GSM AND CDMA

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GSM

GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE

COMMUNICATIONS
OPEN DIGITAL CELLULAR
TECHNOLOGY
USED TO TRANSMIT MOBILE VOICE
AND DATA
ORIGINALLY DRIVEN FROM Groupe
Special Mobile, THE MOST POPULAR
STANDARD FOR MOBILE PHONES IN
WORLD
CONSIDERED AS 2ND GENERATION
(2G) SYSTEM
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FEATURES OF GSM

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD FOR MOBILE

SERVICE
OFFERS NUMBER OF SERVICES LIKE
VOICE , SMS, FAX , VOICE MAIL AND
CALL FORWARDING & CALLER ID
HIGH MOBILITY
HIGHER CAPACITY
WORLDWIDE ROAMING
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FREQUENCY BANDS IN GSM

DUAL BAND

TRI BAND

QUAD BAND
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DUAL BAND

OPERATES ON 900 MHz AND 1800 MHz

MOBILE PHONES SUPPORTING DUAL
BAND CAN BE USED IN WORLD WHERE
900 MHz AND 1800 MHz FREQUENCIES
ARE USED
FOUND IN ALL CONTINENTS USUALLY
i.e. EUROPE ,ASIA, AFRICA, AUSTRALIA
AND SOUTH AFRICA
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TRI BAND

THREE FREQUENCIES ARE

SUPPORTED IN TRI BAND
900 MHz
1800 MHz
1900 MHz
ALSO SUPPORTED WORLDWIDE
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QUAD BAND

FOUR FREQUENCIES SUPPORTED IN

QUAD BAND
850 MHz
900 MHz
1800 MHz
1900 MHz
ALSO SUPPORTED WORLD WIDE
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GSM NETWORK AREAS

CELL

LOCATION AREA

MSC/VLR SERVICE AREA

PLM
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CELL

BASIC SERVICE AREA COVERED BY

ONE BTS
EACH CELL HAS UNIQUE NUMBER
KNOWN AS CELL GLOBAL
IDENTITY(CGI)
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LOCATION AREA

GROUP OF CELLS
AREA THAT IS PAGED WHEN A
SUBSCRIBER GETS INCOMING CALL
EACH LOCATION AREA IS PROVIDED A
LOCATION AREA IDENTITY (LAI)AND
SERVED BY ONE OR MORE BSCs

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PLM

AREA COVERED BY ONE

NETWORK OPERATOR
A PLM CONTAINS ONE OR MORE
MSCs

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GSM ARCHITECTURE

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GSM NETWORK STAGES

BASE STATION
NETWORK
SWITCHING
PUBLIC NETWORK

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MOBILE SERVICES SWITCHING

CENTRE

PERFORMS THE SWITCHING OF CALLS

BETWEEN THE MOBILE AND NETWORK
USERS

MANAGEMENT OF MOBILE SERVICES

SUCH AS AUTHENTICATION

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MOBILE STATION

THE MOBILE STATION (MS)

CONSISTS OF THE PHYSICAL
EQUIPMENT:
THE RADIO TRANSCEIVER
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSORS
SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY MODULE
(SIM).
THE SIM PROVIDES PERSONAL
MOBILITY
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SIM

BY INSERTING THE
SIM CARD INTO
ANOTHER GSM
CELLULAR PHONE,
THE USER IS ABLE
TO RECEIVE CALLS
AT THAT PHONE.

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SIM

THE SIM CARD CONTAINS THE

INTERNATIONAL MOBILE
SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY (IMSI),
THE SIM CARD MAY BE PROTECTED
AGAINST UNAUTHORIZED USE BY
A PASSWORD OR PERSONAL
IDENTITY NUMBER
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BASE STATION SUBSYTEM

BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM IS

COMPOSED OF TWO PARTS:
THE BASE TRANSCEIVER STATION
(BTS)
THE BASE STATION CONTROLLER
(BSC).
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BTS
THE BASE
TRANSCEIVER
STATION
HANDLES THE
RADIO LINK
PROTOCOLS
WITH THE
MOBILE
STATION
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BASE STATION CONTROLLER

THE BSC HANDLES :

RADIO CHANNEL SETUP

FREQUENCY HOPPING

HANDOVERS
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BSC

THE BSC IS THE

CONNECTION
BETWEEN THE
MOBILE AND THE
MOBILE SERVICE
SWITCHING
CENTER
(MSC).
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MOBILE SWITCHING CENTRE

(MSC)

THE CENTRAL
COMPONENT
OF THE
NETWORK
SUBSYSTEM .
IT ACTS LIKE A
NORMAL
SWITCHING
NODE OF THE
PSTN OR ISDN
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ROLE OF MSC

REGISTRATION

AUTHENTICATION

LOCATION UPDATING

HANDOVERS

CALL ROUTING TO A ROAMING

SUBSCRIBER
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HOME LOCATION REGISTER

HLR
THE HLR CONTAINS ALL THE
ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION OF EACH
SUBSCRIBER REGISTERED IN THE
CORRESPONDING GSM NETWORK AND
CURRENT LOCATION OF THE MOBILE
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VISITOR LOCATION REGISTER

-VLR

VLR CONTAINS SELECTED

ADMINISTRATIVE
INFORMATION
FROM THE HLR, TO CALL CONTROL
FOR EACH MOBILE LOCATED IN THE
GEOGRAPHICAL AREA CONTROLLED
BY THE VLR.

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EQUIPMENT IDENTITY
REGISTER (EIR)

FOR AUTHENTICATION AND

SECURITY PURPOSES.
(EIR) CONTAINS A LIST OF ALL
VALID MOBILE EQUIPMENT ON
THE NETWORK
EACH MOBILE STATION IS
IDENTIFIED BY ITS
INTERNATIONAL MOBILE
EQUIPMENT IDENTITY (IMEI).
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IMEI

AN IMEI IS MARKED AS INVALID IF IT

HAS BEEN REPORTED STOLEN OR IS
NOT TYPE APPROVED.
THE AUTHENTICATION CENTER IS A
PROTECTED DATABASE THAT STORES A
COPY OF THE SECRET KEY STORED IN
EACH SUBSCRIBER'S SIM CARD,
WHICH IS USED FOR AUTHENTICATION

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CDMA

CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS

TO ALLOW MANY USERS TO SHARE

SIMULTANEOUSLY A FINITE AMOUNT
OF RADIO SPECTRUM FOR HIGH
QUALITY OF COMMUNICATION
WITHOUT DEGRADATION IN
PERFORMANCE OF THE SYSTEM
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CDMA

THE NARROW BAND MESSAGE

SIGNAL IS MULTIPLIED BY A VERY
LARGE BANDWIDTH SIGNAL
CALLED THE SPREADING SIGNAL
ALL USERS USE THE SAME
CARRIER FFREQUENCY AND MAY
TRANSMIT SIMULTANEOUSLY
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CDMA SPECTRUM

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CDMA WITH TIME OR

FREQUENCY DIVISION DUPLEX

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GSM ADVANTAGES

USED WORLDWIDE WITH OVER 500

MILLION SUBSCRIBERS
INTERNATIONAL ROAMING PERMITS
TO USE ONE PHONE THROUGHOUT
THE WORLD
STARTED IN MID 80s. THUS HAS
BECOME MORE STABLE WITH
ROBUST FEATURES
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CDMA ADVANTAGES

INCREASED CELLULAR
COMMUNICATION SECURITY
SIMULTANEOUS
CONVERSATIONS
INCREASED EFFICIENCY
SMALLER SIZED PHONES
LOW POWER REQUIREMENTS
EXTENDED REACH
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CDMA DISADVANTAGES

PROPRIETARY NATURE, SO ALL

FLAWS NOT KNOWN
RELATIVELY NEW TECHNOLOGY
SO LESS MATURE THAN GSM
CANNOT OFFER INTERNATIONAL
ROAMING
VOICE QUALITY POOR THAN GSM
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COMPARISON OF CDMA AND

GSM

THE GSM HAS

UPPER HAND IN
FOLLOWING
FIELDS
DATA TRANSFER
SPEED
NATIONAL &
INTERNATIONAL
ROAMING
SIM
COST FACTOR
VOICE QUALITY

THE CDMA HAS

UPPER HAND IN
FOLLOWING
FIELDS
SECURED
COMMUNICATION
RADIATION LEVEL
BANDWIDTH
POWER
CONSUMPTION
AREA COVERAGE
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CONCLUSION
IN GENERAL , ONE CAN SAY
THAT BOTH GSM AND CDMA ARE
LATEST AND EQUALLY GOOD
TECHNOLOGIES HAVING BOTH
GOOD AND BAD QUALITIES

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FUTURE ASPECTS
IT LOOKS THAT COMBINATION OF
GSM AND CDMA WILL BECOME
THE LONG SOUGHT EVENT FOR A
GLOBAL WIRELESS STANDARD
FOR UNIVERSALIZATION OF
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES TO
GET COMPLETE COMPATIBILITY
BENEFITS THROUGHOUT THE
WORLD
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MOBILE TRACKING

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MOBILE TRACKING

MOBILE PHONE TRACKING REFERS

TO THE ATTAINING OF THE
CURRENT POSITION OF A MOBILE
PHONE, STATIONARY OR MOVING.
MOBILE POSITIONING, WHICH
INCLUDES LOCATION BASED
SERVICE THAT DISCLOSES THE
ACTUAL COORDINATES OF A
MOBILE PHONE BEARER
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MOBILE TRACKING (contd.)

A TECHNOLOGY USED
BY TELECOMMUNICATION COMPANY
TO APPROXIMATE WHERE MOBILE
PHONE IS PRESENT IN THE
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION

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MOBILE TRACKING (contd.)

LOCALIZATION MAY OCCUR EITHER

VIA MULTILATERATION
OR GEOLOCATION OF RADIO
SIGNALS BETWEEN (SEVERAL)
RADIO TOWERS OF THE NETWORK
AND THE PHONE, OR BY GPS.

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MOBILE TRACKING (Contd.)

THE TECHNOLOGY OF LOCATING IS

BASED ON MEASURING POWER
LEVELS AND ANTENNA PATTERNS
AND USES THE CONCEPT THAT A
MOBILE PHONE ALWAYS
COMMUNICATES WIRELESSLY WITH
ONE OF THE CLOSEST BASE
STATIONS, SO KNOWLEDGE OF THE
LOCATION OF THE BASE STATION
IMPLIES THE CELL PHONE IS NEARBY.
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MOBILE TRACKING (Contd.)

ADVANCED SYSTEMS DETERMINE THE

SECTOR IN WHICH THE MOBILE PHONE
RESIDES AND ROUGHLY ESTIMATE ALSO
THE DISTANCE TO THE BASE STATION.
FURTHER APPROXIMATION IS DONE TO
LOCATE THE EXACT POSITION OF THE
MOBILE .

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SUMMARY

GSM ARCHITECTURE
CDMA ARCHITECTURE
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF BOTH GSM AND CDMA
COMPARISON OF GSM AND CDMA
FUTURE ASPECTS
MOBILE TRACKING

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THANK YOU

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