Analog to Digital

Converters (ADC)
Ben Lester, Mike Steele,
Quinn Morrison

Topics

Introduction

Why?
Types and Comparisons

Successive Approximation ADC example

Applications
ADC System in the CML-12C32
Microcontroller

Analog systems are typically what

engineers need to analyze. ADCs
are used to turn analog
information into digital data.

Process

Sampling, Quantification, Encoding

Outp
ut
State
s
0
1
2
3
4
5
6

Discrete
Voltage
Ranges (V)
0.00-1.25
1.25-2.50
2.50-3.75
3.75-5.00
5.00-6.25
6.25-7.50
7.50-8.75

Out
Binary
-put Equivalent
0

000

001

010

011

100

101

110

111

Resolution, Accuracy, and

Conversion time

Resolution Number of discrete

values it can produce over the
range of analog values; Q=R/N
Accuracy Improved by increasing
sampling rate and resolution.
Time Based on number of steps
required in the conversion process.

Comparing types of ADCs

Flash ADC
Sigma-delta ADC
Wilkinson ADC
Integrating ADC
Successive Approximation
Converter

Flash ADC

Speed: High
Cost: High
Accuracy: Low

Sigma-delta ADC

Speed: Low
Cost: Low
Accuracy: High

Wilkinson ADC

Speed: High
Cost: High
Accuracy: High

Wilkinson Analog
Digital Converter
(ADC) circuit
schematic diagram

Integrating ADC

Speed: Low
Cost: Low
Accuracy: High

Successive Approximation
Converter

Speed: High
Cost: High
Accuracy: High but limited

Topics

Introduction

Why?
Types and Comparisions

Successive Approximation ADC example

Applications
ADC System in the CML-12C32
Microcontroller

Successive Approximation
ADC Example
Mike Steele
Goal: Find digital
value Vin

8-bit ADC
Vin = 7.65
Vfull scale = 10

Successive Approximation
ADC Example
Vfull scale = 10, Vin = 7.65

MSB LSB
Average high/low limits
Compare to Vin
Vin > Average MSB
=1
Vin < Average MSB
=0
Bit 7
(Vfull scale +0)/2 = 5
1

7.65 > 5 Bit 7 = 1

Successive Approximation
ADC Example
Vfull scale = 10, Vin = 7.65

MSB LSB
Average high/low limits
Compare to Vin
Vin > Average MSB
=1
Vin < Average MSB
=0
Bit 6
(Vfull1
1
scale +5)/2 = 7.5

7.65 > 7.5 Bit 6 = 1

Successive Approximation
ADC Example
MSB LSB

Vfull scale = 10, Vin = 7.65

Average high/low limits

Compare to Vin
Vin > Average MSB
=1
Vin < Average MSB
=0
Bit 5
(Vfull1
8.75
1
scale +7.5)/2
0 =

7.65 < 8.75 Bit 5 = 0

Successive Approximation
ADC Example
Vin = 7.65

MSB LSB
Average high/low limits
Compare to Vin
Vin > Average MSB
=1
Vin < Average MSB
=0
Bit 4
1
(8.75+7.5)/2
8.125
1
0
0

7.65 < 8.125 Bit 4 = 0

Successive Approximation
ADC Example
Vin = 7.65

MSB LSB
Average high/low limits
Compare to Vin
Vin > Average MSB
=1
Vin < Average MSB
=0
Bit 3
1
(8.125+7.5)/2
=07.8125
1
0
0

7.65 < 7.8125 Bit 3 =

Successive Approximation
ADC Example
Vin = 7.65

MSB LSB
Average high/low limits
Compare to Vin
Vin > Average MSB
=1
Vin < Average MSB
=0
Bit 2
1
(7.8125+7.5)/2
=
1
0
0
0
7.65625

Successive Approximation
ADC Example
Vin = 7.65

MSB LSB
Average high/low limits
Compare to Vin
Vin > Average MSB
=1
Vin < Average MSB
=0
Bit 1
1
(7.65625+7.5)/2
1
0
0
0=

0
7.578125

Successive Approximation
ADC Example
Vin = 7.65

MSB LSB
Average high/low limits
Compare to Vin
Vin > Average MSB
=1
Vin < Average MSB
=0
Bit 0
(7.65625+7.578125)/2 =
7.6171875
1 1 0 0 0 0 1

Successive Approximation
ADC Example
Vin = 7.65

110000112 = 19510
0.8
8-bits, 28 = 256
0.6
Digital Output
195/256 = 0.761718750.4
Analog Input
0.2
7.65/10 = 0.765
0
Voltage

Resolution
(Vmax Vmin)/2n 10/256 = 0.039

0 0

0 1

Bit

ADC Applications
Measurements / Data Acquisition
Control Systems
PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers)
Sensor integration (Robotics)
Cell Phones
Video Devices
Audio Devices

e*
t

u*(t)
Controller

1001
0010
1010
0101

e*(t)
0010
0101
0011
1011

ATD10B8C on MC9S12C32

Presented by

Quinn Morrison

MC9S12C32
Block Diagram

ATD
10B8C

ATD10B8C
Block Diagram

ATD10B8C
Key Features

Resolution

Conversion Time

8/10 bit (manually chosen)

7 usec, 10 bit

Successive Approximation ADC

architecture
8-channel multiplexed inputs
External trigger control
Conversion modes

Single or continuous sampling

Single or multiple channels

ATD10B8C
Modes and Operations
Modes
Stop Mode

Wait Mode

All clocks halt; conversion aborts; minimum recovery delay

Reduced MCU power; can resume

Freeze Mode

Breakpoint for debugging an application

Operations
Setting up and Starting the A/D Conversion
Aborting the A/D Conversion
Resets
Interrupts

ATD10B8C External Pins

There Are 12 External Pins

AN7 / ETRIG / PAD7

AN6/PAD6 AN0/PAD0

Analog input
General purpose digital I/O

VRH, VRL

Analog input channel 7

External trigger for ADC
General purpose digital I/O

High and low reference voltages for

ADC

VDDA, VSSA

Power supplies for analog circuitry

ATD10B8C
Registers

6 Control Registers ($0080 - $0085)

2 Status Registers ($0086, $008B)

Formatted results (2 bytes)

1 Digital Input Enable Register ($008D)

Allows for analog conversion of internal states

16 Conversion Result Registers ($0090 - $009F)

General status information regarding ADC

2 Test Registers ($0088 - $0089)

Configure general ADC operation

Convert channels to digital inputs

ATD10B8C
Control Register 2

ATD10B8C
Control Register 3

ATD10B8C
Control Register 4

ATD10B8C
Control Register 5

ATD10B8C
Single Channel
Conversions

ATD10B8C
Multi-channel Conversions

ATD10B8C
Status Register 0

ATD10B8C
Status Register 1

ATD10B8C
Results Registers

ATD10B8C
Results Registers

ATD10B8C
ATD Input Enable Register

ATD10B8C
Port Data Register

ATD10B8C
Setting up the ADC

References
Dr. Ume, http://www.me.gatech.edu/mechatronics_course/
Maxim Integrated Products, AN1870, AN 1870, APP1870, Appnote1870,
Appnote
1870
"An Introduction to Sigma Delta Converters."Die Homepage Der Familie
Beis. 10
June 2008. Web. 27 Sept. 2010.
<http://www.beis.de/Elektronik/DeltaSigma/SigmaDelta.html>.