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Axial Stress:
a.
h.
Tensile stress
Compressive stress
Formula:
p
S=A
where: A .l P
S =stress
P = load or total external load
. A =stressed area
2.
Shearing Stress:
Formula:
Ss ==
~~
projected area
where: As// Ps
. 3.
Bearing Stress
Formula:
Sb=~
where Ab is the projected area
I Cylindrical Shape
F = Bursting force
P = Resisting force
L:Fv = 0
2P=F
2 Astress .Sc = pA
2 (LX t) (Sc) = p (D XL)
_.212_
Sc- 2t
a.
~,..
,.
1\
'
II
__
/
II
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
p = C0h
p = hydrostatic pressure or gauge pressure
in the tank
Inner Diameter D = diameter
t = thickness
C0 =density of the fluid
h = elevation head
where:
Asu:ess SL = P A
n D t SL = p ~ D 2
SL= pD
4t
Note:
I\
\
l::FH = 0
P=F
-~---------------
t .. ,
,/,/-r'::,~",~,.-------- ~
1
1
D
I
I
:-.::
\ i
i I F --'f.l',-.1'+---.t--
SL = ~ Sc
II Spherical Shape:
F= p-D4
L:F = 0
P=F
nDtS = p~D 2
s = J2.Q_
4t
P = n Dt S
STRENGTH OF .MATERIALS
Rotating Steel Ring
F= mo/r
IFH=O
2P"" F
2AS =
where:
molr
r=l!_
11:
Hool<e's Law
I.
Axial Deformation:
I.
S'~Ee
2.
s"' 7:
where:
II
L - original length
8 - change in length
P - load or force exerted
A - area stressed
S- stress.
e- strain
. p
E- modulus of elasticity or Young's modulus
Shearing Deformation:
tanY=_h
L
__s_
yL
---/
I
or
bs
= 'Y
~-
:S..j
r-./
I
/_
/T
L
85 = y L
= .&_L
= (Ps/A 5 ) L
G
8
s
where
y=~
Ps L
As G
y - shearing strain
-the angular change between two perpendicular faces of a differential element
Spring in Series
w
(Parallel)
(Series)
where:
a = coefficient of linear expansion
L = original length
L1 T = change in temperature
t.
Ss
-.Jf- {--
general fommla
2o.
Ss = TR
'
J
Where: p =distance from theN. A.(Center line for round specimen)
J = polar moment of inertia
T =torque
R =radius
2.
8=JG
where:
L =length .
G = modulus of rigidity
3.
Shaftings:
a. Solid Circular Shaft:
Ss
~~7)
32
S = 16T
s
b.
rr03
32
Ss
T (D/2)
_ d4)
_!I_ ( 0 4
32
l6T 0
Ss
rr (04 _ d4)
ft-lb
33,000 - . - = 746 watts
mm
T=~PR
T = nPR = n AbolrS,R
T = R Abolt n S,
where
T = torque capacity
S, =allowable shearing stress in each bolt
Abolt = area of each bolt
R = bolt circle radius
n =number of bolts in the bolt circle
T=L:PR
T = n 1 P 1R 1 + n2 P 2R2
, where y1and y2 are shearing strains or shear deformation
~=~
we have,
r
G,R,
G2R2
_fJ!.&=~
G 1R1 G2Rz
If the bolts on the two circles have the same area, A1 = A2; and ifthe bolts are made of the same material,
G 1 = G2, then it reduces to
J~elical
Spring:
Spring DcflcctiorL(o)
64 PR 3n
Gd 4
l2_PR.[ I +L
1t
ce
4R
16 P~ [I + _Qj_ ]
7td
111
m = spring index
D
m= d
2R
. Note: A.M. Wahl Formula is more precise formula usually used for heavy springs which are sharply
curved where m is not so large while formula I is usually used for light springs where the ratio m is
large.
.~
Smax = Sst [ 1 + ~ 1
-t-
Ost ]
If
-*
:CY
- - - - .., ___',j(
:_--- ~
Flexural Stress
_Me
SrINA
z=
INA
where
(liVre~
~(#)")
\-
- d,t
~~=~=;/~
~.
20. A 20 N weight is supported by two springs in series. The first spring has a stiffness of 1 N/mm and
the second spring has a stiffness of 2. 0 N/mril. The natural period of vibration is
A. 0.55 sec
B. 0.35 sec
C. 1.15 sec
D. 0.75 sec
e
Vl
MATERIA~S
.
..
.
21. Determine the stresses set up in the rails of the tramway when the temperature rises from 0 to .
50 deg F. The rails are welded together so that there are no clearance and are laid so that they
cannot expand. For steel; assume a = 6.5 x 10 to the negative 6 per deg F and E = 20 x 10 to the
positive 10 N/m. sq.
A 55 MPa
B. 60 MPa
C. 65 MPa
D. 70 MPa
f:
1300 pounds/foot
Figure 3
3'
4'
5'
4333
6067
Figure 5
factors.
A. 15, 676.6 lbf/sq. in. (psi)
.Q.... 12, 666.7 lbf/sq. in. (psi)
B. 20, 534.9 lbf/sq. in. (psi) .
D. 50, 984.2 lbf/sq. in. (psi)
I
'
Figure 7