Agreements

Disagreements
BreakdownoftheGrandAlliance
beganin1941whenNaziGermanyinvadedtheSovietUnion(JapandeclaredwaronUSA)
GrandAlliancewasbetweenUSSR,UKandUSA
suspicionanddistrustbetweenalliancesthroughoutthewar
conferences:
Tehran1943,YaltaandPotsdam1945
disputesovercontrolofGermanyPolandandEasterneuropeeconomic
reconstructionnuclearweapons
brokedownin1946
OperationBarbarossa1941
launchedbyNaziGermanyagainstSovietUnion
USSRsuppliedbyBritainandUSA
USAwasnotdirectlyinvolvedinwaratthistime,therefore,WinstonChurchilltried
topersuadeUSAtojointhewarbysecretlymeetingwithFranklinRoosevelt
AtlanticCharter
eightprinciplesdefinedAlliedgoalsforpostwarworld
showedunitybetweenBritainandUSA
September1941informalallianceinwhichUSSRandothercountriesagreedto
fightNazismusingprinciplessetoutinCharter
turningpoint:December1941,GermanydeclaredwaronUSA
DeclarationbyUnitedNationsJanuary1942
unitedUSA,UKandUSSRGrandAlliance
marriageofconvenienceduetothefactthatallthreeofthesecountrieshada
commonenemy
however,duetotheopposingpoliticalandsocialviewsthateachrespectivecountry
held(capitalist,communist,colonial),thestabilityofthefoundationsofthisalliance
wasquestionable
DisagreementduringWW2:TheSecondFront
TheUSSRalonefaced80%ofallNazimilitaryresources
therefore,StalindemandedfortheAlliestodedicateitsresourcesintoaSecondFront
inordertorelieveUSSRfromthepressureofcombatingNaziGermany
Incontrast,(194243)UKandUSAinvadedNorthAfricaandItaly,Stalininreturn
interpretedthisastheAlliesdelayingtheprocessandattemptingtoweakentheUSSR
Pacificwarislandhoppingphase
eventually,theSFopenedwithDDaylandingsinJune1944
228Axisdivisionson
easternfrontVS61divisionsinWesternEurope
DisagreementduringWW2:IdeologicalSuspicions
StalinhadconcernsregardingRooseveltsforeignpolicy,regardlessofconsenting
andagreeingtoprinciplesoftheAtlanticCharter
RooseveltsOpenDoorpolicywhichrevolvedaroundfreeworldtradeandequal
accesstorawmaterialsconjuredupfearinStalinashebelieveditwouldonlybenefit
capitalistcountries
theaforementioneddisagreements/problemswereattemptedtoberesolvedbythe
Alliesduringthethreerespectivewartimeconferences,however,theseconferences
ultimatelywereafailureandconsequentiallyleadtotheColdWar

TheTehranConference1943
TheSecondFront
Therewasaconsensusamongstmembersoftheconferencethatunconditionalsurrender
wastheobjectiveofthewarwith
Germany
althoughitwasnotclearwhatactioncouldbetakentodealwithgermany
duetolessonsfromfailureofTOVconflictingideologies
Stalinwasconcernedwithsecurityandhedemandedforterritoryfrom
Poland
alongwitha
proSovietgovernment
PolandcompensatedwithlandfromGermany
USSRdemandedtokeepterritoriesincluding,TheBalticStates,FinlandandRomania
(
EasternEurope
)territorieswhichwereseizedduring193940alliesreluctantlyagreedin
contrasttothetermsthatweresetoutintheAtlanticCharter
StalinrefusedtoopenupaSovietsecondfrontin
Asia
untilthewarwithGermanywaswon
Theestablishmentofthe
UN
(byUS)wasagreedbyBritishandSoviets,itaimedtosettle
internationaldisputesthroughcollectivesecurity
themainpositive
outcomes
oftheconferencewastheestablishmentoftheUNaswellasthe
acknowledgementregardingtheneedforaweakpostwarGermany
diplomaticadvisors:utilizedtoeliminatetyranny,slavery,oppressionandintolerance
vowedtowagewaragainstGermany
mutualagreementbetweenthreeGovernmentsinregardingtheirrelationswithIran
prosecutionofthewaragainstcommonenemy
facilitatingthetransportationofsuppliesfromoverseastoSovietUnion
recognizetheeconomicdifficultiesthathavebeencausedtowardsIran
TheYaltaConferenceFebruary1945
heldontheBlackSeaintheUSSR,attendedbythesameleaders
RedArmyoccupiedmostof
EasternEurope
strengthenedStalinsposition,becamemore
assertiveandconfident
supportedandendorsedcommunistgroupsacrossEE
SecondFront
startedoffwiththeNormandyLandings1944
AllieswerereadytoinvadeGermanyasitwasonthevergeofbeingdefeated,
whereas,Japanwerepreparingforinvasionoftheirhomelandthemselves
AlliedControlCommissiontogovern
Germany
Germanydisarmed,decentralised,demilitarised,deNazifiedanddividedinto4
zones
temporarydivision
Stalindemandedreparations$20billion,50%toUSSR
CurzonLinedrawnateasternborderof
Poland
preRussoPolishWar1921border
PolandinreturngainedterritoryfromGermanyalongtheOderNeisseLine
StalinpromisedfreeelectionsforPolandmajorvictoryforUSA/UK
StalindemandedterritoryfromJapan(SouthSakhalinandtheKurileIslands)ifitwastoenter
waragainst
Japan
StalinagreedthatUSSRwouldjoin
UN
,becomingoneoftheP5members
outcomes:agreementonUNUSSRjoiningPacificWarDeclarationforLiberatedEurope
pledgingdemocraticgovernmentsandfreeelectionthroughoutEurope
ThePolishQuestion

Membersofgovernment,armedforcesandmorethan100,000refugeesfledtoFranceand
movedtoLondonafterthefallofFrancein1940
escapedPolandin1939duetoinvasionbyGermanyandUSSR
LondonpolesopposedanydealswithSovietsopposedYaltatomovebordersof
Polanddemandedforcastironguarantees(postwarfreedom)iftheyweretogive
awayterritory
1944WarsawRising
LondonPolescommandedPolishUndergroundForcesinretaliationagainstthe
GermanswhentheRedArmyreachedWarsaw
Naziskilled200,000resistancefighters
StalinorderedRedArmytostopratherthanassistPolishForces
CommitteeofNationalLiberation1944setupbyLublinPolesinSovietcontrolledLublin
ofEasternPoland
EstablishmentofLublinCommittee
recognisedbyUSSRaslawfulauthorityinPoland
ThePotsdamConferenceJuly&August1945
Seconddayofconference:USAsuccessfullytesteditsfirstatomicbomb
Stateofwar:GermanyhassuccessfullysurrenderedandJapanwasonthevergeofbeing
defeatedUSAplanningonusingitsnewABonJapan
Germaneconomylimitedtodomesticindustryandagriculture
USSRtoreceive25%oftheirreparationbillfromWG,EGgivefoodinexchange
TrumandemandedthatthePolishgovernmentshouldbereorganisedwithmoreLondon
Polesactivewithinthegovernment
Trumanunhappywith%agreementsbetweenUKandUSSR
didnotwishforEEtobecomeinfluencedbyUSSR
TwoABsdroppedonJapan
UNcreatedatTreatyofSanFrancisco1945
Disagreement:TrumanthreatensStalinwithatomicbomb
FinalbreakdownofAlliance
agreementoverUNanddivisionofGermanyandPolandsnewbordersonly
otherdisagreementsremainedunresolved
MistrustbetweenUSSRandAlliesduetothreatthattheatomicbombposed
EEinfluencedheavilybyUSSR,unlikelythatfreeelectionswillbeinplace
SoviettakeoverofEE194549
gainedincreasingpoliticalcontrolinEE
SalamiTacticsslicingoffpoliticalpartiesonebyone,asmeanstoremove
opposition
FreeelectionsofJan1947dismissed,candidatesdisqualified,arrested,murdered,
deported
amillionvotershadtheirrighttovotetakenawayfromthem
Albania,Yugoslavia,Romania,Czechoslovakia,Hungary,Bulgariaetcadopteda
communistgovernmentsystem
evidentlyshowingthatUSSRwasgaininganincreasinginfluencewithinEE
SovietPressureonIran
USSRtriedtoincreasecontroloverIranagreedatTCthatBritishandSovietswould
withdrawpostwar

Incontrasttothis,UKwithdrewbutStalinleft30,000troopsinthenorthsupporting
hisactionsbyclaimingthatthesetroopsareusedforrestoringorder
Sovietsintendedonexpandingtheirsphereofinfluence
IranreferredcasetoUNandpressurizedSovietstopullout
InstabilityinGreeceandTurkey
PostWW2,antiimperialist,nationalistandprocommunistrebellionsemerged
withinGreeceandTurkey
Britishstruggledtocontaintheserebellionsandtheybelievedthattheserebellions
weresupportedbytheUSSR
StalindisregardedpercentagesagreementGreeceandTurkeywassupposedtobe
underWesterninfluence
CommunisminItalyandFrance
PostwarEurope,communistpartieswithinItalyandFrancebecamestronger
posedasgreatthreattoWesternDemocracies
causedbyeconomichardships(peopleturningtodifferentpoliticalparties)
createdanimpressionthatCommunistswereontheroadtotakingover
WesternEurope
KennansLongTelegramFebruary1946
GeorgeF.KennansenttelegramtotheUSStateDepartmentdescribingSoviet
foreignpolicy
hugeinfluenceontheStateDepartmentthroughouttheColdWar
shapedthepolicyofcontainment
arguedthatUSSRwasfanaticallyandimplacablyhostiletotheWestonlylistens
tothelogicofforce
ChurchillsIronCurtainSpeech
March1946givenbyChurchillatWestminsterCollege,MissouriwithTruman
ChurchillbelievedthatitwascrucialtocontainthesituationinEE
causedbyangerduetofailureoftheUSSRtoimplementfreeelection
thephraseironcurtainisusedtowarntheworldabouttheincreasingsoviet
influenceoverEEwhichcouldpotentiallyleadtoatakeover
StalinrepliedtothisspeechbyreferringChurchilltoHitler
causedtheGrandAlliancetocompletelyfallapart
StalinsReactiontotheSpeech
withdrewfromIMF
steppedupantiWesternpropaganda
newfiveyearplantostrenghtenstate
IronCurtainSpeech:
hardenedopinions
definednewfrontline