Community Mapping & Engagement Analysis

-Introduction-TheoryImage and Representation

Methods
-Mapping and Interview Experience-Community Engagement Organization-Planning Tactics-Results and Recommendation-Bibliography-

Kelly Singleterry
CEP 303/Spring 2015
5/25/15
Assignment #4
Final Paper

INTRODUCTION
From Seattle, you travel about 20 minutes North on Interstate-5 till you reach North Lynnwood
and the 164th St. exit. You head West over the freeway, and make a right turn onto Ashway. Then, you
travel past the Sound Transit Park and Ride Station, a teriyaki shop, a nail salon, and continue North
through a roundabout, past Bethany Church on your left, and rows of rainbow-colored townhomes to your
right. You make a quick left down 153rd St. SW, in the first cul-du-sac to your right, I live in a blue house
with a large Douglas Fir out front. There is an empty lot next door and three parked cars in the driveway.
Who would have known that I had been using the research tool of Mental Mapping for the
entirety of my life to date. A day-to-day recollection of the places I know best, unknowingly practiced,
and all conducted before learning about its importance in the realm of modern urban design and
planning. In CEP 303 this quarter, my cohort was formally introduced to this specific planning tool early
on in the quarter after reading The Image of The City, by famed 20th-century urban planner, Kevin Lynch.
Groups of us were instructed to use this research method during real life encounters at our specified
Seattle neighborhoods, of Othello and Roosevelt.
Before data collection, an understanding of how, and what for, were examined during class.
Through on-site mental mapping exercises and interviews, the message became very clear: interpretation
is directly connected to perception of place. Data collection revealed, how individuals conveyed verbally
or on paper the places that they lived, worked, and played, gave captivating insight to a place that
previously evoked very different characteristics from a biased, outsider's point of view.
The themes behind the specific tool of Mental Mapping, and the valuable information it can offer
urban planners has completely fascinated me this quarter. Through my analysis, I want to understand the
methods behind community mapping in more depth, I want to illustrate how my personal experiences in
Othello relate to the scholarly work we have had the opportunity to engage with this quarter, and what
value interactive research methods have in attempting to understand communities through face-to-face
interactions and engagement. Specifically, I want to research the tactics used by the community
development organization On Board Othello and separately, the strategies used by the City of Seattle
Department of Planning and Development.
THEORY
Image and Representation
To truly understand the meaning of place, and the characteristics that define an area, one must hold some
sort of experience, or understanding of the specific place in question. For instance, you know the name of
a city across the globe from where you live, a place you have never visited or seen in a photograph. It is
safe to say, there is little you will have to express about that place, aside from the relative knowledge you

may have of the country or region that the city is located in, or the information an outside source has
provided you with. This understanding of place relates directly to my initial introduction to the South
Seattle neighborhood of Othello.
At the beginning of the quarter, our class spent a portion of our time reading into the idea of imageability
and visual anthropology in relation to planning. Ideas that are in direct relation to the social structures and
processes of cities. We reflected on the work of Alan Trachtenberg, and Lisa Peattie; two American
anthropologists who offer their own individual take on how people perceive reality, and interact with it.
Alan Trachtenberg is a former American Studies Professor at Yale University. We read a piece of his work
titled, From Image to Story: Reading the File. Through this paper, Trachtenberg offers insight into the
power of images. That an image or photo can help create a unique story of its own. Photographs place us
in someone elses point of view (Trachtenberg 1988, 70) The person behind the camera lens, or the
individual presenting the image is setting up a framework to understand what is being seen. To correlate
that insight, Trachtenberg also expresses, There is something there to be seen, and we want to see it. We
never (or rarely) read nakedly, however, but always through a veil, the screen of previous interpretations,
of intervening contexts or discourses, and of our own motives, hidden and known. Even the setting of our
encounter leaves its imprint, coloring our perception of the image...but it is notably true of photographs,
the most written upon, under, above, and around of all visual artifacts. (Trachtenburg 1988, 45)
Ultimately, people will view an image through their own individual lens, and their personal experiences
will define their understanding of said image. Although indirectly, Trachtenberg offers correlation from
his ideas to the realm of urban design and planning. He explains the detriment or benefit of outside
perspectives, and the attempts to arouse a certain kind of feeling when viewing an image. That a caption,
or focus on specific aspects of an image can divert the thoughts of a viewer to polar opposite spectrums of
understanding; positive and negative. That, Arriving at our own vision requires a conscious act of
revision. (Trachtenberg 1988, 45)
The second author that I would like to point out in relation to the sentiments offered by Alan
Trachtenberg, would be the work of Lisa Peattie, and her work titled, Planning: Rethinking Ciudad
Guayana. Lisa Peattie is a former Professor of Urban Anthropology at MIT. She is well known for her
work as an urban social activist, and advocate for equitable planning practices in America and abroad.
Her work was examined in our class, and offers great insight into some of the traditional planning
practices of professionals in our field of study. Specifically, in reference to a case study known as the
Ciudad Guayana Planning Project. Peattie sheds light on an instance where planners completely
misconstrued the needs of a community, by way of their own externalized visions. In trying to
understand the Guayana Project it seems particularly appropriate to look at the forms of representation,
since the planners and designers were so socially isolated from the world of the site. Representations were

not simply the way the planners presented a world, intimately known, in order to achieve some particular
effect on an audience, the planners to a substantial degree experienced the city through their own
representations of it. (Peattie 1990, 111) Thus, a city emerged based on sketches and drawings of a
landscape, produced by professionals that had no real insight into the lives of the people actually residing
in Guayana. Peattie writes, one sees that the sketch has no way of representing human purpose...The
sketch converts a city of hustlers, politicians, entrepreneurs, families, and reformers into a pattern of
masses and forms and their spatial configurations. (Peattie 1990, 116) Reaffirming an idea that the
human element and experience is crucial to conducting equitable and pertinent planning decisions for a
community. Although these two authors offered differing sentiments regarding the power of images, and
the lens that people use to understand the world around them; it is evident that both authors overlap in
their ideas that an image, photograph, or sketch can only offer a person so much in terms of understanding
a specific subject or place. To that end, a representation is exactly such, a chosen depiction or replication
of reality. These two readings stuck with me over the course of this quarter, especially upon my first visit
down to the Othello neighborhood. Being a lifelong suburbanite from North Lynnwood, I had
preconceived notions about the character of South Seattle in general. Low-income projects, an area you
didn't want to be in after dark, a place where previously, I had no reason, or urge to visit. A definite bias,
and negative stereotype that I wanted to leave behind in Snohomish County before attempting to immerse
myself in the culture of Othello, and what the neighborhood truly had to offer.
Origin and Contemporary Methods of Mental Mapping
Mental, or Cognitive Mapping is a recollection of the physical environment in which a human or animal
alike, has had direct, or indirect experiences in, and uses to differentiate or understand the place in a
spatial context. (Levy, 2013) Mid-quarter my cohort was introduced to this specific form of community
mapping to better understand our designated Seattle neighborhoods of Othello and Roosevelt. Before I
explain my personal experiences conducting cognitive mapping exercises, I want to dig deeper into the
work of one of the key contributors to the concept and analysis of imageability and mental mapping of
urban environments. Kevin Lynch is a well known name in the field of urban design and planning. He is
best known for his work titled, The Image of The City. Written in 1960, The Image of The City is a
piece of work that urges planners and designers to look past the traditional ways of understanding the
urban form of a city, and examine the ways in which real people use, and perceive the natural and built
environment around them. (Lynch, 1960) Through his work, Lynch opens up a chapter titled, The City
Image and Its Elements by stating, There seems to be a public image of any given city which is the
overlap of many individual images. Or perhaps there is a series of public images, each held by some
significant number of citizens...Each individual picture is unique, with some content that is rarely or never

communicated, yet it approximates the public image, which in different environments, is more less
compelling, more or less embracing. (Lynch 1960, 46) Building upon the ideas evoked by Trachtenberg,
and Peattie that were discussed previously, it is clear that Such group images are necessary if an
individual is to operate successfully within his environment and to cooperate with his fellows. (Lynch
1960, 46) Through his five year study of the urban form, Kevin Lynch identified the features in which the
people of a city (In this case, Boston Massachusetts, Los Angeles California, and Jersey City New Jersey)
found most important. He identified five elements that made up the individual's perception of the city:
paths, nodes, landmarks, districts, and edges. (Lynch 1960, 47-48) Paths are the ways in which people
travel through the urban environment. Nodes are areas in which an individual can enter, oftentimes a
converging point where paths meet, a concentration point or meeting area that could be defined by a
landmark, or district center. A Landmark is a point of reference; it is most commonly an object that has
been singled out amongst the environment in which it resides. i.e. building, art form, mountain. Districts
are areas within the urban environment, small or large, where people may enter and leave. A section of a
city that has some sort of common, identifiable character about it. Edges are linear breaks in continuity
within a city. Boundaries or barriers that separate regions from one another, such as railroad cuts,
shorelines, development boundaries, etc. (Lynch 1960, 47-48) Through detailed interviews, and mental
mapping exercises, Lynch was able to better understand how city residents perceived the built
environment that they were actively engaged with. Through these methods, Lynch was able to infer that
the internal consistency of the data received from several sources suggests that the methods used do
indeed give a fairly reliable insight into the composite city image of the particular people interviewed, and
that these methods are applicable to different cities. (Lynch 1960, 153) Kevin Lynchs innovation of the
concept of Place Legibility; the extent to which an individual perceives place, (Lynch, 1960) gave
insight to the understanding that even people who are directly connected to an area, (A place where they
live, work, and play) can have completely varied perceptions of said area from say, their neighbor living
directly across the street.
In addition to the classic work by Kevin Lynch, this quarter we had the opportunity to synthesize
a research paper by two Dutch geographers, Elen-Maarja Trell and Bettina Van Hoven titled, Making
sense of place: exploring creative and (inter)active research methods with young people. Together they
conducted a contemporary analysis of the contributions, and limitations of interactive research methods
such as walks, mental mapping, and photography with a group of young people from Cedar, Vancouver
Island, B.C. Canada. (Trell/Van Hoven, 2010) The two geographers worked with secondary school
teenagers for their research; analyzing the responses of students, and what they can offer in terms of
concrete data. Through their data analysis, they came to a number of very insightful conclusions in
reference to interactive research methods. Mental maps were useful for the (adult) researcher to get an

overview of the wider context of young peoples lives/places. It also proved to be beneficial for making a
distinction between the participants shared and individual key places. (Trell/Van Hoven 2010, 100)
They also expressed that, Furthermore, mental mapping reveals respondents view of relative importance
of places in their daily lives. (Trell/Van Hoven 2010, 100) Not only did Trell and Van Hoven educate us
on the beneficial contributions of interactive research, they expressed the limitations of the examined
methods. Such as, the inability of mental maps to provide additional information about the details of
places, their meanings, or the interviewees personal reasons for including specific locations on the map.
(Trell/Van Hoven 2010, 100)
After researching a bit more about contemporary urban planning in America, I found that Kevin
Lynchs approach to mapping a city is now considered a standard part of any urban design study. It is
used as a tool to communicate perceptions of the urban form between residents, designers, planners, and
policymakers alike. (Levy 179, 2013)
This specific research, tied together with the work conducted by Kevin Lynch, truly struck a
chord with me; concepts that were kept in the back of my mind while carrying out my own field research.
I wanted to make sure I was stepping into the shoes of my interviewees, that I was sketching a mental
map from their point of view, and seeing the built environment around me as if it were my own
neighborhood.
MAPPING & INTERVIEW EXPERIENCE
Field Research
For Assignment #2, my cohort was asked to conduct community mapping exercises in both the Othello
and Roosevelt neighborhoods. Through the methods presented by Kevin Lynch in The Image of The City,
and the work conducted by Trell and Van Hoven in 2010, my group and I wanted to implement similar
tactics when conducting our own field research in the neighborhood. Specifically, face-to-face
engagement, and meaningful conversation with residents. In reference to Trachtenberg and Peattie, I was
also interested in understanding the differences between my own perceptions of South Seattle, compared
to that of the residents who live there.
My group went forth on varying days, times and locations during the week to visit Othello and
conduct mental mapping interviews with members of the community. We visited differing nodes within
the area such as the Van Asselt Community Center in New Holly, the Othello Light Rail Station, the
Safeway parking lot, King Plaza, The Othello Playground, and a few others. My group was able to
facilitate a number of interviews with residents of the area from intergenerational backgrounds, varying
cultures and ethnicities. Through these exercises, we were able to to get a gist for what exactly individuals
deemed most important and recognizable within their community. Through their maps, it appeared that

most people believe the intersection of MLK Jr. Way, and S Othello St. is the central hub of the
neighborhood. Almost everyone interviewed, denoted Safeway on their map. The Union Mission Gospel,
S.T.E.P.S. Cafe, Van Asselt Community Center, and the Othello Playground were among others most
notably mentioned. In addition to the maps, the face-to-face interviews were helpful in understanding the
perspectives of community residents through their individual lenses. Through our interviews we were
able to infer that there is a general community understanding of the diverse demographic within the
neighborhood. There seems to be a strong sense of community pride and care, along with an acute
awareness towards the new development expected for the area. There is a definite concern towards
gentrification and displacement of families, as well as a concern for the lack of employment opportunities
in the area. One of my interviewees, named Mary Hackey left a lasting impression on my experience in
Othello. Mary is the director of a local establishment known as the S.T.E.P.S. Caf. Located directly
across the street from the Light Rail Station, it is a lifestyle change organization dedicated to providing
support, advocacy, and social services for socially disadvantaged peoples in the South Seattle area. Mary
informed me that she is intimately involved in her community. She is a member of On Board Othello,
Othello Station Community Action Team, and Safe in Seattle, just to name a few. After spending almost
two hours conversing with Mary, the main talking points that I was able to delve from her responses were:
keeping the diverse culture of the area alive and represented, as well as specific concerns about the new
development that is set forth for the Othello neighborhood. Most notably, the large vacant lot at the
Southwest corner of MLK Jr. Way, and S Othello St and the property on which her organization is
located. Mary informed me, that the property the S.T.E.P.S. Cafe is situated on is being bought out by
developers. A company who intends to make live/work retail space out of the area, but concurrently
displace lower income families, and longtime South Seattle residents. This concern was expressed not
only through Marys interview, but other community members as well. The reality of gentrification is
hitting very close to home for many of the residents in Othello. Mary herself has dear friends who have
come home from work to see 90-day eviction notices posted on the door because their landlords had sold
their property without sufficient warning. The issue here, is that majority of these people being forced out
of their homes, have no financially comparable options for relocation. Everything is too expensive, or too
far away from work or school to be an option.
After conducting these interviews and mapping exercises, our class had the unique opportunity to
participate in a question and answer panel with members from the community organization known as On
Board Othello. They explained some of the work that they are involved with, while also shedding some
light and bridging the gap between the sentiments expressed by members of the community, to the facts
surrounding the anticipated redevelopment of the Othello Station area. The concerns expressed by
interviewees, along with the facts provided by On Board Othello, seem to be collectively interchangeable.

COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION
On Board Othello
Due to these experiences, related research, and the obvious concern from community members in
reference to the future development of their neighborhood, I wanted to take a deeper look into the actual
work that is going on pertaining to the economic redevelopment of Othello, and how the community is
being involved in the process. I set out on a Tuesday morning to attend an On Board Othello meeting,
with their Community Economic Development Work Group. On Board Othello is community interest
group comprised of members from varying organizations within the Seattle area that hold differing stakes
pertinent to the neighborhood. On Board Othello began their work in 2014. Some of the attendees at this
meeting included, members from HomeSight, which is an organization dedicated to building strong,
vibrant communities through homeownership, economic development, and neighborhood revitalization. 1
There was a gentleman in attendance from the Rainier Valley Community Development Fund, which
Since 2006, have loaned over $10.8 million to 19 small businesses and real estate developers in Rainier
Valley, and provided business assistance to dozens more. 2 There was a woman from the City of Seattle
Department of Neighborhoods, another woman from The Othello Park Alliance, and a woman involved
with the New Holly Community Kitchen. Collectively, this group has been able to coordinate community
led events year round. In mid-May, the Cornerstones Community Celebration was held at New Holly
Gathering Hall. An event where residents and stakeholders engaged in conversation regarding equitable
development, while celebrating the rich culture of the area by way of food, dancing, and music. In
August, they will take part in hosting the Othello Park International Music & Arts Festival Seafair event.
On Board Othello has been personally engaged with cultural groups and organizations throughout the
community on their terms, attending their meetings, and working around their availabilities. Conducting
personal interviews and interactive surveys for residents to speak their mind. The following is a photo I
took during the meeting, where Kristin Pula was presenting the group with a survey chart asking the
question, What Would You Like to See in the Neighborhood?. Community members involved in this
survey had placed stickers next to various forms of new development that they liked.

1 About, HomeSight, accessed May 25th, 2015, http://www.homesightwa.org/

2 About, Rainier Valley Community Development Fund, accessed May 25th, 2015, http://rvcdf.org/about/

All of the attendees had something of importance to say during the meeting. It was composed of very
personal, respectful, cohesive interactions, where We was used often, and never I. Two hard facts of
importance that I was able to extract from this meeting were: The neighborhood is expecting more than
35,000 sq. ft. of retail space that is planned for 2016-2017. 3 Along with more than 1,000 new residential
units planned for development.4 Kristin Pula, who is the Director of Policy and Resource Development
for HomeSight, and one of our community panelists during class, had a few minutes to chat with me after
the meeting. She expressed that the work being done in Othello has been quite the task. One of the biggest
difficulties that their organization has faced would be inclusive engagement of the entire community
spectrum. There are over 40 spoken languages in the 98118 zip code. With that being said, conveying
information in general, let alone explanation of English planning and development jargon has not been an
easy task. One sentiment that Kristin left me with was her concern for whether or not Seattle City Council
members really understand the situation in South Seattle. Specifically, how their decisions will affect the
entire area and its people.
City of Seattle Planning Tactics
After researching a bit more, and coming to an understanding of what exactly On Board Othello is, and
does for the community, I wanted to take a look at what the City of Seattle Department of Planning and
Development has accomplished in terms of community engagement, separate from the On Board Othello
organization.
3 Economic Development, Oh Hello Othello, accessed May 25th, 2015, http://www.helloothello.com/
4 Visions and Priorities, Oh Hello Othello, accessed May 25th, 2015, http://www.helloothello.com/visonpriorities/

The City of Seattle Department of Planning and Development (DPD) initially partnered with the
Othello community in 1998 to create the Othello Neighborhood Plan. This was done at a time where the
City of Seattle was working to collaborate with distinctive neighborhoods within the city to preserve
historical character and encourage growth. Subsequent years led to a mandate for review and update of
the Othello Neighborhood Plan. From 2008 to 2010, the DPD worked with residents of Othello to create a
comprehensive document aligning neighborhood goals, strategies, and policies with community interests.
This was also a time when the Link Light Rail was making its way to the neighborhood. The Othello
Station opened during the summer of 2009, whereupon the DPD developed new design concepts and
zoning ordinances to create a mixed-use transportation hub. 5 According the 2009 Neighborhood Plan
Update, the 2010 Neighborhood Action Plan, and the revised 2013 version of the Othello Neighborhood
Design Guidelines, the DPD mentioned the various community participation strategies that were
conducted. Traditional tools like that of Lynch and his community mapping were utilized, while
innovative new approaches were implemented as well. hands-on workshops, smaller interactive
meetings, online communication and surveys...Engaged hundreds of community members at 53
workshops, meetings, and discussions. 6 In addition, the DPD won the Judges Merit Award for
innovative civic engagement efforts in neighborhood planning updates, including the use of planning
outreach and community liaisons. 7 From this study, it is clear that the city planners were also doing their
part to hear from the community through inclusive strategies. As an update on the new development
coming to the area, the most recent activity has been a comprehensive retail analysis conducted by
Community Cornerstones (A grant program managed by the City of Seattle Office of Housing) in 2014
that gave insight to the current economic vitality of the Othello neighborhood.
The takeaways that came out of this analysis were as such, Any recruitment will need to be
rooted in the continued development of a cohesive neighborhood identity. Assets such as the light rail
station and the existing cluster of specialty grocers and restaurants help define the neighborhoods current
identity and will need to be continually leveraged to effectively foster a vibrant retail environment.
(Community Cornerstones OED, 2014)
REFLECTION/RECOMMENDATION

5 Project Purpose, Seattle Department of Planning and Development, accessed May 25th, 2015,
http://www.seattle.gov/dpd/vault/othello/accomplishments/default.htm
6 Project Outcomes, Seattle Department of Planning and Development, accessed May 25th, 2015,
http://www.seattle.gov/dpd/vault/othello/accomplishments/default.htm
7 Accomplishments, Seattle Department of Planning and Development, accessed May 25th, 2015,
http://www.seattle.gov/dpd/vault/othello/accomplishments/default.htm

When I take a moment to reflect on my own experiences in Othello, and what I have learned
collectively over the course of this quarter I am so pleased with what I will be taking away from CEP 303.
From understanding planning theory and concepts, to actual fieldwork with face-to-face interactions, I
have gained surprising amounts of perspective and knowledge in reference to comprehensive analysis of
urban environments. Not only that, my initial perceptions of South Seattle has been completely done
away with. I have adopted an entirely new viewpoint of a place that I knew virtually nothing of credit
about at the beginning of this course. In the near future, I plan to revisit Othello on my own time, and
continue to appreciate the area, and all it has to offer.
From what I have collected through my research of the actual community engagement that is
going on in Othello, I can infer that both the City of Seattle Department of Planning and Development,
teamed with community organizations like On Board Othello, have both conducted extensive research
themselves, and offered multitudes of opportunity for community members to engage in the decision
making process for the neighborhood. One of the huge take-aways that I am ever so grateful for is my
interest in the On Board Othello organization. Specifically, their efforts to bridge the gap between
members of the Othello community, and the planners/policy makers that have the power to make change,
(positive or negative) in the area. On Board Othello has gone to great lengths to facilitate inclusive
opportunities for residents of the neighborhood to have their voices heard in terms of the big-change
economic development that is coming to the area. The activity that I found most inspiring was their effort
to work with diverse communities on their terms. Attending their meetings, and events; not working with
an exclusively this is how we are going to do things attitude. This was something that I myself found
not only admirable, but absolutely necessary.
The challenge it seems is getting Seattle City Council members to hop On Board and
understand where exactly the community interests lie and come to a comprehensive decision that builds
the area up, without completely displacing the people who currently reside there. I think that the answer
may lie in organizational facilitation and participation of community mapping and engagement exercises
by the people in power themselves. I.e. council members; rather than just merely being presented with the
data by engagement groups such as On Board Othello, Community Cornerstones, Othello Station
Community Action Team, and city planners. This has been a truth that the planning field and political
sphere has had to face for decades, a disconnect between the people in power to make changes and the
people that their decisions will affect. It is well past the time to remove our lenses, and try on a new pair
of spectacles. Who knows, a vibrant, new world-- not too unlike your own, could be waiting to be seen.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
About, HomeSight, accessed May 25th, 2015, http://www.homesightwa.org/
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