2015Minastampede

FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

On24September2015,astampederesultedinthedeaths
ofatleast1,100people[1][2][3]andinjuriesto934others
duringtheannualHajjpilgrimageinMina,Mecca.[4]Itis
thedeadliestaccidenttooccurintheHajjsincethe1990
stampedethatkilled1,426people.[5]Theincidentwas
thesecondeventwithfatalitiesatMeccainlessthantwo
weeks.Earlier,on11September,acranecollapsed,
killing111peopleandinjuring394.
IranhasstronglycriticisedSaudiArabiaformishandling
theannualpilgrimageandhasthreatenedtopressthe
caseagainstSaudirulersininternationalcourts.[6]The
incidenthasinflamedsectariantensionsbetweenregional
rivalsSunniSaudiArabiaandShiaIran,whichwere
alreadyraisedduetothewiderturmoilintheMiddle
East,suchastheSyrianCivilWarandYemenCivil
War.[7][8][9]

2015Minastampede

Rowofvictimsandwoundedassistance
Time

09:00AST(UTC+03:00)

Date

24September2015

Location

Mina,Mecca,SaudiArabia

Coordinates

212459.5N395304.9E

Cause

Underinvestigation

Deaths

Atleast1,100

Nonfatalinjuries Atleast934
Inapressconferenceheldthedayoftheincident,
spokesmanoftheMinistryofInteriorMansourAlTurki
Missing
Atleast1,015
attemptedtoaddressmostissuesregardingtheincident.
Hesaidthataninvestigationwasongoingandthatthe
exactcauseforcrowdingthatledtothedeadlystampedeonMinaStreet204areyettobeascertained.[10]

Contents
1Background
2Thedisaster
2.1Casualties
3Reactions
3.1Governments
3.2Analysts
4Seealso
5References
6Externallinks

Background
Mainarticle:Hajj

TheHajjisanannualpilgrimageinMeccaprescribedasadutyforMuslimstoundertakeatleastoncein
theirlifetime.Astraditionallyperformed,itconsistsofaseriesofritesincludingtheStoningoftheDevil
(Arabic:
ramajjamart)[11][12]whichtakesplaceat
theJamaraatBridgeinMina,adistrictafewmileseastofMecca.
TheJamaraatBridgeisapedestrianbridgefromwhichpilgrimscan
throwpebblesatthethreejamrahpillars.Thestoningritualisthe
lastmajorritualandisoftenregardedasthemostdangerouspartof
theHajj,withitslargecrowds,confinedspaces,andtight
scheduling.Anumberofstampedeshaveoccurredinthepast.[13]
346peoplewerekilledinasimilarincidentin2006,which
promptedtheSaudigovernmenttoimprovetheinfrastructureofthe
TentCityatMinain2009
city.[4]TheSaudiArabiangovernmenthasbeenspending$60
billiontoexpandtheGrandMosquewhichhousestheKaaba,and
hasdeployed100,000securityforcesand5,000CCTVcamerastomonitorthecrowds.[14]
The2015Hajjoccurredamongsuchobstaclesasregionalturmoil,thehottesttemperaturesinMeccain20
years,theMERSinfectionand"alltimehigh"tensionsbetweenSunnisandShias.[15]

Thedisaster

Nationality

Nationalitiesofvictims
Deceased
Injured

Missing

Ref.

Afghanistan

N/A

[16]

Algeria

N/A

[17]

Bangladesh
Benin

18
N/A

90 [18][19]

80
N/A

[20]

BurkinaFaso

N/A

[21]

Burundi

N/A

[22]

[23]

Cameroon

21

Chad

11

N/A

[20]

China

N/A

[24]

Egypt

55

120

[25]

[26]

Ghana

N/A

100

26
N/A

India

45

13

[27]

Indonesia

41

10

82

[28]

226

46

233

[29]

Iran

14

N/A

77

[30]

Jordan

N/A

[31]

Kenya

N/A

[32]

Malaysia

N/A

[33]

30

N/A

[34]

34

[35]

IvoryCoast

Mali
Morocco

Myanmar

N/A

[36]

Netherlands

N/A

[22]

Niger
Nigeria
Oman

19

39

[37]

56

61

[38]

Pakistan

1 [39][40]

N/A

40

35

63

[41]

Philippines

N/A

[42]

Senegal

N/A

[22]

Somalia

N/A

[22]

Sudan

20

[43]

Tanzania

N/A

50

[44]

Turkey

N/A

[45]

N/A

160

[46]

UnitedKingdom

N/A

Unknown
Total

13

529
1,100

500
934

0
1,015

[1][3]

Nationality

Deceaseddignitaries
Name

Ref.

Nigeria

TijaniElMiskin
HajiyaBilkisuYusuf
AlhajiAbbasIbrahimSambo
JusticeAbdulkadirJega
JusticeMusaHassanAlkali
EngrBelloGidanHamma

[47][48]

Pakistan

AssadMurtazaGilani

[49]

Iran

MohammadRahimAghaeiPoor [50]

AccordingtoastatementbytheSaudicivildefencedirectorate,thestampedeoccurredThursday24
September2015at09:00Meccatime(06:00UTC)atthejunctionbetweenstreet204and223aspilgrims
wereenroutetotheJamaraatBridge.TheSaudiInteriorMinistrystatedthatthestampedewastriggered
whentwolargegroupsofpilgrimsintersectedfromdifferentdirectionsontothesamestreet.[4]Thejunction
laybetweentwopilgrimcampsites.[51]SeveraleyewitnessesclaimedthattheclosureofStreet206wasthe
mainreasonbehindthestampede.[52]
LebanonbasedArabiclanguagedailyAdDiyarallegesthattheconvoyescortingPrinceMohammadbin
SalmanAlSaud,comprising200soldiersand150policeofficers,playedacentralroleinthestampede.The
reportsaidthattheprince'sconvoycausedsomepilgrimstoturnaroundagainsttheflowwhichtriggereda
stampede.ThereportfurthersaidthatMohammadandhishugeentourageswiftlyabandonedthescene,
addingthattheSaudiauthoritiesseektohushuptheentirestoryandimposeamediablackouton
Mohammadspresenceinthearea.[53]
DeputyGovernorofNigeriasstateofKebbi,whowaspresentattheincident,confirmedthatthedeaths
happenedduetoblockageofroutetoJamrat."Whatactuallyhappenedwasthatallthepilgrimsscheduled
tothrowJamratatthattimewerechanneledtooneparticularstreet.Atatimewegottoacertainpoint
around8:00am,amilitaryvehiclewassetacrosstocreateabarrierandthensomeoftheSaudisoldiers
werestandingby,suggestingthatyoucannotgobeyondthatpoint.""About5,000peoplecomingfromthe
samedirectionwerenotawareoftheroadblockinfront,whichresultedtoatightandstationaryhuman
traffic,whichmadeitverydifficultforustoevenstand.So,wecontinuedtosquattomakeroomforfresh
airwhilethetemperaturewasabout47degreescelsius.""Pilgrims,ineffortstogetfreshair,attemptedto
scalefencesoftentsonbothsidesoftheroad.Veryfewsucceeded,whilemostpeoplejustsuccumbtothe
situation.Itwasatthisjuncturethatwesawdeadbodiespilinguparoundus."[54]
Inapressconferenceheldthedayoftheincident,spokesmanoftheMinistryofInteriorMansourAlTurki
attemptedtoaddressmostissuesregardingtheincident.Hesaidthataninvestigationwasongoing,thatthe
exactcausesforcrowdingthatledtothedeadlystampedeonMinaStreet204areyettobeascertained.[10]
Heexplainedthat"Streetnumber204isaroadleadingfromthecampstotheJamaratBridge.What
happenedwasthatagroupofpilgrimsonbuseswereallowedtodescendontothepathwaysthatleadtothe
JamaratBridgeatatimethatwasntallocatedtothem,AlArabiyaNewsChannelscorrespondentin
Mina,SaadAlMatrafisaid.Astheynearedthearea,theyconvergedwithanexistinggroupofpeoplewho
werealreadyinthearea,whichpushedtheareatoovercapacity."Thespokesmanalsomentionedthatmost
diplomaticconvoystakeplaceinthesouthofMinaandinundergroundtunnels,whiletheincidenttook

placeinthenorth.Headdedthatnewsregardingtheincidentshouldbesoughtfromofficialsources,
pointingoutthatmostcontroversialnewsregardingtheunfortunateincidentarecomingfromsourcesat
conflictwiththeSaudiGovernment.[55][56][57]
LondonbasedArabicinternationalnewspaperAsharqAlAwsat,whichisnotedforitssupportoftheSaudi
government,reportedanofficialwhorequestedanonymitytodiscusstheissue,saidtheaccidentoccurred
afteragroupofaround300Iranianpilgrimsfailedtofollowordersrequiringthemtowaitforclearanceto
leaveJamarat.[58]
Onescientificstudyexplainsthecausesofsuchstampedesbyusingsystematicreviewofcomputermodels.
Accordingtothisstudy,crowdsareoftwotypes:physicalcrowds(wherepeoplearesimplyinoneplace)
andpsychologicalcrowds(wherepeopleinaphysicalcrowdshareacommonselfdefinitionasocial
identity).AgroupofpeopleataneventmayallseethemselvesandeachotherasMuslims,Manchester
Unitedsupporters,ormusiclovers,forexample.Thissharedidentityaffectsthebehaviourofthecrowdand
isthereforeimperativeforunderstandingandpredictingthecrowdmovements,includingflowand
congestion.Recentresearchhasshownthatfeelingsofgroupidentitymaymeanpsychologicalcrowdsare
easierfortheirmemberstocopewitheveniftheyaretightlypackedorveryslowmovingbecausetheyfeel
safewithinthegroup.Butwhenthereareseveralpsychologicalcrowdswithinthesamephysicalspacethey
caninadvertentlylimitthemovementofoneanother.Inarecent(unpublished)studywefoundthatpeople
inonepsychologicalcrowdwalkmorecloselytogether,walkmoreslowlyandwalkfurtherdistancesto
staytogetherthanpeoplewhoarejustinphysicalcrowds.Thoseoutsidethepsychologicalcrowddidnot
trytowalkthroughitbutinsteadwalkedaroundit.[59]

Casualties
TheSaudiCivilDefencedirectoratestatedthatcasualtieswereofmultiplenationalities.
TheSaudiCivilDefencedirectorateannouncedthedeploymentof4,000personneltothestampedesite
alongside220emergencyresponseunits.[51]Pilgrimswereredirectedawayfromthestampedesite.[60]The
SaudiRedCrescentwasalsomobilisedandtheinjuredarebeingtreatedatfourhospitals.[4]
IranianOfficialNewsAgencyIRNAreportedthataccordingtoIran'sHajjandPilgrimageOrganisation
morethan2,000peoplearebelievedtohavebeenkilledand2,000moreinjuredinthestampede[61][62]
whileIndianExternalAffairsMinisterandPakistansambassadorputsdeathtollat1090.[63][3]

Reactions
Governments
SaudiArabia
ThegovernoroftheMakkahRegionandheadoftheCentralHajjCommitteePrinceKhaledal
FaisalblamedthestampedeonsomepilgrimsfromAfricannationalities.[51]TheSaudi
healthministerKhalidA.AlFalihstatedthatthestampedeoccurredduetopilgrimsfailingto
followofficialdirections,addingthattimetablesestablishedbyauthoritieswereignored.[4]
However,witnessesdisputethis,accordingtotheGuardian.[64]

SaudiaArabiasKingSalmanremovedthreehighlevelofficialsfromtheirpostsfollowingthe
stampede.[65]
Iran
AliKhamenei,SupremeleaderofIran,declaredthreedaysofnationalmourninginIran.The
Saudigovernmentisobligatedtoshoulderitsheavyresponsibilityinthisbitterincidentand
meetitsobligationsincompliancewiththeruleofrighteousnessandfairness.Mismanagement
andimpropermeasuresthatwerebehindthistragedyshouldnotbeoverlooked,Khamenei
said.[66]HefurthersaidSaudiArabiaisincapableoforganisingthepilgrimage.Therunning
oftheHajjmustbehandedovertoIslamicstates.[67]
IranianForeignMinistrysummonedSaudiArabiaschargd'affaires,[68]anddispatcheda
highrankingdelegationfromtheForeignMinistryandtheIranianRedCrescent,headedby
HassanQashqavi,toinvestigatethesituation.[69]AmirAbdollahian,DeputyofForeignAffairs
Minister,accusedSaudiofficialsoftactlessnessoverthelackofsafetymeasuresattheHajj[70]
andsaidWecaninnowaybeindifferenttothisirresponsiblebehaviourofSaudiArabia.This
willbedealtwiththroughdiplomaticchannels.[71]
TheheadofIransHajjorganisation,SaidOhadi,accusedSaudiArabiaofsafetyerrorsthat
causedtheaccidentsayingthatTodaysincidentshowsmismanagementandlackofserious
attentiontothesafetyofpilgrims.Thereisnootherexplanation.TheSaudiofficialsshouldbe
heldaccountable.[71]
KhameneisrepresentativeonHajjaffairs,SeyedAliGhaziaskar,said:Saudiofficialsdonot
letourmedicalteamanddoctorstoreachtheaffectedareasandhospitalstohelp.[72]
ThousandsofpeoplemarchedinTehrantoprotestatSaudiArabiashandlingofthehajj
pilgrimage.TheIraniandemonstratorscarriedblackbannersandchanteddeathtoAlSaud
[family](),therulingroyalfamilyofSaudiArabia.[22]
IranalsovowedtotakeinternationallegalactionagainstSaudiArabiasrulersoverthe
stampede.IransStateProsecutorEbrahimRaisisaidUnderinternationallaw,thisincidentis
absolutelysubjecttoprosecution.TheAlSaudmustberesponsive.Theyhavetoknowthatwe
willpursuethetrialofAlSaudforthecrimetheyhavecommittedagainstthehajjpilgrims
throughinternationalcourtsandorganizations.[73]
Turkey
MehmetGormez,theheadofPresidencyofReligiousAffairsblamedseriousmanagementissuesat
Mecca,[74]saying,Therewasseriousnegligencebyauthoritiesindirectingthecrowd.[75]AKP
DeputyChairMehmetAliahinalsocriticisedtheSaudiorganisation,andhasclaimedthatTurkey
coulddoabetterjobthanSaudiArabiaatorganisingtheHajjpilgrimage,callingforTurkeytobe
entrustedwithitsmanagement.[76]However,TurkishPresident,RecepTayyipErdogandefendedthe
Saudigovernmentsaying,IdonotsympathisewiththehostilestatementsagainstSaudiArabia.[77]
Heasserted,ItisnotrighttohavetheapproachofputtingtheblameonSaudiArabia.Onthe
contrary,duringtheHajjandUmrahIparticipatedin,Icametoobservecloselythelevelof
sensibilityintheorganizationworkconductedthere.ThereforeIcannotsaytheorganizationis
wrong.[78]
Lebanon
HassanNasrallah,theSecretaryGeneralofHezbullahsaidthattheSaudiregimeholdsthefull
responsibilityfortheMinaincidentasitwasthesolemanagerofthepilgrimageandithasalways
refusedtosharethisresponsibilitywithanyoneelse.Hestressedthatblamingthepilgrimsforthis
tragedywasasimplificationofthings,andthattheconsequentaccidentsinthepilgrimagethattake

placeeveryyearindicatethatthereisamajorprobleminSaudismanagement.[79]Hefurthersaid
SaudiArabiashouldallowMuslimcountriestohelpthekingdomruntheHajjpilgrimagerituals,
emphasisingtheneedfortheformationofaMuslimcommitteetosupervisethemanagementofthe
annualIslamicevent.HealsoaddedthatagroupofMuslimcountriesshouldbeformedtoprobethe
fatalstampededuringHajjrites.[80]
Nigeria
NigeriangovernmenthasdismissedremarksbytheSaudihealthministerblamingpilgrimsfornot
followinginstructions.[81]AbdullahiMukhtar,theChairmanofNationalHajjCommissionof
Nigeriasaid,ItwasnotfairforanyonetoblameAfricansparticipatingatthepilgrimageforthefatal
incidentandcalledontheSaudiauthoritytoincludeNigeriainagovernmentinvestigationintothe
incident.[82]TheSultanofSokoto,AlhajiSaadAbubakarIII,urgedSaudiauthoritiestohenceforth
provideimprovedsafetymeasuresduringtheannualpilgrimagetoMecca.[83]
Syria
StatecontrollednewsagencySyrianArabNewsAgencysaid,Thestampederaisedquestionsabout
theSaudigovernmentsattentiontopilgrimssafetydespitebillionsofdollarsthatSaudiauthorities
claimtospendtoimproveHajj.[84]

Analysts
IrfanalAlawi,theexecutivedirectoroftheIslamicHeritageResearchFoundation,saidthatthe
disasterwasaresultofpoormanagementbythegovernment,giventhenumberofpastdisasters.[85]
MadawialRasheed,aSaudiArabiananthropologistandvisitingprofessorattheLondonSchoolof
Economics,said:Thereisnoaccountability.Itsshockingthatalmosteveryyearthereissomekind
ofdeathtoll.Therenovationandexpansionaredoneunderthepretextofcreatingmorespacefor
Muslimpilgrims,butitmaskslandgrabsandvastamountsofmoneybeingmadebytheprincesand
byotherSaudis.OfficialsinthekingdomhadavoidedresponsibilityinpartbycitingtheIslamic
doctrinethatanyonewhodiesduringthepilgrimagegoestoheaven.[85]
AlialAhmed,aSaudianalystandcurrentdirectoroftheWashingtonD.C.basedInstituteforGulf
AffairsthinktankblamedtheSaudigovernmentsmismanagementoftheHajj,sayingthatthe
MinistryofInteriorsuseofsoldierswhohavenoclueorexpertiseinmanagingcrowdswasthereal
causeofstampedes.ThisreallyhastodowiththefailureoftheSaudigovernmentinorganizingthis
Hajj,andtheyneedtogethelpfromaroundtheworld.[86]
SaeedalShehabi,aLondonbasedShiaBahrainioppositionpoliticalactivistinaninterviewwith
IranianbasedtelevisionPressTVsaidthatInSaudiArabiaitisgoodtheSaudisaregoodatwar,
aregoodatfinancingterrorismandextremism,theyarebombingYemendaysandnights,yetthey
cannotmanagethisannualfestivalwhereMuslimsareexpectedtoexercisetheirworshipinpeace
andinharmonyandalsotodiscusstheirownlivelymattersthatconcernMuslims.[87]
SalmanalOuda,aSaudiclericsaidthatRiyadhregimeshouldbeheldaccountableforthecrush,
addingthatSaudirulerscannotevadetheirresponsibilitybylabelingthetragedyasanactofGod.
Hecalledonmediaoutletstocovertheincidentwithfulltransparency.[88]

Seealso
Meccacranecollapse
1987Meccaincident
IncidentsduringtheHajj
Listofdeadlieststampedesandpanics

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Externallinks
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"Sortingoperationsarestillcontinuing"(Tweet)(inArabic).
Nazer,Fahad(16Sep2015)."IsSaudiArabiauptothetask
ofprotectingthe'HouseofGod'?".AlMonitor.
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