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Bell Ringer
1. What did Robert Hooke observe with the use of
a microscope? How did he describe what he
saw?
2. What 3 components make up the cell theory?
3. Where is the DNA housed in a eukaryotic cell?
4. How do organelles in a cell compare to organs
in the human body?
Learning Target
I can analyze the difference between a
prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell.
I can analyze the difference between a plant
cell and an animal cell.
Its a Rap
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zafJKbMPA8
History
1665, Robert Hooke observed a piece of cork
under a microscope that only had the strength to
magnify a specimen 30x.
Hooke observed many little boxes in the cork.
History Cont.
10 years later a Dutch man by the name of Anton
Van Leeuwenhoek used a more powerful
microscope that could magnify specimens 300x.
He observed pond water and discovered many
living creatures in the water that he named
animalcules, which means tiny animals.
History Cont.
It took over 150 years for scientists to fully
appreciate the studies of Hooke and
Leeuwenhoek.
Matthias Schleiden a German botanist,
concluded that cells make up every part of a
plant.
1 year later Theodore Schwan a German
zoologist, discovered that animals are also made
up of cells.
History Cont.
Rudolph Virchow, a German physician,
proposed that cells only come from the division
of other cells.
All of the observations form Schleiden, Schwan,
and Virchow helped form the Cell Theory.
Cell Theory
The cell theory is composed of the following 3
things.
1. All living things are made up of one or more
cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and
function in an organism.
3. All cells arise from existing cells.
Cell Shape
Cells vary greatly in size and shape.
A cells shape reflects the cells function.
There are at least 200 types of cells.
The human body is made up of about 100 trillion
cells.
Cell Size
All substances that enter or leave a cell must
pass through the surface of a cell.
As a cell gets larger, it takes up more nutrients
and releases more waste.
Cell size is limited to by a cells surface areato-volume ratio.
Cells with a greater surface area-to-volume ratio
can exchange substances more efficiently.
Ex: lungs
Cell Organelles
Cell Membrane- is the cells outer boundary.
It acts as a barrier between the outside environment
and the inside of the cell.
Prokaryotic Cell
Prokaryote is a single celled organism.
Ex: bacteria
Prokaryotic Cell
Prokaryotic cells move around with the help of a
flagella.
Flagella- Flagella are long projections composed of
protein. They rotate due to a protein motor
secured in the plasma membrane.
Eukaryotic Cell
Eukaryote is an organism made up of one or
more cells.
Some live as single celled organisms.
Others are multicellular.
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic cells contain an organelle called a
nucleus that houses the DNA for the cell.
Eukaryotes have membrane bounded organelles.
Organelle- is a structure that carries out specific
activities inside the cell.
Each organelle performs a distinct function.
Bell Ringer
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Compare and contrast a Eukaryotic and a
Prokaryotic cell.
Bell Ringer
What 2 organelles prepare proteins for
extracellular transport?
What is a central vacuole and where can it be
found?
In the muscles there are tons of mitochondria,
why is this?
3 types of Cytoskeleton
1. Microfilaments- are long, thin fibers that are
made of the protein actin.
They contract to pull the membrane in some places and
expand to push it out in others.
Nucleus
The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane
called the nuclear envelope.
The nuclear envelope has many nuclear pores.
Nuclear pores- are small channels that allow
certain molecules to move in and out of the
nucleus.
Ribosome
Ribosomes are made of RNA and many proteins.
Free Ribosomes- Float freely in the cytoplasm.
Their job is to make proteins that remain inside
the cell, such as proteins that build new organelles
or enzymes to speed up reactions.
Protein Processing
The proteins produced by cells have many uses.
Proteins that are sent outside the cell must remain
separate from the cytoplasm. The cell does this with
the help of a vesicle.
Vesicle- this is the site where proteins are packaged. It
is a small, often spherical shaped sac that is formed by a
membrane.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)- is a system of
internal membranes that moves proteins and
other substances through the cell.
The ER is connected to the outer membrane of the
nuclear envelope.
Two Types of ER
Rough ER- ribosomes are attached to the surface of
the ER.
Rough ER has a bumpy appearance.
1.As proteins are made they cross the ER membrane,
entering the ER. Then, the ER membrane pinches off to
form vesicles around the protein.
Golgi Apparatus
Golgi Apparatus- is a set of flattened membrane-bound
sacs.
Cell products enter one side of the Golgi Apparatus,
which modifies, packs, and sorts them for distribution.
Lysosomes
Lysosomes made by the Golgi Apparatus,
prevent the enzyme from destroying the cell.
Central Vacuole
Central Vacuole- large membrane bound
compartment found in plant cells.
Stores water, ions, nutrients and wastes.
It can also store toxins and pigments.
Other Vacuoles
Contractile Vacuole- Pumps excess water out
of the cell.
This process controls the concentration of salts
and other molecules and helps the cell maintain
homeostasis.
Energy Production
Cells need a constant source of energy.
The energy needed for cellular function is
produced by chemical reactions that occur in the
mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Eukaryotic cells= mitochondria
Plant cells= chloroplasts
Chloroplasts
Chloroplast- is an organelle that uses light
energy to make sugar from carbon dioxide and
water.
In the inner membranes of the chloroplasts is
where the ATP producing chemical reactions take
place.
Mitochondria
Mitochondrion- an organelle that uses energy
from organic compounds to make ATP.
Cells that have a high energy requirement, such as
muscle cells, will contain more mitochondria.
ATP producing enzymes are located on the inner
membranes of the mitochondria.
Word Bank
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Golgi Apparatus
Chloroplasts
Flagella
Bell Ringer
1. I am like the post office for the cell because I sort
and modify proteins for the cell.
2. I am like the bricks for the cell because I give it
structure
3. I am like the control center for the cell because I
hold all the instructions of life
4. I am like the storage unit for and animal cell
because I store materials until they are needed
5. I am like a bakery for the cell because I only make
proteins
Bell Ringer
1. An army is like a __________ because it protects
the U.S.A from its enemies.
2. A light bulb is like a ________because it gives us
energy.
3. A coach is like a _________ because he makes all
the decisions for the team.
4. A postman is like a ______ because he sorts and
packages items for people.
Bell Ringer
Get out your notebooks and study what we have
covered so far in class.
If you werent here Thursday you need to have
your project out on your desk and your questions
that you completed in your notebook out.
Word Bank
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Lysosome
Vesicle
Cytoplasm
Golgi Apparatus
Nucleolus
Diversity in Cells
Prokaryotic cells are always unicellular and
limited in size.
Eukaryotes are often larger and can be either
unicellular or multicellular.
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane
bound organelles.
The different organelles and features of cells
enable organisms to function in unique ways in
different environments.
Diversity in Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes can vary in shape, the way that
they obtain and use energy, the makeup of their
cell walls, and their ability to move.
Prokaryotes contain
Flagella- long tail like structure that grows out of
the cell, allows the cell to move.
Pili- are short hair-like projections that allow
prokaryotes to attach to surfaces or to other cells.
Types of cells
The two types of Eukaryotic Cells are
Animal and Plant
Types of cells
Organ- a collection of tissues that carry out a
specialized function in the body.
Leaf
Lung
Body Types
Multicellular Organisms- are composed of many
individual, permanently associated cells that
coordinate their activities.
Colonial Organisms- a collection of genetically
identical cells that are permanently associated
but in which little or no integration of cell
activities occur.
Multicellularity
True multicellularity occurs in eukaryotes.
Multicellular organisms begin as a single cells.
For example a chicken develops from an egg, new
cells form by cell division.
BILL NYE
http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=X6N82No4Nz8