School corporal punishment

school has the same rights and duties over minor students
as their parents do.
School corporal punishment has been banned in virtually all of Europe, most of South America, more than
half of U.S. states, and in Canada, South Africa and New
Zealand. The rst country in the world to prohibit it was
Poland in 1783.[3]
Legality of corporal punishment of school students in
the United States

1 Geographical scope

Legality of corporal punishment of minors in Europe

Corporal punishment banned in both schools and the
home
Corporal punishment banned in schools only
Corporal punishment allowed in schools and in the home
School corporal punishment, an ocial punishment for
misbehaviour by school students, involves striking the
student a given number of times in a generally methodical and premeditated ceremony. The punishment is usually administered either across the buttocks[1] or on the
hands,[2] with an implement specially kept for the purpose such as a rattan cane, wooden paddle, slipper, leather
strap or wooden yardstick. Less commonly, it could also
include spanking or smacking the student in a deliberate
manner on a specic part of the body with the open hand,
especially at the elementary school level.
Advocates of school corporal punishment argue that it
provides an immediate response to indiscipline and that
the student is quickly back in the classroom learning,
rather than being suspended from school. Opponents argue that physical punishment is ineective in the long
term, interferes with learning, produces numerous harmful side eects, and is a form of violence that violates the
rights of children.

Medieval schoolboy birched on the bare buttocks.

Corporal punishment used to be prevalent in schools in

many parts of the world, but in recent decades it has
been outlawed in most of Europe and in Canada, Korea, South Africa, New Zealand and several other countries (see list of countries, below). It remains commonplace in a number of countries in Africa, south-east Asia
In the English-speaking world, the use by schools of and the Middle East (see list of countries, below). In the
corporal punishment has historically been justied by United States, the Supreme Court ruling in Ingraham v.
the common law doctrine of in loco parentis, whereby a Wright (1977) held that school corporal punishment does
not violate the Cruel and Unusual Punishment clause of
1

ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST

the federal Constitution, because that clause applies only ral punishment in schools was outlawed in 1986,[16] alto the prison system. The Supreme Court of the United though the practice remains common, especially in rural
States has not yet judged the practice under other federal areas.[17]
law or other Constitutional clauses. Paddling continues
to be used to a signicant extent in a number of Southern
states, though there has been a sharp decline in its inci2 Arguments for and against
dence over the past 20 years.
In some Asian and African countries where it has been
theoretically outlawed, it is still used in practice.
Much of the traditional culture that surrounds corporal
punishment in school, at any rate in the English-speaking
world, derives largely from British practice in the 19th
and 20th centuries, particularly as regards the caning of
teenage boys.[4] There is a vast amount of literature on
this, in both popular and serious culture.[5][6] Britain itself
outlawed the practice in 1987 for state schools[7][8][9] and
more recently for all schools.[10][11]

1839 caricature by George Cruikshank of a school ogging

Many schools in Singapore and Malaysia use caning (for

boys) as a routine ocial punishment for misconduct, as
also some African countries. In some Middle Eastern
countries whipping is used. In South Korea, male and
female secondary students alike are commonly spanked
in school. (See list of countries, below.)

1888 drawing of two students receiving the cane

it was deemed contrary to Soviet ideology.[12] Communists in other countries such as Britain took the lead in
campaigning against school corporal punishment, which
they viewed as a symptom of the decadence of capitalist education systems.[13] In the 1960s, Soviet visitors to
western schools expressed shock at the caning of boys
there.[14] Other communist regimes followed suit: for instance, corporal punishment was unknown by students
in North Korea in 2007.[15] In mainland China, corpo-

The late Swiss psychologist and author Alice Miller disputed corporal punishments educational value in a letter to First Lady Laura Bush, saying, Spanking creates
fear. In a state of fear the childrens attention is totally
absorbed by the strategy of surviving and is not available
for absorbing positive messages about the right behavior.
Thus, children don't learn from our words but rather from
what we are doing to them. As they learn through imitation, they learn from us violence and hypocrisy.[22]

Principal of John C. Calhoun Elementary in Calhoun

Hills, South Carolina, David Nixon, a supporter of corporal punishment in schools, says that as soon as the student has been punished he can go back to his class and
continue learning,[18] in contrast to out-of-school suspenIn most of continental Europe, school corporal punisheducational process[19]
ment has been banned for several decades, much longer sion, which removes him from the
[20]
and gives him a free holiday.
in certain countries. As a formal deliberate ceremony, it
seems to have been more common in northern/Protestant Philip Berrigan, a Catholic priest, who taught at St. Aucountries of Germanic culture than in southern/Catholic gustine High School in New Orleans, was another supcountries of Latin culture. Caning was not completely porter of corporal punishment. Berrigan said that corpoabolished until 1967 in Denmark and 1983 in Germany. ral punishment saved much sta time that would other(See list of countries, below.)
wise have been devoted to supervising detention classes
the bureaucracy
From the 1917 Russian revolution onwards, corporal or in-school suspension, and managing
[21]
that
goes
with
these
punishments.
punishment was outlawed in the Soviet Union, because

3.2

Australia

Opponents also argue that corporal punishment of students is less eective than positive means for managing student behaviour and does not achieve long-term
compliance.[23] One 2002 comparison study of U.S.
states in which school corporal punishment, or paddling, was permitted or prohibited found that instead
of predicting less delinquency and better student achievement, paddling was associated with higher dropout rates,
poorer academic performance, and higher crime rates.[24]
Other studies have linked corporal punishment to adverse
physical, psychological and educational outcomes including, increased aggressive and destructive behaviour, increased disruptive classroom behaviour, vandalism, poor
school achievement, poor attention span, increased dropout rate, school avoidance and school phobia, low selfesteem, anxiety, somatic complaints, depression, suicide
and retaliation against teacher.[25]

3.2 Australia
In Australia, laws on corporal punishment in schools are
determined at individual state or territory level.
In the state of Victoria, corporal punishment was banned
in government schools in 1985 (though not in nongovernment schools until 2006)[48] and it is banned by
law in all schools in New South Wales (1990/1995),[49]
the Australian Capital Territory (1997),[50] and Tasmania
(1999).[51]
In Queensland (1989) [52] and South Australia, (1991)[53]
corporal punishment is banned in government schools under ministerial guidelines or local educational policy, but
remains lawful in private schools. In practice, very few
private schools impose corporal punishment.[54]

In Western Australia, corporal punishment was formally

outlawed in public schools by the Education Act 1999,[55]
but was eectively abolished by Education Department
policy in 1987.[56] Regulations aimed at ending corporal punishment in private schools were announced by the
state Education Minister in January 2015, however it was
reported at this time that only one school in the state retained the practice and hence stood to be aected by the
Medical, pediatric or psychological societies opposing
amendment.[57]
school corporal punishment include: the American
Medical Association,[29] the American Academy In the Northern Territory there is currently no legal proof Pediatrics,[30][31][32] the Society for Adolescent hibition for any schools, government or private.[58] HowMedicine,[33][34] the American Psychological Associ- ever, it is contrary to Education Department policy, and
ation,[35] the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child it has been asserted by a former Education Minister that
Health,[36][37] the Royal College of Psychiatrists,[38][39] it is not used in practice.[59]
the Canadian Paediatric Society[40] and the Australian
Psychological Society.[41] School corporal punishment
is also opposed by the (U.S.) National Association of
3.3 Austria
Secondary School Principals.[42]
International human rights organizations including the
UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, the
Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, and
the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights have
stated that physical punishment of any kind is a violation
of childrens human rights.[26][27][28]

The German psychologist Richard von Krat-Ebing suggested that a tendency to sadism and masochism may develop out of the experience of children receiving corporal
punishment at school.[43] This was disputed by Sigmund
Freud, who argued that, where there was a sexual interest in beating or being beaten, it developed in early
childhood, and rarely related to actual experiences of
punishment.[44]

3
3.1

School corporal punishment was banned in 1974.[60]

3.4 Bolivia
Corporal punishment in all settings, including schools,
was prohibited in Bolivia in 2014. According to the Children and Adolescents Code, The child and adolescent
has the right to good treatment, comprising a non-violent
upbringing and education... Any physical, violent and humiliating punishment is prohibited.[61]

Country by country
Argentina

Banned in 1813, corporal punishment was re-legalised

in 1817 and punishments by physical pain lasted until
the 1980s. The instruments were rebenques, slappings
in the face and others.[45][46] All corporal punishment has
now been prohibited; the ban is set to come into eect in
2016.[47]

3.5 Brazil
Corporal punishment in all settings, including schools,
was prohibited in Brazil in 2014. According to an amendment to the Code on Children and Adolescents 1990,
Children and Adolescents are entitled to be educated and
cared for without the use of physical punishment or cruel
or degrading treatment as forms of correction, discipline,
education or any other pretext.[62]

3 COUNTRY BY COUNTRY

3.6

Burma (Myanmar)

Caning is commonly used by teachers as a punishment

in schools.[63] Cane is applied on the students buttocks,
calves or palms of the hands in front of the class. Tramline cane marks could be left. Sit-ups with ears pulled and
arms crossed, kneeling, and standing on the bench in the
classroom are other forms of corporal punishments used
in schools. Common reasons for punishment include talking in class, not nishing homework, mistakes made with
classwork, ghting and truancy.[64][65]

3.7

Canada

In Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the

Law v. Canada (2004) the Supreme Court outlawed
school corporal punishment.[66] In public schools, the
usual implement was a rubber/canvas strap applied to
the hands,[67] while private schools often used a paddle
or cane administered to the students posterior.[68][69] In
many parts of Canada, 'the strap' had not been used in
public schools since the 1970s or even earlier: thus, it has
been claimed that it had not been used in Quebec since the
1960s,[70] and in Toronto it was banned in 1971.[2] However, some schools in Alberta had been using the strap up
until the ban in 2004.[71]
3.7.1

3.9 Costa Rica

All corporal punishment, both in school and in the home,
has been banned since 2008.

3.10 Czech Republic

Corporal punishment is outlawed under Article 31 of the
Education Act.[73]

3.11 Egypt
A 1998 study found that random physical punishment
(not proper formal corporal punishment) was being used
extensively by teachers in Egypt to punish behavior they
regarded as unacceptable. Around 80% of the boys and
60% of the girls were punished by teachers, using their
hands, sticks, straps, shoes, punches and kicks as most
common methods of administration. The most common
reported injuries were bumps and contusions.[74]

3.12 France

The systematic use of corporal punishment has been absent from French schools since the 19th century.[75] There
is no explicit legal ban on it,[76] but in 2008 a teacher was
School Corporal Punishment Bans in Cananed 500 for what some people describe as slapping a
dian Provinces
student.[77][78][79]

Some Canadian provinces banned corporal punishment

in public schools prior to the national ban in 2004. They 3.13
are, in chronological order by year of provincial ban:
British Columbia - 1973
Nova Scotia - 1989
New Brunswick - 1990
Yukon - 1990
Prince Edward Island - 1993
Northwest Territories - 1995
Nunavut - 1995
Newfoundland and Labrador - 1997
Quebec - 1998

3.8

(Peoples Republic of) China

Germany

School corporal punishment, historically widespread, was

outlawed in dierent states via their administrative law at
dierent times. It was not completely abolished everywhere until 1983.[80] Since 1993, use of corporal punishment by a teacher has been a criminal oence. In that
year a sentence by the Federal Court of Justice of Germany (NStZ 1993,591) was published which overruled
the previous powers enshrined in customary law and upheld by some regional appeal courts (Oberlandesgericht)
even in the 1970s. They assumed a right of chastisement
was a defense of justication against the accusation of
causing bodily harm per Section 223 Strafgesetzbuch.

3.14 Greece
Corporal punishment in Greek primary schools was
banned in 1998, and in secondary schools in 2005.[81]

Corporal punishment in China was ocially banned after the communist revolution in 1949. The Compulsory
Education Law of 1986 states: It shall be forbidden to 3.15 India
inict physical punishment on students.[16] In practice,
beatings by schoolteachers are common, especially in ru- See also: Socio-economic issues in India
ral areas.[17][72]

3.20

Netherlands

Corporal punishment is still used in most of India. The

Delhi High Court banned its use in Delhi schools in 2000.
17 out of 29 states claim to apply the ban, though enforcement is lax.[82] A number of social and cultural groups,
including Shankaracharya, are campaigning against corporal punishment in India. In many states, corporal punishment is still practised within most schools. Society for
Prevention of Injuries & Corporal Punishment (SPIC)
is actively running awareness campaigns to educate the
teachers and students through conferences and scientic
publications.[83]

3.16 Ireland
In schools in Ireland, corporal punishment was banned by
regulation in 1982, and its use became a criminal oence
in 1996. [84]

3.17 Italy
Banned in 1928.[85]
A picture showing the marks left on a Malaysian female students
palm after a caning

3.18 Japan
3.20 Netherlands
Although legally banned in 1947, corporal punishment is
still commonly found in schools in the 2010s and particularly widespread in school sports clubs. In late 1987,
about 60% of junior high school teachers felt it was necessary, with 7% believing it was necessary in all conditions, 59% believing it should be applied sometimes and
32% disapproving of it in all circumstances; while at elementary (primary) schools, 2% supported it unconditionally, 47% felt it was necessary and 49% disapproved.[86]
As recent as December 2012, a high school student committed suicide after having been constantly beaten by his
basketball coach.[87] An education ministry survey found
that more than 10,000 students received corporal punishment from more than 5,000 teachers across Japan in 2012
scal year alone.[88]

3.19 Malaysia
See also: Caning in Malaysia
Caning is a common form of discipline in many
Malaysian schools. Legally it should be applied only to
male students, but the idea of making the caning of girls
lawful has recently been debated. This would be applied
to the palm of the hand, whereas boys are typically caned
across the seat of the trousers.[89] By law in Malaysia, caning must not be done on the bare buttocks i.e. the pupil
must not be instructed to drop his trousers before he is
caned.

Banned in 1920.[90]

3.21 New Zealand

Corporal punishment in New Zealand schools was abolished in 1987, but wasn't abolished legislatively until 23
July 1990, when Section 139A of the Education Act 1989
was inserted by the Education Amendment Act 1990.
Section 139A prohibits anyone employed by a school or
ECE provider, or anyone supervising or controlling students on the schools behalf, from using force by way of
correction or punishment towards any student at or in relation to the school or the student under their supervision
or control.[91] Teachers who administer corporal punishment can be found guilty of physical assault, resulting in
termination and cancellation of teacher registration, and
possibly criminal charges, with a maximum penalty of
ve years imprisonment.[92]
As enacted, the law had a loophole: parents, provided
they were not school sta, could still discipline their children on school grounds. In early 2007, a southern Auckland Christian school was found to be using this loophole
to discipline students by corporal punishment, by making
the students parents administer the punishment.[93] This
loophole was closed in May 2007 by the Crimes (Substituted Section 59) Amendment Act 2007, which enacted
a blanket ban on parents administering corporal punish-

6
ment to their children.

3.22 Norway
Strongly restricted in 1889. Completely banned in 1936.

3.23 Pakistan
School corporal punishment in Pakistan is not very common in modern educational institutions although it is still
used in schools across the rural parts of the country as
a means of enforcing student discipline. The method
has been criticised by some childrens rights activists who
claim that many cases of corporal punishment in schools
have resulted in physical and mental abuse of schoolchildren. According to one report, corporal punishment is a
key reason for school dropouts and subsequently, street
children, in Pakistan; as many as 35,000 high school
pupils in Pakistan are said to drop out of the education
system each year because they have been punished or
abused in school.[94]

3.24 Philippines
Corporal punishment is prohibited in private and public
schools.[95]

3 COUNTRY BY COUNTRY
Corporal punishment is legal in Singapore schools (for
male students only), and fully encouraged by the government in order to maintain strict discipline.[99] Only a
light rattan cane may be used.[100] This must be administered in a formal ceremony by the school management
after due deliberation, not by classroom teachers. Most
secondary schools (whether independent, autonomous or
government-controlled), and also some primary schools
and one or two post-secondary institutions, use caning to
deal with misconduct by boys.[101] At the secondary and
post-secondary level, the rattan strokes are always delivered to the students buttocks, and never on the bare buttocks. The Ministry of Education has stipulated a maximum of six strokes per occasion. In some cases the punishment is carried out in front of the rest of the school
instead of in private.

3.28 South Africa

The use of corporal punishment in schools was prohibited
by the South African Schools Act, 1996. According to
section 10 of the act:
(1) No person may administer corporal
punishment at a school to a learner.
(2) Any person who contravenes subsection
(1) is guilty of an oence and liable on conviction to a sentence which could be imposed for
assault.[102]

In the case of Christian Education South Africa v Minister of Education the Constitutional Court rejected a claim
that the constitutional right to religious freedom entitles
In 1783, Poland became the rst country in the world private Christian schools to impose corporal punishment.
to prohibit corporal punishment.[3] Peter Newell assumes
that perhaps the most inuential writer on the subject
was the English philosopher John Locke, whose Some 3.29 South Korea
Thoughts Concerning Education explicitly criticised the
central role of corporal punishment in education. Lockes Since 2010, all forms of caning are completely banned in
work was highly inuential, and may have helped inu- the liberal regions of Seoul Metropolitan City, Gyeonggi
ence Polish legislators to ban corporal punishment from Province, Gangwon Province, Gwangju Metropolitan
Polands schools in 1783. Today, the ban of corpo- City, North Jeolla Province and South Jeolla Province.
ral punishment in all forms is vested in Constitution of Other conservative regions are governed by a national law
enacted in 2011 which states that while caning is generPoland[96][97][98]
ally forbidden, it can be used indirectly to maintain school
discipline.[103]

3.25 Poland

3.26 Russia
3.30 Spain

Banned in 1917.[12] Article 336 of the Labor Code of

the Russian Federation states that a teacher who has used Banned in 1985.[104]
corporal punishment to a pupil (even once), shall be dismissed.

3.31 Sweden
3.27 Singapore
Main article: Caning in Singapore School caning

Corporal punishment at school has been prohibited in

folkskolestadgan (the elementary school ordinance) since
1 January 1958. Its use by ordinary teachers in grammar
schools had been outlawed in 1928.[105]

3.37

United States

3.32 Taiwan

7
widely used as a less formal alternative. In a few English
cities, a strap was used instead of the cane.[113]

In 2006 Taiwan made corporal punishment in the school

In Scotland a leather strap, the tawse, administered to the
system illegal,[106] but it is still known to be practised (see
palms of the hands, was universal in state schools,[114] but
Corporal punishment in Taiwan).
some private schools used the cane.[115]
In 2005 there was an unsuccessful challenge to prohibition of corporal punishment in the Education Act 1996
s.548 by headmasters of private Christian schools. They
Corporal punishment in schools is illegal under the Min- claimed that it was a breach of their freedom of religion
istry of Education Regulation on Student Punishment under Article 9 ECHR (see R v Secretary of State for
(2005) and the National Committee on Child Protection Education and Employment, ex p Williamson).
Regulation on Working Procedures of Child Protection
A 2008 poll of 6,162 UK teachers by the Times EducaOcers Involved in Promoting Behaviour of Students
tional Supplement found that one in ve teachers would
(2005), pursuant to article 65 of the Child Protection
still back the use of caning in extreme cases.[116][117]
[107]
Act.

3.33 Thailand

3.34 Ukraine

3.37 United States

In Ukraine, physical or mental violence against children is forbidden by the Constitution (Art.52.2) and the
Law on Education (Art.51.1, since 1991) which states
that students and other learners have the right to the protection from any form of exploitation, physical and psychological violence, actions of pedagogical and other employees who violate the rights or humiliate their honour
and dignity.[108] Standard instructions for teachers provided by the Ministry of Science and Education state that
a teacher who has used corporal punishment to a pupil
(even once), shall be dismissed.

See also: Paddle (spanking)

3.35 United Arab Emirates

A federal law was implemented in 1998 which banned
school corporal punishment. The law applied to all
schools, both public and private.[109][110] Any teacher who
engages in the practice would not only lose their job and
teaching license, but will also face criminal prosecution
for engaging in violence against minors and will also face
child abuse charges.[111]

3.36 United Kingdom

In state-run schools, and also in private schools where at
least part of the funding came from government, corporal punishment was outlawed by Parliament with eect
from 1987. In other private schools, it was banned in
1999 (England and Wales), 2000 (Scotland) and 2003
(Northern Ireland).[4] In 1993, the European Court of
Human Rights held in Costello-Roberts v. UK that giving
a seven-year-old boy three 'whacks with a gym shoe over
his trousers was not a forbidden degrading treatment.[112]
The implement used in many state and private schools
in England and Wales was a exible rattan cane, applied
either to the students hands or (especially in the case of
teenage boys) to the seat of the trousers. Slippering was

In the United States, corporal punishment in public

schools is governed by ocial regulations laid down by
governments or local education authorities, dening such
things as the implement to be used, the number of strokes
that may be administered, which members of sta may
carry it out, and whether parents must be informed or
consulted. Depending on how narrowly the regulations
are drawn and how rigorously enforced, this has the eect
of making the punishment a structured ceremony that is
legally defensible in a given jurisdiction and of inhibiting
sta from lashing out on the spur of the moment.[118]
Individual US states have the power to ban corporal punishment in their schools. Currently, it is banned in public
schools in 31 U.S. states and the District of Columbia.[119]
In two of these states, New Jersey[120] and Iowa,[121] it
is illegal in private schools as well. The 19 states that
have not banned it are in the South and, to a lesser extent, the Mid-West. It is still used to a signicant (though
declining)[122] degree in some public schools in Alabama,
Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma,
Tennessee and Texas.[119]
In 1867 New Jersey became the rst U.S. state to abolish corporal punishment in schools. The second was
Massachusetts 104 years later in 1971. The most recent state to outlaw school corporal punishment was New
Mexico in 2011.
Private schools in every state but New Jersey and Iowa
are exempt from state bans and may choose to use the
paddle. Here too, most of those which actually do so are
to be found in Southern states. These are largely Christian
evangelical or fundamentalist schools.[118][123][124]
Most urban public school systems, even in states where it
is permitted, have abolished corporal punishment. Statistics collected by the federal government show that the
use of the paddle has been declining steadily, in all states

4 U.S. STATES BANNING SCHOOL CORPORAL PUNISHMENT

where it is used, over at least the past 20 years. The antispanking campaign Center for Eective Discipline, extrapolating from federal statistics, estimates that the number of students spanked or paddled in 2006 in U.S. public
schools was about 223,000.[122]
Statistics show that black and Hispanic students are
more likely to be paddled than white students,[122] possibly because minority-race parents are more inclined
to approve of it.[125][126] However, a study in Kentucky
found that minority students were disproportionately targeted by discipline policies generally, not only corporal
punishment.[127]

ll out a form which is led in the school oce. In many

districts this is an opt-out system. In others an opt-in
system applies, whereby no student is so punished without
explicit parental consent.
A bill to end the use of corporal punishment in schools
was introduced into the United States House of Representatives in June 2010 during the 111th Congress.[133][134]
The bill, H.R. 5628,[135] was referred to the United States
House Committee on Education and Labor where it was
not brought up for a vote. As of June 2011 a similar
bill has not been re-introduced in the 112th Congress. A
previous bill to deny funds to educational programs that
allow corporal punishment[136] was introduced into the
U.S. House of Representatives in 1991 by Representative
Major R. Owens. That bill, H.R. 1522, did not become
law.

Federal statistics consistently show that around 80% of

school paddlings in the U.S. are of boys. This is most
commonly thought to be because boys, more often than
girls, exhibit the kinds of misbehaviour for which corporal punishment is thought appropriate.[128]
According to the Alliance Against Corporal Punishment,
One study has alleged that students with disabilities are 72% of Americans surveyed are against corporal punish26% of Americans support
subjected to corporal punishment at disproportionately ment in schools. While only[137]
school
corporal
punishment.
high rates, approximately twice the rate of the general
student population in some States.[129]
Corporal punishment in American schools is administered to the seat of the students trousers or skirt with
a specially made wooden paddle.[118] This often used to
take place in the classroom or hallway, but nowadays the
punishment is usually given privately in the principals
oce.[118]

3.38 Venezuela

In 1983 a school administrator struggled with a student,

trying to force her to bend over a chair to receive a paddling. During the struggle, the student fell against a desk,
sustaining a serious injury to her back.[130]

4 U.S. states banning school corporal punishment

Increasingly, corporal punishment in US schools is, either explicitly or de facto, a matter of choice for the
student. Thus, the rules of the Alexander City Schools
provide, No student is required to submit to corporal
punishment.[131] Many school handbooks provide that
where a student refuses to submit to a paddling, he or
she will receive some other punishment instead, such
as suspension. Students are unlikely nowadays to be
forcibly restrained while being paddled, as happened in
the 1970 case which came to the Supreme Court in 1977
as Ingraham v. Wright,[132] where the Court deemed
the punishment constitutionally permissible, holding that
the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause of the Eighth
Amendment does not apply to disciplinary corporal punishment in public schools and the Due Process Clause of
the Fourteenth Amendment is not oended by the Florida
scheme.

Thirty-one U.S. states and the District of Columbia have

banned corporal punishment from use in state schools.
Two states, New Jersey and Iowa, additionally ban the
use of corporal punishment in private schools. The
states, along with the year they banned, are:

Corporal punishment in all settings, including schools,

was prohibited in Venezuela in 2007. According to the
Law for the Protection of Children and Adolescents, All
children and young people have a right to be treated well.
Most public school districts lay down detailed rules as This right includes a non-violent education and upbringof physical and humiliating
to how the punishment is to be administered. In many ing... Consequently, all forms
[138]
punishment
are
prohibited.
cases these are published in the schools student-parent
handbook.[118]

Many school districts also oer parents an opportunity to

state whether or not they wish corporal punishment to be
used on their sons and daughters. Typically, the parents

Alaska - 1989
California 1986
Connecticut 1989
Delaware 2003
District of Columbia 1977
Hawaii 1973
Illinois 1994[139]
Iowa 1989

9
Maine 1979
Maryland 1993
Massachusetts 1971

[1] See e.g. Student/Parent Information Guide and Code of

Conduct 2008-2009, Alexander City Schools, Alabama,
USA, p.44.

Michigan 1989

[2] Toronto abolishes the strap. Globe and Mail (Toronto).

23 July 1971.

Minnesota 1989

[3] Abolishing corporal punishment of children: Questions and

answers (PDF). Strasbourg: Council of Europe. December 2007. pp. 3132. ISBN 978-92-871-6310-3. Retrieved January 2015.

Montana 1991
Nebraska 1988
Nevada 1993
New Hampshire 1983
New Jersey 1867
New Mexico 2011
New York 1985
North Dakota 1989
Ohio 2009[140]
Oregon 1989
Pennsylvania 2005
Rhode Island 2002
South Dakota 1990
Utah 1992[141]
Vermont 1985
Virginia 1989
Washington 1993

6 References

[4] United Kingdom: Corporal punishment in schools at

World Corporal Punishment Research.
[5] Quigly, Isabel (1984). The Heirs of Tom Brown: The English School Story. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19281404-4
[6] Chandos, John (1984). Boys Together: English Public
Schools 1800-1864. London: Hutchinson, esp. chapter
11. ISBN 0-09-139240-3
[7] UK Parliament. Education (No. 2) Act 1986 as amended
(see also enacted form), from legislation.gov.uk. Section
47 for England and Wales and section 48 for Scotland,
brought into force in 1987.
[8] Privy Council of the United Kingdom. Education (Corporal Punishment) (Northern Ireland) Order 1987.
[9] Gould, Mark (9 January 2007). Sparing the rod. The
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[10] UK Parliament.
School Standards and Framework
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[11] Brown, Colin (25 March 1998). Last vestiges of caning
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[12] Teitelbaum, Salomon M. Parental Authority in the Soviet
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West Virginia 1994

[13] Linehan, Thomas P. (2007). Communism in Britain,

1920-39: From the cradle to the grave, Manchester University Press. pp. 32 . ISBN 0-7190-7140-2

Wisconsin 1988

[14] Caning? Its not cricket, say the Russians at Rugby.

Daily Mail (London). 22 November 1960.

See also
Corporal punishment in the home
Campaigns against corporal punishment
Blab school
School bullying
School discipline

[15] North Korean Defectors Face Huge Challenges. Radio

Free Asia. 21 March 2007.
[16] Country report for China. Global Initiative to End All
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[17] Paul Wiseman, Chinese schools try to unlearn brutality,
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[18] Adelson, Eric (4 May 2009). The Principal And The
Paddle. Newsweek (New York). While suspensions take
kids out of the classroom for days, paddling could be done
in 15 minutes. What are we here to do? Educate, Nixon
says. This way theres an immediate response, and the
child is right back in the room learning.

10

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11

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[50] Education Act 2004 (ACT), s7(4).
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Corporal Punishment, Center for Eective Discipline.

14

7 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

7.1

Text

School corporal punishment Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_corporal_punishment?oldid=676555794 Contributors:

Gabbe, Tedius Zanarukando, WhisperToMe, Timpo, Piotrus, The Land, Reinthal, Rich Farmbrough, TommyBoy, Jheald, Daniel Case,
Apokrif, Kelisi, Mandarax, BD2412, Edison, Koavf, SchuminWeb, Bgwhite, Wavelength, Hairy Dude, RussBot, NawlinWiki, ONEder
Boy, Htonl, Lcmortensen, Asarelah, Katieh5584, Yvwv, SmackBot, Xaosux, Jprg1966, V1adis1av, COMPFUNK2, John, Bobamnertiopsis, Bellerophon5685, JamesAM, N5iln, A3RO, Mr pand, Ioeth, GordonFindlay, DuncanHill, Matthew Fennell, Magioladitis, JamesBWatson, Doug Coldwell, CTF83!, Cooper-42, Fuseau, CommonsDelinker, Abecedare, Nivvedan, Student7, Olegwiki, Steel1943, Kevinkor2,
Martin451, Lova Falk, SieBot, Markdask, Breawycker, Flyer22, KathrynLybarger, Ewawer, SuperHamster, Whoosis, Bde1982, John Paul
Parks, Mountaincedar, Ikzing, Addbot, Fireaxe888, Lightbot, Jarble, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Francodamned, , Rejedef, Footballman010101, Ulric1313, Materialscientist, NirajBhawnani, Citation bot, Zad68, GhalyBot, George Pelltier, Spongefrog, FrescoBot,
Academiic, LucienBOT, Tobby72, Sharanya Dutta, Alarics, Theodore J. Sanchez, Citation bot 1, Pinethicket, Almileken, Samuel Salzman,
Feuerrabe, Trappist the monk, Ticklewickleukulele, Clarkcj12, Suusion of Yellow, Minimac, Whisky drinker, BjrnBergman, Dewritech,
Jef12356, ZroBot, Josve05a, Icarus777, DPS145192, Mar4d, H3llBot, Jaws12345, AManWithNoPlan, Openstrings, Demiurge1000,
Greyschoolshorts, MysteriousStrangerintheDark, Nyaayavaadi, DASHBotAV, Madisonwisconsin, Whoop whoop pull up, ClueBot NG,
Widr, Helpful Pixie Bot, 13mcrawford, WNYY98, BG19bot, Pdiddyjr, Jobin RV, Mark Arsten, Semper Cognito, Onominous 1203,
Oleg-ch, WebTV3, Blurtex33, Mrt3366, IAmGS, Marincam, Professorpollard, TwoTwoHello, Correct political theorist, Frosty, Fox2k11,
Telfordbuck, Adrinalina, Lactical, Wizzyhat z, Hendrick 99, Anaanammaa, Justin.Parallax, JaconaFrere, Captain Cornwall, Monkbot,
Thain.gouws, Coconutporkpie, Satyam1618, Mattbarberr, Starstarstar123, Xjaybaby and Anonymous: 197

7.2

Images

File:'February_-_Cutting_Weather_-_Squally'_-_George_Cruikshank,_1839_-_BL.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/b/b6/%27February_-_Cutting_Weather_-_Squally%27_-_George_Cruikshank%2C_1839_-_BL.jpg License: CC0
Contributors:
Held and digitised by the British Library, and uploaded to Flickr Commons.
Original artist: George Cruikshank
File:Corporal_punishment_in_Europe.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Corporal_punishment_in_
Europe.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: http://www.endcorporalpunishment.org/pages/pdfs/charts/Chart-Europe-CentralAsia.
pdf Status of corporal punishment of children in Europe and Central Asia], Global Initiative to End All Corporal -- via Corporal punishment
in Europe.png Original artist:
derivative work: Esurnir
File:Corporal_punishment_in_the_United_States.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Corporal_
punishment_in_the_United_States.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:
Blank US Map.svg Original artist: Blank US Map.svg: User Theshibboleth
File:Hand_caning.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Hand_caning.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Cavernosa
File:Koerperstrafe-_MA_Birkenrute.png Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Koerperstrafe-_MA_
Birkenrute.png License: Public domain Contributors: Federzeichnung am Rand eines Buches eines unbekannten Knstlers aus dem
Mittelalter oder der frhen Neuzeit. Original artist: Hans Holbein the Younger
File:Pelourinho.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Pelourinho.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Unknown Original artist: Jean-Baptiste Debret
File:StateLibQld_1_113036_Cartoon_of_students_receiving_the_cane,_1888.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/e/eb/StateLibQld_1_113036_Cartoon_of_students_receiving_the_cane%2C_1888.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
Copied and digitised from an image appearing in Queensland garo, 28 July 1888, p. 140. Original artist: Contributor(s): Queensland
garo

7.3

Content license

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