie belo dole (BE 60%) (Fee Hifeu?), + Peceetiene press ES Psr te aclu. % S/A4PE | bo = 426 Fiz AP6x2l000 | s¢fdade x autle Lachd (2764) Fes 17850 PSE | feet pecttie' ae M250 few?) 2 tanlel ayn. > f2a8s., Fe= 0.90 x 21000 “Seldade yx aby Lado (prt0") | Fee Meo pst. Pull pepelratanena re guise (tare feces?) | tanlet VY OSX >» E2870 dep expesores catewlada Saupe dbine ve Auereucaladea per corospel (+ Ye") 6, _ Toe naar eter abhijie er po 20 : i ne wenciouan Merely x conus? he bor bo gus ya ofa tonrtearpladea en 16” puree. ectlwcee sb Le e. [e00 PSE I fete feet ete momommom moo oo cI mmo ooa In'the case of Class 1/systems, there is no particulate and thergtore, C is taken equal to zero résulting in the particulate load . wy equal to zero. In/all other cases (i.¢., Classes 2.3, 84), the intensity of the particulate weight wp is taken as a function of the specific weight C. x For aluminum ducts, only Ciass 4 construction is assumed and,, therefore, there) is no particulate weight. The superimposed load is taken equal to 15 Ibs/sq ft of projected area. Therefore, for aluminum ducts (considering the weight of aluminum. is 1.3 Ibs/(ft in?)): [3 n tO lbs/(ft in?) =.4.1 tD Ibs/(ft in?) 15 O Ibs/ft? (corresponding to a superimposed load (6) 7 of 15'1bs per projected area of duct) =o | Soldeciry bev 1 Sole dece Fee loksr ~ l (4.te# 1.28 in) D2 : ft in O, Ke. | sveis. These tow allowab! es aro due to the difficulty in foe assuring full penetration :of welding of duct seaments and to Tie-assumption that-sections or maximum bending Tay be {* coincident with:a duct weld. . iw (On the above basis, the following expressions are derived: =a $= 0.25 20%t = modulus of resistance of duct Ws ‘ 7 (8) Patria df tbe Seunbile aPlxrarn yer (enue vits) SLioe ae i 1 & where, i FS 23 Pacem qooo = Me Pow Plane err OmM Ow MOM OOM ODO Oo olhl hlS/aPl 620° por Courfored mm bxied (t2¢ + Ses) fos Re ; ' 30a 38 K. 4) Yp_coooe? a fp Be>ds/so ow D> Boe Tal = acere(£) “ olege ($) Gel = btn lob (E) | Pbx/o® (£) pst 4); 000069 ¢ Yecaolt o 0.003 € Yp< o0orrc >? SP CBS 1/50 ' WY <2 % 2306 Tall = 10/50 + 0.00 8% ) or 10104 6.015/2 € (8) pe Hate Tf 2 foto + 277420 (a) lolsos seu deo (2)Pss tr aor a > 0. 0087- Bh 2sh re | Phe < 4 Wel (S00 PST ta (Psz) [$000 ftooo + - DH. 2° .ducter apis Ye 2. 000P 10087 7 eo I He omnmnoo ooo co co oc comm oot ee amare om OS ego i : The maximum allowable stress, 0, can be controlled by either yielding or buckling “The. theoretical buckling stress -pgiven by the-expression TE HES = Coupoucute, pach'alig cu ef duce (49) teue ole, bef tueitle | Le soporte However, because of the Soexistence of radial Stresses, and because of experimental evidence indicating that the actual (1 given by expression (10), and because of the safety factor, the buckling threshold assumed g . buckling stress-is-much below the theoretibal buckling stress P2ecee desirability of a Mer"& off for determining = (det) Support spacing is taken at-ofe-fentH the value given by (10) 0 Pareles Lt! edd See sow UE EE lige Ht gyeg() = Fa far howee O Phey)dn (trae Tinwe= Zep “) (DY 0 é os) Fal A4 Pg /06(E) psz w The value of E is taken as 28x 10° psi for steel (stainless) and 0 as 10? psi for aluminum. Zyeook SE eae Theretore, 041 in expression (9) is obtained as follows L i at t *POrSBE 844 * 10,000 psi or the value from expression ducts: (11), whichever is smaller, For aluminum 231 = 6,000 psi or the value from expression ducts: (11), whichever is smaller, 2& ” Settings D7 :10.000 ttor Steel) or 6,000 (for yO BAP aluminum), one can obtain the threshold for the value of (O/t) above which, buckling, rather than yielding, controls the value of o¢,. From ihe solution of. these equations, the folowing results are obtained=" i 8.22 Kutuecs bs ‘For ‘steel: Fis = 0i)°= 10,006 psi» for (Dye) $342 (yielding ‘controls} (12) and =20q1 #:3425% 10° (W/D) psi for (0/4) > 342 2yso-fbucklingsconols), "FS. = 40 Jared | For aluminum: ~~ og: =’ 6,000 psi for (D/A) < 202 (yielding controls) (3) and. 2a = 1210x108 (/D} psi for (D/t} > 202 {buckling controls). 2h er eovtas loupitsd iucle,mmr mr OOM OOOO oe ee ee ele‘Design’ of the Duct eae setnewanves /pressuredys based on the yield stress ince for the examined materials (carbon steel, stainless, steel, and aluminum) the tensile yielding stress is assumed equal to the compressive yielding stress,.it can be-concluded -that.the designs, obtained for negative pressures will always.be f SUMfiGieg| for:positive-pressuces. 4 i The following. symbols are adopted for the derivations: “the maximum sttlener: ‘spacing ot the duct the ‘thickness of the duct 9 =.the diameter of the duct the intensity of the negative pressure on the duct. FE: desidgsieeds® to satisty. two conditions: (é), . Hees ‘ould be below yield stress and (6) the critical pressure Bt Wich buckling occurs, should be greater than or equal tot Ls negative pressure p,, rine range of variables dnderexamination, it can easily be? gemonsiaies DUckling criterion cdnirols the desigrrol duct at-all.times~ On the other hand, the design-of the istivecing tings is controlled sometimes by the yield.stress Ezitetion and -at-other times by the buckling (instability) eritetion’ i The expréssioné used for the design of round ducts and their stiffeners are taken from the research paper of Harold E. Saunders and Dwight F.:Windenburg, published in the 1981 issue of the "Transaction of. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.” Specifically, the following expressions have been considered: | i F I2E eo) | I (0)? (14) the buckling’ pressure of an infinitely tong duct modulus of elasticity =, Poisson's ratio. |P= 2ewoi| wT where 4 | f Pe =. buckling. negative pressure for short ducts. Z = factor depending on type of end constraints and f} evaluated by Cook; experimentally for an ideal type of end constraints to be equal to (2/2)*, f= number of.lobes-in a complete circumferential beit at time of buckling. Different buckling modes 6 are obtained for different interger values of n> 2. Hl . “2 i hes bg ( °) 402)" (6) I Ya Fi : \ ke ET (-v) ae 0 M528 critical length" defined by Southwell as the length of a short duct for which the minimum buckling load equals the buckling load of an a infiritely long duct with equal teand D values. k= Gonstant, | co Y i ‘ L 2Elt/d) Neo) nm? (re ney? i | Pe = leet 3 Gey 0) a7) i : {von Misses eat.) i u where = i { | P. = buckling load for short ducts, and | | ! | (18). n 32. (0\ (0\? /zur 0 mee) Aa 0 * . { (Southwell) | uRee eee fee Spe Sete eee eee ere where 1 a I » Pe® buckling’ loadas -given by hyperbola(s) wiicn fépresent:the envelop-of the minimum buckling {ads as given by equation (15: Z-= constant factor as defined in equation(15),depen- deni, on typeof erid condition . For the’fange of variables ekamined, the envelop equation (18) by Southwell will always give a buckling pressure slightly smaller than the minimum buckling load as determined by Southwell's equation (15) or von Misses' equation (17). The difference between these three expressions. in the examined range of vatiables is very small-and, since expression (18) is simpler and on-the conservative side of the other two, it was used as the basis for the design of all’ ducts. | Equation (14) was. used’ for the de&ign of ducts with! * maximum stiffener spacing ¢ exceeding &. as defined * under-(16): * | Therefor Equation (18) was. used for the design of ali ducts with maximum. stiffener spacing ¢ smaller than or equal to £, as. defined by: (16) A factor. of:safety’ (SF) for the working negative pressure was used as given by the expression in This Safety factor'vaties lihearly with the diameter D of the duct,-assuming a’ value of 4 for the smallest duct of 4 inches and increasing 10.8 for the largest duct of 60 inches. This salety factor is adopted to provide torjack of roundness, excesses in negative pressure due to.particle accumulation in the duct, and other-manulactuting or:assembly imperfections unaccounted for by quality control, and tolerances provided oy specifica- tions. : 6) = 6.088 and the safely factor Thus, for the vale of Z = as given by expression (19}, thie required minimum thickness t for a given: duct and pressure p is Obtained {rom equation (18) as follows:Hal : / ae €(i-v?) ( frac ae 7 0806 Go) Pew oan l 7 2. a By? Note tuba cow D>eo" reducttse frtmurcts Ey (Tea 20) por af pactor '/nr9 br! ene die Lrvtes st foes elt.) | We sefterele Vistels pa. ey) Peer rses (ele) —> FS. = Su he? 5 6.35 te det nerd zt oS BE) Ss. tsa eheban! © mm ce a Co See ee sec tees ert at cooU Q Q eee ne Ge el lead eae c alerlo 4 fresran 2 Tos Vorh pene Plescancre's T= Xe ince tesla veg Hdo-in te. 20 2 hateect pou & Yoyo bree ig babe by cee y omen! of abuse voles ht (te.20) 6 RT 228, 2 if shite hale BRE AE te it 3 Keo Winizgae20. baste nies (62+ D/in), S (203 For avduct-ofi ite.length,: the required thickness js obtained from equation (14), modified as foliows: 261 (ey, cae aie aosnny fee Gav) (5202) uly Be as nowe-the-requicedy yj. 0. 30 ‘Woes blained from: 21) (lorP=es)thenathe-ductis-not-consideredy _¢ etext “and. the stequired:thtekniess t+ is-that giver by"(2t)rs This design procedure has been applied to Class 1 ducts used for gaseous -materialiclear. of solid particulates. Ducts with flow ingluding particulate matter are designed with greater thickness, The more abrasive the particulate matter flowing in the duct,\the: greater the increase specified in the required thickness: Three classes are recognized for ducts with Parti ulate materjai as follows; class t— hhre che porhteler AGlsss°2 — includessapplications, with: moderately abrasive i @ss'3 + inclides* a, jos; withhighly. abrasive ‘articulate in‘light: concentrations. Glass 4 = includes. applications: with -highty“abrasive ic ate igh concentrations. ‘There if Ablavallable researched kpowledge of “the mechanics by which;abrasive particulates affect the required additional thickness ’ot ducts and, hence: accepted practice is presently bgsed on experierice which cannot be substantiated or justified-by a rational theoretical approacti. What, therefore, has been attempted in the present work in the design of ducts carrying particulate material is to adopt a design procedure which is ‘definitive:and leads to duct design which approximates what-is:presently. done empirically, This-design procedure. fefers--only'lo,'stéél ducts because the use of aluminum: ducts is, cénfined ‘exclusively, to ducts tor nonabrasive _spplications i IN esis éF the folowing: eee cHessencty. 166" ucts. Secale eC int. 0.034 in. Yo" fe ther ee ‘a “alles ae ness t= tg-+ 0.024 in. Jy2” Rive SA? hate DESAI" (IPP use) ¥where = the thie¢kness required for Class 1 ducts (ie. for é noni‘abrasive applications). a | 7 a In ‘accordance. with * Saunders and Windenburg, the theoretically: requiredmoment of inertia of the stiffener is a as increagéd by. 10%. ' 7 For stiffener, spacing &, the perimeter pressure on the stiffener is-q.= pe, | The ‘ineoretical- buckling pressure for rings is, ‘Design -of i ‘the Duct’ : & = co aa pendes (2a) ‘Stiffeners : where aa : bre Loy I = moment of inertia of ring (or stiffener) ExTeriy | Theretore, the required stitiness of tne ring is 1gd> 24 Tea * (23) S iEorja. sausages equal to 50% of the. ya Pome gress t, the required cross-sectional area of a ring is Aug (24) In establishing: safety factors for the design of stiffening rings, the following considerations prevailed: (a) The safety factors to be adopted should be such that the resulting “stiffener sections will not bé substantially, smaller to those: presently accepted, in practice. (b) A Greater salety-tacidr shouls-be-adopted 10 satisly the deSign for rigidity (I) than for cross-sectional area (A) because it is essential for stiffeners not simply to prevent Pees es are nana I cone eens BN sons A ce BR es ee ne ere es eB ce Bs eetheir failure but to make them stiff enough to retain their shape under working igads. ror these reasofis,-a safely factor of 20 was adopted for the design: for rigidity -L' and al variable sdlety factor (against oda allowable stress)-of 4 to 8 for the diameter range of 4 inchesto | °& 60 inches was adopted for cross-sectional area A, 7 Thus, the following design formulas were used to determine the minimum moment of inertia (1) and the minimum cross- sectional area (A). of stiffeners: xe ges 20 Leet ¥ : Aen = ia D/in) 1a elasticity. were, respectively, 10” ksi and 28x40 ksi. The value of fy = 30 ksi was used for both aluminum and steel stiffeners, For aluminum and steel. thei values used Jor the modulus of j 4 An-additional-salety-lactor‘istbuitt'into-the design: procedure shat the contribution of the duét thickness:to the'rigidity and 8 the. cross-sectional area-ot.the, stiffener aregatxed & ; esl @, | ,, The design of the welding of stiffeners to the duct is based on ‘*| the following procedures and'assumptions. A minimum number of welds is required equal to at least twice the number-of lobes of the critical buckling mode of the duct. The following empirical expressions provide an envelop ‘ Of values which are equal to or greater than twice the critical x number ofjlobes obtained trom analysis: Design of : | : . : 2 : (7) Iding-of . N*(00DR#=10) forked, tiffeners 2 N= (809-83)) fora abbing — , | | These quantities are further Calculated trom the equations { ee [Psapp = ppl gy WYalaustenls Le 40 auitter he ure, ang, (LIPS i Tessar» ob eSoft )| Beep hk bes | x 2 & 3 & © the length of each individual weld, , Replacing (30) and (31) in (32) and solving for s: ‘i | ee eet 4 ! : “ v Dpt 1 RE Gee, i {t's is greater than two inches, th len the number of required welds is increase d from’ Nt N' where i ‘Ns N' = smallest integer greater than a (34) f. Design..of Rings -for o SS ane om ooo mo imum Yaga Ps) am. - tress) Ze brid. Bolting 10 allowable stresses in lity, it is con- 7 U Together iy non the bolt is not instead, it tends to much greater forces flange. On the other flanges of the ring: ide-out which calls tor (Pegmentsom mMOO ODO ODDO DOO 2 a ay Mb w o L | reasonable “measure” of the extreme stresses which will develop in.the ring and, therefore. can be used as a design criterion, . Designate: with: It is assumed thal the consiecting rings are positioned in the most critical section of the duet; ie., over its supports where the maximum bending moment of the duct is given by equation (1)... Bending moment about base of flange = 15,000 psi (nyap a. Moduliis of resistance of flange at circumtference welded to duct xDtf,. ! ates F Se "2. hy z: oe EA Maximum stress According 0 equation (43), Ay = ryan = DED where, om = 15,000 psi, and : Taastssole-/ ' Tuuoy produrerie for Heri elo fener 2, (a) eR, He Coeerre, Bian “pig ecuation (8) 7% ee i claclor hb devels and, Theretoré, ; 15,000 psi Di sk 000 si. nyay #Dt — -; —et 10-4 eDtt 2.50 aa pages ; me 8 = distance of centerline of bolt to base of a flange welded to the duct, = cross-sectional area of bolt in tension, equation (38). = theoretical number of boits required for connection in order for maximurn stress in Lolis to be 15,000 psi. = load per length of duct. = duct:diameter. | = thickness of flange. Support spacing of duct. ai ao i ees hey Dh 24,000 pil > (.geo sina (OPK, Ip (35) ‘ \ adulsigle en fo prc 1 e : 7 GtO? to: (where to = thickhess of duict), equation (7), Medale obs rh Nicclm oll Luck Vinow, ; f Treat dad “ tae )ere rg eee ed ce eee Ct Ct ea) te eet edo teed eed b I This expression can be rewritten in the following fo: is often useful in the design process because it permits the Computation of the maximum allowable support spacing L asa function of 4, a, wand D; : faa 4 177.2 ibs 4 Ls vaw ia frets} * The following-adgitional requirements are adopted tor the design of rings for bolting together duct segments. If hy represents the outstariding leg of a flange or an angle to be used for bolting, and a:is equal to the hole gage o! the bolt connection of -the flange; or angle, then the specifications will be observed: : Pore PFor ct diameter 0 20" | : hy 31" and For duct diameter 20" 1%" and For duct diameter 36" <0 48" hy > 2" and For duct dianieter 48°" <0 sou hy > 2A" 9 According to this specification, if tor @ given size duct ! [ diameter the outstanding leg)of the flange or angie used for the | ring is greater than the minimum value hy specified, the value of the hole gage “a”. will not be taken higher than I'specified, regardless -of its actual size. This is because the ‘criterion. given by equation (37) is simply a “measure” of the capacity of the connecting |ring and, as such. has only an empirical value. A. larger size angle or flange obviously possesses greater capacity, even though its hole gaa! in reality, greater and, therefore, its apparent capacity may appear reduced jf evaluated! in terms of equation (37) “4 em, which (37) following a=5/8" ‘\ 7 "| 35 108" 3/8 herewith e may be,‘The design of bolting of two ducts together is based on the following procedure. | a nq [8226 e'shiouid be al least one boll per 27 5 U ‘inches “g e i.¢., a 32 inch diameter shall have at Ei imum} number of bolts allowed is six (6). ° 0 - In computing bolt stresses due to bending and shear forces, . Design. of | itis assumea that the tora Gross-sectional area of the bolts is = evenly distributed along the|length of the duct circumference Bolt 0.1664 in? Therefore, use stiffener size A for all cases, since for stiffener spacing less than 14 ft, the (I) and (A) required will be less and size A is the smaliest specified. | Application #2 — Make a complete design of a stainless steel conduit subject to a negative pressure of p = 20 w.g. to carry non-abrasive gas with a diameter!D = 50". ' (a) thicktiess with, no stiffeners, use equation (21): isan a(0.1265 — 03 28 x 10° psi- /; 0.91 Fy 4x0. i x vo 0.035714)x 0.7222 psi Sesion (52+ 50) * V 0855 x 10 = 0.0044 Ik “t= 0.0044 x 50 = 0,22”, | (6) stiffener spacing required for sige 10(t = 0.1265"); gauation (20); « | sft/01?> = 0.031327 pier) or, | ! g ss 0.031327 x 0,7222 psi (ea) or, 1 | on | 0.322 x 10° =0. 1836) 10° Gin or, | 0.322 | ** gagag * thin oho = 17M 209.6" = 17.47 ftat t (c) stiffener spacing for gage 12(t =-0.0911): ! 0.1536 x 10°" | | on | | 0.1417 x 10". = 0,1536 x 10" & in”! | fa | | | | ag X10? = 92.25" | (4) stiffener spacing for. gage 14(t = 0.0677"); | A 0.0677\ 25. C. =(_—— .25 in = 43.9" = 3K <4 it. @ Ga) “pa in = 43.9" = 3.66 tt <4 tt “:GA14 is no good because it requires stiffener spacing at-less than 4 ft, the minimum specified. “ty 2 3ftog | Eero ee (¢) design of stiffener size for different spacings; use equa- tions (28) & (26): For€ = 17 ft pl = 0.917 8 Tas = 0.9177 | | | 17 e222 psi x {17 x 12) x 50° in* 4817 28 x 10" psi | | | \ I = 0.603 intaoeooOo OOOO Oe 3 x 22222 psi x 17 x 12 x 50 in? STEERELX TN? & 12 x 50 in? 30,000 psi = 1.789 in? \ Use sized (LO” x Bt x ae) | 126 Twvoa | Q94Tin* > 0.603 in* Asai 5 2.11 in? > 1,789 int CH er/heo) For¢= 7H: | Jey, Tees = 0.603 x +5 in? = 0.248 int i ty Aass = 1.789% = in? = 0.737 in? | Use 0 FILQ" x 2 Tova = 0,348 in* > 0.248 int | Asa = 0938 in? >0,737 in (# @n’h'e. ) g : s fort = 3 ft: Tues = = 02106 in* aes = 0.316 in? jl ere eet Use size C(1-1/2" x 1-1/2" x 3/16")eTmMOMOMOTM MDOT OOOO OOo co B= Fork = 2it: | 4 - ees = 4 x 0.196 in = 0,036 in* i ae Race * 58 0.316 in? = 0.108 in | aN Use size B{1-1/2" x 1-1/4"! x 3/76" Lavai = 0.061]in* > 0.036 in* Ava = 0.434 i in? > 0.108 in z a Application #3.2=:Désign {he bolting Connectiog of an 8” steel duct Class 2, carrying particulate matter with a specific weight of 120 Ibs per cubic foot, subject to a negative pressure Of 28 w.g.. and with no stlféners. 1 An 6" steel duct subject to a pressure of -23" w.g., Class 2, with no’ stiffeners requires a|duct thickness of 18 ga: i.e. a minimum thickness t = 0.0428 in. However, the effective duct thickness is only t= t~ 0.006 in = 0.0428 in - 0.006in = 0.0368in. The total load on the given avo will be: | We = ere = 3.408 0428 = 3.66 lb/ft (Own weight (Equation 2) | ! Super, dead load = wy = 5D IB/ft? = 5x 8/12 Ib/it = 3.33 Ib/tt : (Equation 3) : 7 xD? 8 Particulate weight = wy * ——|x 120 tbift® x 120 tb/ft I a\ia, i * Tétalload w= (3.66 +3.33 + 20.94)Ib/ft = 27.93 IBM. | | For the maximum specified support spacing of 16 ft. the approximate maximum bendirig moment, as given by equation[nen] Ce Ms SSE 2 5012 tbs te The modulus of resistance of the duct will be boot h $=" 7s 78? 0.0368 in" = 1.85 in (Equation 7) (Note that weight is based on the thickness t = 0.0428 in whereas resistance is based on thickness to = 0.0368 in). the maximiuni stress on the duct will’ be? M _ 701.2 x{12 Oman) 12 si = 4848 psi Eouat an 1.85) PS! = 4548 p: (Equation 8) if common boits)are to be used with an allowable maximum tensile styengih equal to 18,000 psi, the total effective cross- sectional area of the required bolts must be 4548 | Ao = Fe p00 * erosssectional area of duct} (Equation 43) | 4548 ee” Fepgg f#Dte) =_0.28 in n I iy It 3/67 bolts are to be used with an effective cross-sectional area per bolt of 0.078 in’, the number of required bolts is: Tedegck Rea = Area. . 224 i <. Use six (minimum required) 3/8” bolts. | Application #4 — Design the welding of the stifieners @ 17 ft ©.c. of the design application #2,a co Cs C oe rae . , How To t Use These andards ae Diameter Sirffener spacing Duct thickness Negative pressure 50 in 17 tt 0.1265 in (10 ga.) 0.7222 psi (20 w.g.) Minimum umber of welds in accordance with empiric: equation (29) is: N= 7xD?-6= 7% 50°? ~6 37x 236-6 = Neg 211 welds Allowable throat stress Fy = 19,600 psi Required tength per weld v2 (Equati~ Xx 5 . . V2 x x 50 x 0.7222 (17 x 12) iayeaae 11 x 13600 x'0.1265 ¢ Use 11 two-inch welds (11 ‘2/ welds), Siep #1 / To find minimum gage requirement for a given span, A. It given span is less than 15 feet, the duct gage is affected by the span. Proceed directly to Step #2 8. i maximum span exceeds 15 feet, enter Table 3 diameter D, duct class. specific weight C of particulate be conveyed, and maximum support distance (span) | « duct. ' C. From Table 3, select the minimum duct gage requir ers)fool ma fod Application: Determitie’ the minimum required gage o! a 36" steel duct conve nap iculaté material of specific weight of 0 85 pot, Clasé-BySupported at maximum support spacing of 23. feet, = ji a ae ‘ Using Table’3,'dage 4a-4- we realize that there is no tabulated gage for the ‘exact data ‘ofthe given example. The two data Conditions bounding the given data for which there is a tabu. lated answer-ai i 6", Class 2,°C = 50 pel, L = 20 ft tor which 18 gage is required! * ae | t D = 96" Class 2, ¢ =(75'pcl, L = 25 ft for which 14 gage is required, interpolating for the. given, case D = 36", Class: 2, C'= 65 pet, L = 28 ft (which is almost halfway between the tabulated cases). 16 GA material-cah Be used between 18 and 14: Gage): edetéimination more accurately by use rocedures, the following sequence.can be of the analytical used): : pee Examplet'Use thers td ab in the above application. * Oen ef Peo Given datas! D2 lass 2,'C = 65 pci, L = 23 tt Modules ‘ofielastic| y forsteel: E ='28 % 10° psi Max allowable sires 10,000 psi for (D/t) < 342 a, = 3425 x 10-(5)ox for (Dit) > 242 HP (see equation 12).PS 263 > 2a 7 + 4 GA 1Gis sufficient.» “| 8. Try GA18: The provides: ame sequence of computations for GA 18 _ 0.0368 36 + = 0.0428" to's 0,0368"", 04) =-3425 x 10° psi 3501 psi.) W= 261.44 ibs/ft(b).$ = 37.46 in? (c) Liye = 20.44 ft <23 ft GA‘18 i§ not sufficient, Therefore, required gage is 16. Step #2 / To find duct gage and reinforcing system: To tind suct gage and reinforcing system: A. Identify th correspond classification, ‘atrial. ‘and reinforcement. schedule to the given pressure and duct i 8. Enter schedule with the duct diameter D. ©. Open Tables 4 and'6, page 4-2 for steel ducts for reference, oh D, Select, Iroin ‘Schieduile:the! most desirable combination of duct gage, sizé"and' Spacing of reinfoscing member and weld Specification’. : Application Sélect:the: ‘duct gage, size ‘and spacing of reinforcing“mémiber and weld specification jor a Class 1 steel duct having @ diameter.26"; subjected to a negative pressure of 16" w.g. 1 (1) Identify the. appro; schedule. for. Class fe. material and’ reinforcement 7-16" Ww. (2) Enter schedule. with duct diameter 36”. (3) Open Tables 4 and,s, page 41-2:(steel duct), forreterence,(ene fee eee aI Oo | (4) Availabie ‘option’. are’ (trom schedule) Gage 16.-!(B/4-K/21). |B type reinforcement on 4 tt ‘centers. using 27 welds 1” long, i B/5°X/18) |B type reinforcement on § ft isenters using 16 welds 1” long. yee X/8)..C.type reintorcement on 8 tt i Bayete. eonters using 16 welds 1” tong, mo gaan Gage 2 #(C/0-X/10) © type reinforcement on 10 tt ih aes centers using 10 welds. 1” long, ase * ‘centers using 10 welds 1%" long = (FAT 710) F type reinforcement on 17 tt cénters-using 10 welds 2” long. - (ane: X/10) G type. reinforcement on-18 ft § 4 ¥, Genters using 10 welds 2” long. Gage 11" GVA 6 type’ reinforcement on 20:ft eye centers using 10 welds 1%4"long. Gage 9/16%".""" “* No, reinforcement, required. (16 make. the‘sameidetermination by use of the analytical procedures, meet wing: egesuence canbe used.) ewe GO? Example; Use: the! “same, 36", Class"1, pressure p= 16 wag, yielding stress Fy 0,000 pst Meal 8 Of elasticity E = 28 x 10° psi (steel), Poisson’s ratio. 0.9 (steel) rect A. Convert pressure: to, psiy. p= 0.03611 x 16 = 0.578 psi. as in the\"Application" above. Given: D = (D/13-Y/10) D type reinforcement on: 13 ttoe 0,00371'x'36" ='6.142.i8. Use GA 3/16’ ©. Compute reintotcement Seeded for nextiighter gage duct For GA 10 (t = 0.1266" t, = 0.1265" Use equation:(20), to compute reinforcement spacing: “| (1-08) (to/0)?5. = 0.031327 p ( (52 + D/in) 2s Cg (52 +36) on ; £ \u-o.37y* 36 ; 5 PUSNRT Dre G ae 108 i bets = O16"ae ae tie i Note: Therefore, the use'of GA 10 with reinforcement @20fio.c. is uneconomigal and'is not recommended. A GA 11 with reins forcementi@ 20 tt, sufficient. emenl. The procedure for the Gage. 12is given. if a higher or ihe procedure for designing of, the same,Cee eee ~m (aa o co 7 c Co oa. Accérding’ tothe ‘computations of the preceeding Paragraph (G),.a'gage 12 duct requires reinforcement al -spacing, smialleror-equal.to 18 1t. To design stiffeners @ 18 t1o.c., use equations (25) and (26); i . Z (52 + Dfin) peo lacs = 0.91 ae ~ Equation (26). ©. ore laes™ 0.917: and Ault = 0.0785 ft in = 0,942:in? , 2 ead = 1.19 in 0.53 int, A Feferable (or any reason), rom, 18 tt. sages Compute: spacin A= 0.04 in?) -asetolio 1.35 & 28% 10% 7x 0878x365From Equation (26); fo a 19(Ajos\F |, 140.94 x 30,000 Spacing &p.= {140.94 x 30,000_ ee DINED, ©. (62 #36) 0.578 x36 |” =216,61,in For use of reinforcement Type € (0 0.27 int, A= 0.72 in?) (by the same procedure): 14x 0:72x'30,000 BEF 6) x OS Tau as OE 15 n= 13.76 tt ( ; [ @ E is heavier than 0, it suffices to Type’ D-(I'# 0.14 in’, A = 0.69 in?). For use ofiteinforée (by cdimpatison]?: tes i.mo mo co amrmOO OOOO Ol momo oo m Use Reinforcement Tyo hoe. Jin A= 0.53 in?) @ 10 For use of reinforcement Typp B (I = 0.08 in*, (by comparison} = 0.43 in?) 043, 43 pe Teh 17ST Ht B22h G94 F “9a ! , i 7 aiso, ! | 606, 6 Se = Gage "yg 3802 |= 6.66 | 35 | E | This reinforcement -snotropor, a spacing of § ft \ o.6. which sulfiess #2 es}2s + requires @sn Therelore, the cos witat ah of a jorcement at less than 4 tiles. Design for weld specificatic . The design procedure is illustrated for the gage 16: -d the gage 11 options. For the other options, the desi » procedure is‘the same. “Weld specification for gage 16 option {ty * 0,0538 in} Reinforcement spacing § = 4/ft | “ | =. The minimum number of welds required eccording to equation (27) is: | | N = 1008-10 = 10 x 36998- 10 = 26.33. N ° 7_ welds. i Eee i The length S$ of each weld is specified from equation (33) psoo where Ew. ksi (lor steel) « A (to 0.1116 in} 22 20 ft. 2 N= 10.welds noe 13" Aepmes He 3" 46 in t guited'In avalue for S >2in,then creased.to N’ = 0.5.Ns.in en ‘suppont), and weigh! per eyed. jo, the @pplicable flange: 5:6 through S10."aooo oom mmo mM” O OE l ) . 2 See Mlarige’ connection si slest duct witha siemeit 138?ith'@ ominal:diameter d is a fonal area per bolt 0.9743. ) 2 eee, m5 faa amt Oo oo, Sooos 2 = Distange!ol’centerline,otebolt of rolled:angles) = Assumed yiel 30 ksi laisttes FE Tea = Required in k £ of an infinitely long duct. base of flange (gage is.with.a buckling loadpeso} stiffening rings FStillening rings Reduced éife toss of rater os