In-text Quotation

In-text Citation

Notes

Behaviorism
General Overview

Behaviorist
perspective proposed
that it was more
important to
understand observable
human actions rather
than the human
thought process
(internal and
unobservable).

Winsor, Denise L.,

Vicki S. Murrell, and
Susan M.
Jackson. Human
development: An
educational
psychology
perspective. 2nd ed.
New York: Pearson,
2014. 31. Print.

Terms to help
understand the theory
are stimulus and
response. Which
help explain the
different interactions.

Classical Conditioning
Process

Classical
conditioning focuses
on the ability to use
stimuli to create
involuntary
responses.

Winsor, Denise L.,

Vicki S. Murrell, and
Susan M.
Jackson. Human
development: An
educational
psychology
perspective. 2nd ed.
New York: Pearson,
2014. 32. Print.

Examples: blinking,
salivating.

Classical Conditioning
(Pavlov) Findings

In the classical
conditioning
experiment, salvation
changed from an
unconditioned
response to a
conditioned response
from the bell ringing.

Winsor, Denise L.,

Vicki S. Murrell, and
Susan M.
Jackson. Human
development: An
educational
psychology
perspective. 2nd ed.
New York: Pearson,
2014. 32. Print.

Bell ringing and food

are used to get a
response from the
dog.

Watson Findings

Watson demonstrated
that behaviors such as
emotional responses
could be learned by
humans into three
phases:
preconditioning,
conditioning, and post
conditioning.

Winsor, Denise L.,

Vicki S. Murrell, and
Susan M.
Jackson. Human
development: An
educational
psychology
perspective. 2nd ed.
New York: Pearson,
2014. 33. Print.

He determined that
children have a fear in
things when sound is
accompanied, and
they shall forever
have a long term fear
or phobia towards
that specific thing.

Operant Conditioning

Refers to the control

of an individuals

Winsor, Denise L.,

Vicki S. Murrell, and

In this condition
consequences are not

In-text Quotation

In-text Citation

Notes

voluntary responses,
and place emphasis on
the individuals
actions.

Susan M.
Jackson. Human
development: An
educational
psychology
perspective. 2nd ed.
New York: Pearson,
2014. 34. Print.

seen as good or bad

but decrease or
increase the behavior.

Reinforcement

Anything that
strengthens or
increases the
likelihood that a
behavior will
continue.

Winsor, Denise L.,

Vicki S. Murrell, and
Susan M.
Jackson. Human
development: An
educational
psychology
perspective. 2nd ed.
New York: Pearson,
2014. 34. Print.

A type of rewarding
system, in favor of
something that the
specific person likes.

Punishment

Anything that might

weaken or diminish
the likelihood that a
behavior will
continue.

Winsor, Denise L.,

Vicki S. Murrell, and
Susan M.
Jackson. Human
development: An
educational
psychology
perspective. 2nd ed.
New York: Pearson,
2014. 35. Print.

Punishment only
works if its combined
with reinforcement.

Schedules of
Reinforcement

Two types of
schedules continuous,
and intermittent.
Continuous is when
the behavior is
reinforced every time,
and intermittent is
reinforced
periodically.

Winsor, Denise L.,

Vicki S. Murrell, and
Susan M.
Jackson. Human
development: An
educational
psychology
perspective. 2nd ed.
New York: Pearson,
2014. 36. Print.

Giving something and

extending it with the
same rewards.

Social Learning
Theory

Involves interactions Winsor, Denise L.,

between individuals
Vicki S. Murrell, and
and others.
Susan M.
Jackson. Human

Observes actions from

the environment.

In-text Quotation

In-text Citation

development: An
educational
psychology
perspective. 2nd ed.
New York: Pearson,
2014. 36. Print.
Bandura Findings

Credited for
developing social
cognitive theory,
including several
concepts. Modeling,
observational
learning, vicarious
learning, self-efficacy,
and learning
contrasts.

Winsor, Denise L.,

Vicki S. Murrell, and
Susan M.
Jackson. Human
development: An
educational
psychology
perspective. 2nd ed.
New York: Pearson,
2014. 37. Print.

Learned Helplessness

Develops when an
individual responds
passively to an
adverse stimulus
rather than escaping
and avoiding it.

Winsor, Denise L.,

Vicki S. Murrell, and
Susan M.
Jackson. Human
development: An
educational
psychology
perspective. 2nd ed.
New York: Pearson,
2014. 39. Print.

Optional Extra

Counter-conditioning
involves pairing the
conditioned stimulus
with something
pleasant.

Winsor, Denise L.,

Vicki S. Murrell, and
Susan M.
Jackson. Human
development: An
educational
psychology
perspective. 2nd ed.
New York: Pearson,
2014. 33. Print.

Notes