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Polymer
POLYMER
1.
Polymers are high molecular mass substance consisting of large number of repeating structural units. As polymers
are single, giant molecules i.e. big size molecules, they are also called macromolecules
2.
3.
Classification Based On
1.
Source of availability
(i)
Natural Polymers: Polymers obtained from nature, mostly plants and animals.
Examples: Cellulose, Starch etc.
(ii)
(iii) Semi Synthetic Polymer: Polymers derived from naturally occurring polymers by carrying out chemical
modifications.
Examples: Rayon (Cellulose acetate), Cellulose nitrate, etc.
2.
Structure of Polymter
(i)
(ii)
Branched Chain Polymers: Polymers contains linear chains having some branches.
Examples: Low density polythene.
(iii) Cross linked or network polymers: Polymers in which monomer units are cross linked together to form a
3 dimensional network polymers.
Examples: Bakelite, Melamine, etc.
3.
Mode of Polymerisation:
(i)
Addition Polymers: Polymers are formed by the repeated addition of monomers with double and triple
bonds.
(a)
(b)
(ii)
Condensation Polymers: Polymers formed by repeated condensation reaction between two different bifunctional or tri-functional monomeric units with elimination of simple molecules.
Examples: Nylon 6, 6, Nylon 6.
4.
Molecular Forces:
(i)
Elastomers: Polymer chain are held together by weakest intermolecular forces. Polymers are rubber-like
solids with elastic properties.
Examples: Buna-S, Buna-N, Neoprene.
Chemistry/Class XII
Hand-Out Chemistry
Polymer
(ii)
Fibre: Polymers have strong intermolecular force like hydrogen bonding. Fibres are the thread forming solids
which possess high tensile strength and high modulus.
Examples: Nylon 6, 6, Polyesters
(iii) Thermoplastic polymers: Polymers are held by intermolecular forces which are in between those of elastomers
and fibres. These polymers are capable of repeated softening on heating and hardening on cooling.
Examples: Polythene, Polystyrene.
(iv) Thermosetting Polymers: Polymers are cross linked or heavily branched molecules, which on heating
undergo extensive cross linking in moulds and eventually undergoes a permanent.
Examples: Bakelite, Urea-formaldelyde resins.
1.
LDP
Monomer:
User/Properties: Chemicaaly inert, tough but flexible poor conductors electricity, used in square bottles, toys
insulation of wires, flexible pipes.
Specified under: Polythene, addition polymers, thermoplastic, polymers, branched polymers homopolymers.
2.
HDP
Monomer:
User/Properties: High density due to close packing chemcially inert more tough and hard. Manufacturing of
buckets, dustbings, bottles, pipes etc.
Specified under: Addition polymenisation thermoplastic polymers linear polymers, homoporymar.
3.
Polytetrafluroethene (Teflon)
Monomer:
n CF2 = CF2
(HP, catalyst) Tetrafluoroethene
Polymer:
[ CF2 CF2 ]
Teflon
User/Properties: Chemically inert, making oil seals, gaskets, non-stick surface coated utensils.
Specified under: Addition polymers
4.
Polyacrylonitrile
Monomer:
CN
Polymer:
[ CH2 CH ]n
Polyacrylonitrile
User/Properties: Used as substitutes for wool in making commercial fibres as orlon acrilan.
Specified under: Addition polymerisation.
Chemistry/Class XII
Hand-Out Chemistry
Polymer
5.
Nylon 6, 6
Monomer:
n HOOC(CH2)4COOH + n H2N(CH2)6NH2
Hexamethylenediamine with adipic acid.
H
Polymer:
[ N (CH2)6 N C(CH2)4 C ]n
Nylon 6, 6
Nylon 6
Monomer:
N
H 2C
C=O
H2 C
CH2
H 2C
O
Polymer:
CH2
H
[ C (CH 2)5 N ] n
Dacron
Monomer:
Polymer:
Dacron (terylene)
O
[ OCH2 CH2 C
O
C ]n
User/Properties: Crease reistant, used in blending with cotton and wool fibres, used in safety helmets, etc.
Specified under: Condensation polymerization, polyesters fibres.
8.
Bakelite
Monomer:
OH
CH2
Polymer:
Bakelite
Hand-Out Chemistry
Polymer
9.
H 2N
NH2
N
NH2
Polymer:
Melamine polymer
N
[ HN
N
NH CH2 ]n
N
NH
Buna-S
Monomer:
CH CH2
Polymer:
[ CH2 = CH CH = CH2CH(C6H5)CH2 ]
User/Properties: Manufacture of autotyres, floortiles, footwear components, resistant to the action of petrol, oil
used in making oil seals, tank lining, etc.
Specified under: Copolymerization synthetic polymers Elasomer, copolymerization
11.
Natrual rubber
Monomer:
Isoprene or (cis-1,4-polyisoprene)
CH3
H2C = C CH = CH2
Polymer:
Natural rubber
User/Properties: Weak van der Waals interactions and has a coiled structure
Specified under: Copolymerisation linear polymer elastomers, rubber
12.
Neoprene / olychloroprene
Monomer:
Polymer:
Chloroprene
Cl
[ CH2 C = CH CH2 ]n
Neoprene
Chemistry/Class XII
Hand-Out Chemistry
Polymer
13.
Buna-N
Monomer:
CN
Polymer:
User/Properties: resistant to the action of petrol, lubricating oil and organic solvents. It is used in making oil seals,
tank lining, etc.
Specified under: Copolymerization, biodegertable polymers.
14.
O CH CH2 C O CH CH2 C
Polymer:
CH3
CH2CH3
O n
PHBV
Nylong 2-nylon 6
Monomer:
Polypropene
Monomer:
Propene
CH3
Polymer:
CH2 CH
User/Properties: As insulator, wrapping material, manufacture of toys, radio and television cabinets.
17.
Polystyrene
Monomer:
Polymer:
Styrene
C6 H 5
CH2 CH
PVC
Monomer:
Vinyl chloride
Cl
Polymer:
CH2 CH
Hand-Out Chemistry
Polymer
19.
Glyptal
Ethylene glycol, phthalic acid
Monomer:
OCH2 CH2OOC
Polymer:
CO
n
C6 H 5 C O O C C 6 H 5
O
2C6H 5 C O
Benzoyl peroxide
2C6H 5 + 2CO2
Phenyl radical
Polythene
Vulcanisation of rubber
Heating a mixture of raw rubber with sulphur and an appropriate additive at a temperature range between 373 K to
415 K. On vulcanisation, sulphur forms cross links at the reactive sites of double bonds and thus the rubber gets
stiffened.
Q1.
Write an equation for the Chemistry involved when a drop of hydrochloric acid make a hole in nylon stockings.
Ans.
Q2.
Ans.
Fibres have strong intermolecular forces of attraction which leads to close packing of their chains and impart crystalline
structure.
Q3.
Ans.
Q4.
Ans.
Q5.
Ans.
Osmotic pressure is the colligative property used to determine the molecular masses of polymer.
Chemistry/Class XII
Hand-Out Chemistry
Polymer
Q6.
How do double bonds in the rubber molecule influence their structure and reactivity?
Ans.
Q7.
Due to presence of double bond the rubber molecule show cis-configuration because which the
Why are the No. of 6, 6 and 6 put in the names of nylon-6, 6 and nylon-6 ?
Ans.
both the monomers of nylon-6, 6 namely hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid contain six carbon atom each. The
no. of 6 in nylon-6 contains six carbon atom each. The no. of 6 in nylon-6 indicates that its monomer Caprolectum has
six carbon atom in its molecule.
Q8.
Could a copolymer be formed in both addition and condensation polymerisation or not ? Explain.
Ans.
Yes, though copolymers are mostly addition polymers like styrcue butadiene rubber and butyl rubber, the term can be
used for condensation polymers also eg. for example.
(i)
Addition polymerisation of styrene and butadiene form copolymer styrene butadiene rubber.
n CH2 = CH CH = CH2 + n C6H5CH = CH2
C 6 H5
|
(ii)
Q9.
Ans.
( NH (CH2)6 NH CO (CH2)4 CO )n
Arrange the following polymer in increasing order of their molecular forces :
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
Buna N is a copolymer of 1, 3-butadiene and acrylo nitrile, Buna S is a copolymer of 1, 3-butadiene and
styrene.
Q11.
Ans.
Monomer has to be as pure as possible because the presence of any other molecule during free radical polymerisation
can act chain initiator or inhibitor which will interfere with the normal polymerisation reaction.
Chemistry/Class XII