( (

(( 4k )(1 1M )( 12 )) erfc

BER ( TEORICO )=

3kEbN 0
M 1
2

Donde:

M =Indice de Modulacion

k =Numero de Bits por simbolo

EbN 0=Ruido en unidades Lineales ( Watt )
M =2k porlo que k=log 2 M
EbN 0(db)
(
)
EbN 0 ( watt ) =10 10

Ejemplo: Reduccin a la Formula para 4 QAM

4 QAM
M=4
K=?

k =log 2 M
k =log 2 4
k =2

( (

(( 4k )(1 1M )( 12 )) erfc

BER ( TEORICO )=

(( )(

BER ( TEORICO )=

4
1
1
2
4

( (

)( 12 )) erfc

3kEbN 0
M 1
2

32EbN 0
41
2

(( )( )( ))

BER ( TEORICO )=

4
1
1
2
2

1
2

( (
erfc

( ( )

(( 21 )( 212 )( 12 )) erfc

BER ( TEORICO )=

1
2

(( ))(

BER ( TEORICO )=

32EbN 0
41
2

6EbN 0
3
2

erfc ( EbN 0 ) )

Ejemplo: Reduccin a la Formula para 8 -QAM

8 QAM
M=8
K=?

k =log 2 M
k =log 2 8

k =3

( (

( ( )(

)( 12 )) erfc

( ( )(

) ( )) erfc

BER ( TEORICO )=

4
1
1
k
M

4
1
BER ( TEORICO )=
1
3
8

1
2

( (

(( )( ) ( ))(

BER ( TEORICO )=

((

BER ( TEORICO )=

4
3

81
8

4 84
6 8

1
2

erfc

3kEbN 0
M 1
2

33EbN 0
81
2

9EbN 0
7
2

0
))
))(erfc ( 9EbN
14

Ejemplo: Reduccin a la Formula para 16 -QAM

16 QAM

M = 16
K=?

k =log 2 M
k =log 2 16
k =4

( (

3kEbN 0
M 1
2

( (

3kEbN 0
M 1
2

( ( )(

)( 12 )) erfc

(( )(

)( 12 )) erfc

BER ( TEORICO )=

BER ( TEORICO )=

4
1
1
k
M

4
1
1
4
16

1
4

1
2

( ( )( ))

BER ( TEORICO )= ( 1 ) 1

( (
erfc

34EbN 0
161
2

(( )( ))

BER ( TEORICO )=

41
4

1
2

( (

(( ))( (

BER ( TEORICO )=

3
8

erfc

erfc

12EbN 0
15
2

6EbN 0
15

))

Ejemplo: Reduccin a la Formula para 64 -QAM

64 QAM
M = 64
K=?

k =log 2 M
k =log 2 64
k =6

( (

3kEbN 0
M 1
2

( (

36EbN 0
641
2

(( 4k )(1 1M )( 12 )) erfc

BER ( TEORICO )=

(( )(

BER ( TEORICO )=

4
1
1
6
64

)( 12 )) erfc

1
2

( (

(( ))( (

9EbN 0
63

(( )( )( ))

BER ( TEORICO )=

BER ( TEORICO )=

4
3

28
42

81
8

erfc

(( ))( (

BER ( TEORICO )=

2
3

erfc

erfc

9EbN 0
63

18EbN 0
63
2

))

))

Ejemplo: Reduccin a la Formula para 128 -QAM

128 QAM
M = 128
K=?

k =log 2 M
k =log 2 128
k =7

( (

(( 4k )(1 1M )( 12 )) erfc

BER ( TEORICO )=

( ( )(

BER ( TEORICO )=

4
1
1
7
128

( (

3kEbN 0
M 1
2

)( 12 )) erfc

37EbN 0
1281
2

( ( )( ) ( ) ) (

BER ( TEORICO )=

((

BER ( TEORICO )=

4
7

1281
128

4 1284
14 128

1
2

erfc

21EbN 0
127
2

0
))(erfc ( 9EbN
63 ))

Ejemplo: Reduccin a la Formula para 256 QAM

256 QAM
M = 256
K=?

k =log 2 M
k =log 2 256
k =8

( (

(( 4k )(1 1M )( 12 )) erfc

BER ( TEORICO )=

( ( )(

BER ( TEORICO )=

4
1
1
8
256

( (

3kEbN 0
M 1
2

)( 12 )) erfc

38Eb N 0
2561
2

(( )(

BER ( TEORICO )=

4
1
1
8
16

( (

38EbN 0
2561
2

( (

24EbN 0
255
2

)( 12 )) erfc

1
erfc
(( 12 )( 161
)(
16
2 ))

BER ( TEORICO )=

0
))
(( 6154 ))(erfc ( 12EbN
255

BER ( TEORICO )=

Cuadro BER teorico

M

2dB

4dB

6 dB

8 dB

10 dB

12 dB

4 QAM

5,63E-02

2,29E-02

5,95E-03

7,73E-04

3,36E-05

2,61E-07

1,33E-10

9,12E-16

6,76E-24

1,00E-36

5,30E-57

4,43E-89

7,31E140

8 QAM

8,76E-02

4,71E-02

1,89E-02

4,80E-03

6,01E-04

2,47E-05

1,76E-07

7,82E-11

4,29E-16

2,24E-24

1,91E-37

4,21E-58

8,78E-91

16 QAM

1,18E-01

7,74E-02

4,19E-02

1,70E-02

4,39E-03

5,65E-04

2,42E-05

1,84E-07

9,07E-11

5,87E-16

3,99E-24

5,13E-37

2,18E-57

64 QAM

1,60E-01

1,31E-01

9,97E-02

6,75E-02

3,85E-02

1,69E-02

4,95E-03

7,72E-04

4,50E-05

5,54E-07

5,85E-10

1,27E-14

5,82E-22

128
QAM

1,69E-01

1,47E-01

1,22E-01

9,45E-02

6,56E-02

3,88E-02

1,81E-02

5,79E-03

1,04E-03

7,55E-05

1,32E-06

2,41E-09

1,25E-13

256
QAM

1,71E-01

1,56E-01

1,37E-01

1,15E-01

9,08E-02

6,48E-02

4,00E-02

1,98E-02

7,00E-03

1,47E-03

1,35E-04

3,44E-06

1,14E-08

Valor para establecer una Buena comunicacin

14 dB

16 dB

18 Db

20 dB

22 dB

24 dB

26 dB

Cuadro BER simulado

2dB
4 QAM
8 QAM
16 QAM
64 QAM
128
QAM
256
QAM

4dB

6 dB

8 dB

10 dB

12 dB

14 dB

16 dB

5,65E-02

2,29E-02

5,99E-03

7,92E-04

3,50E-05

1,31E-01

7,89E-02

3,76E-02

1,26E-02

2,39E-03

1,90E-04

1,58E-01

1,03E-01

5,60E-02

2,25E-02

5,91E-03

7,64E-04

2,46E-01

2,04E-01

1,56E-01

1,06E-01

6,05E-02

2,78E-01

2,41E-01

2,01E-01

1,56E-01

2,94E-01

2,66E-01

2,34E-01

1,98E-01

18 Db

20 dB

22 dB

24 dB

26 dB

4,33E-06

3,43E-05

7,50E-07

2,66E-02

7,75E-03

1,24E-03

6,72E-05

6,67E-07

1,08E-01

6,34E-02

2,91E-02

9,09E-03

1,52E-03

1,10E-04

1,29E-06

1,57E-01

1,12E-01

6,93E-02

3,44E-02

1,21E-02

2,59E-03

2,37E-04

5,25E-06

http://www.noticias.in.rs/ultimas/%C2%BFque-es-el-ber-bit-error-ratio-y-el-bert-bit-error-ratio-probador/