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Position Vectors
Description: Includes Math Remediation. In this tutorial, students will find the position vectors for two points that
have a common origin, find the position vector between the two points, and determine the force acting along a given
direction.
Learning Goal:
To find a position vector between two arbitrary points.
As shown, two cables connect three points. C is below A by a distance C z = 1.90 ftand connected to A by a cable
9.36 ftlong. Cable A C forms an angle = 27.0 with the positive y axis. B is 8.50 ftabove C and the distances B x
and B y are 7.70 ftand 4.70 ft, respectively.
Hints (3)
So if two points lying in the xy plane have coordinates (x1,y1)and (x2 ,y2), the position vector from 1 to
2 is {x2 x1,y2 y1}. Naturally, the position vector from 2 to 1 is the negative of the position vector
from 1 to 2. Care should be taken to determine the correct sign for each component.
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MasteringEngineering: Lecture 3
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rA B z =
= 6.60 ft
Hints (1)
Using vector addition, we can write B = A + r. Algebraically solve for r and evaluate using
Cartesian components.
ANSWER:
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MasteringEngineering: Lecture 3
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ANSWER:
,
rA B =
Hints (2)
Hints (1)
v=
ANSWER:
rA B =
= 11.2 ft
ANSWER:
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MasteringEngineering: Lecture 3
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uA B =
Hints (2)
From this diagram, you can see that the side of the triangle from point C to the y axis forms a right angle
with the y axis. Using right-triangle trigonometry and the Pythagorean theorem the x and y components can
be determined.
rA C x =
ANSWER:
rA C =
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MasteringEngineering: Lecture 3
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Hints (2)
rB C x =
ANSWER:
rB C =
Hints (2)
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MasteringEngineering: Lecture 3
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Hint 2. Find the cosine of the angle between the cable and the positive z axis
The angle, , is the same between the z components of both the position vector and the tensile force. The
first step in solving for the tension is to solve for the cosine of the angle. What is the cosine of the angle
between the z axis and the cable?
Express your answer to three significant figures.
Hints (1)
ANSWER:
cos( )=
= -0.576
ANSWER:
TB C =
= 17.4
1/27/2015 1:21 PM
294.
z
D
600 N
400 N
800 N
SOLUTION
FDA = 400 a
20
15
24
i +
j kb N
34.66
34.66
34.66
FDB = 800 a
4
24
-6
i +
j kb N
25.06
25.06
25.06
FDC = 600a
24 m
16 m
18
24
16
i j kb N
34
34
34
18 m
a = cos-1 a
321.66
b = 77.6
1501.66
Ans.
b = cos-1 a
-16.82
b = 90.6
1501.66
Ans.
g = cos-1 a
-1466.71
b = 168
1501.66
Ans.
4m
6m
x
y
A
= 1501.66 N = 1.50 kN
2111.
The window is held open by chain AB. Determine the
length of the chain, and express the 50-lb force acting at A
along the chain as a Cartesian vector and determine its
coordinate direction angles.
5 ft
F = 50 lb
SOLUTION
12 ft
A
5 ft
40
y
5 ft
Then
8 ft
x
Ans.
Force Vector:
F = FuAB = 505 -0.3814i - 0.2987j + 0.8748k6 lb
= 5-19.1i - 14.9j + 43.7k6 lb
Ans.
Coordinate Direction Angles: From the unit vector uAB obtained above, we have
cos a = - 0.3814
a = 112
Ans.
cos b = - 0.2987
b = 107
Ans.
cos g = 0.8748
g = 29.0
Ans.
2119.
Determine the angle u between the y axis of the pole and
the wire AB.
3 ft
C
2 ft
SOLUTION
Position Vector:
2 ft
x
rAC = 5 -3j6 ft
2 ft
= 52i - 1j - 2k6 ft
The magnitudes of the position vectors are
rAC = 3.00 ft
The Angles Between Two Vectors U: The dot product of two vectors must be
determined first.
rAC # rAB = 1-3j2 # 12i - 1j - 2k2
= 0122 + 1-321-12 + 01-22
= 3
Then,
u = cos-1
rAO # rAB
rAOrAB
= cos-1
3
3.00 3.00
= 70.5
Ans.
2139.
Determine the magnitude of the projected component of
the force F = 300 N acting along line OA.
30
z
A
30
300 mm
O
300 mm
SOLUTION
300 mm
Force and Unit Vector: The force vector F and unit vector uOA must be determined
first. From Fig. a
F = (- 300 sin 30 sin 30i + 300 cos 30j + 300 sin 30 cos 30k)
= { - 75i + 259.81j + 129.90k} N
uOA =
Vector Dot Product: The magnitude of the projected component of F along line OA is
FOA = F # uOA =
Ans.
300 N
MasteringEngineering: Lecture 4
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Hints (4)
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F = 0 simplifies to
F x i+
F y j= 0
F x = 0 and F y = 0 .
It is important to continue using a consistent sign convention for all forces, since the sign accounts for the
direction of action of the force. For unknown forces, a direction or sign can be assumed; if the answer
yields a negative value the force acts in the opposite direction from what was assumed.
Hint 2. Identify the equation for the angle of action of the tension
To use the equations of equilibrium for the component directions, the forces acting on a particle must be
written in component form. Before the components of the tensile force in the cable can be written, the angle
between the force and a coordinate axis needs to be determined from the geometry of the system.
In this problem, two separate angles can be used to solve the problem. The first, , is the angle between
the positive y axis and the cable. The second, , is the angle between the x axis and the cable.
Identify the correct trigonometric relationships defining the angles in terms of the dimensions d and h.
ANSWER:
d
= tan 1 ( 2h
),
= tan 1 ( 2h
)
d
= tan 1 ( 2d
),
h
h
= tan 1 ( 2d
)
= tan 1 ( 2h
),
d
d
= tan 1 ( 2h
)
= tan 1 ( dh ),
= tan 1 ( hd )
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MasteringEngineering: Lecture 4
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Ty =
Also accepted:
= 13.9
ANSWER:
W =
Also accepted:
= 27.7
= 27.7
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MasteringEngineering: Lecture 4
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Hints (3)
F x i+
F y j= 0,
F x = 0 and F y = 0.
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MasteringEngineering: Lecture 4
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ANSWER:
mass of pulley =
= 1.60
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Hints (3)
F s = ks,
where k is the spring constant, which has units of force over length, and s is the deformation or change in
length of the spring.
T=
= 39.2
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MasteringEngineering: Lecture 4
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Hints (1)
s3 =
= 8.00102 m
ANSWER:
k3 =
= 490
1/27/2015 1:23 PM
33.
The lift sling is used to hoist a container having a mass of
500 kg. Determine the force in each of the cables AB and
AC as a function of u. If the maximum tension allowed in
each cable is 5 kN, determine the shortest lengths of cables
AB and AC that can be used for the lift. The center of
gravity of the container is located at G.
F
A
SOLUTION
Free-Body Diagram: By observation, the force F1 has to support the entire weight
of the container. Thus, F1 = 50019.812 = 4905 N.
1.5 m
1.5 m
Equations of Equilibrium:
+ F = 0;
:
x
+ c Fy = 0;
4905 - 2F sin u = 0
FAC = FAB = F
F = 52452.5 cos u6 N
Thus,
FAC = FAB = F = 52.45 cos u6 kN
Ans.
1.5
and u = 29.37. Therefore
cos u
l =
1.5
= 1.72 m
cos 29.37
Ans.
315.
400 mm
A
800 N/m
SOLUTION
300 mm
The Force in The Spring: The spring stretches s = l - l0 = 0.5 - 0.2 = 0.3 m.
Applying Eq. 32, we have
500 mm
Equations of Equilibrium:
+ F = 0;
:
x
4
FBC cos 45 + FBD a b - 240 = 0
5
0.7071FBC + 0.8FBD = 240
+ c Fy = 0;
(1)
3
FBC sin 45 - FBD a b = 0
5
FBC = 0.8485FBD
(2)
FBC = 145 N
Ans.
400 mm
330.
A 4-kg sphere rests on the smooth parabolic surface.
Determine the normal force it exerts on the surface and the
mass mB of block B needed to hold it in the equilibrium
position shown.
60
SOLUTION
A
Geometry: The angle u which the surface makes with the horizontal is to be
determined first.
2.5x2
0.4 m
tan u `
x = 0.4 m
dy
= 5.0x `
= 2.00
`
dx x = 0.4 m
x = 0.4 m
x
0.4 m
u = 63.43
Free-Body Diagram: The tension in the cord is the same throughout the cord and is
equal to the weight of block B, WB = mB (9.81).
Equations of Equilibrium:
+ F = 0;
:
x
+ c Fy = 0;
(1)
(2)
N = 19.7 N
Ans.
331.
If the bucket weighs 50 lb, determine the tension developed
in each of the wires.
C
B
30
A
5
SOLUTION
Equations of Equilibrium: First, we will apply the equations of equilibrium along the
x and y axes to the free-body diagram of joint E shown in Fig. a.
+ F = 0;
:
x
3
FED cos 30 - FEB a b = 0
5
(1)
+ c Fy = 0;
4
FED sin 30 + FEB a b - 50 = 0
5
(2)
Ans.
Using the result FEB = 43.61 lb and applying the equations of equilibrium to the
free-body diagram of joint B shown in Fig. b,
+ c Fy = 0;
4
FBC sin 30 - 43.61a b = 0
5
FBC = 69.78 lb = 69.8 lb
+ F = 0;
:
x
30
Ans.
3
69.78 cos 30 + 43.61a b - FBA = 0
5
FBA = 86.6 lb
Ans.
*356.
Determine the force in each cable needed to support the
3500-lb platform. Set d = 2 ft.
z
3500 lb
A
10 ft
SOLUTION
Cartesian Vector Notation:
FAB = FAB
FAC = FAC
FAD = FAD
4i - 3j - 10k
24 + ( -3)2 + (- 10)2
2
2i + 3j - 10k
222 + 32 + (- 10)
D
B
- 4i + 1j - 10k
2(- 4)2 + 12 + ( -10)2
Equations of Equilibrium:
FAB + FAC + FAD + F = 0
(1)
(2)
(3)
4 ft
3 ft
F = {3500k} lb
F = 0;
2 ft
Ans.
Ans.
C
3 ft
4 ft
361.
If cable AD is tightened by a turnbuckle and develops a
tension of 1300 lb, determine the tension developed in
cables AB and AC and the force developed along the
antenna tower AE at point A.
A
30 ft
10 ft
10 ft
B
E
D
15 ft
12.5 ft
x
SOLUTION
Force Vectors: We can express each of the forces on the free-body diagram shown in
Fig. a in Cartesian vector form as
FAB = FAB C
FAC = FAC C
FAD = FAD C
S =
2
3
6
FAB i - FAB j - FAB k
7
7
7
3
2
6
S = - FAC i - FAC j - FAC k
7
7
7
S = {500j - 1200k} lb
FAE = FAE k
Equations of Equilibrium: Equilibrium requires
gF = 0;
2
7
FAB i 2
7
FAB -
(1)
(2)
(3)
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
15 ft
y