ODE Lecture 1

ENGR90024
COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS
Lecture O01
Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs):!
Introduction & Taylor series!
(Pages 1-4 of the Printed Lecture Notes)!
Mathematical equations that govern fluid flow
(c)
(c)
OpenFoam
Supercomputer
x
(e)
Figure 1: Some example applications in science and engin

solution of ordinary and partial dierential equations.
(e)
Figure 1: Some example applications in science and

solution of ordinary and partial dierential equations
(a)
Lecture & Workshop timetable

3 MODULES!
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (ODE)!
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (PDE)!
OPENFOAM(HTTP://WWW.OPENFOAM.ORG)

Week Starting Tue-morning
Tues-afternoon
Wed-Workshop
Thu
Mar 3
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Workshop on
Linux/C++/ODEs
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Mar 10
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Workshop on ODEs
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Mar 17
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Workshop on OpenFOAM
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Mar 24
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Workshop on ODEs
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Mar 31
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Apr 7
Lecture on PDEs
A/Prof Malcolm Davidson
Lecture on PDEs
Consultation for
A/Prof Malcolm Davidson Assignment 1
Lecture on PDEs
Apr 14
Lecture on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
Break
Break
Break
Apr 21
Break
Apr 28
Lecture on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
Workshop on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
May 5
Lecture on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
Workshop on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
10
May 12
Lecture on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
Workshop on PDEs
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
11
May 19
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
12
May 26
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Assignment 1 due!
18th April
Assignment 2 due!
30th May

Doug McDonell-309!
11am-12pm
Tues-afternoon
Wed-Workshop
Thu
Mar 3
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Workshop on
Linux/C++/ODEs
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Mar 10
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Workshop on ODEs
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Mar 17
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Mar 24
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Workshop on ODEs
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Mar 31
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Apr 7
Lecture on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
Consultation for
Lecture on PDEs
Apr 14
Lecture on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
Break
Break
Break
Apr 21
Break
Apr 28
Lecture on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
Workshop on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
May 5
Lecture on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
Workshop on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
10
May 12
Lecture on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
Workshop on PDEs
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
11
May 19
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
12
May 26
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Assignment 1 due!
18th April
Assignment 2 due!
30th May

Alan Gilbert Theatre 2!
5:15pm-6:15pm
Tues-afternoon
Wed-Workshop
Thu
Mar 3
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Workshop on
Linux/C++/ODEs
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Mar 10
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Workshop on ODEs
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Mar 17
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Mar 24
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Workshop on ODEs
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Mar 31
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Apr 7
Lecture on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
Consultation for
Lecture on PDEs
Apr 14
Lecture on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
Break
Break
Break
Apr 21
Break
Apr 28
Lecture on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
Workshop on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
May 5
Lecture on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
Workshop on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
10
May 12
Lecture on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
Workshop on PDEs
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
11
May 19
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
12
May 26
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Assignment 1 due!
18th April
Assignment 2 due!
30th May

Doug McDonell-503!
2:15pm-3:15pm
Tues-afternoon
Wed-Workshop
Thu
Mar 3
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Workshop on
Linux/C++/ODEs
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Mar 10
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Workshop on ODEs
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Mar 17
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Mar 24
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Workshop on ODEs
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Mar 31
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Apr 7
Lecture on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
Consultation for
Lecture on PDEs
Apr 14
Lecture on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
Break
Break
Break
Apr 21
Break
Apr 28
Lecture on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
Workshop on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
May 5
Lecture on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
Workshop on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
10
May 12
Lecture on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
Workshop on PDEs
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
11
May 19
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
12
May 26
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Assignment 1 due!
18th April
Assignment 2 due!
30th May

Old Engineering - EDS 1!
12:00pm-2:00pm
Tues-afternoon
Wed-Workshop
Thu
Mar 3
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Workshop on
Linux/C++/ODEs
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Mar 10
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Workshop on ODEs
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Mar 17
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Mar 24
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Workshop on ODEs
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Mar 31
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Lecture on ODEs
Prof Andrew Ooi
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Apr 7
Lecture on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
Consultation for
Lecture on PDEs
Apr 14
Lecture on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
Break
Break
Break
Apr 21
Break
Apr 28
Lecture on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
Workshop on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
May 5
Lecture on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
Workshop on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
10
May 12
Lecture on PDEs
Lecture on PDEs
Workshop on PDEs
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
11
May 19
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
12
May 26
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Lecture on OpenFOAM
Dr Stephen Moore
Assignment 1 due!
18th April
Assignment 2 due!
30th May
Assessment
10% Workshops
(weekly)
- 1%
satisfactory completion of every workshop
- 11
workshops in total so can afford to miss 1
10% Assignment
- ODE
& OpenFOAM
20% Assignment
- PDE
60%
1 (Due 18th April)

2 (Due 30th May)
& OpenFOAM
end of semester exam
- ODE, PDE
- Exam
& OpenFOAM
is a Hurdle. Need to pass the exam to pass this subject!!!!
Student comments
Open foam should be introduced in the workshops much earlier than they were
Last year, OpenFOAM workshops were not introduced until week 4
We will be introducing OpenFOAM workshop in week 3. There could also be
!
OpenFOAM material in workshops in weeks 1 and 2.
Assignments should have been released earlier

Assignment 1 (due week 7) will be released week 1 or 2 of the semester
We will release assignment 2 in week 8 (last year was released in week 10).
Ordinary Differential Equations

In the most generic form, ordinary differential equations (ODE) can be
written as
g
d
d
d
d
,
,
,
,
, ,t
N
3
2
dt
dt dt dt
=0
(O01.1)
where N is the order of the ODE.

If g is a linear function, e.g.
d3
d2
d
a(t) 3 + b(t) 2 + c(t)
+ d(t) + e(t) = 0
dt
dt
dt
(O01.2)
then the ODE is linear.

If g is a nonlinear function, then the ODE is nonlinear.
If every term in the ODE is linear, then the ODE is linear. If even one!
term of the ODE is nonlinear, then the ODE is nonlinear.
Example O01.1: For the ODEs shown below, state the order of
the ODE and if the ODE is linear/nonlinear. a, b and c are constants.!
2
d
d
2
(a) t
+ at
+b =c
2
dt
dt
2
d
(b) 2
dt
a 1
d
+
dt
=0
Lets look at equation (a).

2
d
d
2
(a) t
+ at
+b =c
2
dt
dt
Linear
Linear
Linear Linear
Since all terms in the above equations are linear, the

ODE is a linear ODE
Lets now look at (b)

d2
(b) 2
dt
d2
dt2
Linear
d
+
dt
a 1
d
a
+
dt
2d
Linear
dt
=0
=0
Linear
Nonlinear
Lets now look at (b)

d2
(b) 2
dt
d2
dt2
Linear
d
+
dt
a 1
d
a
+
dt
2d
Linear
dt
=0
=0
Linear
Nonlinear
Since the third term in the above equation is

nonlinear, the ODE is a nonlinear ODE!
End of Example O01.1
In many engineering problems, Eq. (O01.1) can be written as
d
= f (t, )
dt
(O01.3)
Eq. (O01.3) is solved usually solved in the domain
tmin t tmax
with the initial condition
(tmin ) =
Initial Value Problem
min
Exact (true) solution
d
= f (t, )
dt
tmin t tmax
(tmin ) =
min
a
em
h
t
a
tica
th
l Me
ods
Compare
Nu
me
rica
l/C
om
put
er M
eth
ods
Approximate solution
Exact (true) solution
d
= f (t, )
dt
tmin t tmax
(tmin ) =
min
Example O01.2:
a
em
h
t
a
tica
th
l Me
ods
Compare
Nu
me
rica
l/C
om
put
er M
eth
ods
!
Solve the following ordinary differential equation (ODE)!
!
!
d
(O01.4)
!
=1
dt
!
with (t=0)=0. Use MATLAB to plot the solution for 0 < t < 8.
d
=1
dt
d
+
dt
=1
Use integrating factor, multiply both sides by et
td
dt
+e
d t
e
dt
Integrating gives
=e1
=e
=e +K
Where K is a constant. We are given that =0 when t=0. Substituting!

into the above equation gives
e 0=e +K
10=1+K
K= 1
Thus the solution to Eq. (O01.4) is
=1
t=[0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4........8.0]
function MPO01p2()
!
!
t=0:0.1:8;
phi=1-exp(-t);
!
plot(t,phi);
!
xlabel('t');
ylabel('\phi(t)');
1-e-8.0
1-e-0.2
1-e-0.0
phi=[0.0 0.0952 0.1813 0.2592 ........ 1.0]
1-e-0.1
1-e-0.3
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
(t)
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
4
t
=1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
Exact solution
d
= f (t, )
dt
tmin t tmax
(tmin ) =
min
al M
Ma
the
tic
ma
0.6
(t)
ods
eth
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Compare
Nu
me
rica
l/C
om
put
er M
eth
ods
4
t
d
= f (t, )
dt
tmin t tmax
(tmin ) =
min
Nu
me
rica
l/C
om
put
er M
eth
ods
Taylor series
The Taylor series expansion of a function (t) about the point
tl can be written as
1
l+1
l n n
X
(t
t
) d
l+1
(t ) =
n
n!
dt
n=0
(O01.5)
tl
tl+1=tl+t.
Equation (O01.5) can be expanded to look like

(t
l+1
td
) = (t ) +
1! dt
l
tl
t2 d 2
+
2! dt2
tl
t3 d 3
+
3! dt3
+ ...
tl
(O01.6)
Example O01.3:
!
!
!
Find the Taylor series for the function!
(t) = sin(t)
Plot the first few terms of this function and show that you can get closer to the
original function if you use the more terms in the series.
From Eq. (O01.6), the Taylors series can be written as

td
l+1
l
(t ) = (t ) +
1! dt
tl
t2 d 2
+
2! dt2
tl
t3 d 3
+
3! dt3
If tl=0, then tl+1=t=t

t d
(t) = (0) +
1! dt
t2 d 2
+
2! dt2
0
t3 d 3
+
3! dt3
0
You are given that (t)=sin(t), so
(0)=sin(0)=0!
d/dt(0)=cos(0)=1.0!
d2/dt2(0)=-sin(0)=0.0!
d3/dt3(0)=-cos(0)=-1.0!
d4/dt4(0)=sin(0)=0.0!
d5/dt5(0)=cos(0)=1.0
+ ...
0
+ ...
tl
From Eq. (O01.6), the Taylors series can be written as

td
l+1
l
(t ) = (t ) +
1! dt
tl
t2 d 2
+
2! dt2
tl
t3 d 3
+
3! dt3
If tl=0, then tl+1=t=t

t d
(t) = (0) +
1! dt
t2 d 2
+
2! dt2
0
t3 d 3
+
3! dt3
0
You are given that (t)=sin(t), so
(0)=sin(0)=0!
d/dt(0)=cos(0)=1.0!
d2/dt2(0)=-sin(0)=0.0!
d3/dt3(0)=-cos(0)=-1.0!
d4/dt4(0)=sin(0)=0.0!
d5/dt5(0)=cos(0)=1.0
+ ...
0
+ ...
tl
Substituting into the Taylor series Eq. (O01.6) gives!
(t) =
sin(t) =
(1/6)t
+(1/120)t
(1/5040)t
+...
(t) = t
t
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
4
0
t
(t) = t (1/6)t3
t(1/6) t3
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
4
0
t
(t) = t (1/6)t3 +(1/120)t5

t(1/6) t3+(1/120) t5
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
4
0
t
(t) = t (1/6)t3 +(1/120)t5 (1/5040)t7

t(1/6) t3+(1/120) t5(1/5040) t7
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
4
0
t
Sometimes it is convenient to group all higher order terms of the Taylors

series into a single term. For example,
2 2
3 3
4 4
t
d
t
d
t
d
t
d
l+1
l
l
l
l
l
(t ) = (t ) +
(t ) +
(t
)
+
(t
)
+
(t
) + ...
2
3
4
1! dt
2! dt
3! dt
4! dt
can be written as
2 2
t
d
t
d
l+1
l
l
(t ) = (t ) +
(t ) +
(1 )
2
1! dt
2! dt
(O01.7)
or
(t
l+1
td
) = (t ) +
(2 )
1! dt
l
where tl < 1 < tl+1 , tl < 2 < tl+1 and 1 2
(O01.8)
2 2
3 3
4 4
t
d
t
d
t
d
t
d
l+1
l
l
l
l
l
(t ) = (t ) +
(t ) +
(t
)
+
(t
)
+
(t
) + ...
2
3
4
1! dt
2! dt
3! dt
4! dt
2 2
t
d
t
d
l+1
l
l
(t ) = (t ) +
(t )+
()
1! dt
2! dt2
where is somewhere between tl and tl+1 i.e. tl < < tl+1
2 2
3 3
4 4
t
d
t
d
t
d
t
d
l+1
l
l
l
l
l
(t ) = (t ) +
(t ) +
(t
)
+
(t
)
+
(t
) + ...
2
3
4
1! dt
2! dt
3! dt
4! dt
2 2
t
d
t
d
l+1
l
l
(t ) = (t ) +
(t )+
()
1! dt
2! dt2
where is somewhere between tl and tl+1 i.e. tl < < tl+1
Exercise O01.4:
For the function!
!
!
(t) = sin(t)
!
!
! show the validity of Eqs. (O01.7) & (O01.8) by finding !
finding values of 1 and 2 for tl=0.0 and t =/2.
Equation (O01.8), repeated here
(t
l+1
) = (t ) +
l+1
t
=t + t
l
l+1
t 2 t
d
t (2 )
dt
(t
l+1
) = (t ) +
l+1
d
t (2 )
dt
t
=t + t
tl 2 tl+1
For this example

(t) = sin(t)
l
t = 0.0
t = /2
So
l+1
t
= 0 + /2 = /2
(tl ) = sin(tl ) = sin(0) = 0
(t
l+1
) = sin(t
l+1
d
(2 ) = cos (2 )
dt
) = sin(/2) = 1
Hence, equation (O01.8), says that
1 = 0
+ /2 cos (2 )
1 = 0 + /2 cos (2 )
0 2 /2
Illustrate graphically
d
t (2 = 0)
dt
1.8
sin(0) +
1.6
1.4
d
(2 = 0)
dt
1.2
1
0.8
sin(/2)
0.6
= sin(t)
0.4
0.2
0
sin(0)
0.2
0.4
sin(0) +
0.6
0.8
1
t
1.2
1.4
1.6
/2
1.8
d
t (2 = 0) > sin(/2)
dt
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
sin(/2)
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
d
(2 = /2)
dt
t
0.4
sin(0)
sin(0) +
0.6
0.8
1
t
1.2
= sin(t)
1.4
1.6
sin(0) +
1.8
d 2
t (2 = /2)
dt
d
t (2 = /2) < sin(/2)
dt
2
1.8
sin(0) +
1.6
d
t (2 = 1.2)
dt
1.4
1.2
sin(/2)
1
0.8
d
(2 = 1.2)
dt
t
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
sin(0)
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
t
1.2
= sin(t)
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
1.8
sin(0) +
1.6
d
t (2 = 1.2)
dt
1.4
1.2
sin(/2)
1
0.8
d
(2 = 1.2)
dt
t
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
sin(0)
0.2
0.4
sin(0) +
0.6
0.8
1
t
1.2
= sin(t)
1.4
1.6
1.8
d
t (2 = 1.2) 6= sin(/2)
dt
sin(0) +
1.6
From the top graph, it is shown

that for 2=0, the equation
d
t (2 = 0)
dt
1.8
1.4
1.2
sin(/2)
0.6
2 = 0
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
t
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
sin(0) +
1.8
1.4
1.2
d
(2 )
dt
d
(2 )
dt
evaluates to a value less

than sin(p/2). Hence, in
sin(/2) order for
1.6
sin(0) +
0.8
2 = /2
0.6
0.4
sin(0) +
0.2
0
evaluates to a value greater

than sin(p/2). From the bottom
graph, it is shown that for 2= p/2,
the equation
0.8
0.4
sin(0) +
0.2
0.4
0.6
0<2<p/2.
d
(2 = /2)
dt
0.8
1
t
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
d
t (2 ) = sin(/2)
dt
Finding the value of 2 is easy
sin(/2) = sin(0) + cos(2 )

2
2
cos(2 ) =
2 = 0.8807
2 = 0.0
2 = 0.7
2 = 0.5
2 = 0.8807

ODE Lecture 1

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ENGR90024

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS

Mathematical equations that govern fluid flow

Figure 1: Some example applications in science and engin

Figure 1: Some example applications in science and

Lecture & Workshop timetable

Lecture & Workshop timetable

Lecture & Workshop timetable

Lecture & Workshop timetable

Lecture & Workshop timetable

Lecture & Workshop timetable

satisfactory completion of every workshop

workshops in total so can afford to miss 1

1 (Due 18th April)

end of semester exam

is a Hurdle. Need to pass the exam to pass this subject!!!!

Assignments should have been released earlier

Ordinary Differential Equations

where N is the order of the ODE.

then the ODE is linear.

Lets look at equation (a).

Since all terms in the above equations are linear, the

Lets now look at (b)

Lets now look at (b)

Since the third term in the above equation is

End of Example O01.1

In many engineering problems, Eq. (O01.1) can be written as

Eq. (O01.3) is solved usually solved in the domain

Exact (true) solution

Initial Value Problem

Exact (true) solution

Initial Value Problem

Use integrating factor, multiply both sides by et

Where K is a constant. We are given that =0 when t=0. Substituting!

Thus the solution to Eq. (O01.4) is

t=[0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4........8.0]

phi=[0.0 0.0952 0.1813 0.2592 ........ 1.0]

End of Example O01.2

Initial Value Problem

Initial Value Problem

Equation (O01.5) can be expanded to look like

Find the Taylor series for the function!

From Eq. (O01.6), the Taylors series can be written as

If tl=0, then tl+1=t=t

You are given that (t)=sin(t), so

From Eq. (O01.6), the Taylors series can be written as

If tl=0, then tl+1=t=t

You are given that (t)=sin(t), so

Substituting into the Taylor series Eq. (O01.6) gives!

(t) = t (1/6)t3 +(1/120)t5

(t) = t (1/6)t3 +(1/120)t5 (1/5040)t7

End of Example O01.3

Sometimes it is convenient to group all higher order terms of the Taylors

where tl < 1 < tl+1 , tl < 2 < tl+1 and 1 2

where is somewhere between tl and tl+1 i.e. tl < < tl+1

where is somewhere between tl and tl+1 i.e. tl < < tl+1

For the function!

finding values of 1 and 2 for tl=0.0 and t =/2.

Equation (O01.8), repeated here

For this example

Hence, equation (O01.8), says that

From the top graph, it is shown

evaluates to a value less