Democracy Q&amp A

1
yHEk ydS rf w
S w
f rf; ² ² ² ²
rsufESmzHk;'DZdkif; oD[ armifarmif

pmtkyftvSqif ausmfwifhOD;
xkwfa0jzefŒcsd a&pD;oH
yHkESdyfjcif; yxrt}udrf/ 2010 jynfhESpf Zefe0g&Dv
tkyfa& (500)
wefzdk; bwf 200
3
pum;OD ;
'DaeŒ[m jrefrmEdkifiHrSm ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk t_yD;wdkifz,f&Sm;_yD; vlŒtcGifhta&;/

'Drdkua&pDa&;eJŒ _idrf;csrf;a&;pwhJ aumif;jrwfjcif;rsm;eJŒ jynfhpHkpnfyifwJh EdkifiHwpfckjzpfapvdk-uolawGu
&Spfav;vHk;jynfolŒ'Drdkua&pD ta&;awmfyHk}uD;vdkŒ ac:a0:_yD; ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk &moufyef wnfwHh
cdkif_rJapvdk-uolawGu &Spfav;vHk;qlylr+ ta&;tcif;vdkŒ ac:a0:wJh ordkif;0iftjzpftysuf}uD; jzpfyGm;cJh
wm tESpfESpfq,fwif;wif; jynfhajrmufwJhaeŒjzpfygw,f?
vGecf w
hJ hJ tESpEf pS q
f ,fe;D yg;jzpfwhJ (1989) ckEpS &f ŒJ tapmydik ;f umv aeŒwpfaeŒrSm tJ'w
D ek ;f
u (NLD) ygwD&JŒ twGif;a&;rª;tjzpf wm0ef,lxm;wJh owif;pmq&m}uD;OD;0if;wifu urm&Gwf
0*~D&yfuGufxJu pma&;q&mr (aemifrSm NLD ukd,fpm;jyKjynfolŒv$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fjzpfvmol)
a&$ul arESif;&JŒtdrfrSm 'Drdkua&pDa&;qkdif&m aqG;aEG;a[majymyGJ wpfckudk OD;aqmifjyKvkyfcJhygw,f?
tJ'DyGJrSm vlwpfa,mufu OD;0if;wifudk “jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJ[m tckqdk&if ESpfoHk;q,feD;yg; -umjrifh
cJh_yD? tckxdvnf; atmifyGJr&ao;bl; æ bma-umifhtJoavmuf -umae&wmvJ”vdkŒ ar;jref;cJhyg
w,f? 'DtcgrSm OD;0if;wifu“odyf-umw,fvdkŒawmh ajymvdkŒr&ygbl;? pydefEdkifiHrSmqdk&if tm%m&Sif
AdkvfcsKyf}uD; z&efudku ESpfav;q,feD;yg; tkyfpdk;cJhwmyJ”vdkŒ jyefajzcJhygw,f?
tJ'Da[majymaqG;aEG;yGJ jyKvkyfcJh_yD; r-umrDrSm OD;0if;wif axmifxJa&mufoGm;ygw,f?
tckolaxmifxJ a&mufaecJhwm tESpfESpfq,feD;yg;&dSaeyg_yD? (1962) ckESpfupwGuf&if jrefrmjynfrSm
ppftm%m&Sifpepf }uD;pdk;aecJhwm (46)ESpf &dSae_yDqdkwJh oabmygyJ?
4
vuf a wG Œ usus avh v moH k ; oyf _ yD ; ajym&&if &S p f a v;vH k ; ta&;awmf y H k } uD ; twG i f ;
jrefrmjynfolawG vdkvm;awmif;qkdcJh-uwJh t&mawG &&dSa&;[mvnf; ppftm%m&SifpepfatmufrSm
(46)ESpfwdkif jzwfoef;cJh-u_yD;wJh aemufrSmawmif aemifvmhr,fh ESpftenf;i,ftwGif; atmifjrifjynfh
ajrmufzdkŒ tvm;tvm enf;yg;aew,fqdkwmudk awGŒjrif-u&rSmjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dtajctae&JŒ tudsK;
quftjzpf jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDa&; jy\em[m EdkifiHwum tm±Hkpl;pdkufr+&JŒ A[dkcsuf teD;odkŒ wa&GŒa&GŒ
csOf;uyfa&muf&dSvmaeygw,f? 'Dtaetxm;awGa-umifh wpfzufrSm jrefrmEdkifiH[m urBmay:rSm ppf
tm%m&SifpepfatmufrSm ESpfumvt&Snf-umqHk;ae&wJh EdkifiHtjzpf pHcsdefopfwif&awmhr,fhyHk &dSae_yD;
tjcm;wpfzufrSmawmh jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJ&JŒ xl;xl;jcm;jcm; &Snf-umcufcJwJh oGifjyifvuQ%mawG
a-umifh 'Drdkua&pDbufawmfom; urBmhEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ urBmhEdkifiHa&; awG;ac:ynm&Sifrsm;tae
eJŒ tcsdefawGydk-umvmwmeJŒtr# jrefrmhta&;udk urBm}uD;&JŒ _idrf;csrf;vkH_cHKwnf_idrfa&; tay:
oufa&mufr+}uD;rm;wJh ta&;udpPwpf&yftjzpf oabmxm;_yD; ajz&Sif;zdkŒ 0dkif;0ef;}udK;yrf; vm-uawmh
rSmrdkŒ atmifyGJ&oGm;csdefrSm jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDatmifyGJ[m jrefrmjynfolawGtwGufomru urBmwpfv$m;
u 'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;wJh jynfoloef;aygif;rsm;pGmwdkŒtwGufyg tusdK;aus;Zl;}uD;rm;pGm jzpfxGef;apr,fh
urBmvHk;qdkif&m atmifyGJ( Global Victory )}uD;wpfck rvGJraoGjzpfvmrSm jzpfygw,f/
'gayr,fh vuf&dStcsdefrSmawmh jrefrmjynfolawG[m ppftm%m&SifpepfqdkwJh euf±ªdif;us,f
ajym -urf;wrf;oavmuf aumufusppf Of;vJra+ wGeŒJ jynfEh u S af ewJyh ifv,fjyifukd ausmjf zwf_yD; wpfzuf
urf;ajcudk ta&mufoGm;EdkifzdkŒ tyef;w}uD; ul;cwfae-u&qJJ jzpfygw,f?
zdvpfydkif/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;/ ta&SŒOa&my jynfolawG&JŒ tHkºuGv+yf&Sm;r+awGeJŒ Ed+if;,SOf-unfhvdkuf
wJth cg &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH u;D [m b,fEikd if uH vlxv k y+ &f mS ;r+awGxufrqdk ydrk }kd u;D rm;jyif;xefcw hJ m
tmvHk;todjzpfayr,hf q,fpkESpf ESpfck vGefajrmufvmwJhtxd atmifyGJr&ao;wmeJŒ ywfouf_yD;
avhvmoH;k oyf a0zefajymqdk ae-uwmawG &dyS gw,f? tjrifawGu trdsK;rdsK;yg? wcsKd Œu jynfoal wG[m
olwdkŒeJŒ xdkufwefwJh tpdk;&udk &aejcif;omjzpfw,fqdk_yD; jynfolawGudk tjypfjrif-uw,f? wcsdKŒu
(e0w) (etz) ppftkyfpk[m &ufpuf-urf;-uKwf aumufuspfpOf;vJvGef;vSw,fvdkŒ ajym-uw,f?
wcsdKŒu w±kwfeJŒ±k&Sm;a-umifhvdkŒ ajym-uw,f? wcsdKŒu tmqD,Hudk vufnd‡K;xkd;-uw,f? wcsdKŒu
typf&yftzG@J awGa-umifv h Œkd ajym-uw,f? wcsKd Œu( NLD )&JŒ OD;aqmifrn + zhH si;f vdŒk qdjk y;D ajym-uw,f?
tjrifawGuawmh trsm;}uD;ygyJ?
5
'Dpmtkyx f rJ mS tJ't
D jriftrsKd ;rdsL;tjyif tjcm;jrefrmh'rD u
kd a&pDa&;eJŒ ywfoufqufE, G af ewJh
ta-umif;jcif;&mrsm;udk wwfEdkifoavmuf pHkEdkifor#pHkatmif a&G;cs,fpkpnf;_yD; aqG;aEG;wifjyxm;yg
w,f? tJovdk wifjywJhae&mrSm tjzpftysufawG[m ordkif;qdkif&mtjzpftysufawG jzpfwma-umifh
ordkif;pmtkyfwpftkyfvdk jzpf&yfrsm;udk tpOfvdkuf wifjy&rSm jzpfayr,fh ynm&SifawG tav;xm; &nf
n$ef;udk;um;&avmufatmif cdkifrmcefŒjim;wJh ordkif;pmtkyf}uD;wpftkyf jzpfvmavmufwJhtxd
a&;om;jyKpkzŒkd vH;k 0tajctae ray;wma-umifh ordik ;f yH&k yd rf sm;udk tweftoifh xif[yfEikd _f yD; pmzwfol
rsm;vnf; zwf±+&mrSmydk_yD; ayghayghyg;yg; jzpfEdkifr,fh tar;tajzyHkpHudkyJ toHk;jyKxm;ygw,f?
'gayr,fh 'DpmtkyfxJu tar;rsm;[m ppftpdk;& tqufquf vufatmuf jrefrmEdkifiHrSm
jynfolrsm;twGif; trSefwu,fyJ aqG;aEG;ajymqdkae-uwJh t"du ta-umif;t&m}uD;rsm;udk
xif[yfr+&dS_yD; tajzawG[mvnf; 'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;wJh jynfolvlxk}uD; &ifxJu qENoabmxm;awGudk
udk,fpm;jyKw,fqdkwJh tcsufudkawmh tcdkiftrm tmrcH ajym-um;vdkygw,f/
(bGJŒjzL)
pm_yD;ESpf 2009ckESpf/ rwfv27 &uf?
6
ar;? ? tckqdk&if &Spfav;vHk; ta&;tcif; jzpfysufcJhwm tESpf

20 wif;wif; jynfhoGm;cJh+yD? 'gayr,fh tJ'Dta&;tcif;rSm yg0ifqENjy
cJh=uolawG tJ'Dwkef;u awmif;qdkcJh=uwJht&mawG (tESpfom&tm;
jzifh) bmwckrS r&ao;bl;? 'Dtaetxm;udk=unfh+yD; wcsdK@u (tJ'D
wcsKd @xrJ mS &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;tcif;wke;f u ud,
k w
f ikd yf g0if qENjycJ=h uol
awGvnf; ygygw,f) &Spfav;vHk; ta&;tcif;rSm qENjyolawGbufu
±_H;edrfhcJhw,f? wenf;ajym&&if &Spfav;vHk; ta&;tcif;[m olwdk@
twGuf ±_H;edrfhr_wckvdk@ cHpm;ajymqdkcJh=uwmawG&dSw,f? tJ'Doabm
xm;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; cifAsm;&J@tjrifudk ajymygOD;?
ajz? ? 'Dar;cGef;udk rajzcifa0g[m& toHk;tE_ef;udpPudk usaemf

t&if&Sif;csifw,f? yxr&Sif;csifwmu &Spfav;vHk; ta&;tcif;qdkwJh
toH;k tE_e;f yJ? &Spaf v;vH;k [m ta&;tcif; r[kwyf gb;l ? vltyk pf w k pk
( group )? vl r sd K ;pk w pk ( nationality ) vl @ tod k i f ; t0d k i f ; wck
(community) u olwdk@&JŒ rauseyfcsufawGudk azmfxkwf&mu
tm%mydkifawGeJŒ xdyfwdkufawGwJh ta&;tcif;rsdK; r[kwfbl;? cifAsm;
taeeJ@ (1974-75-76) ckESpfawGrSm jzpfyGm;cJhwJh tjzpftysufawGudk
tvkyo f rm; ta&;tcif;/ OD;oef@ta&;tcif;/ rdi_ ;f &mjynft h a&;tcif;
pojzifh ac:a0:oHk;E_ef;Edkifygw,f? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh tJ'D tjzpf
tysufawGtwGif; yg0ifqENjycJh=uolawG&JŒ awmif;qdkcsufawGxJrSm
tm;vHk;eJ@ oufqkdifaewJh vGwfvyfcGifh/ vltcGifhta&;eJ@ 'Drdkua&pD
wkd@yg0ifcJhwmrSefayr,fh tJ'Dawmif;qdkwJh tcGifhta&;awG&J@ t0ef;
yrm%t&a&m yg0ifqifEGJol ta&twGuft&a&m jzpfysufwJhae&m
awG&J@ ta&twGuft&a&m tjzpftysufawG&J@ =umjrihfwJhtcsdef
umv twdkif;twmt&yg &Spfav;vHk;eJ@ Ed_if;,SOf&if odyfrajymy
avmufwma=umifhjzpfygw,f?
&Spfav;vHk;uawmh b,fvdk±_axmifhrsdK;uyJ=unfh=unfh
}uD ; rm;jyif ; xef e uf ± _ d i f ; vS w ma=umif h tJ ' D t jzpf t ysuf [ m
ta&;tcif ; wpf c k q d k w J h omref a 0g[m& toH k ; tE_ e f ; rsd K ;eJ @
azmfjyoifhwJh t&mrsdK;r[kwfygbl;? &Spfav;vHk;[m jynfol@'Drdkua&pD
7
ta&;awmf yHk}uD;(wpfenf;) 'Drdkua&pDawmif;qdkwJh vlxktHkºuGv_yf&Sm;r_}uD; jzpfygw,f?
ay:vGix f if &Sm;atmif Edi_ ;f ,SOw f ifpm;+yD;ajym&if txufuajymcJw h hJ ta&;tcif;awG[m
wif;epf (yifaygif)/ abmfvDabmpwJh upm;enf;awGrSm upm;&wJh yGJi,fawGeJ@wl+yD;
&Spfav;vHk;u awmh aemufqHk;AdkvfvkyGJ}uD;eJ@ wlygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Drdkua&pDudk vdkvm;wJh
jynfolawG taeeJ@ &Spfav;vHk;udk omrefta&;tcif;wpfcktjzpf oabmrxm;oifh/
ajymqdkoHk;E_ef;zdk@ vnf; roifhygbl;?
tzdEydS cf H jrefrmjynfoal wG&@J &Snv f sm;cufc=J urf;wrf;wJh trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmuf
a&;/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;/ zGH+zdK;wdk;wufa&; ±kef;uefr_jzpfpOf}uD;xJrSm xl;jcm;wJh
0daooawGeJ@ jynfhpHkwJh tauG@tcsdK; tvSnfhtajymif;wpfck/ jynfol taxmif taomif;
wdk@&JŒ aoG;/ ac|;/ b0/ toufawG paw;ay;qyfcJh&+yD; ,ae@wdkifvnf; qufvuf ay;qyf
ae&qJjzpfwhJ ta&;awmfy}kH uD;wpfcq k wkd thJ csuu f kd tav;teuf todrw S jf yK&if; &Spaf v;
vHk; jynfol@'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk}uD; 'grSr[kwf &Spfav;vHk; vlxktHkºuGr_}uD;vdk@
av;av;pm;pm; ac:a0:oHk;E_ef;oifhygw,f?
wpfqufwnf;yJ/ tJ'DvlxktHkºuGr_}uD;udk t=urf;zuf+zdKcGJ+yD; tm%mudk
qufvufxdef;csKyfcJhwJh (e0w)(etz) ppftkyfpkawGeJ@ olwdk@&J@aemufvkdufaemufygawG
oHk;E_ef;avh&dSwJh ‘&Spfav;vHk;qlylaomif;usef;r_ta&;tcif;’qdkwJh tac:t0:ta=umif;
quf+yD;aqG;aEG;csifygw,f?
olwdk@ajymwJh qlylaomif;usef;r_ ta&;tcif;qdkwmrsdK; urBmrSm r&dSbl; r[kwf
bl;? &dSygw,f? ta=umif;&if;u rckdifvHk/ tajccHoabmxm;u tjyKoabmxuf tysuf
oabmudk ydkaZmif;ay;? vkyf[efut=urf;zufr_/ yg0ifqifEGJolawGu tpGef;a&muf
w,loefawG/ tJovdrk sKd ; vlpv k t l yk af wG&ŒJ v_y&f mS ;r_awGukd qlyal omif;use;f r_v@kd ac:Edik yf g
w,f? teD;pyfqHk; Oyrmjy&&if emZDvufopfvli,fawG&JŒ vkyf&yfawG? r=umao;rD ESpf
awGe@J 'DEpS x
f rJ mS tmz&duEdik if t H csKd @rmS jzpfymG ;cJw h hJ Edik if jH cm;om; qef@usiaf &; v_y&f mS ;r_awG
[m qlylaomif;usef;r_vdk@ trnfwyfEdkifwJh tjzpftysufawGyg?
jrefrmEdkifiH &Spfav;vHk; 'Drdkua&pD ta&;awmfyHk}uD;uawmh tJ'Djzpf&yfawGeJ@
tESpfom&a&m toGifo¾mef t&yg vm;vm;rSrwlygbl;? &Spfav;vHk; 'Drdkua&pD ta&;
awmfyHk}uD;[m tHkusif;zGJ@wnfvmwJh tajccH ta=umif;w&m;awGt&a&m/ vwfwavm
ta=umif;w&m;t&yg usKd ;a=umif;cdik v f rkH _ tjynft h 0&dw S thJ jyif tJ'g&ŒJ tusKd ;quftjzpf
EdkifiHweHwvsm;u jynfolwpf&yfvHk; vSnf;aeavSatmif jrif;aZmif;rusef yg0ifqifEGJcJh
=u+yD; (Adv
k af e0if;eJ@ Adv k pf ed v
f iG wf @kd &ŒJ &uf&ufpufpuf EdyS u f yG +f zdKcGi;f zd@k }udK;pm;cJrh a_ wGa=umifh
jynfolawG a'gorD;[kef;[kef; awmufcJh=u&wJh) ta&;awmfyHkjrpfzsm;ydkif;umveJ@ (rqv
axmuf v S r f ; a&;awG p euf a =umif h acgif ; jzwf r _ a wG ay:vmwJ h ) ta&;awmf y H k jrpf
atmufydkif;umvawGu vGJ&if wurBmvHk; &ifoyf±_armtHh=o csDK;usL;&avmufatmif
pnf;urf;&dw S /hJ nDnw G w f hJ vlxt k ºkH uGvy_ &f mS ;r_}uD;wpfck jzpfygw,f? (1938ckEpS u f ausmif;
8
om;acgi;f aqmif udak tmifausmu f sq;kH cJw
h hJ tjzpftysuu f kd ‘atmifausmt f a&;tcif;’vd@k
rac:bJ ‘1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHk’vdk@ ac:r,fqdk&if &Spfq,fh&Spfudkvnf; ‘&Spfav;vHk;
jynfol@'Drdkua&pD ta&;awmfyHk}uD;’vdk@ rac:Edkifp&m bmta=umif;rS r&dSygbl;?
tckcifAsm;&J@ &Spfav;vHk;[m ±_H;edrfhr_wpfckvm;qdkwJh ar;cGef;udk ajzygr,f?
EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk rdrd&J@ toufyrm opPmapmifhod ±dkaovdkuf
em umuG,fapmifha&Smufygr,fvdk@ opPmqdk+yD; ppfOD;pD;csKyfwm0ef xrf;aqmifaewJh Adkvf
ae0if;[m tJ'w D ikd ;f odjynfo/d urBmoday;xm;wJh opPmuwdukd azmufzsu+f yD; (1962)ckEpS f
rwfv(2)&uf ae@rSm EdkifiHawmftm%mudk odrf;,lcJhw,f? tJ'Dtcsufudk t&ifqHk;
tav;teuf rSwfom;xm;zdk@ vdkygw,f? tJ'Dvdk EdkifiHawmfudk ay;xm;wJh uwdopPmudk
azmufzsuf+yD; tm%modrf;cJhjcif;twGuf olay;wJh ta=umif;jycsufu ‘jynfaxmifpk}uD;
+ydKuGJawmhr,fh tE W&m,fa=umifh’qdkwmjzpfygw,f?
tJ'Dta=umif;jycsufeJ@ ywfouf+yD; ±_axmifh
ESpfcku aqG;aEG;p&m&dSygw,f? yxr±_axmifhu
Ad k v f a e0if ; [m tJ't D a=umif;jycsu[ f m b,favmufrsm; rcdik v f kH
jynfaxmifpk+ydKuGJr,fh vd u
k o
f vJ q&
k
d if tm%mod r;
f a=umif ; wdi
k ;
f jynf u kd
tE W & m,f u d k ra=unmciftxd tJ't D a=umif;jycsuf Adv k af e0if;
pdk;&drfylyefzdk@aeaeomom acg i ;
f xJr m
S r&db
S ;
l qd w
k t
h J csu u
f k d tck a emuf yikd ;f rSm
tm%mrod r f ; cif r S m ay:xGufvmwJh wyfrSL;}uD;tcsdK@&JŒ ajympum;awG
pmwrf;awGt& od&cSd &hJ jcif;ygy?J tJ't D m%modr;f r_
tJ ' D t a=umif ;
[m wyfrawmfxdyfydkif; acgif;aqmifawG pka0;wdkif
acgif ; xJ r S m awmif
yif+yD;rS ay:xGufvmwJh qHk;jzwfcsuf r[kwfbl;qdk
vHk;vHk;r&dSchJwm wmudk tJ'Dwkef;u awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0if awmf
xif & S m ;ygw,f awmfrsm;rsm; tJ'Dtm%modrf;r,fh tpDtpOfudk
odawmifrodcJh=ubl;qdkwJhtcsufu jyoaeyg
w,f?
‘jynfaxmifpk+ydKuGJr,fh tE W&m,fa=umifh’qdkwJh ta=umif;jycsuf[mvnf;
tm%modrf;+yD;wJhaemufrSmrS awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0ifwpfa,muf (b,folvJqdkwm
rrSwfrdawmh)u a&;,lvm+yD; Adkvfae0if;u zwf=unfhum oabmwl+yD; wdkif;jynfudk
a=unmvdkufwJh ta=umif;jycsuf jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh Adkvfae0if;[m jynfaxmifpk
+ydKuGrJ ,fh tE &W m,fukd pd;k &dryf yl efz@kd aeaeomom tm%mrodr;f cifrmS tJ't D a=umif; acgi;f
xJrSmawmif vHk;vHk;r&dSchJwm xif&Sm;ygw,f? 'Dtcsuf rSefrrSef a&S@rDaemufrD yk*~Kdvf}uD;rsm;
xHrSm avhvmpHkprf;=unfhEdkifygw,f? 'gu ±_axmifhwpfckyg?
aemuf±_axmifhwpfcku olta=umif;jycJhwJh tJ'DtE W&m,f tJ'Dwkef;u trSef
wu,f&SdaeraeqdkwJh tcsufjzpf+yD; tJ'Dtcsufudk u|efawmfwkd@ avhvm=unhf=u&
9
atmifyg? ‘jynfaxmifpk+ydKuGJr,fh tE W&m,f’vdk@ Adkvfae0if; &nf!$ef;cJhwJh tE W&m,fu
(1947)ckepf tajccHOya'rSmygwJh ‘cGJxGufcGifh’ jzpfygw,f? t*FvdyfqDu vGwfvyfa&;
&,l&mrSm wpfEdkifiHvHk; pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk; nDnDn$wfn$wfeJ@ wpfoHwnf; xGufEdkif=uapzdk@
twGuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; trSL;jyKwJh EdkifiHacgif;aqmif}uD;awGu tajctae tcsdeftcg
tay: rlwnf+yD; jynfe,fawGtwGuf txl;ojzifh tJ'Dwkef;u ArmuvGJ&if tiftm;
t}uD;qHk; vlrsdK;jzpfwJh &Srf;vlrsdK;awGtwGuf &nf&G,fxnfhoGif;cJhwJh Oya'yk'fr jzpfygw,f?
vGwfvyfa&;&+yD; (10)ESpf
t=umrSm cGx J uG v
f u kd cGx J u
G Ef ikd w
f ,f
vdk@ qdkxm;wJh tJ'Dyk'frtwdkif; (10)
ESpf=umvmwJh (1958)ckESpfrSm jynf
axmifpku cGJxGufa&;udpPeJ@ ywfouf
+yD; &Srf;acgif;aqmifwcsKd@qDu toH
awG xGufvmwmrSefygw,f? tJ'D
toH[m (1958)ckESpfrSm ppfwyf&JŒ
yxrt}udrf tm%modrf;r_a=umifh
aysmuf u G , f o G m ;cJ h + yD ; (1960)a&G ;
aumufyGJrSm (yxp) tEdkif&um tpdk;
& jzpfvmcJh+yD;wJhaemufrSm jyefxGuf
vmwmvnf; rSefygw,f? 'gayr,fh
tJ'Dwkef;u yxptpdk;& acgif;aqmif
jzpfcJhwJh 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek&J@ &Spfav;vHk;
ta&;awmf y H k t wG i f ; eJ @ aemuf y d k i f ;
ajym=um;csufawGt& tJ'Dvdk toH
xGuv f mwm&J@ t"duta=umif;&if;u ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfciG hf ydrk &kd &daS &;aps;qpfz@kd zdtm;ay;r_
om jzpf+yD; Adkvfae0if; tm%mrodrf;rD wpf&uftvdkrSmyJ tJ'DudpPeJ@ywfouf+yD; jynf
axmifpk tpdk;&acgif;aqmifawGeJ@ &Srf;jynfe,facgif;aqmifawGt=um; vkyfief;pOfqdkif&m
tao;pdwf tcsuftvuf (Technical Process)awGuvGJvdk@ tajccHtm;jzifh a=ua=u
vnfvnf nd‡Ed_if;aqG;aEG;cJh+yD; jzpfw,fvdk@ od&dS&ygw,f? tJ'DtjyifrSm tvGwfoabm
&&dcS w
hJ hJ oabm wlncD suaf wGukd aemufwpfae@(rwfv 2 &uf)v$waf wmftpnf;ta0;rSm
wifjy+yD; w&m;0if twnfjyKEdik zf @kd twGuf acgi;f aqmifawG[m rwfv (1)&ufae@ nOfeh uf
wJhtxd aqG;aEG; +yD;rS rdrdwkd@aetdrftoD;oD;udk jyef+yD; tdyf&m0ifcJh=uwmjzpfygw,f?
tJ'DaemufrSmawmh tm;vHk;od=uwJhtwdkif; tJ'Dnoef;acgifausmf+yD;p tcsdefrSmyJ
tJ'Dacgif;aqmif tm;vHk;vdkvdk[m Adkvfae0if;&JŒ zrf;qD;jcif;ukd cHcJh=u&ygw,f?
10
OD;EkeJ@ tJ'Dae@u tzrf;cHcJh=u&wJh acgif;aqmifawGxJu wcsKd@&J@ aemufydkif;
ajym=um;csuftm;vHk;udk avhvmoHk;oyf=unfhvdkuf&if tJ'Dwkef;u tm%modrf;&mrSm
Adv k af e0if;jycJwh hJ ta=umif;jycsu[ f m bmrSt"dyg` ,f r&db S ;l qdw k m xif&mS ;ygw,f? usaemf
tckwifjycJw h hJ ±_axmifEh pS cf t
k &=unf&h if Adv k af e0if;tm%modr;f wm[m tm%modr;f csif
vdk@ukd odrf;cJhwm? (wpfenf;)tm%mvdkcsifvkd@ odrf;cJhwmqdkwm ay:vGifvSygw,f?
tJ'DaemufrSmawmh Adkvfae0if;[m (wpfydkif;uol@&J@ wkdif;jynfcspfpdwfa=umifh
jzpfcsifvnf;jzpfr,f? usefwpfydkif;u yk*~dKvfa&;}uD;jrifhr_udk wyfrufwJh ol@&J@qENa=umifh
jzpfr,f) ol rSefr,faumif;r,f xifwmawGudk vkyfygawmhw,f? (1962)ckESpf Zlvkdifv
(7)&ufae@rSm &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;awGudk owfw,f? aemufwpfae@reuf
t±k%frwufcifrSm jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;ordkif;rSm tifrwef tpOftvm}uD;cJhwJh ausmif;
om;or*~taqmuftOD;udk azmufcGJzsufqD;ypfw,f? tJ'Daemuf qifhuJqifhuJqdkovdkyJ
+idrf;csrf;a&;aqGaEG;yGJqdkwmudk ac:w,f? tJ'DaqGaEG;yGJ ysufoGm;awmh vuf0Jvdkvm;wJh
tiftm;pkawGudk odrf;usHK;zrf;qD;w,f? yk*~vduydkifvkyfief;awGudk jynfolydkifodrf;w,f?
rqvygwD&J@ oaE<jzpfwJh tjrKawygwDudk wnfaxmifw,f? usefEdkifiHa&;ygwDtm;vHk;udk
w&m;r0ifa=unmw,f? tajccHOya'a&;qG/J vlxq k ENc, H yl eJG @J twnfjyK+yD; a&G;aumufyJG
vkyf/ jynfol@v$wfawmfqdkwmudk zGJ@pnf;/ oluyJ toGiftrsdK;rsdK;eJ@ OD;aqmifwJh t&yfom;
tpdk;& qdkwmukd xlaxmifcJhygw,f?
jrefrmjynfrSm Adkvfae0if; tJovdkawG vkyfaewJhtcsdef[m urBmrSm tar&duef
OD;aqmifwJh t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;tkyfpkeJ@ qdkAD,ufOD;aqmifwJh uGefjrLepfEdkifiHrsm;tkyfpkwkd@
t=um; axmufvSrf;a&; tm;+ydKifr_/ oabmw&m;a&; tm;+yKdifr_/ ,Ofaus;r_tm;+yKdifr_
yHok ¾mefe@J qifEaJ$ ewJh ppfat;wdu k yf t
JG &deS tf [kef tawmfav;jrifah ewJt h csed f jzpfygw,f?
wpfcsdefwnf;rSm tJ'Dppfat;&J@ a&mifjyef[yfr_wpfcktjzpf tm&S/ tmz&dueJ@ vufwif
tar&du pwJh a'o}uD;awGrmS ppft&m&d}S uD;awGu OD;aqmifwhJ tm%modr;f yGaJ wG w+cdr;f
+cdrf; ay:aygufaewJhumvvnf; jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefu ordkif;a&;tajctaet&
ppfat;wdkufyGJ&J@ ESpfbufacgif;aqmifawG jzpf=uwJh tar&duefeJ@ qdkAD,ufwkd@[m tJ'D
tm%modr;f yGaJ wGrmS b,forl eS +f yD; b,forl mS ;ovJqw kd mxuf b,fou l igb h ufom;vJ/
b,fou l ol@bufom;vJ qdw k mudyk J =unf+h yD; axmufcrH /_ qef@usirf a_ wGvyk cf =hJ uygw,f?
tJ'Dtcsdefu ppft&m&dS}uD;awG&JŒ tm%modrf;r_awG[m wpfrdk;vHk;azsmufqdyf qdkovdk
jzpfaewma=umifh Adv k af e0if;&J@ tm%modr;f r_[m ork'&N mxJuswhJ a&wpfpufvkd jzpfomG ;
cJh+yD; EdkifiHwum&J@ xl;xl;jcm;jcm; tm±kHpdkufwm rcHcJh&ygbl;? vltcGifhta&;/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;
qdkwJh toHawG[mvnf; tJ'Dwkef;u tckavmuf acwfrpm;vSao;wmrdk@ Adkvfae0if;&J@
qJAif;Zlvkdifvkyf&yftwGif;eJ@ aemufydkif; ausmif;om;awG&J@ atmf[pfuef@uGufoHawG[m
vnf; ol@&@J jynfaxmifp}k uD;r+yKduaJG &;/ qd&k , S v f pfa&; avvH;k rd;k vH;k awGatmufrmS rdeS af zsmh
aysmufuG,f oGm;cJh&ygw,f?
11
tifrwef y&d,m,fa00kpfºuG,f0+yD; tifrwef yg;eyfaumufuspfwJh jrif;
orm;wOD;tjzpf oleJ@acwf+yKdifawG&JŒ azmfjyjcif;udkcHcJh&wJh Adkvfae0if;[m qdk&S,fvpfa&;
aºuG;a=umfoHeJ@ qdkAD,uftkyfpkudk rsufpypfxm;EdkifcJhovdk Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwDudk
qufvuf wkdufcdkufjcif;jzifh tar&dueftkyfpkudk vSrf;xdef;xm;EdkifcJhwJhtjyif vGwfvyf+yD;
wufºuGaomfvnf; bufrvdu k w f Jh =um;aeEdik if jH cm;a&;rl0g'qdw
k meJ@ wwd,urBmEdik if aH wG
&J@ &ifaiG@uv kd nf; vSr;f vSKx H m;Edik cf yhJ gw,f? 'ga=umifh oabmw&m;a&;e,fvpk pfyx JG J acgi;f
epfaewJh ppfat;wdkufyGJ acgif;aqmifEdkifiH}uD; ESpfckua&m/ udk,hf&J@jynfwGif;a&; jy\
emaygif;pHkeJ@ tjyifudkawmif vSrf;r=unfhEdkifavmufatmif aomuAsmxkºuG,fae=u&wJh
wwd,urBmEdkifiHqdkwmawGuyg Adkvfae0if;udk olwkd@oGm;r,fhvrf;ay:u taESmifh
t,Sufwpfcktjzpf rjrifcJh=uwJhtjyif tE W&m,fjzpfvmEdkifolwpfa,muf (potential
danger)tjzpfawmif r,lqcJh=uygbl;? ukefukefajym&&if 'Duae@ (etz)&ifqdkifae&wJh
(de-facto)vm;/ (de-jury)vm;qdkwJh jy\emawmif Adkvfae0if;rSm&dScJhwm r[kwfygbl;?
'Drdkua&pDenf;vrf;wus a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufcHcJh&wJh t&yfom;tpdk;&wpf&yfudk
bmr,fr,f&& ta=umif;jycsufrSr&SdbJ jzKwfcsz,f&Sm; tm%modrf;cJh+yD; awmfvSefa&;
aumifpD qdkwJhtrnfeJ@ wkdif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfaewJh ppfAdkvfwpfpkudk (de-facto)vm;/ (de-
jury)vm;qd+k yD; jynfwiG ;f jynfy b,fou l rS us,u f s,af vmifavmif ar;cGe;f xkwf qef;ppf
wmrsKd ; r&Scd yhJ gb;l ? usaemf tavhtvm/ trSwt f om; tm;enf;wma=umifh jzpfcsijf zpfEikd f
ygw,f? Adkvfae0if;tpdk;&udk tJovdkar;cGef;xkwfwmrsdK; usaemfb,fwkef;urS r=um;cJhzl;
ygbl;?
EdkifiHwumu ar;cGef;rxkwfwJhudpPeJ@ ywfoufvdk@uawmh usaemf tay:rSm
wwfEdkifoavmuf tusOf;csKyf &Sif;jycJh+yD;yg+yD? jynfwGif;u ar;cGef;rxkwfcJh=uwmua&m
bma=umifv h ?J
(1962) ck E S p f tm%mod r f ; r_ r wd k i f r D t xd Ad k v f a e0if ; [m Ed k i f i H a &;rS m
}uD ; }uD ; rm;rm; trS m ;t,G i f ; / tpG e f ; txif ; r&d S c J h w J h ol w pf a ,muf j zpf y gw,f ?
'gh t jyif zuf q pf a wmf v S e f a &;rS m a&S @ wef ; uyg0if c J h w J h &J a bmf o H k ; usd y f 0 if w pf O D ; /
(62)ck E S p f r wd k i f r D u mvwavsmuf r S m wyf r awmf a cgif ; aqmif w pf O D ; tjzpf (Ed _ i f ;
,SOfcsuft&) b,fygwD/ b,f0g'/ b,fyk*d~Kvf bufudkrS rvdkufbJ tajctaeudk
apmif h = unf h a ecJ h o l w pf O D ; jzpf w ,f ? ol @ &J @ Ek d i f i H a &;t&if ; tED S ; awG x J r S m (58)
tm%modrf;yGJeJ@ 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvmcJhayr,fh (1960)rSm wdkif;jynfudk ol ay;xm;
wJh uwdtwdkif; a&G;aumufyGJvkyfay;+yD; tEdkif&wJhygwDudk tm%mjyeftyfcJhw,f
qd k w J h aemuf x yf t &if ; tES D ; wpf c k (wpf e nf ; )emrnf a umif ; wpf c k xyf x nf h E d k i f c J h
wma=umif h (1962)tm%mod r f ; csd e f r S m ol @ ud k jynf w G i f ; u b,f v uf 0 J v uf , m
uG e f j rLepf / qd k & S , f v pf E d k i f i H a &;orm;urS jyif ; jyif ; xef x ef qef @ usif u ef @ uG u f
ajymqd k w mrsd K ; rvk y f c J h = uygbl ; ? Ad k v f a e0if ; &J @ zrf ; qD ; xd e f ; od r f ; jcif ; cH c J h & wJ h
12
0ef } uD ; csKyf OD ; Ek u qd k & if ol @ ud k v mzrf ; wJ h ol a wG u d k “Ad k v f a e0if ; a&m tzrf ; cH &
ovm;”vdk@ pdk;&drfw}uD; ar;cJhrdwJhtxdawmif Adkvfae0if;&J@ EdkifiHa&;yHk&dyf aumif;
rGefcJhygw,f? 'grSr[kkwf EdkifiHa&;orm;awG tJ'Dvdk Za0Z0gjzpfoGm;avmufatmif
Adkvfae0if;[m taetxdkif yd&daooyfcJhygw,f? ol@vlawGu EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawGudk
vdu k zf rf;aewJh tcsed rf mS olu w±kwo f ±H ;Hk &JŒ {nfch aH zsmaf jzyGw
J pfcrk mS cyfwnfwnf &daS ewm
uk=d unf&h if ol[m tm%modr;f zd@k b,favmuf tuGuaf phaph pDpOfcw hJ ,fqwkd m ay:vGiw f hJ
tjyif wu,fvdk@ tm%modrf;yGJratmifjrifcJh&if acgif;a&SmifEdkifzdk@ ol b,favmuf uGuf
ausmf±kdufzdk@ pOf;pm;xm;EdkifcJhw,fqkdwm xif&Sm;vSygw,f?
tmvHk;od=uwJhtwdkif; tJ'Dtm%modrf;yGJ[m orRwp0fa&$odkuf&JŒ om;i,f
wpfOD; aoqHk;oGm;cJhwmuvGJ&if wjcm;aoG;xGufoH,dkr_ r&dScJhbl;? tJ'Dtcsufuvnf;
Adkvfae0if;&JŒ tm%modrf;r_tay: tqdk;jrif±_axmifhu oHk;oyfzdk@ tcGifhtvrf;awGudk
wpdwfydkif; tm;enf;apcJhygw,f? 'ghtjyif tJ'Dtcsdefu jrefrmh ajray:EdkifiHa&; todkif;
t0dik ;f &JŒ tiftm;w0ufjzpfwhJ qd&k , S v f pfawGuvnf; Adv k af e0if;udk olw@dk vv l @kd ,lqxm;
=uwma=umifh +yD;cJw h ahJ &G;aumufyu JG yxpudk r±_rvS t±_;H ay;cJ&h vd@k usqif;cJ&h wJh olw@dk &@J
EdkifiHa&;oduQmudk Adkvfae0if;u jyefq,fay;vkdufovdkawmif ,lq=u+yD; udswf0rf;omae
=uwmawGawmif &dScJhygw,f? tJ'Dawmh tm%modrf;yGJudk qef@usifuef@uGufajymqdkr_awG
xGufrvmwm &Sif;ygw,f?
tm%m&ygwD}uD;bufu =unfhjyefawmhvnf; udk,hfygwDtwGif;udpP (OD;/ Adkvf/
ociftuGJ)/ wpfEdkifiHvHk;ta&;udpP (cGJxGufcGifh) ('Dae&mrSm 'Djy\em[m Adkvfae0if;
tm%modrf;&mrSm ta=umif;jycJhoavmuf tajctaerqdk;wm odyf&Sif;ayr,fh EdkifiHa&;
acgi;f aqmifawGukd txdu k t f avsmuf acgi;f pm;aeapwJh jy\emwpfcak wmh jzpfw,fqw kd hJ
tcsufudk rSwfom;xm; oifhygw,f?) awGa=umifh enf;enf;yef;ae=uwJhtcsdefrSm olwkd@
tjrift& odyrf qd;k vSwhJ Adv k af e0if;&JŒ tckvkd tm%modr;f vdu k rf [
_ m olw@dk twGuf cg;cg;
oD;oD; qef@usifuef@uGuf&r,fh udpPwpfck [kwfyHkr&cJhygbl;?
wwd,tiftm;pkjzpfwJh (yrnw)trSL;jyKwJh EdkifiHa&;orm;awGtwGuf
usawmhvnf; jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[efeJ@ qdk&S,fvpfyef;wdkifodk@ ta&mufvSrf;r,fqdkwJh
Adkvfae0if;&JŒ a=unmcsuf[m olwkd@&J@ tajccHrl0g'eJ@ wpfxyfwnf; jzpfaewJhtjyif olwkd@
ukd,fwdkifu tm%m& zqyv tpdk;&&J@ EdSyfuGyfr_udk awmufav#mufcHpm;vmcJh&wm
qdak wmh Adv k af e0if;&JŒ tm%modr;f yG[ J m olw@dk twGuf taygi;f vuQ%maqmifwhJ jzpf&yf
vdkvdkawmif jzpfaeygw,f? 'ga=umifh olwkd@u Adkvfae0if;udk 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ qdk&S,fvpfa&;
&J@ &efolvdk@ rjrifcJh=u±kHomru aemifwpfae@ae@rSm olwkd@&JŒ &Jabmf&JbufjzpfvmEkdifol
(Potential Comrade)wpfa,muftjzpfawmif jrifcJh=uyHk&ygw,f?
wu,fawmh u|eaf wmftckwifjycJw h hJ ajray:Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkawGukd xm;ygO;D ?
tJ'Dtcsdefu zqyv yxptpdk;&awGudk vufeufpGJudkif ykefuefwdkufcdkufae=uwJh ocif
13
oef;xGef;&J@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ ocifpdk;&J@ tvHeDygwDawGuawmif Adkvfae0if;&J@
tm%modrf;yGJudk jyif;jyif;xefxef qef@usifuef@uGuf ±_wfcsajymqdk=uwmrsdK; r&dScJhbl;vdk@
usaemfrSwfom;rdcJhygw,f?
tJ'aD wmh tm;vH;k ud+k cKH =unf&h if Edik if w
H umrSm ppfat;wdu k yf JG acgi;f aqmifEikd if }H u;D
ESpfckpvHk;uvnf; ruef@uGuf/ wwd,urBmtiftm;pkuvnf; rodvdkufrodzmomae/
jynfwiG ;f ajray:Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkawGuvnf; tomapmif=h unfh aewmuvG+J yD; b,fvdk
rS jyif;jyif;xefxef rwHk@jyef/ awmwGif;vufeufudkif tiftm;pkawGuvnf; zmodzmom
ae? tJovdkrsdK; 0ef;usiftaetxm;rSm Adkvfae0if;[m oludk,fwdkif toufeJ@vJ apmifh
xdef;umuG,fygr,fvdk@ uwdjyKxm;wJh EdkifiHawmf zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk azmufzsuf+yD;
'Drdkua&pDenf;us a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufcHxm;&wJh tpdk;&wpf&yfudk jzKwfcsz,f&Sm;
tm%modrf;cJholjzpfw,fqdkwJh toufyrmta&;ygvSwJh tcsufu zsmatmufa&muf
oGm;+yD; vuf0Jtkyfpktzdk@ Adkvfae0if;[m jrefrmjynf&J@ uyfpx±kdavvm; qdkwJhtjrifawG/
vuf,mtkypf t k zd@k Adv
k af e0if;[m ql[mwdv k m;/ yDEakd cs;avvm;qdwk hJ tjrifawG/ jynfwiG ;f
u Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkawGtzd@k Adv k af e0if;[m Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk qufcrH ,fh trsKd ;om;
acgif;aqmif}uD;avvm;qdkwJh tjrifawG us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ ysH@ESH@aecJhyHk&+yD; Adkvfae0if;[m
tkypf tk m;vH;k twGuf pdwu f ;l ,Of &ifcek pf &m rif;orD;av; (od@k r[kw)f rif;om;av;wpfyg;
jzpfvmcJh&ygawmhw,f?
tJ't D ajctaersKd ;rSm Adv k af e0if;&J@
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtrnfcH tpdk;&[m
(de-jure)vm; (de-facto)vm; b,fou l rS
ar;cGef;rxkwfcJh=uwm tifrwefudk ±kd;pif;
&Sif;vif;wJh udpPwpfckjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh
vnf; 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&wpf&yfudk jzKwfcs+yD;
wufvmwJh Adkvfae0if;tpdk;&udk ukvor*~
tygt0if jrefrmEdkifiHyg0ifaewJh b,fEdkifiH
wum tzG@J tpnf;urS xkwyf ,fwmrsKd ; r&dS
cJhygbl;? xkwfy,fzdk@a0;pG tzGJ@0iftjzpfu
acwW&yfqdkif;xm;jcif;rsdK;awmif r&dScJhygbl;?
ukefukefajym&&if Adkvfae0if;&J@ tm%m
odrf;yGJudk b,ftzGJ@tpnf;/ b,fEdkifiHurS
awmif a0zefjypfwifwmrsdK; rvkyfcJhygbl;?
tJ'Dwkef;u tajctaet&yf&yf
t& Adv k af e0if;&J@ tm%modr;f yGu J kd jynfwiG ;f
a&mjynf y uyg txuf r S m wif j ycJ h o vd k
14
cyfaygah ygyh J oabmxm;cJ=h uayr,fh tJ'jD zpf&yf&@J wu,ft h ESpo f m&uawmh jrefrmEdik if rH mS
'Drkdua&pDpepf uG,fvGeftedpPa&muf oGm;cJhwmjzpfw,f qdkwmyJjzpfygw,f? tJ'D
tcsdefwkef;u tJovdk b,folrS (b,folrS) rjrifcJh=uayr,fh aemufydkif;rSm Adkvfae0if;
vSrf;vmwJh ajcvSrf;wdkif;u jrefrmEdkifiHrSm tm%m&Sifpepfwpf&yf ay:xGufvmae+yDqdkwJh
tcsufudk owdrjyKrdbJ raeEdkifatmifudk jzpfvmapygawmhw,f?
b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf jynfwGif;eJ@ EdkifiHwumu rsufvHk;awGxJrSmawmh Adkvfae0if;
tpdk;&[m (de-jure)tjzpf &dSaeqJygyJ? (Take it for granted)? 'gayr,fh &nfrSef;csuf
}uD;rm;+yD; uGuaf usmjf rifwhJ Adv k af e0if;u ol@tpd;k &[m wu,fawmh Edik if w H umOya'awG
t& w&m;Oya'eJ@ avsmfnDwJh (Legitimate) tpdk;&wpf&yf r[kwfbl;qdkwmudk odyg
w,f? 'ga=umifh tajccHOya'rl=urf;a&;qGJ/ jynfolawGqDu t}uHHjyKcsufawG awmif;cH/
vlxq k ENc,H yl eJG @J twnfjyK/ a&G;aumufyv JG yk /f v$waf wmfz@JG pnf;/ tpd;k &zG@J pwJh Edik if w H um
pHEe_ ;f awGe@J uduk n f w
D hJ vkyif ef;pOfawGukd wpfc+k yD;wpfck tuGuaf phaph vkyaf qmifc+hJ yD;aemuf
ol@tpdk;&udk tm%modrf;tpdk;&wpfcktjzpfuae jynfolawG&J@ qENeJ@tnD 'Drdkua&pD
enf;vrf;wus ay:xGuv f mwJw h &m;0if t&yfom;tpd;k &wpf&yftjzpfo@kd toGiaf jymif;vJ
cJhygw,f?
tJ't D csed af vmufrmS ausmcsv@kd "m;jyrSe;f odae=u+yDjzpfwhJ jrefrmEdik if aH &;orm;
wcsKd@u Adkvfae0if;&JŒ tJ'Dvkyf&yf[m EdkifiHa&; rsufvSnfhjyuGufwpfckom jzpfw,f? EdkifiH
awmftm%mudk ppfwyfu jynfolawGvufxJ jyefv$Jtyfw,fqdkwm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;
vufxu J tm%m OD;ae0if;vufxJ a&mufomG ;wmomjzpfw,f pojzifh oH;k oyfajymqdck hJ
=uayr,fh tJ'Dpum;[m EdkifiHwumrajymeJ@ jynfwGif;u jynfoltrsm;pk}uD;&J@ em;udk
aygufatmifawmif rus,favmifEdkifcJhygbl;? rjrif=u&wm=um+yDjzpfwJh v$wfawmf
tpnf;ta0;}uD;awGeJ@ a&wkda&&Snf qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef; qdkwm}uD;awG&J@
avvH;k rd;k vk;H }uD;awGatmufrmS Edik if aH &;orm;wcsK@d &@J tJ'o D ;kH oyfajymqdrk a_ wG[m ab;xdik f
bdkifus bkajymabmufqdkorm; awG&J@ (pyspfoD;csOf) rvdkwrm jrnfwGefawmufwD;oHawG
tjzpfom rdSefazsmhwdk;wdwfoGm;cJh&ygw,f?
'gayr,fh tJ'v D x l qk ENc,
H yl /JG tajccHOya'/ v$waf wmf/ a&G;aumufcH t&yfom;
tpdk;&qdkwmawG tm;vHk;[m twkta,mifawGom jzpfw,fqdkwJh EdkifiHa&;orm;wcsdK@&J@
ajym=um;csuf rSefw,frrSefbl;qdkwmudkodzdk@ jrefrmjynfolawG[m odyf=um=um rapmifh
vdu k =f u&ygb;l ? q,fpEk pS w f pfcak usm=f umatmif rauseyfcsuaf wGukd atmift h ;D rsKd odyx f m;
cJh=u&wJh jrefrmEkdifiH wpfeHwpfvsm;u puf±kHtvkyform;trsm;tjym;wkd@[m (1974)
tajccH O ya'rS m ygwJ h +id r f ; csrf ; pG m qEN j ycG i f h & d S o nf qd k w J h t csuf u d k ud k i f p G J + yD ; tJ ' D
tajccHOya't& v$wfawmfeJ@ tpdk;&ay:aygufcJh+yD; aemufwpfESpfawmif rjynfhao;wJh
umvjzpfwJh tJ'DESpfZGefvrSmyJ rdrdwkd@&J@ rauseyfcsufawGudk Oya'abmiftwGif;u azmf
xkwfawmif;qdkwJh +idrf;csrf;wJh qENjyyGJ}uD;wpfck qifE$JcJh=uygw,f?
15
tJ'D qENjytvkyform;awG&J@ awmif;qdkcsufawGudk OD;ae0if;&J@ jrefrmh
qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD(rqv)tpdk;&u b,fvdkwHk@jyefajz&Sif;cJhygovJ? tmvHk;od=uwJh
twdkif;ygyJ? (1962) Zlvdkifv (7) &ufae@wkef;u jyocJhzl;wJh ppftm%m&Sifpepf&JŒ tpG,f
azG;azG;udk jynfolawGaemufwpf}udrfjrifawG@cJh=u&jyef+yD; qefr&dSvdk@ qefawmif;wJh
tvkyform;awG[m puf±kHxJawGeJ@ vrf;rawGay:rSm twkef;t±kef; aoyGJ0ifcJh=u&/
tJovdk raoolawG[mvnf; tusO;f axmifawGxrJ mS ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm oGm;a&mufaexdik f
'kuQcHpm;cJh=u&ygawmhw,f?
OD;ae0if;ppftm%m&Sifpepf&JŒ tpG,fazG;azG;udk jrifvdkuf&olawG ta&twGuf
'Dwpf}udrfrSmawmh qJAif;Zlvdkifwkef; uxuf ydkrsm;vmcJhyg+yD? 'gayr,fh jrefrmjynfolvlxk
trsm;pk}uD;uawmh pdwrf csr;f ajr@pmG yifo h uf±ud_ cf =hJ uwmu vG+J yD; tJ'jD zpf&yfukd ‘tpd;k &eJ@
tvkyform;awG&J@ yÉdyuQwpfcktjzpfom ±_jrifcJh=uovdk EdkifiHwumrSmvnf; tJ'D
ta&;tcif;[m trSwfw&r[kwfwJh trSwfwrJhjzpf&yfwpfcktjzpfom a0;vGifhaysmuf
uG,foGm;cJhygw,f?
'gayr,fh tJ'Dta&;tcif;
upvdk@ EdkifiHa&;jyefvnfEdk;=um;vm ( 8-8-88)ae@rS m
cJ=h uwJh ausmif;om;awGuawmh tJ'D &efukefwpf+rdK@vHk;
ta&;tcif;udk arhaysmufEikd pf rG ;f r&dcS hJ ppf a jrjyif w ck t vm;
=uygbl;? tJ'Dta&;tcif; jzpf+yD;vdk@ xif r S w f r S m ;&avmuf a tmif
(6)vt=um (1974)ckEpS f 'DZifbmv ppfom;awG/ ppfum;awG
xJrmS Edik if aH &;Ed;k =um;wJh ausmif;om; ysm;yef ; cwf v _ y f & S m ;jyaewJ h = um;u
awGu ukvor*~twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf
jynf o l t axmif taomif ; /
OD;oef@&J@ ±kyftavmif;udk ta=umif;
todef;/ toef;wkd@
jyK+yD; &efukef0dZ…mody`H wuUodkvfe,f
ajrudk A[djk yKum qENjyyGw J pfck qifEcJ$ hJ vrf ; ay:xG u f v m=u+yD ;
=ujyefygw,f? 'gayr,fh 'Dwpf}udrf wcJeuf
rSmvnf; OD;ae0if;[m ol@&J@ tm%m w+yKd i f w nf ;
&Sif tpG,af zG;azG;udk xyfrjH yocJjh yefyg woHwnf;
w,f? 'gayr,fh ordkif;tpOftvm
aumif;awG &dcS =hJ uwJh ausmif;om;awG
eJ@ tvkyo f rm;awG[m tvkyo f rm;
ta&;tcif; ESpfywfvnfqdkwJh acgif;pOfeJ@ (1975) ckESpf/ ZGefv (6) &ufae@rSm aemufxyf
qENjyyGJwpfck qifE$JcJh=ujyefygw,f? 'Dwpf}udrfrSmvnf; OD;ae0if;&J@ rif;om;acgif;aqmif;
u|wfuscJhjyefygw,f? aoG;&JwJh ausmif;om;awG[m (1976) ckESpf rwfv (23) &ufae@rSm
usa&mufwJh urBmh+idrf;;csrf;a&;acgif;aqmif}uD;eJ@ jrefrmhtrsdK;om;pmqdk}uD; q&m}uD;
16
ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f &J@ ESpf (100) jynfah rG;ae@ukd ta=umif;jyK+yD; OD;ae0if;&J@ tm%m&Sipf epf
,E W&m;}uD;udk aemufwpf}udrf pdefac:tefwkcJh=ujyefygw,f? 'Dwpf}udrfrSmvnf; ausmif;
om;awG[m OD;ae0if;&J@ uwWDygtdwfpGyfxm;wJh oHvufoD;udk jrefrmjynfolawG aemuf
w}udrf jrifatmif vSpfjyEdkifcJhr_qdkwJh atmifyGJudk &&dScJh=uygw,f?
'gayr,fh jynfwGif;rSma&m EdkifiHwumrSmyg OD;ae0if;&J@ (rqv)tkyfpkuawmh
w&m;0iftpdk;&wpfckyHkrdsK;udk atmifatmifjrifjrifeJ@ zrf;xm;EdkifqJyg? jynfwGif;rSm jynfol
awG wpfpHkwpfckaom twkdif;twmtxd vufyef;usoGm;wJh tajctaeeJ@ EkdifiHwumrSm
ppfat;wku d yf tJG &deS &f aeqJ tajctaeawGtay:rSm tvdu k of ifph ;D &if; OD;ae0if;&JŒ (rqv)
ppftm%m&Sifpepf[m “rqdkpavmuf tusyftwnf;uav;awGeJ@ &ifqdkif}uKHawG@cJh&ay
r,fh atmifjrifpGm ausmfv$m;EdkifcJhwJh a&G;aumufcH w&m;0iftpdk;&wpfck”qdkwJh 0wf±kH+cHK
xnfatmufrSm ykef;v#Kd;aeEdkifqJyJjzpfygw,f?
tckazmfjycJw h hJ ta&;tcif;awGrmS OD;aqmifqENjycJ=h uwJh tvkyo f rm;/ ausmif;
om;eJ@ jynfolawG&J@ tE Wdr &nfrSef;csufawG ratmifjrifrjynfh0cJh=uayr,fh tJ'D ta&;
tcif;awGa=umifh rif;om;acgif;aqmif;xm;wJh OD;ae0if; (rqv)tpdk;&&J@ ppftm%m
&SifpepftwGif; bDvl;±kyfudk jrifawG@vmcJh=uwJh jrefrmjynfolta&twGufuawmh wae@
wjcm; wd;k vmcJw h m taotcsmygy?J 'g[m tJ't D a&;tcif; tqufqufrmS jynfoal wG&@J
toufawG/ b0awG paw;ay;qyfc=hJ u&r_twGuf &&dcS w hJ hJ avsmaf =u;ygy?J tJ't D a&;tcif;
awGa=umifh OD;ae0if; (rqv)tkyfpk&J@ uwWDygtdwf pGyfxm;wJh oHvufoD;udk jrifawG@cGifh&
vmcJ=h uwJh jrefrmjynfot l a&twGuf wpfae@wjcm; wk;d vmcJw h ,fqw dk hJ tcsu[ f m trSef
yJvm;? 'gudk usaemfwkd@ bmeJ@ oufaoxlrvJ?
taumif;qHk;aom ypPnf;oufao vloufaouawmh (1988)ckESpf rwfv/
ZGefvta&;tcif;rsm;eJ@ t&dSef,lcJh+yD; tJ'DESpf =o*kwfv (8) &ufae@rSm txGÉftxdyf
a&mufoGm;cJhwJh &Spfav;vHk; jynfol@'Drdkua&pD ta&;awmfyHk}uD;ygyJ? ausmif;om;awG
OD;aqmifwhJ rwfveJ@ ZGev f ta&;tcif;awGukd OD;ae0if;&J@ (rqv) ppftyk pf u k xH;k pHtwdik ;f
&uf&ufpufpuf/ =urf;=urf;wrf;wrf; ESdyfuGyfjycJhwJh=um;u (8-8-88)ae@rSm &efukef
w+rdK@vHk; ppfajrjyifwpfcktvm; xifrSwfrSm;& avmufatmif ppfom;awG/ ppfum;awG
ysm;yef;cwfv_yf&Sm;jyaewJh=um;u jynfoltaxmif taomif;/ todef;/ toef;wkd@
vrf;ay:xGuv f m=u+yD; wcJeuf w+yKdiw f nf; woHwnf; urBm}uD;udak y;yd@k vu kd wf hJ owif;
pum;uawmh “OD;ae0if;&J@ (rqv)ppftkyfpk[m usKyfwkd@tonf;=um;u ppfrSefwJh
rJwjym;pDay;+yD; a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufxm;wJh w&m;0if tpdk;& r[kwfbl;” qdkwmyJjzpf
ygw,f?
jrefrmEdik if uH kd q,fpEk pS af ygi;f rsm;pGm arhavsmx h m;cJ=h uwJh Edik if w
H umrdom;pk[m
'Davmuf us,favmifjrnf[def;+yD; 'DavmufnD!Gwfpnf;vHk;wJh jrefrmjynfolawG&J@
wcJeufatmfoH}uD;udkawmh r=um;bJaevdk@r&awmhygbl;? ta=umif;a=umif;aom
17
ta=umif;a=umif;awGa=umifh urBm}uD;&J@ yifra&pD;xJrSm r&dSbJ urf;eab;u csHKuav;
wckrSm+idaewJh jrefrmEdkifiHudk urBmu jrifawG@oGm;cJh=uyg+yD? 'g[m&Spfav;vHk; vlxktHkºuGr_
}uD;&JŒ t}uD;qHk;aom atmifjrifr_yJ jzpfygw,f? OD;ae0if;&JŒ (rqv)u jynfolawGudk
(26)ESpfvHk;vHk; tarSmifcs ±kdufESufn‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufcJh&m tcef;&JŒwHcg;udk ±kdufcsdK;+yD; tcef;
xJu aovkarsmyg; jzpfaeolawGudk urBmujrifoGm;atmif zGifhvSpfjyovkdufwm &Spfav;
vHk;jynfol@'Drdkua&pD ta&;awmfyHk}uD; jzpfygw,f? wcsdefu vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u
jrefrmjynfqw kd m &drS eS ;f awmifrod? &drS eS ;f od&ifawmif urBmb h ,fae&mrSm&drS eS ;f rodavmuf
atmif ao;Ekyfodrfi,fcJh&wJh usaemfwkd@EdkifiHudk urBm}uD;&JŒrsufpdxJ aqmifh0ifoGm;atmif
vkyfay;cJhwm &Spfav;vHk;vlxktHkºuGv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;yJ jzpfygw,f? 'Dtcsufwckwnf;eJ@wif
&Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHk[m ±_H;edrfhr_r[kwf/ atmifjrifr_om jzpfw,fqdkwJhtcsuf &Sif;vif;
ay:vGif jrifomvSygw,f?
'Dvekd @J &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH uD;&JŒ tusKd ;quftjzpf ppftm%m&Sif OD;ae0if;
[m (ol@pdwfxJrSm b,fvdkyJ&dSonfjzpfap) rqvacwfwavsmufvHk; avoHawmif r[
cJhwJh ygwDpHkqdkwJhpum;udk ajymvmyg&w,f? oludk,fwkdif xlaxmifcJhwJh (rqv)ygwDudk
zsufodrf;r_qDodk@ OD;wnfoGm;atmif vkyfaqmifcJh&ygw,f? ol@udkqufcHwJh OD;pdefvGifu
olav#mufvmcJhwJh vlrdkufvrf;udk ZGwfqufav#mufzdk@ }udK;pm;ao;ayr,fh jynfolawG&J@
jywfom;wJh ydik ;f jzwfcsuef @J rav#mw h hJ ZGaJ wGa=umifh OD;pdev
f iG f (17)&ufycJ +H yD; jyKwfusomG ;cJ&h
ygw,f? ol@udkqufcHwJh (rqv)rif;quf&JŒ aemufqHk;rif;jzpfwJh a'gufwm armifarmif
[mvnf; ygwDpHkuwdudk qufay;cJh&ygw,f?
ol@uzkd ,f&mS ; tm%modr;f cJw h hJ Adv
k cf sKyfrLS ;}uD;
apmarmif&JŒ “EdkifiHawmf +idrf;0yfydjym;r_ wnf
aqmufa&;tzGJ@” (e0w)onfyifv#if &Spf
av;vHk; ta&;awmfykH&JŒ 'Da&udk vHk;vHk;vsm;
vsm; vSefwGef;wmrsdK; rvkyf0HhbJ a'gufwm
armifarmif ay;cJhwJh uwdukd quf+yD;xdef;
odrf; taumiftxnf azmfay;cJh&ygw,f?
aemufqHk;awmh jrefrmjynfolawG&JŒ wu,fh
ppfrSefwJh qENeJ@ ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;udk udk,fpm;
jyKwJh jynfol@v$wfawmf ukd,fpm;vS,fawG
ay:aygufvmcJhygw,f?
(1962)ckESpf rwfv (2)&ufae@u
tjzpftysufeJ@ zGifhcJh+yD; (1990)ckESpf arv
(27)&uf a e@u tjzpf t ysuf e J @ yd w f c h J w J h
pmydk'f[m jrefrmjynfolawG&JŒ 'Drdkua&pDa&;
18
±kef;uefr_ jzpfpOf}uD;xJrSm atmifyGJudk azmf!¸ef;wJhpmydk'f jzpfw,fqdkwm taotcsm avh
vmqef;ppfolwdkif; txift&Sm;jrifawG@EdkifwJh tcsufwckjzpfygw,f? (26) ESpfwmumv
twGif; }uD;rm;rsm;ajrmifvSwJh jynfolawG&JŒ paw;ay;qyfr_awG&JŒ tusdK;quftjzpf
(8-8-88)ae@uae (18-9-88)ae@txd wvausmf=um wkdawmif;wJh umvtwGif;
jynfoal wG&&dw S hJ Edik yf aJG wG (atmifyrJG [kw)f u rlvu ar#mrf eS ;f cJ=h uwmxuf rsm;pGm ydrk rkd sm;
jym;cJhwma=umifh tJ'Dwkef;u&&dScJhwJh EdkifyGJawGudk pufwifbmv (18) &ufae@ tm%m
odrf;r_uae tck(8-8-2008)txd jzpfysufcJhor#eJ@ E_dif;,SOf+yD; &Spfav;vHk;[m ±_H;edrfhcJh
w,fvdk@ wcsdK@u (cHpm;csufudk a&S@wef;wif+yD;)ajymqdkcJh=uwm jzpfygw,f? wu,fawmh
ESpfpOf ESpfwdkif; usif;ywJh ukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcHawGrSm

urB m h E d k i f i H a cgif ; aqmif a wG wuf a &muf r d e f @ cG e f ; ajym=uwm
tpOftvm wckjzpfayr,fh (1988)ckESpf tm%modrf;+yD;
wufvmcsdefupvdk@ tck (2008)ckESpftxd ESpfaygif; (20)twGif;rSm
(e0w)(etz) t}uD ; tuJ a wG wuf a &muf r d e f @ cG e f ; ajym=um;wm
w}udrfrS r&dScJhzl;ygbl;?
&Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHk}uD;u jrefrmjynfolawGtwGuf xkwfvkyfay;cJhwhJ atmifoD;

atmifESHawGu terw*~yg? ygwDpHkpepf/ (90)a&G;aumufyGJ/ wpnygwD&J@ a&G;aumufyGJ
&v'fu jyocJhwJh (rqv)&J@ (w&m;0if)usqHk;r_/ ppfrSefwJh jynfol@v$wfawmf udk,fpm;
vS,frsm; pwmawGtjyif a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ rif;udkEdkif/ OD;0if;wifwkd@ trSL;jyKwJh
tmZmenfo&l aJ umif; taxmiftaomif;wk@d [m tJ'aD tmifo;D atmifEaHS wGxu J wcsKd @yg?
vuf&dSrSm jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDa&; wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm;pGmwkd@[m urBmhEdkifiHaygif;rsm;pGm
wkd@rSm ysH@ESH@a&muf&dSae+yD; 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJudk qufvuf qifE$Jae=uygw,f? urBmh ordkif;
wavsmuf EdkifiHwck&JŒ trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyGJ qifE$JolawG jynfyEdkifiHawGrSm
oGm;a&mufcdkv_H+yD; wdkufyGJqufvufqifE$J=uwJh tpOftvm r&dS r[kwfygbl;? r[wWr
*END}uD;u t*FvefrSm/ csLtifvdkif;eJ@ wdefa&Smufzdefwkd@u jyifopfrSm oGm;a&mufaexdkif+yD;
trdEdkifiHvGwfajrmufa&; }udK;yrf;cJh=uzl;wJh tpOftvmawG &dSwmrSefygw,f? 'gayr,fh
jrefrmh'rD ukd a&pDa&; v_y&f mS ;olawG tcka&muf&aSd ewJh Edik if t
H a&twGuef @J olw@dk ukd a&muf
av&m EdkifiHwdkif;vdkvdkrSm tm%mydkifawGua&m jynfolawGuyg yl;aygif;ulnD =uyHk
awGuawmh urBmhordkif;rSm r}uKHzl; r=um;zl;wJh yrm% jzpfw,fqdkwm avhvmolwdkif;
od&dS0efcH=u&rSmyg? tJ'g[mvnf; &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHk}uD;&JŒ atmifoD;atmifESH wckyJ
19
jzpfygw,f? 'ghtjyif (e0w)(etz)wkd@[m jynfwGif;rSm Oya'pum;

wGifwGifajym+yD; jynfolawGudk xifwdkif; EdSyfuGyfEdkifae=uayr,fh EdkifiH
wum oHwrefa&;rsufESmpmrSmawmh acgif;razmfEdkifatmif xdk;ppfqif
cHae&wm tm;vHk;todygyJ? ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; usif;ywJh ukvor*~ taxG
axGnDvmcHawGrSm urBmhEdkifiHacgif;aqmifawG wufa&mufrdef@cGef;
ajym=uwm tpOftvm wckjzpfayr,fh (1988)ckESpf tm%modrf;+yD;
wufvm csdefupvdk@ tck (2008)ckESpf txd ESpfaygif; (20)twGif;rSm
(e0w)(etz) t}uD;tuJawG wufa&mufrdef@cGef;ajym =um;wm
w}udrfrS r&dScJhzl;ygbl;? urBmhEdkifiHa&;rSm Adkvfus pdk;rdk;a&;0g' usifhoHk;ae
w,fvdk@ (e0w)(etz)wkd@u pGyfpGJxm;wJh tar&duefEdkifiH&JŒ orRweJ@
cg;oD;wJh &efbufawGjzpf=uwJh uyfpx±kdwkd@vdk/ tmruf'DeD*sufwkd@vdk/
[l*ckd smAufw@dk vkd vlawGawmif ukvor*~ taxGaxGnv D mcHrmS rde@f ceG ;f
oGm;ajym=uayr,fh jrefrmEdkifiHu (e0w) (etz) t}uD;tuJawG
ukvor*~ XmecsKyfawmif ra&mufzl;=uwm usef;rma&;a=umifh r[kwf
ovdk/ rtm;vdk@vnf; r[kwfygbl;? EdkifiHwum todkif;t0dkif;&JŒ t=unfh
awG tajymawGudk rcHEdkifrSm olwkd@udk,folwkd@ aocsmaewma=umifh
jzpfygw,f? 'g[mvnf; &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHk&J@ atmifoD; atmifESH
wckyJ jzpfygw,f? 'ghtjyif (e0w)(etz)ppfacgif;aqmif tqufquf
awG/ olwkd@&J@ aqGrsdK;om;csif;awG olwkd@eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;t& ywfouf quf
EG,faeolawG&J@ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awG '%fcwfydwfqdk@ ta&;,lcHae&
wmawG/ olwkd@tm;vHk; tar&duefeJ@ Oa&myor*~0if EdkifiHawG&JŒ
ajrudkawmif eif;cGifhr&awG[mvnf; &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHk}uD;&JŒ
atmifoD;atmifESH wckyJjzpfygw,f? tJ'gawGtjyif tjcm;aom ajym&if
qHk;EdkifzG,fr&dSwJh atmifoD;atmifESHawGvnf; trsm;}uD;&dSygao;w,f?
'ga=umifh awmfvSefa&; w&yf&JŒ xHk;pH paw;/ ay;qyf/ pGef@v$wf&r_awG
trsm;}uD;&dScJhayr,fh? tcktxd ppftm%m&SifpepfeJ@ 'Drdkua&pDpepf&JŒ
wdkufyGJrSm 'Drdkua&pDbufu tqHk;tjzwfvdk@ qdkEdkifwJh atmifyGJ}uD;r&
ao;wm rSeaf yr,fh &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy[ kH m ±_;H edrrhf w _ ck vH;k 0 (vH;k 0)
r[kwcf b hJ J atmifo;D atmifErHS sm;pGmudk xkwv f yk af y;Ekid cf whJ hJ atmifyw
JG ck
om jzpfw,fvdk@ usaemfajz=um;vkdygw,f? Õ
20
ar; ? ? &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHk}uD;umvtwGif;rSm jynfolawG[m

cifAsm;ajymwJt h wdik ;f yGiJ ,fawG wyG+J yD;wyGJ qufwukd tf Edik &f cJ+h yD; (rqv)
tpdk;&[mvnf; z±kdz&J/ tvJvJtuGJuGJjzpfcJhayr,fh jynfolawGbufu
tqHk;tjzwf atmifyGJudk r&cJhwm[m tJ'Dwkef;u vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;udk
acgif;aqmifcJh=uwJh xdyfwef;acgif;aqmifawG rnDnGwf EdkifcJh=ur_a=umifh/
olw@dk &ŒJ acgi;f aqmifrt _ &nftaoG; nhzH si;f r_a=umifv
h @kd ajymqdck =hJ uwmawG
&dcS w
hJ ,f? tJ'aD jymqdck suef @J ywfouf+yD; cifAsm;&JŒtjrifu b,fv&kd o Sd vJ?
&Spfav;vHk;rSm jynfolawG tqHk;tjzwfatmifyGJ r&cJhwm&JŒ t"du
ta=umif;&if;u bmjzpfw,fvdk@ cifAsm;xifovJ?
ajz ? ? &Spfav;vHk;[m ol@a&S@u ta&;tcif;awG&JŒ tusdK;qufwck

jzpfw,fqdkwmudk usaemf a&SŒrSmajymcJh+yD;+yD? tJ'Dta&;tcif;awGrSm jynf
olawG&JŒ w&m;eJ@nDwJh awmif;qdkcsufawGudk (rqv)wkH@jyefcJhyHkawGeJ@ ywf
ouf+yD; jynfolawG[m odyfudk em=unf;aecJh=uw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf;
'Davmufawmif +cdrf;ajcmufEdSyfuGyfaewJh=um;u &Spfav;vHk; ta&;awmf
yHk}uD; ay:xGufvmcJhwm jzpfygw,f? tifrwefwdkawmif;wJh umvtwGif;
jrefrmEdkifiHweHwvsm; ul;pufysHŒESH@oGm;+yD; tv$mpHk jynfolawG vSnf;ae
avSatmif; jrif;aZmif;rusef yg0ifqifE$JvmcJh=uwmjzpfw,f? wcsKd@
Edik if aH wGrmS qENjyyGaJ wG veJ@csD =umjrifcahJ yr,fh yg0ifqifEw
J$ hJ vlxt
k iftm;
&Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHku tiftm;&JŒ q,fyHkwyHk avmufawmif &dSrvm
wmudk=unfh&if (rqv) wenf; ppftm%m&Sifpepftay: jrefrmjynfol
awG&JŒ em=unf;r_ twdkif;tqudk awG@Ekdifygw,f?
21
tJ'Dem=unf;r_ twdkif;twma=umifhvnf; &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHk[m wdk

awmif;wJhumvtwGif; urBmhrSm pHcsdefopfvdk@qkd&avmufatmif w[kefxdk; }uD;xGm;
oGm;cJh+yD; EdkifyGJawGqufcJhwm jzpfw,f? tJ'DtcgrSm obm0uspGmyJ jynfolawG&JŒ awmif;
qdkcsufawG[m w&ufcsif;/ w&ufcsif; jrifhwufrsm;jym;vmcJhw,f? pufr_wuUodkvf
ausmif;om; bke;f armfaoqH;k &r_e@J twl av;av;rSerf eS f pwifcw hJ hJ jynfoal wG&@J wdu
k yf [
JG m
(8-8-88)ae@rSm toGifopfodk@ w&dSefxdk; jrifhwufoGm;cJh+yD; (e0w)tm%modrf;wJh (18-
9-88)a&mufwJhtcgrSmawmh jynfolawG&JŒ awmif;qdkr_u =um;jzwftpdk;& txd
a&muf&dSae+yDjzpfygw,f?
wdkufyGJtp a&OD;ydkif;rSm vlxkacgif;aqmifawG &maxmifcsD&dScJhayr,fh ta&;
awmfy}kH uD; t=urf;zuf zdEySd +f zdKcGcJ &H awmhr,hf taetxm;eJ@ wa&GŒa&GŒ eD;uyfvmaecJch sed rf mS
OD;Ek/ OD;atmif}uD;/ OD;wifOD;/ Adkvf&efEdkifeJ@ a':atmifqef;pk=unfwkd@[m vlxkacgif;aqmif
rsm;tjzpf ay:vGix f if&mS ;vmcJ=h uw,f? tm;vH;k od=uwJt h wdik ;f tJ'D acgi;f aqmifawG[m
aemufcHtrsdK;rsKd;u vm=uolawGjzpf+yD; tawG;tac:trsdK;rsdK;/ &yfwnfcsuf trsdK;rsdK;
&dScJh=uolawGjzpfw,f? olwkd@[m &[ef;&Sifvl/ ausmif;om;jynfolawG&JŒ aoG;awGeJ@ cif;
ay;xm;wJh vrf;rSm jynfoal wG&ŒJ 'kuu Q kd r=unf&h ufEikd =f uawmhv@kd yg0ifvmcJ=h u+yD; orkid ;f
wavsmuf olw@dk pkaqmif;cJ=h uwJh Edik if aH &;t&if;tED;S awGa=umifh vlxak cgi;f aqmifae&mudk
a&muf&v Sd mcJ=h u&ayr,fh 'Davmuf}uD;rm;wJh vlxt k ºkH uGr}_ uD;uawmh olw@dk twGuf vH;k 0
udk tawG@t}uKHopf jzpfygw,f? 'ghtjyif a':atmifqef;pk=unfuvGJ+yD; usefwJh
22
olawG=um;rSmvnf; ordik ;f a=umif;t& wOD;tay:wOD; tjrifr=unfvifwmawG/ oHo,
pdwfawGu toD;oD;&dSae=uw,f?
'DtajctaerSm jynfolawG&JŒ awmif;qdkr_uvnf; tjrifhqHk;tqifhudk a&muf
vm+yD? Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ toHk;tE_ef;wpfckudk iSm;+yD;ajym&&if jynfolawG[m
ao&Jwdkuf&JwJhtqifhudk ausmf+yD; tEdkif,l&JwJhtqifhudk wufzdk@ tqifoifh&dSae=u+yD?
jynfolawGtaeeJ@ udk,fwdkiftm%m,lzdk@u rjzpfEdkifwma=umifh acgif;aqmifawGudk =um;
jzwftpdk;&zGJ@+yD; tm%m,lzdk@ awmif;qdkae=uwm jzpfygw,f? vlxkacgif;aqmifawG[m
ygwDwckwnf;uvnf; r[kwf=uwJhtjyif a':atmifqef;pk=unfu EdkifiHa&;tawG@
t}uKHr&dS/ usefwJholawG=um;rSmvnf; wa,mufay:wa,muf ,Hk=unfr_u tjynfh
t0r&Sd/ acgif;aqmifawGxJrSm EdkifiHa&;tawG@t}uKH tºuG,f0qHk;jzpfwJh OD;Ek&JŒ pif+yKdif
tpdk;&zGJ@vdkufwJhvkyf&yf (tJ'Dvkyf&yfudk,fE_dufu vkyfenf;vkyf[efydkif; tm;enf;wm
a=umifhvnf; ygygw,f) aemufudkvnf; rvdkufEdkifcJh=uygbl;? =um;jzwftpdk;&qdkwm
ppfwk&ifupm;enf;rSmawmh (end game)upm;wmygyJ? ol@bk&ifudk acGEdkifzdk@ wjcm;
b,fenf;rS r&dSawmhwJh tqHk;rSm udk,fhbk&ifudk tumt&HawGaemufu xGufap+yD; bk&if
ud, k w
f ikd ef @J acGcikd ;f vdu
k w
f myJjzpfygw,f? wbufvu l zH;k 0Su+f yD; oH;k zk@d jyifxm;wJh vufeuf
udk rjrifrb d J rdrud rdr&d ŒJ bk&ifukd toH;k jyK+yD; acGvu kd rf +d yDq&kd if r±_rvS Zmwford ;f oGm;rSmu
rdrdomjzpfygvdrfhr,f?
'ga=umifhvnf; 'Dtcsufudk oabmvnf;ayguf/ pdk;&drfylyefpdwfvnf; }uD;=uwJh
acgif;aqmif (4)OD;u oabmaygufayr,fh vkyfp&m&dS&if jywfjywfom;om;qHk;jzwf+yD;
&Gyf&Gyfc|Hc|H/ ra=umufr&GHŒ/ wpGwfxdk; vkyfavh&dSwJh OD;Ekaemufudk rvdkufEkdif=ubJ csdefq
aecJh=uwm jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dacgif;aqmifawGudk tcef;wckxJ xnfhydwf+yD; =um;jzwftpdk;&
zGJ@pnf;Edkifzdk@ nD!Gwfa&;,lapcJhwJh ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzGJ@csKyf&JŒ
}udK;yrf;r_uvnf; t&mrxifcJhygbl;? ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;jynfaxmifpk&JŒ aemufqHk; a&G;
aumufyGJt+yD;rSm twdkuftcHacgif;aqmif aumhpwmeDum vkyfcJhovdkrdsK; &Spfav;vHk;
ta&;awmfyHk acgif;aqmifawG jywfjywfom;om; &J&J0hH0hH rvkyfEdkifcJh&aumif;vm;qdk+yD;
olwkd@tay: tm;rvkdtm;r& a0zefcsifa0zefEdkif=uayr,fh &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHkrSm
jynfolawG tqHk;tjzwfatmifyGJ r&EdkifcJhwmtwGufawmh olwkd@rSm tjypf&dSw,fqdk&if
awmif olwkd@&JŒ tjypftcsdK;tpm;u enf;enf;yJ&dSvdrfhr,fvkd@ usaemf,lqygw,f?
'Dvdkqdk&if jynfolawG tqHk;tjzwfatmifyGJ r&EdkifcJh=u&jcif;twGuf t"du
wm0ef&dSolu b,folvJ? ppfwyfyJ jzpfygw,f? urBmhordkif;udk jyefavhvm=unfh&if
b,fvx l t k ºkH uGrr_ S ppfwyf&ŒJ yl;aygi;f yg0ifrr_ &db
S J ratmifjrifb;l qdw k mudk awG@jrifEikd =f urSm
jzpfygw,f? urBmay:rSm ay:aygufcJhzl;or# tm%m&SifrSefor#[m ppfwyfudk toHk;jyK+yD;
vlxkudk zdESdyf/ vlxktHkºuGr_awGudk +zdKcGJcJh=uwmcsnf; jzpfygw,f? ppfwyfu vlxkbufu
&yfwnf&if tm%m&SifawG wdkif;jynfu aoajy;&Sifajy; xGufajy;=u&/ 'grSr[kwf quf+yD;
23
acgif;rmae&if towfcH=u&wJhtxd }uKH&+yD; ppfwyfu tm%m&SifawGbufu
&yfwnf&ifawmh vlxb k ufrmS t}uD;tus,f xdcu kd ef pfem qH;k ±_;H &wJh jzpf&yfawG
urBmo h rdik ;f rSm om"ujyp&m trsm;}uD; &dyS gw,f? zdvpfyikd /f tif'ekd ;D &Sm;eJ@ ta&SŒ
Oa&myEdkifiHawGrSm vlxktHkºuGr_awGjzpfay:cJhpOf tJ'Dwkef;u ppfwyfacgif;aqmif
awG[m vlxkeJ@yl;aygif;/ 'grSr[kwf vlxkudk ESdyfuGyf+zdKcGJzkd@qdkwJh tm%m&SifawG&JŒ
trdef@udk remcH(wu,fawmh 'g[mvnf; vlxkeJ@ yHkpHwrsdK;eJ@ yl;aygif;wmyJjzpfyg
w,f?)cJw h t hJ wGuf tJ'ED ikd if aH wGu vlxak wmfveS af &;awG atmifjrif+yD; tm%m
&SifawG yHko¾meftrsdK;rsdK;eJ@ jyKwfusukef=uwm jzpfygw,f?
tay:vG i f tjrif o mqH k ;
Oyrmwckudk ajym&&if qdkAD,ufjynf
axmifpk+yKduGJwJhtxd OD;wnfoGm;apcJh
wJh ppfacgif;aqmifwpku orRw a*: ppf w yf acgif ; aqmif a wG [ m
bmcsufxHu tm%modrf;zkd@ }udK;pm;cJh vlxkeJ@yl;aygif;/ 'grSr[kwf
wJh jzpf&yfjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dtm%modrf;
vlxkudk ESdyfuGyf+zdKcGJzkd@qdkwJh
r_udk qef@usifuef@uGuf+yD; 'l;rm;v$wf
awmf t aqmuf t OD ; uk d 0ef ; &H q EN j y
tm%m&SifawG&JŒ trdef@udk
ae=uwJh vlxkudk +zdKcGJEdkifzkd@ tm%m remcHcJhwJhtwGuf
odrf;acgif;aqmifawGu wifhum;wyfcGJ tJ'DEdkifiHawGu
wcGJudk apv$wfvdkufygw,f? tJ'DwyfcGJ vlxkawmfvSefa&;awG
v$ w f a wmf t eD ; ud k a &muf v mwJ h t cg atmif j rif + yD ; tm%m&S i f a wG
qENjyae=uwJh vlxu k kd jrifawG@ oGm;wJh yH k o ¾¾mefmef t rsd K ;rsd K ;eJ @
tJ'DwyfcGJ&JŒ t}uD;tuJ[m vlxkudk jyKwf u suk e f = uwmjzpf y gw,f ?
ypfcwf+zdKcGJzkd@ ol@wyfom;awGudk trdef@
ray;&ufjzpfaeygw,f? tJ'Dvdk wifh
um;wyf&JŒwyfrSL; Za0Z0gjzpfaewm
udk tcGiahf umif;,l+yD; tJ't D csed u
f ±k&mS ;Edik if &H ŒJ orRwjzpfwhJ abm&pf,v hJ q
f ifu
wifhum;wpD;ay: ckefwuf+yD; vlxkudk rdef@cGef;ajymygw,f? wifhum;awGa&muf
vmrS qkwq f ikd ;f qdik ;f jzpfae=uwJh qENjyjynfoal wG[mvnf; tJ'u D srS tm;wuf
vm+yD; wifhum;awGudk vlyifv,f}uD;eJ@ 0dkif;&Hvdkufygawmhw,f? tJ'DyHk&dyfudk
±kyo
f uH ifr&mawGuwqifh ±k&mS ;wEdik if v H ;kH eJ@ wurBmvH;k u jrifomG ;cJ=h u&muae
wjznf;jznf;eJ@ qdkAD,uf ppfwyfwckvHk; jynfol@bufudk ,drf;,dkifvmr_eJ@twl
jynfoal wGbufu tompD;&vm+yD; aemufq;kH awmh tJ't D m%modr;f zk@d }udK;pm;
r_ vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; +yKduGJoGm;cJh&ygawmhw,f? 'g[m ppfwyfeJ@ jynfolvlxk yl;
aygif;r_a=umifh tm%m&Sifpepf csKyf+idrf;oGm;+yD; 'Drdkua&pD xGef;opfvmEdkifcJhwJh
24
Oyrmwckjzpfygw,f? bmvifwHwdkif;}uD; +yKdusoGm;wJh jzpf&yfudk avhvm=unfh&if

vnf; tvm;wl tajctaersdK;udk awG@&dS&rSm jzpfygw,f?
usaemfwkd@ EdkifiHudpPrSmawmh tm;vHk;od=uwJhtwdkif;ygyJ? usaemf[m urR
0g'udk ausm±kd;xm;wJh Ak'<bmom0ifwOD; jzpfaewma=umifh 'Dae&mrSmawmh uHudkyJ
,dk;r,fzGJ@&ygawmhr,f? usaemfwkd@EdkifiH uHraumif;cJhygbl;? ta=umif;uawmh
zdvpfyikd u f &mrk@d pw f @dk v/kd tif'ekd ;D &Sm;u 0D&efww kd @dk vkd jynfov l x
l bk ufu &yfwnfwhJ
ppfwyft}uD;tuJrsdK; usaemfwkd@EdkifiHrSm xGufay:vmjcif;r&dScJhvkd@ygyJ? &Spfav;vHk;
ta&;awmfyHk jzpfyGm;aecsdef ppfwyft}uD;tuJjzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; apmarmif[m
wbufbufudk&yfzkd@ jywfjywfom;om; qHk;jzwf&awmhr,fhtcsdef a&mufvmwJhtcg
rSm wcsdefu ta&SŒawmiftm&Sa'orSm tcsrf;omtºuG,f0qHk;eJ@ zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufzkd@
tvm;tvmvnf; taumif;qHk;vkd@ ynm&SifawG owfrSwfwm cHcJh&wJh EdkifiHwckudk
urBmzh @HG +zdK;wd;k wufr_ tenf;qH;k Edik if pH m&if;xJ a&mufomG ;atmif vkyyf pfcw hJ hJ tm%m
&Sif OD;ae0if;bufrSm &yfwnfvdkufygw,f? OD;ae0if;&JŒ twW}uD;rm;r_'%fudk (26)
ESpfvHk;vHk; ausmaumhaeatmif cHpm;cJh=u&vkd@ wckwnf;aom tm;xm;&mjzpfwJh
ppfwyfudk &dScdk;OD;wifawmif;yef+yD; u,fyg,lygwpmpm atmf[pfaewJh jrefrmjynfol
vlx}k uD;udk ausmcdik ;f vdu k yf gw,f? ppfwyfxrJ mS wm0efxrf;aqmifae=uwJh wdik ;f rSL;/
AsL[mrSL;upvkd@ AdkvfrSL;/ Adkvf}uD;txd (Adkvf}uD; pdkif;0if;ausmf wa,mufuvGJvkd@)
b,fppfwyft&m&dSurSvnf; ppfwyft}uD;tuJ&JŒ tJ'D&yfwnfcsufudk (w&m;0if)
ar;cGe;f xkww f mrsKd ; r&dcS yhJ gb;l ? tJ'rD mS wif +idr;f csr;f pGm qENjyae=uwJh jynfoal wG[m
axmif;axmif;nufnuf a=uatmif acsr_ef;jcif; cHcJh=u&awmhwmygyJ? tJ'DrSmwif
&Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH uD;&JŒ ta&;}uD;wJh tqifw h qif[ h mvnf; jynfoal wG buf
u (&oif&h xku d w
f )hJ tqH;k tjzwfatmifyJG wckr&vdu k b
f J tqH;k owfomG ;cJ&h ygawmh
w,f?
'ga=umifh usaemfuawmh &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHk}uD;twGif; jynfolawG
tqHk;tjzwfatmifyGJr&EdkifcJhwm&JŒ ta=umif;&if;[m tJ'Dwkef;u vlxkacgif;aqmif
awG&JŒ tm;enf;r_a=umifhr[kwfbJ ppfwyf (txl;ojzifh acgif;aqmifydkif;)&JŒ yl;aygif;
yg0ifulnDr_udk r&cJhr_jzpfw,fvkd@yJ jrifygw,f? Õ
25
ar; ? ? tJovdkqdk&if jrefrmppfwyfta=umif; ar;cGef;wckar;csif

w,f? (1989) ckESpftwGif; ql;avbk&m;teD; r[mAE<Kvvrf;
(tJ'Dwkef;u) cspfpdef'efaygufqkdif tay:xyfrSm zGifhxm;wJh vl@abmif
opf'Drdku&ufwpfygwD XmecsKyf±kH;cef;uae a':atmifqef;pk=unfu
vlxkudk rdef@cGef;wckajymcJhw,f? tJ'Drdef@cGef;xJrSm a':atmifqef;pk
=unfu 'Duae@ jrefrmppfwyf[m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ppfwyfvm;/
OD;ae0if; ppfwyfvm; qdw k m uk, d u
hf ,
kd u
f kd ar;cGe;f xkw&f awmhr,fqw
kd hJ
pum;wcGef; ygw,f? tJ'Dpum;rSm jrefrmjynfrSm ppfwyfESpfrsdK;&dScJhwJh
yHkrsdK; xif[yfaew,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ tJ'Dpum;eJ@ywfouf
+yD; cifAsm;&JŒtjrifudk ajymygOD;?
ajz ? ? a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒtjrifudk usaemf oabmwlyg

w,f? 'gayr,fh a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒtjrifu a,bk,s qefae
w,fvkd@ ,lqwJhtwGuf usaemfu tJ'Dt,ltqudk tao;pdwfxyf
+yD; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmcsifw,f? usaemfhtjrift& acwfopfjrefrmhppf
orkid ;f rSm ppfwyf(4)ck&wSd ,f? tJ'gawGuawmh Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;wyf/
Adkvfarmifarmifwyf/ Akdvfae0if;wyfeJ@ Adkvfoef;a&$wyfwkd@yJ jzpfygw,f?
tJ'DcGJjcrf;pdwfjzmcsufudk usaemf tao;pdwf &Sif;jyygr,f?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wyfqdkwmeJ@ ywfoufvkd@awmh odyfrsm;
rsm;&Sif;jyzkd@ vdkr,frxifygbl;? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m b,fvdkvlrsdK;
jzpfw,fqw kd m pmtkyaf ygi;f taxmiftaomif;xJrmS yg&+Sd yD; jzpfygw,f?
tJ'DpmawGxJrSm azmfjycsufawGt& AdkvfcsLyfatmifqef;&JŒ yHk&dyf[m
aumif;pGm ay:vGifae+yDjzpfvkd@ 'Dae&mrSm tJ'DyHk&dyfudk usaemfxyf+yD;
26
tus,cf sŒJ wmrsKd ; rvkyaf wmhygb;l ? tus,cf sŒJ !¸e;f zG@J p&m tcsut f vufvnf; usaemfrh mS
r&dSygbl;? usaemfh&JŒtajztwGuf +cHKiHkrdapEdkifr,fh ol@&JŒ pdwf"mwfeJ@ ywfouf+yD; oludk,f
wkdif&JŒ ajympum;wpfckudkyJ udk;um;azmfjyygr,f? oludk,fwdkifa&;om;wJh aqmif;yg;wyk'f
xJrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u “vlwa,muf[m tajccHtm;jzifh ±kd;om;&r,f (sincere)/
trSefw&m;udk cspfjrwfEdk;&r,f (love of truth)/ 'grSvlyDor,f”vkd@qdkygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;[m ajymwJhtwdkif; vkyfwJhol[kwf r[kwf/ vlyDool [kwfr[kwf qdkwmudk
awmh oltouf&iS af exdik o f mG ;wJh b0u jycJ+h yD;jzpfwmrk@d tus,cf sŒJ &Si;f jyp&mvdrk ,f rxif
awmhygbl;?
'Dawmh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vdkvlrsdK;u wnfaxmifzGJ@pnf; au|;arG;jyKpk ysdK;
axmifchJwJh ppfwyf[m b,fvdkppfwyfrsdK; jzpfrvJ? ±kd;om;+yD; trSefw&m;udk cspfjrwfEdk;wJh
ppfwyfjzpfvdrfhr,fvkd@ a,bk,stm;jzifh ,lqEdkifygw,f? tJ'Dppfwyf zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmif
pOfu wnf&cSd w hJ hJ jrefrmEdik if &H ŒJ ordik ;f a&; tajctaeuvnf; rsKd ;csppf w d "f mwfukd tjrifrh m;
qHk; wGef;tm;ay;aewJh 0ef;usiftaetxm;rsdK; jzpfwma=umifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JŒ
ppfwyf[m wdkif;jynftusdK;twGuf udk,fusdK;udkomru toufudkyg pGef@v$wfr,fqdkwJh
rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwf jyif;xefwJh/ rdrdwkd@acgif;aqmif&JŒ tajccH *k%f&nfESpfckjzpfwJh ±kd;om;r_eJ@
trSefw&m;udk cspfjrwfEdk;r_wkd@udk toufyrm ±kdaoapmifha&SmufumuG,fwJh ppfwyfjzpfcJh
w,fqw kd hJ tcsuef @J ywfouf+yD; oufaoom"u taxmuftxm;awG trsm;}uD;&dcS w hJ m
udkvnf; avhvm=unfh&if odEdkifygw,f?
Adv
k rf LS ;csKyfarmifarmif&ŒJ ud, k af &;&mZ0if tao;pdwu f akd wmh usaemf rodygb;l ?
usaemf ol@ta=umif; p odwJhae&mu zufqpf*syefawG jrefrmEdkifiHudk tkyfpdk;aewJhumv
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;trSL;jyKwJh wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifawGudk/ jynfolawG zufqpf&JŒ n‡Of;
yef ; Ed S y f p uf w mcH a e&wJ h t jzpf u d k vspf v sK±_ x m;&aumif ; vm;vk d @ rausreyf j zpf + yD ;
Adv
k af tmif}uD;eJ@ wGu J m Adv k af e0if;udk acgi;f aqmifwif *syefuakd wmfveS zf @dk jyifqifwhJ udpyP g?
ol[m OD;ausmf+idrf;/ OD;AaqGwkd@vkd qdk&S,fvpfacgif;aqmifawGeJ@ &if;EDS;ol/ ocifpdk;/ ocif
oef;xGe;f trSL;jyKwJh ArmjynfueG jf rLepfacgi;f aqmifawGukd tjrifr=unfo/l owif;pmq&m
awGudk txiftjrifao;ol/ wdkif;jynfudk EdkifiHa&;orm;awGvufxJ v$Jxm;vkd@uawmh
ig;yg;arSmufvdrfhr,f? wkdif;jynfaumif;zkd@ igwkd@ppfwyfu vkyfrS&r,fvkd@ ±_jrifolwOD;tjzpf
=um;zl;em;0 pum;awGt& usaemfodxm;ygw,f?
wkdif;jynfaumif;zkd@ igwkd@ppfwyfvkyfrS&r,fqdkwJh tawG;tac: AdkvfrSL;csKyf
armifarmifacgif;xJ b,ftcsdefrSmp+yD; oaE<wnfcJhw,fqdkwJh tcsufukd rajymEdkifayr,fh
tJ't D awG;tac: wpwp±kyv f ;kH ay:vmwmuawmh Akv d af e0if; umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfjzpf+yD;
r=umrDumvawGrmS jzpfygw,f? pmtvGezf wfov l @dk ausm=f um;+yD; (tJ'w D ek ;f u) oabm
w&m;a&; tawG;tac:eJ@ vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;t& tompD;&aewJh jrefrmuGefjrLepf
acgi;f aqmifawGe@J wyfxu J uGejf rLepfvv kd m;wJh wyfrLS ;awGukd tiftm;csed cf iG v f #mn‡Ed ikd zf @dk
27
ppfwyfudk qdk&S,fvpftawG;tac:udkifpGJ+yD; udk,fhajcaxmufay: udk,f&yfwnfEdkifwJh trm
cHtrsdK;om;a&; tiftm;pk}uD;w&yftjzpf wnfaxmifvdkpdwf jyif;jyoltjzpf vlodrsm;wJh
AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifarmif[m ol@&JŒ tJ'DtawG;tac:udk (1950) jynfhvGefpESpfawGrSm pwif
taumiftxnfazmfcJhygw,f? tJovdkvkyfaqmifwJhae&mrSm wyfwGif;u ol@&JŒ nmvuf
±kH;u AdkvfrSL;csKyf atmif}uD;jzpf+yD; wyftjyifbufu ol@&JŒnmvuf±kH;uawmh uGefjrLepf
acgi;f aqmif}uD; ocifp;kd &JŒ taE 0W gou d wynfwh OD;jzpfczhJ ;l wJh OD;cspv
f id_ f jzpfw,fv@dk od&yg
w,f?
EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;}uD;awG&JŒ ajym=um;csuft& tJ'DumvawGwkef;u
OD;ae0if;[m ppfwyf&JŒ t}uD;tuJjzpfayr,fh ppfwyf&JŒ wu,fhta&;t&mawGudk vuf
awG@pDrHcef@cGJaewmu AdkvfarmifarmifeJ@ Adkvfatmif}uD;wkd@jzpfw,fvkd@ od&ygw,f? t"du
uawmh Adkvfarmifarmifjzpfw,fvkd@ qdkygw,f? AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifarmif[m ODcspfvd_if&JŒ
tultnDeJ@ (1954) ckESpfavmuf apmapmuwnf;up+yD; wyfxJrSm qdk&S,fvpfoifwef;
awG ay;cJhw,fvkd@ od&ygw,f? tcdsefumv twdtus rodayr,fh usaemfh txif tJ'D
umv0ef;usifavmufrSmyJ p+yD; wyfrawmf udk,fhajcaxmufay:udk,f &yfwnfEdkifa&;
twGuf (bwf*sufeJ@ ywfouf+yD; tpdk;&tay: rDScdkae&wmrsdK; rjzpfapzkd@twGuf) wyfr
awmf&JŒ udk,fykdifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awG (bDtD;'DpD/ =u,fig;yGifh pojzifh) xlaxmifcJhw,fvkd@
od&ygw,f? 'g[m 'Duae@ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$ OD;aqmifwJh ppfwyfu av#mufvSrf;zkd@
}udK;pm;aewJh wyfrawmfu EdkifiHa&;OD;aqmiftcef;u¾rSm yg0ifa&;qdkwJh pDrHudef;&JŒ
rlvtp jrpfzsm;ydkif;yJ jzpfygw,f?
ppfwyf&JŒ yxrqHk;t}udrf tm%modrf;yGJjzpfwJh (1958)ckESpf tm%modrf;yGJudk
trsm;u AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;&JŒ tm%modrf;yGJvkd@ odxm;=uayr,fh wu,fawmh tJ'g[m
AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifarmif&JŒ tm%modrf;yGJomjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;EkqD oGm;
+yD; ppfwyfudk tm%mv$Jtyfay;zkd@ awmif;qdkcJh=uwm AdkvfarmifarmifeJ@ Adkvfatmif}uD;
wkd@ESpfa,mufqdkayr,fh aemufydkif; a&'D,dktifwmAsL;wckrSm Adkvfarmifarmifu “Adkvf
atmif}uD;udk usKyfac:oGm;cJhwmyg” vkd@ ajymcJhwJh pum;udk =unfh&if tJ'DZmwfvrf;&JŒ
Zmwf!¸ef;a&;q&mtppf[m Adkvfarmifarmifomjzpfw,fqdkwmudk awG@=u&rSmyg? olwkd@
ESpfa,muf OD;EkqDoGm;+yD; tm%mv$Jay;zkd@ ajymwJhudpP[m OD;ae0if;eJ@wdkifyif/ ('grSr[kwf)
OD;ae0if;udk today;+yD;rS vkyfwmjzpfrSm aocsmayr,fh tJ'DyGJrSm wu,fh oabmw&m;
a&;q&m}uD;uawmh AdkvfarmifarmifygyJ? wenf;ajym&&if Adkvfarmifarmif[m tESpfESpf
tvvu ol=uHpnfvmcJhwJh “trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&;wGif wyfrawmfu OD;aqmifr_u¾rS
yg0ifa&;”qdkwJh ar#mfrSef;csufudk vlod&Sif=um; pwiftaumiftxnfazmfvkdufwmyJ jzpfyg
w,f?
tJ'yD rJG mS OD;Ek&ŒJ yg;eyfr/_ tpOftquf olw@dk &ŒJ tpfu}kd uD;ozG,f &Sv d mcJw
h hJ OD;Ek&ŒJ
yk*~dKvfa&;t&dSeft0gudk tm%modrf;zkd@ =uHpnfwJh ppfacgif;aqmifawG rvSefEdkifr_wkd@a=umifh
28
tJ'Dwkef;u tm%modrf;ppftpdk;&&JŒ oufwrf;[m (2)ESpf0ef;usifom =um&SnfcJhayr,fh
tJ'Dumvwdkuav;twGif;rSmawmif ppfwyf&JŒvkyf&yfawGrSm Adkvfarmifarmif&JŒ ajc&m
vuf&mawG txift&Sm; xif[yfaewmudk awG@jrifEdkifygw,f? (zqyv)uGJwJh'%feJ@
jynfwGif;ppf'%fa=umifh 'Drdkua&pDqdkwmudk tawmftwef pdwfemaumif; emae=uzG,f
&dw
S /hJ ('grrS [kw)f 'Dru kd a&pDtavhtusihf tawG@t}uKH enf;yg; vGe;f r_a=umifh 'Dru kd a&pDukd
wefzdk;xm;&aumif;rSef; jynfhjynfh00 oabmaygufem;vnfEdkifpGrf; r&dS=uao;wJh jynfol
wcsKdŒu ESpfoufvufcHcsifp&m vkyf&yfwcsKdŒ&dScJhayr,fh tJ'Dwkef;u ppfwyf&JŒvkyf&yfawG
[m r=umcifrSm jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒaumif;uif,HrSm odkif;zGJ@vmawmhr,f ppftm%m&Sifpepf
wdrfndKwdrfrnf;}uD;awG&JŒ twdwfedrdwfawGvkdygyJ? tJ'DtcsufawGudk (1959)ckESpf
ara';ae@rSmajymwJh OD;Ek&JŒrdef@cGef;udk avhvm=unfh&if awG@Edkifygw,f? 'ghtjyifh t*Fvdyf
acwfu {&mr &mZ0wfaumifawGukd yk@d whJ udu k ;kd u|e;f ok@d Edik if aH &;orm;awGudk yk@d +yD; EdyS pf uf
n‡Of;yef;wJh tavhtx yxrqHk;t}udrf ay:xGufcJhwmvnf; tJ'Dtm%modrf; ppftpdk;&
vufxufrSm jzpfygw,f? aemuf+yD; EdkifiHwckvHk;eJ@ oufqdkifwJh b¾maiGawGudk toHk;jyK
+yD; ppfwyfyikd f pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;awGukd ajymifajymifwif;wif;/ ay:ay:xifxif xlaxmifvm
wmvnf; tJ'pD pftpd;k &vufxufrmS jzpfygw,f? wcsed u f ordik ;f a&;vdt k yfcsut f & xGuf
ay:vmcJw h mjzpfwhJ “wyfrawmftiftm;&drS S wdik ;f jynftiftm;&drS nf”qdw k hJ oDcsi;f [m tJ'D
wkef;u tm%modrf;ppftpdk;&&JŒ vkyf&yfawGudk aumif;pGm tvkyftau|;jyKcJhygw,f?
ppftpdk;&[m +rdKŒjya'oawG (txl;ojzifh &efukefeJ@ rE Wav;wkd@vdk +rdKŒ}uD;awG)rSm ol@
tac: jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;awGudk tm;oGefcGefpdkuf vkyfudkifcJhovdk awmpGef e,f
zsm;rSmvnf; olyek af ygi;f pHu k kd tjyif;txefwu kd cf u kd f acsre_ ;f cJyh gw,f? wcsed w f nf;rSm awm
xJu uGefjrLepfolykefawGudk vdkvm;w,fvkd@ ,lq&wJh +rdKŒay:u EdkifiHa&;orm; rSefor#udk
vnf; zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cJhygw,f? vuf0Jvdkvm;wJh ausmif;om;or*~eJ@ ausmif;om; acgif;
aqmifawGudkvnf; ESdyfuGyfcJhygw,f?
tJ'Dvkyf&yftm;vHk;[m uGefjrLepfawGudk tpOftquf tjrifr=unfvifcJhwJh/
wdkif;jynfudk ppfwyfOD;aqmifrS &r,fqdkwJh tawG;tac:&dSwJh/ ppfwyfudk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&eJ@
oD;jcm;uif;vGww f hJ (Institution) wckjzpfapcsiw f hJ Advk rf LS ;csKyfarmifarmif&ŒJ tawG;tac:
awGudk xif[yfaewJhtwGuf (1950) jynfhvGefESpfrsm;upvkd@ a&G;aumufyGJvkyfay;+yD;
tEdkif& (yxp)tpdk;&vufxJ tm%mjyefv$Jay;cJh&wJh (1960)ckESpfavmuftxdumv
twGif; &dScJhwJh ppfwyf[m AdkvfrSL;csKyf armifarmif&JŒ ppfwyfjzpfw,fvkd@ usaemfqdkcsifyg
w,f? tJ'pD pfwyf[m vkyef nf;vky[ f eftrsm;pke@J tE rdW ar#mrf eS ;f csut f ydik ;f rSm ausm±k;d u
ppf0g'jzpfwJh zufqpf0g'taiG@toufawG v$rf;rkd;aecJhayr,fh t&if;cHapwemtydkif;rSm
wdik ;f jynfaumif;pm;a&;udk trSew f u,f vdv k m;cJw h hJ ppfwyfjzpfw,fv@dk usaemf tuJjzwf
csifygw,f?
29
wwd,tydkif;uawmh OD;ae0if;&JŒppfwyfqdkwJh tydkif;jzpfygw,f? OD;ae0if;
ta=umif; ol@&JŒ taE W0godu wynfhwpfOD;jzpfol a'gufwmarmifarmifa&;wJh bkef;awmf
bGJ@pmtkyf}uD;xJrSm tawmfrsm;rsm;yg0if+yD; tcsKdŒaom EdkifiHa&;orm;awGa&;wJh pmtkyf
awGxrJ mS vnf; }udK=um;}udK=um; yg&cSd +hJ yD;jzpfv@dk tJ'rD mS yg+yD; ta=umif;awGuakd wmh usaemf
'DrSmxyfrajymawmhygbl;? oleJ@ywfouf+yD; jzpfEdkifor# tjynfhpHkqHk; yHk&dyfwck&&dSEdkifapzkd@
ol@ta=umif; vlodenf;ao;w,fvkd@ ,lqrdwJh ta=umif;awGudkyJ wifjyoGm;ygr,f?
ol@ta=umif; a&;om;csuftrsm;pkt& OD;ae0if;[m &JabmfoHk;usdyfqdkwJh
a0g[m&eJ@rSwGJ+yD; vlodrsm;vmcJhwm jzpfygw,f? ol[m tJ'Dt&ifuwnf;u pmwkduf
pma&;b0eJ@ jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;}udK;yrf;r_ a&pD;a=umif;&JŒ tpGeftzsm;em;rSm yg0ifcJhw,f
vkd@ a'gufwmarmifarmif&JŒ pmtkyfxJrSm azmfjyxm;ayr,fh &JabmfoHk;usdyfrwdkifrD ol&JŒ
Edik if aH &;jzwfoef;r_ta=umif; wjcm; b,fEikd if aH &;orm;&JŒ a&;om;csurf S usaemf rsm;rsm;
pm;pm; rzwfzl;ygbl;? 'g[m usaemfh&JŒ pmzwfrESH@r_eJ@ tavhtvm tm;enf;r_a=umifh
vnf; jzpfEdkifygw,f?
OD;ae0if;ta=umif; usaemf avh
vmrSwfom; od&dSxm;oavmufxJu vl
trsm; od&dSxm;=u+yD;om;jzpfw,fvkd@ us
aemf xifwJh tcsuftvufawGudk (usrf;
av;rSm pdk;wJh ±_axmifht&) csefvSyf+yD; vlod
enf;ao;w,fvkd@ usaemf xifwJh tcsuf
tvufawGudkom a&;om;azmfjyoGm;yg
r,f? &nf&G,fcsufuawmh tJ'Dtcsuft
vuf ESpfrsdK;aygif;uae OD;ae0if;&JŒ wpHkwck
aom twdkif;twmtxd jynfhpHkwJh yHk&dyfwck
xGufay:vmr,f? 'DtcgrSm tJ'DvdkvlrsdK;
vufatmufrSm umvwcktxd jzwfoef;
cJh&wJh jrefrmppfwyf[m b,fvkdtaet
xm; &drS ,fqw kd mudk rSe;f qoH;k oyf=unfEh ikd zf @dk
jzpfygw,f?
'Duae@ 0g&ifhEdkifiHa&;orm;}uD;rsm;qdkwJh acgif;pOfatmufrSm jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒ trsdK
om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;wkd@twGuf tdkrif;
rpGrf;jzpfae=uwJh rdrdwkd@&JŒtouft&G,fudkrS riJhuGufEdkifbJ waxmifhwae&mu wwyf
wtm; yg0if}udK;yrff;aqmif&Gufae=uwJh a&SŒrDaemufrD rsdK;cspfEkdifiHa&;orm;}uD;wpk&JŒ
OD;pD;OD;aqmiftjzpf wm0ef,x l m;wJh vuf&rSd mS touf(90)ausmaf e+yDjzpfwhJ ocifoed ;f az
u ol@&JŒ tdrf+cH0if;xJrSmvkyfwJh EdkifiHa&; tcrf;tem;wckrSm OD;ae0if;[m &JabmfoHk;usdyf
30
ppfynmoifzkd@ [dkifeefu|ef;udk xGufcGm=ur,fh oabFmay:a&mufrS ocifjzpfvmwJhol
jzpfw,fvkd@ &JabmfoHk;usdyf0if AdkvfrSL;atmifu rSwfcsufcswmudk ol=um;zl;cJha=umif;
ajymqdkcJhygw,f? [dkifeefudk oGm;+yD; v#Kd@0Sufppfynmoif,lr,fh rsdK;cspfvli,fawGudk a&G;
cs,zf @dk wm0ef&w Sd hJ ocifacgi;f aqmifwOD;u v$wrf ,fv h t l a&twGuf rjynfah o;vk@d }uH&m
r&jzpfaepOfrSm tdrfa&SŒu jzwfav#mufoGm;wJh ,cif&if;ESD;+yD;om; vli,fwOD;jzpfol
armif±_armifudk jrifvkd@ vSrf;ac:vdkuf+yD; ppfynmoifzkd@ oGm;rvm;vkd@ ar;wJhtcg oGm;
r,fvkd@ajymwmeJ@ a&G;cs,fvdkufa=umif;/ oGm;r,fhae@ ol oabFmay:wufvmwJhtcg
oabFmay: a&mufEiS ahf e=u+yD;jzpfwhJ &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f ifawGu “b,fov l ”J vk@d ar;wJth cg
“ocif±_armif” vkd@ajymcJha=umif;/ t&ifu ocif±_armifqdkwJh trnfudk r=um;bl;=ubJ
oabFmay:a&mufrS =um;zl;=uwma=umifh oabFmay:a&mufrS ocifjzpfvmolvkd@
ajym&wmjzpfa=umif; pojzifh tJ'rD ed @f ceG ;f rSm ocifoed ;f azu ajymqdo k mG ;cJw
h m jzpfygw,f?
tJ'gu OD;ae0if;&JŒ vlodenf;ao;wJh yHk&dyfwuGufjzpfygw,f? tJ'Daemufawmh
[dkifeefu|ef;ay:u b0rSm ol@&JŒ yHk&dyf[m tjcm;aom &JabmfoHk;udsyf0ifrsm;xuf ydk+yD;
xl;jcm;vSw,fqdkwm r&dScJhygbl;? twnfrjyKEdkifwJh tcsuftvuf wckawmh &dSygw,f?
tJ'guawmh tJ'rD mS &daS ecdu k f Advk cf sKyfatmifqef;u ole@J &if;ES;D wJh olawGukd “Adv k af e0if;[m
udk,feJ@ rxdkufwefwJh ae&mudk ,lcsifwJh pdwf&dSoljzpfw,f”vkd@ ajymqdkcJhw,fqdkwJh tcsuf
jzpfygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u Adkvfae0if;eJ@ywfouf+yD; trSefwu,fyJ tJovdk ajymcJh
jcif; &dSr&dSqdkwmudk twnfrjyKEdkifayr,fh olwkd@ESpfOD;=um; yÉdyuQ oHk;}udrfjzpfcJhzl;w,f
qdkwJh tcsufuawmh ordkif;rSm txift&Sm;jzpfygw,f? yxrqHk; w}udrfu zufqpf*syef
acwfrmS Adv k af rmifarmife@J Adv
k af tmif}uD;wk@d jrefrmhEikd if aH &;bufe@J ppfbufacgi;f aqmifyikd ;f
udk tm;rvdktm;r& jzpf+yD; *syefudkawmfvSefzkd@ }uHpnfcJh=upOfwkef;u jzpfygw,f? olwkd@
ESpOf ;D [m Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;trde@f e@J q+kd yD; &efuek u
f kd qif;/ Adv
k af e0if;udk acgi;f aqmifwif+yD;
*syefudkawmfvSefzkd@ pnf;a0;jyifqif=uygw,f? tJ'Dowif;udk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; odoGm;
wJhtcg a'goxGuf+yD; Adkvfae0if;udk tjyif;txef qlyl}udrf;armif;ygw,f?
'kwd,t}udrfu zufqpfawmfvSefa&;vkyfzkd@ ppfwdkif;awG cGJa0owfrSwfwJh
v#KdŒ0Suftpnf;ta0;rSm jzpfygw,f? awmfvSefa&;rSm Adkvfae0if;wm0efuswJh e,fajru
jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'o jzpfygw,f? tJ'De,fajrxJrSm yg0ifwJh [Hom0wDc±kdifeJ@ +rdKŒe,ftcsKdŒ
udk awmfveS af &;tzG@J 0ifwOD;u (trnfrrSwrf ad wmh) ppfqifa&;tajctaet& ol@wikd ;f xJ
xnfhay;zkd@ tJ'D tpnf;ta0;rSm awmif;qdkwJhtcgAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u oabmwl+yD;
xnfhay;vdkufygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm Adkvfae0if;u a'goaygufuGJ+yD; “usaemfhudk r,Hk&if
vnf; wm0efray;ygeJ@? tckvdkvkyfwmawmh bmaumif;ovJ”vkd@ t"dy`g,f&wJh pum;rsdK;
udk rcHr&yfEdkif ajymqdkcJhygw,f? Adkvfae0if;&JŒ tJ'Dvkyf&yfa=umifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; tyg
t0if tJ'DrSm&dSaewJh acgif;aqmifawG[m ±kwfw&uf a=umifoGm;=u+yD; aemufrdepf
31
tenf;i,f=umrS tJ'Dtjzpftysufudk tm;vHk;u rodovdkvkyf+yD; tpnf;ta0;udk
qufvkyf=uum r=umcifrSm tpnf;ta0;udk ±kyfodrf;vdkufw,fvkd@ od&ygw,f?
wwd,t}udru f awmh *syefawmfveS af &;&JŒ aemufq;kH ae@&ufwckrmS Adv k af rmif
armif/ Adkvfatmif}uD;wkd@ tpDtpOfeJ@yJ &efukefudk ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfu odrf;ydkuf
vdkuf+yDqdkwJhta=umif; Adkvfae0if; vufrSwfeJ@ toHv$ifh a=unmwJhudpP jzpfygw,f? tJ'D
udpP[mvnf; ol@&JŒcGifhjyKcsufrygbJ vkyfcJhwJhudpPjzpfwma=umifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m
t}uD;tus,f a'gyG+yD; Adkvfae0if;udk tjyif;txef qlyl}udrf;armif;cJhwJhtjyif &mxl;uyg
csvdkufygw,f?
Adv
k af e0if;[m acwfopfjrefrmhwyfrawmfukd xlaxmifco hJ l Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;eJ@
tJovkd yÉdyuQav;awG &dScJhzl;ygw,f? 'gtjyifh wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifawGjzpf=uwJh
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;/ Adv k v
f usmf / Adv k af Z,s/ zqyv acgi;f aqmifawG jzpf=uwJh OD;Ek/ OD;ode;f
azjrifh/ OD;ausmf+idrf;/ OD;AaqG/ ocifA[def; polwkd@[m wuUodkvfausmif;omor*~ todkuf
t0ef;u vmolawGjzpf=u+yD; oluawmh tJovdkr[kwfwJhtwGuf Adkvfae0if;[m
wuUodkvfausmif;om;awGudk rvdkrkef;xm;wJhpdwf &ifxJrSm usdwf&dSaeoljzpf+yD; (1962)
ckESpf/ Zlvdkif (7)&ufae@u ol&JŒvkyf&yfawG[m tJ'Dpdwf"mwf&JŒ xif[yfcsufwck jzpfw,f
vkd@ qdkolawGvnf; &dSygw,f? &efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om;awGudk ypfcwfowfjzwf/
&efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om;or*~ taqmuftOD;udk 'dkif;erdkufeJ@ +zdKcszsufqD;cJh+yD;wJh
aemuf wkid ;f jynfukd ajymqdw k hJ a&'D,t kd oHvi$ hf rde@f ceG ;f xJrmS “"m;"m;csi;f / vSv H cHS si;f &ifqikd f
r,f”vkd@ }udrf;0g;cJhwJh pum;[mvnf; wuUodkvfeJ@ wuUodkvftodkuft0ef;eJ@ ywfouf
wJh ol&JŒ tikH@pdwf/ tusdwftcJ yGifhxGufvmwmjzpfw,fvkd@ tJ'DvlawGu qdk=uygw,f?
Adkvfae0if;[m ^m%feD^m%feuf ºuG,f0olwpfa,mufjzpfw,fvkd@ ol&JŒ jrif;
orm;b0udk odrDvdkufolawGu tudk;tum;awGeJ@ ajymjy=uygw,f? ol[m trsuf
apmifrmef}uD;oljzpfwhJ wcsed w f nf;rSm &Jabmf&b J ufawGtay: u±k%mxm;oljzpfw,fv@dk
vnf; 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; OD;Eku ajymzl;w,fvkd@ usaemf rSwfom;&zl;ygw,f? Adkvfae0if;
eJ@ acwf+yKdifwOD;jzpf+yD; 'Duae@txd jrefrmhordkif;a&jyifus,f}uD;xJrSm ol,Hk=unf&m
bufudk OD;wnful;cwfaeqJjzpfwJh ocifwifjruawmh ol@&JŒ 'DbufacwftwGif;a&;wJh
aqmif;yg;wyk'fxJrSm OD;ae0if;[m ,kwfrmolwa,mufr[kwfbl;/ yk*~dKvfa&;}uD;jrifhr_udk
tvdk&dSolwOD;om jzpfw,fvkd@ a&;xm;wmudk zwfvdkuf&ygao;w,f?
tJ'Dawmh twnfjyKEdkifwJh tcsuftvufawGa&m/ twnfrjyKEdkifwJh tcsuf
tvufawGa&mudk aygif;csKyfwGufcsuf+yD; yHkazmf=unfhvdkufwJhtcg Adkvfae0if;[m udk,feJ@
rxdu k wf efwhJ ae&mudk &,lvo kd /l Om%feOD m%feufrsm;ol/ trsuaf pmifrmef}uD;ol/ &Jabmf
&JbufawGudk oem;=uifemwwfol/ yk*~Kdvfa&;}uD;jrifhr_udk tvdk&dSol pojzifh ol&JŒ
t=urf;zsif; yHk&dyfudk rSef;qjrifa,mifrdvmygw,f?
32
Akdvfae0if; jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ZmwfcHkay:rSm yg0ifujyoGm;cJhwJh umvtwdkif;
twmudk rSwfwrf;jyK=unfhr,fqkd&if &JabmfoHk;udsyf0ifwOD;tjzpf oabFmeJ@vdkufyg
oGm;cJhwJh (1941) ckESpfuae uG,fvGefwJh (2004) ckESpftxdvkd@ t=urf;zsif; qdkEdkifr,f
xifygw,f? ESpfumvtm;jzihf (63) ESpfjzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh ol@&JŒyHk&dyftppftrSefudk
trsm;jynfol yDyDjyifjyif xifxif&Sm;&Sm; jrifawG@cJh=u&wmawGuawmh (1962)ckESpfuae
(1988)ckESpftxd (26) ESpfwmumvjzpfw,fvkd@ usaemfajym&if trsm;vufcHEdkif=ur,f
xifygw,f? txufrSm azmfjycJhwJh ol@&JŒyHk&dyfawG[mvnf; tJ'DumvtwGif;rSm xif&Sm;
yDjyifcJhw,f qdkwmudk jrifawG@=u&rSm jzpfygw,f?
Akdvfae0if;[m wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf jzpfvmcJhayr,fh tJ'Dupvkd@
(1962) ckESpftxd (1958 rS 1960 txdumvryg) ppfOD;pD;csKyf[m t&yfom; umuG,f
a&;0ef}uD;&JŒ vufatmufrSm &dScJhwmrkd@ tJ'DumvtwGif; jrefrmppfwyf[m Akdvfae0if;&JŒ
vufatmufrSm vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; &dScJhw,fvkd@ rqdkEdkifygbl;? tdrfapmifhtpdk;&umv (58-
60)rSm 0wfpHkjynfh tprf;avhusifhcJh+yD;aemuf (1962) ckESpf rwfv (2) &ufae@usrSom
ppf w yf [ m awmf v S e f a &;aumif p D O uU X / jynf a xmif p k j ref r mEd k i f i H 0ef } uD ; csKyf /
jrefrmhqdk&S,fvrf;pOfygwD OuUX/ EdkifiHawmfaumifpDOuUX/ jynfaxmifpk qdk&S,fvpforRw
jrefrmEdkifiH orRw pwJh &mxl;yHko¿meftrsdK;rsdK;udk tcsdeftcgeJ@ tajctae tm;avsmfpGm
&,lcJhwJh Akdvfae0if;&JŒ “waoG; woH wrdef@” atmufudk a&muf&dScJhwmjzpfwJhtwGuf
(1962)ckESpfeJ@ Akdvfae0if; jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; uef@vefumaemufudk 0ifoGm;cJhwJh (1988) ckESpf
Zlvdkifvt=um; (26) ESpfausmfumvtwGif; wnf&dScJhwJh ppfwyf[m Akdvfae0if;&JŒ
ppfwyfjzpfw,fvkd@ ,lq&rSmjzpfygw,f?
tJ'DumvtwGif;&SdcJhwJh jrefrmppfwyf[m OD;ae0if;ppfwyfjzpfw,fvkd@ aumuf
csuq f EJG ikd +f yDqwkd t
hJ cg tJ'pD pfwyf&ŒJ xl;jcm;wJh 0daootcsut f vufawG (character-
istics)u bmawGvJ qkdwmudk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm=unfh=u&atmifyg?
tzGJ@tpnf;wckrSm tJ'DtzGJ@tpnf;udk acgif;aqmifaewJhol&JŒ yifudk,fp±kduf
vuQ%mawG a,bk,stm;jzifh xif[yfaeavh&dSw,fqdkwJhtcsufudk usaemf a&SŒrSm Adkvf
csKyfatmifqef;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifarmifwkd@eJ@ OyrmjycJh+yD; jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh (1962)
ckESpfu (1988) ckESpftxd (26) ESpfwmumvtwGif; wnf&dScJhwJh jrefrmppfwyf[mvnf;
usaemf txufrmS azmfjycJ+h yD;jzpfwhJ Akv d af e0if;&JŒ yifu,
kd pf ±kud vf uQ%mawG xif[yfaewJh
ppfwyfwck jzpfw,fqdkwmudk pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf avhvmolwdkif; jrifawG@=ur,fxifygw,f?
txl;ojzifh trsufapmifrmef}uD;jcif;qdkwJh p±kdufvuQ%musawmh txift&Sm; tay:
vGifqHk;jzpfygw,f? qJAif;Zlvdkifta&;tcif;upvkd@ &Spfav;vHk;jynfol@'Drdkua&pD ta&;
awmfy}kH uD;txd jynfoal wG&ŒJ qENazmfxw k rf a_ wGtay: Akvd af e0if;tpd;k &&JŒ wk@H jyef ajz&Si;f yHk
awGu Akdvfae0if;tygt0if olavhusifhay;xm;wJh acgif;aqmiftqifhqifh&JŒ trsufapmif
rmef}uD;vSwJh p±kdufvuQ%mudk azmf!¸ef;jyoaeygw,f? jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_ "avhxHk;wrf;
33
awGxJu tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m usifhxHk;wckjzpfwJh rif;usifhw&m;q,fyg;xJu “cE WDp onf;cH
jcif;”qdkwJh w&m;eJ@ Akdvfae0if;eJ@ ol@&JŒ ppfwyfwkd@ udkufnDr_&dS r&dSqdkwmuawmh trsm;
od+yD;om;jzpfrkd@ xyf+yD; tajzxkwfray;vdkawmhygbl;?
'Dae&mrSm AdkvfrSL;csKyf armifarmif&JŒ ppfwyfeJ@ Akdvfae0if;&JŒ ppfwyft=um;
t"duuswJh uGJjym; jcm;em;r_wckudk oHk;oyfwifjyvkdygw,f? ppfwyfESpfckpvHk;[m wdkif;
jynfukd Edik if aH &;orm;awG vufxx J m;vk@d rjzpfb;l / igw@dk vyk af y;rS wkid ;f jynf aumif;pm;r,f
qdkwJh t,ltq&dSolawGcsnf; jzpf
ayr,fh Adkvfarmifarmifu Adkvfae
0if;eJ@ pm&if yk*~dKvfa&;ar#mfrSef;csuf
trsm;}uD; ykdenf;ygw,f? olu
“wkdif;jynfudk ppfwyfu,frSjzpf
r,f”vkd@ ,lqoljzpf+yD; “wkdif;jynf
udk igu,frSjzpfr,f”vkd@ ,lqol
[kwyf kH r&ygb;l ? Akv d af e0if;uawmh
“wkdif;jynfudk ppfwyfu,frSjzpf
r,f? tJ'Dppfwyfudkvnf; ig acgif;
aqmifrSjzpfr,f”vkd@ ,lqoljzpf
a=umif;/ (26)ESpfwmumvtwGif;
tm%m,E W&m; eHygwf wpf ae&m
rSm t+rJwnf&dSaeapzkd@ Akdvfae0if;
b,fyHkb,fenf; }udK;pm;cJhw,f
qkw d t hJ csuf awGu oufaojyae
ygw,f ? (tJ ' D t a=umif ; awG e J @
ywfouf+yD; Akv d af e0if;acwf txl;
ojzifh rqvacwfudk udk,fwdkif twGif;usus jzwfoef;cJh=uwJh ppfbufe,fbuf EdkifiHa&;
orm;a[mif;}uD;tcsKdŒu pmeJ@a&;om;rSwfwrf;wifxm;=uw,fqdkwJh owif;awG &&dS
xm;ygw,f? r=umcif zwf±_=u&vdrfhr,fvkd@ ar#mfvifh&ygw,f?)
tm;vHk;od=uwJhtwdkif; (1962)ckESpfrSm rv$Jomvkd@ ppfwyfu odrf;ydkufcJh&wJh
EdkifiHawmftm%mudk (1974) tajccHOya't& jynfolwkd@vuf0,fokd@ jyefvnfv$Jajymif;
ay;cJhw,f qdkwm[mvnf; atmufajca'oE W&tqifhtcsKdŒrSm wu,fh t&yfom;tppf
awG tm%m,E W&m;xJ yg0ifvmcJhw,fqdkayr,fh xdyfqHk;tqifhrSmawmh Akdvfae0if;tyg
t0if xdyfwef;acgif;aqmiftm;vHk; abmif;bDc|wf+yD; ykqdk;0wfvdkuf=uwmyJjzpfwJhtjyif
tJ'D ykq;kd ajymif;0wfvu kd =f uwJh acgi;f aqmifawGuyJ ppfwyf&ŒJ aomhcsuaf e&mawGukd quf
vufxdef;csKyfxm;=uwmrkd@ jrefrmEdkifiH[m tESpfom&tm;jzifh ppftpdk;& vufatmuf
34
rSmyJ quf&dSaecJhwmjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dawmh xdyfqHk;u acgif;aqmifawG&JŒ vkyf&yfawGvdkyJ
ppfbufu t+idrf;pm;,l+yD; jynfe,f/wdkif;/ c±kdif/ +rdKŒe,ftqifh t&yfbuf tkyfcsKyfa&;
,E W&m;xJ a&mufoGm;=uwJh ppfAdkvfvlxGufawG&JŒ vkyf&yfrSefor#[mvnf; jrefrm
ppfwyf&JŒ vkyf&yfvkd@yJ qdk&rSmjzpfygw,f? (26) ESpfwmumvtwGif; tJ'D ppfAdkvfvlxGuf
awGa&m/ wyfxJrSm&dScJh=uwJh acgif;aqmifawGyg wdkif;jynfaumif;pm;a&;twGuf bmawG
b,fvkdvkyfcJh=uygovJ? tajzrSefrrSefqdkwJh tay:uae wGufenf;rSefcJhjcif;&dSr&dS jyefokH;
oyfwJh ±_axmifht& ajymr,fqdk&ifawmh &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHk}uD;[m tJ'D ppfAdkvfvl
xGufawG/ vuf&dSppfAdkvfawG wdkif;jynfaumif;pm;a&;qdk+yD; bmawG b,fvkdvkyfcJh=uovJ
qdkwmudk tm;vHk;jrifomatmif axmifjyvkdufwJh rSefwcsyfyJ jzpfygw,f?
rdrdeJ@ rxdkufwefwJh t&mudk &,lvdkr_/ trsufapmifrmef}uD;r_/ yk*~dKvfa&;}uD;
jrifrh u
_ kd rufarmr_pwJh tajccH twWpw d w
f csKŒd &daS ewJh Akv
d af e0if;[m ta=umif;a=umif;awG
a=umifh tm%m&SifwOD; jzpfvmwJhtcgrSm ol&JŒ tJ'D twWpdwfawG[m ydkrdk zGH@+zdK;}uD; xGm;
vmcJh+yD; wcsdefu ol@&JŒ ^m%frsufpd/ ynmrsufpdtwGif;rSm cyfao;ao;om&dScJhwJh wdrfndK
wdrfrnf;[m aemufqHk;rSm tuef@towfrJh }uD;xGm;vmcJhum pHkvHk;uef;wJhtjzpfqDukd
a&mufoGm;cJh+yD; ed*Hk;rSmawmh ol@rSm wcsdefu &dScJhzl;wJh EdkifiHa&;t&if;tEDS;wcsKdŒudkyg vHk;vHk;
vsm;vsm; vufvGwfqHk;±_H;oGm;cJh&mu olvdkcsifwmvnf; wckrS &&dScJhjcif;r&dSbJ avmu
}uD;xJu vlrodolrod rsufemi,fi,feJ@ xGufcGmoGm;cJh&ygawmhw,f?
'gayr,fh Akdvfae0if;[m (1962)ckESpfrwdkifrD ol&&dSxm;cJhwJhEdkifiHa&; t&if;tESD;
awGtjyif jrif;orm;wOD;tjzpf ^m%feD^m%feuf ºuG,f0r_qdkwJh xl;jcm;wJh t&nftaoG;
wckyg &dSoljzpfwma=umifh (26)ESpfwmumvtwGif; ol@&JŒ t&dSeft0g[m tvGef }uD;rm;
cJh+yD; ppfwyfudk ol@pdwfwdkif;us yHkoGif;cJhyHkuvnf; xl;c|efajymifajrmufvGef;vSwmrkd@ ol
EdkifiHawmf tm%mudk xdef;csKyfxm;cJhwJh (26)ESpfvHk;vHk; jrefrmppfwyf[m vlawGeJ@ zGJ@pnf;
xm;wJh tzG@J tpnf;wckqw kd hJ tESpo
f m&awmif aysmufu, G +f yD; }udK;qGq
J &m}uD; Akv
d af e0if;
tvdu k s ujy&wJh ±kyaf o;±kyu f av;w±kyo f zG,f &dcS whJ mudk awG@jrifc=hJ u&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh
vnf; (1962)u (1988)txd umvtwGif;&dScJhwJh jrefrmppfwyf[m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
ppfwyfuae tESpfom&t& cGJxGufvmcJhwJh Adkvfarmifarmifppfwyf&JŒ xl;jcm;wJh p±kduf
vuQ%mawG ydkrdkzGH@+zdK; tm;aumif;vmcJhwJh ppfwyfjzpfw,fvkd@ ajymEdkifavmufp&m ckdifrm
wJh tcsut f vuf taxmuftxm;awG trSeyf &J cSd ahJ yr,fh tJ'D (26)ESpw f m umvtwGi;f
Akv
d af e0if;&JŒ yH&k yd u
f }uD;rm;vGe;f vSwma=umifh ppfwyf[m Akv d af e0if; aemufausmbufrmS
aysmufuG,faeovdk jzpfcJhygw,f? qdkvdkwmuawmh tJ'DumvtwGif; jrefrmppfwyf&JŒ
vkyf&yftrsm;pk[m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; pwifwnfaxmifpOfu ar#mfrSef;cJhwJh ppfwyf&JŒ
vkyf&yfawGeJ@ uGmjcm;aecJh+yDjzpfayr,fh 'gawG[m Akdvfae0if;wOD;wnf;&JŒ vkyf&yfawG
tjzpfom ay:vGifcJh+yD; olvdkovdk yHkoGif;cJhwJh ppfwyf&JŒ vkyf&yfawG r[kwfwJhyHkrsdK; aygufae
cJhwm jzpfygw,f?
35
txufrmS azmfjycJ+h yD;jzpfwhJ acgi;f aqmifaumif;wa,mufrmS r&dt S yfwhJ pdwaf e
pdwx f m;/ tusiphf ±ku d f tawmfrsm;rsm;&dw S hJ Akv
d af e0if; uHtm;avsmpf mG (jrefrmjynfoal wG
bufu =unf&h if uHraumif; ta=umif;rvSpmG ) Edik if aH cgi;f aqmif jzpfvmcJ+h yD; olu, kd wf ikd f
pdww f ikd ;f us ydik yf ikd Ef ikd Ef ikd f au|;arG;okwof if jyKpkysKd ;axmifay;cJw h hJ jrefrmppfwyf&ŒJ xl;jcm;wJh
p±kdufvuQ%mawGudk jrefrmjynfolawGeJ@ urBmhjynfolawG rsuf0g;xifxif yDyDjyifjyif
awG@cJh=u&+yD; tHh=orifoufrdcJh=u&wmuawmh e0w trnfeJ@ Adkvfapmarmif OD;aqmif+yD;
tm%modrf;,lcJhwJh (1988)ckESpf pufwifbmv (18) &ufae@upvkd@ 'Duae@txdumv
rSm jzpfygw,f?
'DumvtwGi;f wyfrawmfacgi;f aqmif ESpaf ,muf&cSd ahJ yr,fh Adv k af pmarmif[m
ppfwyfudk tcsdefwdkuav; (2)ESpfom }uD;pdk;cGifh&cJhwJhtjyif ol}uD;pdk;wJh umvrSmvnf;
Adv k af e0if;u ol@aemufrmS &daS eao;wmrk@d tJ'u D mvudk Akv d af e0if;acwftwGi;f xnfo h iG ;f
oifw h ,fv@dk ,lqygw,f? 'ga=umifh Adv k af pmarmif ppfwyft}uD;tuJtjzpfu z,f&mS ;jcif;
cHvkduf&wJh (1992)ckESpfupvkd@ tckxdumvudk acwfopfArmhwyfrawmf&JŒ pwkwâcwf
jzpfwJh Adkvfoef;a&$acwf jzpfw,f? (wenf;) tJ'DumvtwGif; wnf&dScJh/ wnf&dSqJjzpfwJh
jrefrmppfwyf[m Adkvfoef;a&$ppfwyf jzpfw,fvkd@ qdkcsifygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ppfwyf/ Adkvfarmifarmifppfwyf/ Adkvfae0if;ppfwyfqdk+yD;
acwfopfArmhwyfrawmf&JŒ rwljcm;em;wJh acwf (3)acwfta=umif; usaemf avhvm rSwf
om;rdoavmuf a&SŒrSm wifjycJh+yD;+yD? vuf&dSrSm pwkwâcwfudka&mufaewJh Adkvfoef;a&$
ppfwyf[m ol@a&SŒacwf (3)acwfu ppfwyfawGeJ@ tESpfom&tm;jzifh bmawGwl+yD;
bmawG uGJovJ? 'Dtcsufudk avhvmqef;ppf oHk;oyfjcif;u udk,fhEdkifiHudk cspfjrwfEdk;wJh/
udk,fhEdkifiH +idrf;csrf;a&;/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;wkd@ukd vdkvm;wJh jrefrmjynfolwdkif;
vuf&dS rdrdwkd@EdkifiH }uKHawG@&ifqdkifae&wJh jy\emrsm;udk rSefrSefuefuef em;vnfoabm
ayguf+yD; a&SŒbmqufvkyfoifhw,fqdkwJh udpPeJ@ywfouf+yD; taxmuftul jzpfapr,fh
tcsuftvufawG &&dSEdkifaprSm jzpfwma=umifh rkcstudsK;&dSaprSm jzpfygw,f?
jrefrmvlrsKd ;wdik ;f aus;nDaemifyjkH yifukd =um;zl;=ur,fxifygw,f? tJ'yD jkH yifxu J
teD;pyfq;kH qG, J v l @dk &or# tcsut f vufawGu, kd +l yD; E_id ;f ,SOaf jym&&if Advk cf sKyfatmifqef;
&JŒ ppfwyf[m olawmfoljrwf &aoh&[ef;awGqD a&mufoGm;wJh aus;om;i,feJ@wl+yD;/
Adkvfarmifarmif/ Adkvfae0if;/ Adkvfoef;a&$wkd@&JŒ ppfwyfawGuawmh vlqdk;"m;jyawGqD
a&mufomG ;wJh aus;om;i,fe@J wlygw,f? ta=umif;uawmh Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;&JŒ ppfwyf
[m jrifawG@}uKHqHk=u&olwdkif; cspfcifjrwfEdk;=uwJh olawmfoljrwfawGqD a&mufoGm;wJh
aus;om;i,fvdk jrefrmjynfolawG 'Duae@xdwdkif w±_dufrufruf/ vGrf;woo jzpfae=u
&qJ ppfwyfjzpfae+yD; usefppfwyf (3) ckuawmh jrifawG@}uKHqHk=u&olwdkif; pufqkyfrkef;wD;
&G&H mS =uwJh vlq;kd "m;jyawGqD a&mufomG ;wJh aus;om;i,fvdk jrefrmjynfoal wGukd rsu&f nf
yifv,f a0apchJwJh ppfwyfjzpfcJha=umif; ordkif;u oufaojycJh+yD; jzpfvkd@ygyJ?
36
acwfa[mif;yJjzpfjzpf/ acwfopfyJjzpfjzpf/ b,fEdkifiH/ b,fvlrsdK;rSmyJjzpfjzpf
wyfrawmfwck OD;xdyyf efqif&r,fh tjrifrm;qH;k opPmw&m;[m jynfow l @dk &ŒJ tusKd ;pD;yGm;
yJjzpfygw,f? tJ't D ajccH tESpo f m&uae jrefrmppfwyf&ŒJ aoGzv D mr_[m Adv k af rmifarmif
vufxufrSm pwifoaE<wnfvmcJh+yD; Adkvfae0if;vufxufrSm vlvm;ajrmufcJhum Adkvf
oef;a&$ vufxufrmS awmh tzG@H +zdK; t}uD;rm;qH;k tqifu h kd a&muf&aSd e+yDv@dk qd&k ygvrd rhf ,f?
Adkvfarmifarmifppfwyfu trsdK;om;jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; aºuG;a=umfoHeJ@
'Drdkua&pDudk ausmcdkif;+yD; +rdK@jyqif;&Jom; jynfolawG/ wdkif;pGefjynfzsm;u wkdif;&if;om;
jynfolawGudk idkaºuG;apcJhw,f? twdkuftcH EdkifiHa&;orm;awGudk wu|ef;ykd@+yD; EdSyfpuf
n‡O;f yef;w,f? Adv k af e0if;ppfwyfu tJ'v D yk [
f efawGukd qufxed ;f xm;wJt h jyif qd&k , S v f pf
a&;aºuG;a=umfoHeJ@ 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk t+yD;wdkif ajrjr‡Kyfo+*õKvfypfvkdufw,f? ta&;tcif;
tqufquf &efukef/ rE Wav;tygt0if +rdK@}uD;+rdK@i,fawG&JŒ +rdK@v,facgif ae@cif;a=umif
awmifrSm ausmif;om;/ tvkyform;/ &[ef;&Sifvl jynfolawGudk aoewfeJ@ ypfcwfEdSrfeif;
vkd@ vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm aoqHk;cJh=u&w,f?
Adkvfoef;a&$&J@ ppfwyfua&m b,fvdktajctae &dSovJ? txufrSm ajymcJhwJh
aoGzDr_ txGÉftxdyf a&mufoGm;cJhwJh acwfvkd@yJ qdk&ygawmhr,f? ol@vufxuf trsm;
jynfol jrifuGif;awGrSm axmifxm;wJh {&mrqdkif;bkwf}uD;wcku pmom;udkyJ erlem=unfh
vku d yf g? “wyfrawmfomtrd/ wyfrawmfomtz” vk@d jzpfygw,f? jyif;xefwhJ a0zefra_ wG
ae&mtESH@u xGufay:vmvGef;ru xGufay:vmawmhrS 'Dqkdif;bkwfyg pmom;[m jynfol
awGtwGuf &nf!¸ef;wm r[kwfbl;? wyfrawmfom;awGtwGufom &nf!¸ef;wm
jzpfw,fvkd@ ppfAdkvf}uD;wa,mufu avajyxkd;w,fvkd@ =um;&ygw,f? wyfrawmfom;
awG twGuo f m jzpfw,fq&kd if bma=umifh wyfrawmfwyfpcef;awGtwGi;f rSmyJ raxmifbJ
trsm;jynfol jrifuGif;rSm vmaxmif&ovJ? wu,fawmh tJ'DaºuG;a=umfoH[m Adkvf
ae0if;acwfuawmif &dScJhzl;wm r[kwfygbl;? aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;=unfh&if tJ'D aºuG;
a=umfoH[m jynfoludk tqkH;pGef apmfum;vkdufwJh aºuG;a=umfoHjzpfygw,f?
Adkvfae0if; jyKpkysdK;axmifay;cJhwmjzpfayr,fh Adkvfae0if;vufxufrSm tvHk;
t&yf ryDjyifvaS o;wJh vlxk qef@usiaf &; jrefrmppfwyf[m Adv k af pmarmif/ Adv k of ef;a&$w@dk
vufxufrSmawmh jynfhjynfh00 tawmiftvuf pHkvifvmcJh+yDvkd@ qdk&rSmjzpfygw,f?
+idrf;csrf;pGm qENjyawmif;qdkaewJh jynfolawGudk axmifeJ@csD owfjzwf+yD; tm%modrf;cJhwJh
tJ'Dppfwyf[m jynfwGif;jynfyu zdtm;awGa=umifh (1990)ckESpf/ arv (27)&ufae@rSm
wpHkwckaom twdkif;twmtxd vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyGJudk usif;yay;cJh
ayr,fh tJ'Da&G;aumufyGJ&v'fu olwkd@twGuf rSef;csufeJ@ESrf;xGufrudkuf jzpfoGm;wJhtcg
rSmawmh jynfolawGudk wkdif;odjynfod/ urBmoday;xm;wJh uwdopPmudk ajymifajymif
wif;wif; csdK;azmufvkdufwm tJ'Dppfwyfjzpfygw,f?
37
Adkvfoef;a&$&JŒ ppfwyf[m b,fvdkppfwyfrsdK;jzpfovJ qdkwmudkawmh tESpf
ESpfq,feD;yg; umvtwGif; xyfjyefwvJvJ jrifawG@cJh=u&+yD; jzpfwmrkd@ txl;&Sif;jyzkd@
vdrk ,f rxifawmhygb;l ? Adv k of ef;a&$[m rdrt d m%m wnf+rJa&;twGuq f &kd if rdrd &yfwnf
&Sifoefae&wJh tawG;tac:udk azmfxkwfzefwD;ay;cJhwJh q&m}uD;(Adkvfae0if;)udkawmif
z,f&Sm;&JwJhol/ rdrd txuft&m&Sd (Adkvfapmarmif)udkawmif z,f&Sm;0HhwJhol/ Zmwfwlom;
(AdkvfxGef;=unf/ Adkvfausmfb/ Adkvfjrifhatmifponfh) pm;0hHwJhol/ rdrdudk txGÉftxdyf
a&mufatmif rdu k rf u
kd uf ef;uef; ycH;k eJ@xrf;wifay;cJo h l (Adv k cf ifneG @f )udv k nf; &Si;f ypf0w hH o hJ /l
'Dy,J if; vlowfr}_ uD;vd@k urBmo h rdik ;f rSm xm0& trnf;pufwifuseo f mG ;awmhr,fh r=um;0hH
remom &mZ0wfr_}uD;udk usL;vGef0Hhol/ aemufqHk; rdrdudk;uG,f&m bmomt,l0g'&JŒ
txGÉt f jrwfwckjzpfwhJ &[ef;oHCmawGuakd wmif Edik if w H um&JŒ rsupf ad tmufrmS ypfcwf
owfjzwf0HhwJhol/ tJovdk olrwlatmif xl;jcm;wJh 0daoovuQ%mawGeJ@ jynfhpHkwJh vl
wa,muf jzpfygw,f?
ajymr,Hk }uKHz;l rSod qdw k hJ vl@tcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufra_ wG[mvnf; tJ'v D v kd rl sKd ;
OD;aqmifwJh ppfwyf tkyfcsKyfwJhacwfrSm ay:aygufcJhwm jzpfygw,f? (VOA) em;axmifvkd@
axmif(3)ESpf tcsccH &hJ wm/ Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;arG;ae@ vGwv f yfa&;ausmufwikd rf mS Adv k cf sKyf
oDcsif;qdkvkd@ axmif(3)ESpf tcscH&wm/ ukefaps;E_ef;usqif;a&; awmif;qdkqENjyvkd@ axmif
wpfouf tcscH&wm/ ukvor*~u xkwfjyefxm;wJh vl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;
ta=umif; &Gmom;awGudk &Sif;jy+yD; &GmujyeftxGufrSm vlpkvla0;eJ@ acsmif;t±kdufcH&wJh
vl@tcGifhta&;orm;awGu aq;±kHwuf
ukor_cH,l&wJhtjyif aq;±kHutqif;rSm
w&m;cHtjzpf pGJcsuftwifcH&+yD; axmif urBm}uD;rSm acwftqufquf
'%fESpf&Snf csrSwfcH&wm/ oHvufoD;eJ@ b,fwkef;urS b,fe,fy,frSmrS
txkd;cH&+yD; rsufvHk;uG,fvkrwwfjzpfae xdy fq Hk; (10)pm&if ;xJ
wJh v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,feJ@ trSefw&m; r0ifcJhzl;wJh jrefrmEkdifiH[m
twdkif; jzpfapvdkol ol@rdom;pk0ifawGu Adkvfoef;a&$ vufxufa&mufrSyJ
w&m;cHjzpf+yD; axmif'%fcsrSwfcH&/ oHvuf urBmhtqdk;&Gm;qHk;
oD;eJ@ xk;d oGm;wJv h &l ŒJ tzG@J tpnf;u w&m; tm%m&S i f ( 10)OD ; pm&if ; &J Œ
vdkjzpfoGm;wm pojzifh æ pojzifh urBmh xdyfqHk;em;w0dkufrSm
b,fEidk if rH mS rS r}uKHb;l r=um;bl; avmufwhJ
vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_awG us,fus,f
jyef@jyef@ eufeuf±_dif;±_dif; jzpfyGm;aewm Adkvf
oef;a&$ppfwyf tkyfcsKyfaewJh jrefrmjynfrSm jzpfygw,f?
tJ'Dvkyf&yfawG&JŒ tusdK;quftjzpf jrefrmEdkifiHtygt0if urBmhEdkifiHaygif;pHk
yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm;wJh urBmhukvor*~tzGJ@}uD;eJ@ ,Ofaus;wJh EdkifiHwumrdom;pk todkif;t
38
0dkif;u Adkvfoef;a&$ppfwyfudk b,fvdk oabmxm;+yD; b,fvdk wkH@jyef

ae=uovJqdkwm tm;vHk;todygyJ? EdkifiHaygif; (200)ausmf wnf&dSwJh
urBm}uD;rSm acwftqufquf b,fwkef;urS b,fe,fy,frSmrS
xdyfqHk; (10)pm&if;xJ r0ifcJhzl;wJh jrefrmEkdifiH[m Adkvfoef;a&$ vuf
xufa&mufryS J urBmt h qd;k &Gm;qH;k tm%m&Sif (10)OD;pm&if;&JŒ xdyq f ;kH
em;w0du k rf mS ESppf Of ae&m,lxm;Edik w f m wcsuw f nf;udk =unf±h eHk @J wif
Adkvfoef;a&$ppfwyf&JŒ yHk&dyfudk rSef;qEdkifrSmjzpfygw,f?
jynfou l kd tvkyt f au|;jyKzk@d qw kd hJ &nf&, G cf suef @J ±k;d om;+yD;
trSefw&m;udk cspfjrwfEdk;wJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; xlaxmifcJhwJh jrefrm
ppfwyf[m w,loeform; Adv k af rmifarmif&ŒJ tawG;tac:atmufrmS
pwif vrf;acsmv f mcJ&h mu yk*Kd~ vfa&;}uD;jrifv h o kd l Adv
k af e0if;&JŒ tawG;
tac:atmufrSm Oy"d±kyf tawmfuav; azmufjyef,dk,Gif;oGm;cJh+yD;
tm%m&rRufeJ@ t+idK;tmCmw }uD;rm;vSwJh Adkvfoef;a&$&JŒ tawG;
tac:atmufrSmawmh rlv±kyfudk rSef;qjrifa,mif=unfhvkd@awmif r&
EdkifawmhwJhtxd ysufpD;oGm;cJh+yDqdkwmudk Adkvfoef;a&$OD;aqmifwJh
xdyfydkif;u ppfAdkvfwpkeJ@ rdrdwkd@&JŒ udk,fusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf olwkd@udk
rSefyghbk&m; vkyfaewJh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifqdkol wpkuvGJ&if jrefrm
jynfoltm;vHk;u odjrifoabmaygufae=u+yD jzpfygw,f?
ud, k ahf oG;&if;om;&if; wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsKd ;tcsi;f csi;f uvGv J @dk
b,fEdkifiHjcm; ppfwyfwckudkrS &ifqdkif,SOf+yKdif wkdufcdkufcJhzl;jcif;r&dSwJh
vuf&jSd refrmhppfwyfxu J xdyyf ikd ;f acgi;f aqmifp[ k m ukvor*~XmecsKyf
oGm;+yD; ,Ofaus;wJh urBmhrdom;pk todkif;t0dkif;&JŒ acgif;aqmifawGeJ@
rsufESmcsif;rqdkif&J=uayr,fh jynfwGif;rSmawmh olwkd@u vufckyfxJu
a&yrm jzpfae=u&&SmwJh jrefrmjynfolawGudk olwkd@vm&if twif;
tusyf vuftkyfcsDcdkif;+yD; ro'<ga&pm tuefawmhcH&wJh t&omudk
+rdef+rdef}uD; pm;oHk;ae=uygw,f? ‘EdkifiHawmf at;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh
zGH+zdK;a&;aumifpD’qdkwJh emrnfvSvSudk cH,lxm;wJh Adkvfoef;a&$wkd@
vlp[ k m wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ b¾maiGawGukd txde;f tcsKyf tuef@towfr&dS
xifovdk oHk;pGJae=uwJhtjyif rif;pdk;&mZmpdwf b,favmufrsm; xdyf
wufae=uovJq&kd if ysO;f rem;+rdKŒteD;u =uyfajy;&Gmw0ku d u f kd awmif
aejynfawmfvkd@ orkwf+yD; ajymif;a&GŒeef;pdkufcJh=uwJhtxdygyJ?
39
aiGa=u;oef;aygif;rsm;pGm ukefuscJh&wJh tJ'Daejynfawmf wnf

aqmufa&; vkyfief;[m EdkifiH&JŒ ukefxkwfpGrf;tm; zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_twGuf
bmwckrS taxmuftuljzpfwmr[kwrf eS ;f tm;vH;k od=uayr,fh “b0&Sif
rif;w&m;}uD;”udk b,fAdkvfcsKyfurS vlod&Sif=um; ar;cGef; rxkwf0hHcJh=u
ygb;l ? Adv
k af rmifarmife@J Adv
k af e0if;wk@d qifu
h q
J ifu
h J avhusihf jyKpkysKd ;axmif
ay;cJhwJh vlxkqef@usifa&; jrefrmppfwyf[m Adkvfoef;a&$ vufxufrSm
awmh ±kd;om;r_eJ@ trSefw&m;udk cspfjrwfEdk;r_qdkwJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
xlaxmifcJhwJh ppfwyf&JŒ tESpfom&udk aq;azmfzkd@ &Smr,fqdk&ifawmif
&SmrawG@ Edik af wmhygb;l ? tajymifajrmufq;kH / t}uD;us,q f ;kH / tcrf;em;qH;k
aºuG;a=umfoHawG atmf[pfaeayr,fh wu,fhvufawG@rSmawmh vuf&Sd
ppfwyf[m tESpfAvm tum+yJŒ+yJŒeJ@ ‘tqif;vSqef; vl@aygufyef;’vdk
vlrsKd;/ usD;tmoD;vkd toD;rsKd; jzpfw,fqdkwm udk,fhjynfolawGua&m
EdkifiHwum jynfolawGuyg odae=uyg+yD?
tJ'gawGuawmh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ppfwyfeJ@ Adkvfae0if;
ppfwyf qdw k hJ a':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ toH;k tE_e;f eJ@ ywfoufwhJ cifAsm;&JŒ
ar;cGef;tay: usaemf&JŒ tusOf;csKyfajz=um;csufyJjzpfygw,f? Õ
40
ar; ? ? cifAsm;&J@ ajz=um;csufxJrSm Adkvfoef;a&$ppfwyf&JŒ vkyfaqmifcsufawG&JŒ

tusdK;quftjzpf ukvor*~eJ@ ,Ofaus;wJh EdkifiHwum rdom;pktodkif;t0dkif;u b,fvdk
oabmxm;+yD; b,fvdkwkH@jyefae=uw,fqdkwm tm;vHk;todygyJqdkwJh tcsufwcsuf
yg0ifw,f? ukvor*~taxGaxGnDvmcHu (1990)a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk taumif
txnfazmfay;zkd@ ESpfpOf awmif;qdkvsuf&dSw,f? twGif;a&;rSL;csKyfu txl;udk,fpm;vS,f
cef@+yD; trsdK;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;&&dSatmif ulnDaqmif&Gufaew,f? vl@tcGifhta&;
aumifpDuvnf; txl;udk,fpm;vS,fcef@+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHu vl@tcGifhta&; tajctaeawG
wkd;wufvmatmif }udK;yrf;aew,f? 'gawG[m jynfwGif;rSm trsdK;om;nDnGwfa&;+yDKuGJr_
jy\emeJ@ }uKHawG@ae&wJh EdkifiHawGeJ@ ywfouf+yD; ukvor*~u =um;0ifzsefajz&mrSm
toHk;jyKavh&dSwJh a,bk,senf;vrf;awG jzpfw,fvkd@ usaemfwkd@ oabmayguf em;vnf
xm;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh 'Duae@acwf urBmay:rSm ppfwyfu tm%modrf;+yD; tpdk;&
vkyfaewJh EdkifiHawG renf;raem&dSwJhtwGuf jrefrmEdkifiHu tm%modrf;tpdk;&udk
tar&duefeJ@ Oa&myEdkifiH}uD;awGu wkH@jyefta&;,lxm;yHkawG[m jyif;xefvGef;w,fvkd@
cifAsm; r,lqbl;vm;? wjcm; tm%modrf;ppftpdk;&awGtay: tJ'D EdkifiH}uD;awG&JŒ
wkH@jyefta&;,lr_u jyif;xefr_ rqdkpavmufom&dS+yD; jrefrmppftpdk;&tay: wkH@jyef
ta&;,lr_u wrifoufouf &nf&G,fcsuf&dS&dSeJ@ uGuf+yD; EdSyfuGyfaewJh yHkpHrsdK; jzpfaew,f
vkd@ ,lqp&m jzpfw,fqdk&if udkvdkeDvufopf EdkifiH}uD;awG[m jrefrmEdkifiHu rsdK;cspfacgif;
aqmifawG (etz)udk z,f&Sm;+yD; olwkd@&JŒ ±kyfao;±kyf (a':atmifqef;pk=unf)udk eef;wif
ay;jcif;jzifh jrefrmEdik if u
H kd odr;f ydu
k u
f |ejf yKzk@d }udK;yrf;ae=uw,fqw
kd hJ (etz)&JŒ pGypf cJG su[
f m
rSefaew,fvkd@ ,lq&rSmvm;?
41
ajz ? ? t&ifua&m/ 'Duae@acwfrSmyg urBmay:rSm ppfwyfu tm%m
odrf;+yD; tpdk;&vkyfwJh udpPawG&dScJh/ &dSqJjzpfw,fqdkwm rSefygw,f? wjcm;
tm%modrf; ppftpdk;&awGtay: tar&duefeJ@ Oa&myEdkifiH}uD;awG&JŒ wkH@jyef
ta&;,lyHku tweftoifhom jyif;xef+yD; jrefrmppftpdk;&tay: wkH@jyeft
a&;,lyu kH awmh tawmfav; jyif;xefw,fqw kd mvnf; rSeyf gw,f? 'gayr,fh
'Dvdkjzpf&wm[m udkvdkeDvufopfEdkifiH}uD;awGu jrefrmEdkifiHudk olwkd@=oZmcH
tjzpf odr;f oGi;f u|ejf yKvdw k ma=umifh jzpfw,fqw kd hJ pGypf cJG suu
f awmh 'Duae@
acwfrSm &,fp&mtaumif;qHk; EdkifiHa&;jyufvHk;awGxJu wckyJjzpfygw,f?
uGjJ ym;jcm;em;r_&ŒJ t"duta=umif;&if;uawmh tjcm;tjcm;aom
ppftm%modr;f tpd;k &awGe@J jrefrmEdik if u H tm%modr;f tpd;k &=um; tESpo f m
&t&a&m toGifo¿meft&yg vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; uGJjym;aer_yJ jzpfygw,f?
Adkvfapmarmif tm%mrodrf;rD (1988) ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (12/
13)&ufae@avmufjzpfr,f xifygw,f? tJ'Dae@nrSm bDbDpDu a':atmif
qef;pk=unfeJ@ tifwmAsL;wckudk xkwfv$ifhoGm;cJhygw,f? tJ'DtifwmAsL;rSm
bDbDpDu a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk “tckwavmrSm ppfwyfu tm%modrf;
r,fqdkwJh owif;awG =um;ae&w,f? tJ'Dvdktm%modrf;&if a':pk&J@oabm
xm;u b,fv&kd rSd vJ”vk@d ar;w,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu “jynfoal wGe@J
yl;aygif;+yD; jynfolawG&J@ vkdtifqENawGudk jznfhqnf;ay;r,fh tm%modrf;r_
rsdK;qkd&ifawmh tjyKoabmaqmifwmrkd@ }udKqdk&rSmaygh? tJ'Dvdkr[kwfbJ
rqv wygwD tm%m&SifawGudk umuG,f+yD; jynfoludk EdSyfuGyfacsr_ef;zkd@
tm%m odrf;wmqdk&ifawmh usrqef@usifw,f”vkd@ ajzqdkoGm;cJhygw,f?
tm%modrf;ppftpdk;&awGeJ@ ywfouf+yD;ajym&&if a':atmifqef;
pk=unf&JŒ tJ'Dajzqdkcsuf[m usdK;a=umif;qDavsmfr_ t&dSqHk; tajccHrljzpfyg
w,f?
tm%modr;f yGq J w kd m urBmoh rdik ;f rSm qef;wJu h pd aP wmh r[kwyf gb;l ?
urBmhorkdif;rSma&m/ jrefrmhordkif;rSmyg tm%modrf;yGJawG terw*~ &dScJh
=uygw,f? jrefrmha&S;a[mif;orkdif;rSm tazudk om;uowf/ tpfudkudk nDu
owf+yD; eef;vkwJh tm%modrf;yGJawG trsm;tjym;&dScJh=uwm ordkif;avhvm
olwkdif; od=uygw,f? urBmhEdkifiHwdkif;eD;yg;&JŒ orkdif;rSmvnf; bk&ifudk rif;nD
rif;om;awG/ rl;}uD;rwf&mawGu z,f&Sm;jzKwfcs tm%modrf;+yD; bk&ifopf
wifwJh vkyf&yfawG &dScJh=uygw,f?
a&S;a[mif;ordkif;u tm%modrf;yGJawG ta=umif;udkawmh tkyf
csKyfa&;pepfawG yHkray:vSao;wJh tajctaea=umifh &Snf&Snfvsm;vsm;
ajymqdk aqG;aEG;&rSmawG &dSaewmrkd@ tJ'gudk csefvSyfxm;cJh+yD; urBmwv$m;rSm
42
trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; wdkufyJGawG us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ jzpfyGm;cJh+yD;aemuf tJ'DEdkifiH
awGrmS 'Dru kd a&pDtyk cf sKyfa&;pepfukd pwifprf;oyf usio hf ;kH cJw
h hJ (20)&mpk tv,favmufu
p+yD; ay:aygucf w hJ hJ tm%modr;f yGaJ wGe@J tJ'x D uJ rS xif&mS ;ay:vGiw f hJ tm%modr;f yGw
J csKŒd
ta=umif;udkyJ t"duxm; aqG;aEG;oGm;ygr,f?
usaemfw@dk &ŒJ tdref ;D csi;f xkid ;f Edik if [
H m ppfwyfu tm%modr;f yGaJ wG jyKvky&f mrSm
awmh urBmrSm pHcsdefwifEdkifwJh EdkifiHtenf;i,fteuf wckjzpfygw,f? pnf;rsOf;cHbk&ifpepf
pwifusifhoHk;cJhcsdefuae tcktxd ppfwyfu tm%modrf;cJhwJh t}udrfaygif; ESpfq,fausmf
oH;k q,fe;D yg; &dcS ahJ yr,fh b,ftm%modr;f ppfAv kd cf sKyf ('grrS [kw)f ppfaumifpu D rS wnfqJ
tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf}uD;udk zsufodrf;ypfcJhw,fqdkwmrsdK; r&dScJhygbl;? xdkif;jynfolawG txGÉf
tjrwfxm;wJh bk&ifudk xD;eef;u z,f&Sm;zkd@qdkwmawmh a0;pGajcmufyg;ygyJ?
aemuf+yD; xkdif;ppfwyf&JŒ tm%modrf;r_awG[m xkdif;jynfolwdkif;&JŒqENeJ@
&mE_ef;jynfh tH0ifcGifus jzpfcsifrS jzpfrSm jzpfayr,fh jynfolawG&J@ cg;onf;wJh wkH@jyef
qef@usirf u _ kd rcHc&hJ wmud=k unf&h if xdik ;f jynfot l rsm;pk}uD;u tJ'D tm%modr;f r_awG[m
vdktyfvkd@vkyfwm jzpfw,fvkd@ cH,lcJh=uw,fqdkwm ay:vGifaeygw,f? 'ghtjyifh tm%m
odrf;yGJwdkif; eD;yg;[mvnf; jynfolawG aoG;xGufoH,dkjzpfr_ r&dSoavmufjzpfygw,f?
tm%modrf; ppfacgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfol AdkvfcsKyf}uD;qlcsif'g vufxufrSm ppfwyfvuf
csufa=umifh qENjyjynfol (200)ausmf aoqHk;cJh&r_[m xdkif;EdkifiHordkif;rSm tqdk;&Gm;qHk;
jzpf&yfjzpfygw,f? 'gawmifrS aemufqHk;rSm tJ'Dtm%modrf;ppftkyfpk[m xkdif;bk&ifrif;
jrwf&JŒ 0ifa&mufzsefajzay;r_udk vufcH+yD; tm%mpGef@oGm;cJh=uygw,f?
vwfwavmtusqHk; tm%modrf;yGJjzpfwJh =unf;wyfOD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;
qGefoDbGefnm&wf*vif&JŒ (2006) ckESpfu tm%modrf;yGJudkyJ Oyrm=unfhyg? tm%m
rodr;f rDrmS 0ef}uD;csKyfoufqif E_wx f u G af y;a&; qENjyyGaJ wG xdik ;f Edik if +H rdK@}uD;awGrmS ae@pOf
&ufqufeD;yg; jzpfyGm;ae+yD; tajccHOya'abmifxJu b,fvdkrS ajz&Sif;vkd@r& jzpfaeyg
w,f? 'DtcsdefrSm qGefoDu tm%modrf;cJhwmjzpf+yD; tajccHOya'udk jyif/ a&G;aumufyGJ
jyKvkyf/ tEdkif&ygwD (oufqifudkyJ vdkvm;wJh)udk tm%mjyeftyfcJhwmudk awG@jrif&yg
vdrfhr,f? 'ga=umifh xdkif;EdkifiHrSm ay:aygufcJhzl;or# tm%modrf;yGJwdkif;[m jynfol@tudsK;
pD;yGm;±_axmifhu=unfh&if &mE_ef;jynfh taygif;vuQ%moabm raqmifbl;qdk&ifawmif
qdk;qdk;&Gm;&Gm; tE_wfvuQ%m raqmifwmudk ormorwf&dSolwdkif; 0efcH=u&rSmjzpfyg
w,f?
aemufxyf OyrmwckjyygOD;r,f? 'guawmh ygupPwefEdkifiHu AdkvfcsKyf}uD;
rl&Sm&uf&JŒ tm%modrf;r_ jzpfygw,f? rl&Sm&uf tm%mrodrf;cif ygupPwefEdkifiH&JŒ tajc
taeudk avhvm=unfw h thJ cg bifemZD,mblwkd OD;aqmifwhJ ygupPwefjynfo@l ygw(D PPP)eJ@
em0yf&&S pf OD;aqmifwhJ ygupPwef rlpviftzG@J csKyf (PML) wk@d [m wzG@J e@J wzG@J cg;cg;oD;oD;
jzpfae=u+yD; ygvDreftwGif;rSma&m vrf;rawGay:rSmyg onf;onf;rnf;rnf; wdkufcdkufae
43
=uygw,f? wcsdefwnf;rSm tJ'DESpfygwDpvHk;udk qef@usif+yD; ygupPwefudk tpPvmrfEdkifiH
tjzpf xlaxmifvdkwJh rlpviftpGef;a&mufawGuvnf; EdkifiHw0Srf;rSm AHk;awGw+cdrf;+cdrf;
cGJae=uygw,f? EdkifiHwum qufqHa&;tydkif;rSmvnf; b,favmufawmif tajctae
qdk;aeovJqdk&if tpGef;ta&mufqHk; rl0g'awG usifhoHk;r_a=umifh urBm&JŒ 0kdif;y,fxm;jcif;
cHae&wJh tmz*efepPwefEdkifiHu wmvDbeftpdk;&udk todtrSwfjyKwJh &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; EdkifiH
(3)ck pm&if;rSm ygupPwefEdkifiH yg0ifaewJhtxdygyJ?
tJ'DvdktajctaerdsK;rSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD; rl&Sm&ufu em0yf&S&pftpdk;&udk jzKwfcs
z,f&Sm;+yD; tm%modrf;,lcJhwm jzpfygw,f? tm%modrf;+yD;aemufrSm rl&Sm&uf[m jynf
olawG&JŒ vGwfvyfcGifhudk xdef;csKyfuef@owfr_awG tawmftwef vkyfcJhwm[m tE_wf
vuQ%maqmifwJh vkyf&yfawGvkd@ qdkEdkifrSmjzpfayr,fh t=urf;zuf0g'wdkufzsufa&; urBm
vHk;csD ppfyGJxJrSm wufwufºuGºuG yg0ifyl;aygif;+yD; bmoma&;tpGef;a&muf0g'D t=urf;
zuform;awGukd xdxad &mufa&muf ESyd u f yG af csre_ ;f cJw
h mudak wmh taygi;f vuQ%maqmifwhJ
vkyf&yftjzpf ±_jrif=u&rSmjzpfygw,f?
rl&Sm&uf[m ol@tm%mudk pdefac:cJhwJh w&m;ol}uD;csKyfudk &mxl;u z,f&Sm;
ypfcJhwm/ ppfwyft}uD;tuJ&mxl;eJ@ orRw&mxl; ESpfckpvHk;udk ,lxm;jcif;jzifh ol@tm%m
cdik +f rJa&;twGuf }udK;yrf;cJwh m pwJh 'Drudk a&pD tajccHral wGe@J udu k nf rD r_ &dw
S hJ vky&f yfawGukd
vkyfaqmifcJhwm rSefayr,fh aemufqHk;rSmawmh jynfol@qENeJ@ wufvmwJh tpdk;&&JŒ qENudk
jynfoal wG&ŒJ aoG;awGacsmif;pD;atmif paw;+yD; &ifqikd q f ef@usicf ck wH mrsKd ; rvkyb f J orRw
&mxl;u tomw=unf E_wfxGufoGm;cJhygw,f? 'ghtjyif AdkvfcsKyf}uD; rl&Sm&uf[m ol
tm%m&aepOfrSm AvDeDudpPtygt0if tpPvmrfrpf tpGef;a&muf t=urf;zuform;
awGudk jywfjywfom;om; EdSyfuGyfwmuvGJ&if ol@tm%mudk pdefac:wJh Oya'abmif
twGif;u b,fEdkifiHa&;orm;udkrS n‡Of;yef; EdSyfpuf
vky}f uHowfjzwfwmrsKd ; r&dcS yhJ gb;l ? w&m;ol}uD;csKyf
eJ@ w&m;ol}uD;tcsKd@udk &mxl;u jzKwfypfwmudk ( e0w)(etz)
qef@usifuef@uGuf qENjy=uwJh a&S@aeawG tyg tpd k ; &[m æ
t0if b,fqENjyvlxu k rkd S =urf;=urf;wrf;wrf; +zdKcGJ (rqv)&J Œ
&Sif;vif;wmrsdK; r&dScJhygbl;? aoewfeJ@ ypfcwfowf ppf t m%m&S i f
jzwf &Sif;vif;r_qdkwm wckrS ray:aygufcJhygbl;? twG i f ; om;
'ga=umifh tJ'DtcsufawG tygt0if tjcm;tjcm; tES p f o m&ud k
aom tcsufawGudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm; =unfhr,f ezl ; pnf ; pmom;
qdk&if AdkvfcsKyf}uD;rl&Sm&uf&JŒ tm%modrf; ppftpdk;
wrsd K ;ajymif ; +yD ;
&[m vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; tE_wfvuQ%maqmifwJh
qufcHcJhwJh
tpdk;&vkd@ rajymEdkifwm aocsmygw,f?
tpd k ; &jzpf y gw,f ?
44
aemufxyf Oyrmwck jyygOD;r,f? tJ'g uawmh b*Fvm;a'h&SfEdkifiHrSm vuf&dS
tkycf sKyfaewJh tm%modr;f ppfwyfu ausmaxmufaemufcH jyKay;xm;wJh t&yfom;orRw
OD;aqmifwJh =um;jzwf tdrfapmifhtpdk;&jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dtpdk;&udk o±kyfcGJEdkifzkd@twGuf tJ'D
tpd;k &ray:vmrDu b*Fvm;a'h&EfS ikd if &H ŒJ Edik if aH &;tajctaeudk t&ifavhvmoH;k oyf=unfzh @dk
vdkygw,f? tm;vHk;od=uwJhtwdkif; b*Fvm;a'h&SfEdkifiH[m tENd,EdkifiHu cGJxGufcJhwJh
ygupPwefEdkifiH&JŒ tpdwftydkif;wckjzpfwJh ta&S@ygupPwefu xyfrHcGJxGuf+yD; vGwfvyfwJh
Edik if w
H ck jzpfvmcJw
h m jzpfygw,f? Edik if &H ŒJ oufwrf;u umvr&Sn=f um ao;ayr,fh Edik if u
H kd
ygupPwefvufatmufu vGwfajrmufatmif OD;aqmifwdkufyGJ0ifcJhwJh &dSwfrl*sDbm&mref&JŒ
orD;jzpfol t0grDtzGJ@csKyfacgif;aqmif &dSwf[mqDemeJ@ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wOD;&JŒ orD; jzpfol
b*Fvm;a'h&SftrsdK;om;ygwDacgif;aqmif cgvD'gZD,mwkd@ ESpfOD;=um;u EdkifiHa&; t+idK;
taw;tusw d t
f cJu }uD;rm;jyif;xefvyS gw,f? olw@dk EpS Of ;D =um;u yÉdyuQ&ŒJ tudsK;quf
tjzpf ESpfzufaxmufcHolawGt=um; t=urf;zufwkdufcdkufr_awG[m EdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;
&+yD;aemuf ordkif;wavsmufvHk;rSm &dScJhwmyg? tm%modrf;ppftpdk;& rwufcifuav;rSm
qdk&if tJ'Dvrf;ay: t=urf;zufwkdufyGJawG[m xdef;rEdkifodrf;r& tajctaerSm &dSaecJh+yD;
EdkifiHwv$m;rSm ae@pOf&ufqufeD;yg; qdkovdk AHk;awGuvnf; &meJ@csD+yD; aygufuGJaewm
jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dvdk tajctaerSm ppfwyfu tm%modrf;,lcJhwmjzpf+yD; tm%modrf;
ppfwyfu zGJ@pnf;ay;xm;wJh =um;jzwftdrfapmifhtpdk;& tkyfcsKyfaewJh tcktxd ESpf ESpf
rjynfhwjynfh umvtwGif;rSm vrf;ay: t=urf;zufwdkufcdkufr_awG/ AHk;cGJ wdkufcdkufr_awG/
ododomom xkd;pdkufusqif;oGm;cJhwJhtjyif EdkifiHpD;yGm;a&; jyefvnfOD;armhvmwmudk
=unfh+yD; tJ'Dtpdk;&[m b*Fvm;a'h&Sf EdkifiH&JŒ orkdif;a&;vdktyfcsuft& ay:aygufvmwJh
tpdk;&w&yfjzpfw,fvkd@ EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;u ±_jrif,lqae=urSm aocsmygw,f?
'Dtcsuf[m tm%modrf;ppftpdk;& jzpfayr,fh b,fEdkifiHurS a0zefjypfwif ±_wfcsjcif;
rjyKvkyfcJh=uwJh tcsufrSm xif[yfaeygw,f? 'gawmifrS vuf&dS b*Fvm;a'h&Sf tpdk;&
uawmh ol@uwdtwdkif; a&G;aumufyGJudk rysufruGuf usif;yay;zkd@ pDpOfaeygw,f?
tm%mudk rrufarmwJh tm%modrf; ppftpdk;&w&yfjzpfrSef; tvGefodomxif&Sm;apwJh
tcsufjzpfygw,f?
tJ'gawGuawmh vufvSrf;rDor# OyrmwcsKd@udk qGJ,ljyovdkufwmom jzpfyg
w,f? Oyrmjyp&m tjcm;tjcm;aom tm%modrf;ppftpdk;&awG trsm;tjym; &dSao;ay
r,fh jrefrmEdkifiHu tm%modrf;r_awGudk ay:vGifxif&Sm;atmif E_dif;,SOfjyp&m tJ'DOyrm
(3)ckavmufeJ@wif vHkavmufr,fvkd@ ,lqwJhtwGuf 'DOyrm (3)ckudkyJ wifjycJhwm jzpfyg
w,f?
vuf&Sd jrefrmEdik if u
H kd tkycf sKyfaewJh (e0w)(etz)tpd;k &[m ppfwyfu tm%m
odr;f wJh yHo k ¿mefukd toH;k jyK+yD; (rqv)tpd;k &udk tumtuG,af y;zk@d wufvmwJt h pd;k &/
wenf;ajym&&if (rqv)&JŒ ppftm%m&Sif twGif;om; tESpfom&udk ezl;pnf;pmom;
45
wrsdK;ajymif;+yD; qufcHcJhwJh tpdk;&jzpfygw,f? Adkvfarmifarmif/ Adkvfae0if;wkd@ vufxuf
awGrSm tdrfapmifhtpdk;&/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD/ (rqv)qdk+yD; rsufESmzkH;awG wck+yD;wck
ajymif;pGycf ohJ vdrk sKd ;/ (e0w)qdw k hJ rsuEf mS zH;k topfwck pGy+f yD; uef@vef@uma&SŒ xGuv f mwJh
tESpfom&tm;jzifh ta[mif;jzpfwJh ppftpdk;&omjzpfygw,f?
tESpfom&tm;jzifh ta[mif;vkd@ usaemf bma=umifhajym&ovJ? &Sif;ygw,f?
urBmrSm ay:aygufcJhzl;or# ppftm%modrf;r_wdkif;rSm tm%modrf;ppfacgif;aqmifawG[m
rjzpfrae zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;zkd@ vdktyfw,fqdk&if vuf&dStpdk;&&JŒ xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifawG
udkom zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cJhwmyJ jzpfygw,f? 'grSr[kwf ppfwyfu wwd,tiftm;pktjzpf
tm%modrf;w,fqdk&ifvnf; useftiftm;pk ESpfckpvHk;u acgif;aqmifawGudk zrf;qD;
xdef;odrf;r_ jyKvkyfavh&dSygw,f? b*Fvm;a'h&Sf ppfwyfausmaxmufaemufcHjyK tpdk;&u
&dSwf[mqDemudka&m/ cgvD'gZD,mudkyg zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cJhovdkrsdK;yg?
'gayr,fh tm;vHk;od=uwJhtwkdif; jrefrmjynfu (e0w)(etz)wkd@uawmh
tm%modr;f pOfrmS a&m tm%modr;f +y;D aemuf tcktxdwikd yf g wdik ;f jynfukd (LDC) jzpfomG ;
atmif vkyfypfcJhwJh b,f(rqv)acgif;aqmif wa,mufudkrS vufzsm;eJ@rwkd@cJhbJ tJ'D
tpdk;&udk qef@usifuef@uGuf qENjycJh=uwJh jynfolvlxkudkom enf;o¿mefaygif;pHkeJ@ ESdyf
uGyf+zdKcGif;cJhygw,f? 'gu (e0w)(etz)eJ@ urBmh tjcm;aom tm%modrf;tpdk;&awG
=um;u rwljcm;em;wJh tcsufwcsufjzpfygw,f?
aemufwcsuu f awmh (e0w)[m (rqv)udk umuG,±f o Hk mru jrefrmjynfol
axmifaygif;rsm;pGmwkd@&JŒ aoG;awGudk aomufoHk;+yD; tm%m&vmwJh tpdk;&vnf;jzpf
ygw,f? 'Djzpf&yfrsdK;[mvnf; urBmhppftm%modrf;r_rsm; ordkif;rSm r&dSzl;wJh jzpf&yfjzpf
ygw,f? rjzpfrae E_id ;f ,SOjf y&r,fq&kd ifawmh csuu f pkd vdAk ufu;D ,m;eJ@ [efa*&DEikd if aH wGu
vlxktHkºuGr_awGudk tJ'DEdkifiHawGu uGefjrLepftpdk;&awGu qdkAD,ufppfwyftultnDeJ@
ESdyfuGyfacsr_ef;cJhr_awGudk jy&r,fxifygw,f? 'DbufacwfrSmawmh (e0w)vdk qENjyjynfol
axmifaygi;f rsm;pGmudk ypfcwfowfjzwf+yD; tm%modr;f wJh tpd;k &rsKd ; urBmh b,fae&mrSmrS
r&dSawmhygbl;? 'gu (e0w)(etz)wkd@eJ@ urBmay:u tjcm;aom tm%modrf;ppftpdk;&
awG=um;u rwljcm;em;wJh aemufwcsufyg?
aemufwcsufu tm%modrf;ppfacgif;aqmifawG&JŒ orm;pOftwdkif; jynfol
awGukd ay;cJw h hJ uwdawGukd (e0w)(etz)acgi;f aqmifawG apmifx h ed ;f vdu
k ef mjcif; &drS &dq
S wkd hJ
tydkif;jzpfygw,f? vkyfief;pOf}uD; (4)&yfudk vkyfaqmifr,fvkd@ aºuG;a=umf+yD; wufvmwJh
ppftpd;k &[m pwkwv ˆ yk if ef;pOfjzpfwhJ a&G;aumufyu GJ wdukd taumiftxnfazmfay;cJw h m
rSefayr,fh a&G;aumufyGJusif;yr,fh ae@&ufukd jynfwGif;ua&m/ jynfyuyg zdtm;awG
jyif;jyif;xefxef ay;cJh&+yD;aemufrSmrS rwwfomvkd@ a=unmay;cJhwm/ a&G;aumufyGJ
rusif;yrDrSm vlxkacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk tdrftus,fcsKyfcsxm;jcif; tyg
t0if jynfol@bufawmfom; ygwDawGudk enf;vrf;aygif;pHkoHk;+yD; EdSyfuGyfacsr_ef;cJhwm/
46
urBmhb,fEdkifiHrSmrS r&dScJhzl;wJh a&G;aumufyGJ r0if&if ygwDtjzpf &yfwnfcGifhr&SdqdkwJh Oya'

rsKd ;xkw+f yD; qef@usib f uftiftm;pktwGi;f tuGu J tJG jym;jym; jzpfomG ;atmif wwfEikd o f r#
}udK;yrf;vkyfaqmifcJhwm pwJhvkyf&yfawGudk=unfh&if ppftpdk;& uwdwnfw,fqdkwm
b,fvkdrsdK; wnfwmvJ qdkwmudk yHkazmf=unfhEdkifrSmjzpfygw,f?
olwkd@twGuf ckwf&mwjcm;/ &S&mwvGJ jzpfoGm;cJhwJh (90)a&G;aumufyGJ aemuf
ydkif;rSmawmh ppftpdk;&tzkd@ uwd csdK;azmufwJh udpP[m xrif;pm;a&aomuf jzpfvmyg
awmhw,f? a&G;aumufyGJ+yD;&if ppfwef;vsm;jyefr,f/ tajccHOya' a&;qGJa&;udpPeJ@ ywf
ouf+yD; ppfwyfu orkdif;w&m;cH tjzpfrcHEdkifbl;/ a&G;aumufyGJtEdkif&wJh v$wfawmfudk,f
pm;vS,af wG qG=J uayg/h tEdik &f wJyh gwu D kd tm%mv$aJ y;ygr,f pwJh pum;awG u|+H yD; E_wrf &
jzpfaewJh Adv k af pmarmifukd ±l;oGm;+yDq+kd yD; z,f&mS ;/ Adv
k o
f ef;a&$u acgi;f aqmif wufvyk +f yD;
(etz)qdkwJh rsufESmzHk;pGyftopfeJ@ yGJxGufvmcJhjyefygw,f?
uk, d jhf ynfoal wGudk ay;cJwh hJ uwdu0wfawGuakd wmif ajymifajymifwif;wif; csKd ;
azmufcw hJ hJ tpd;k &wcktzk@d Edik if w
H umudk ay;wJuh wdawG wnfz@dk qw kd muawmh usm;om;
rkd;}udK;ygyJ? vufydkuf=unfhaevkd@ b,fvdkrS rjzpfEdkifvGef;vkd@ pdwfrcsrf;romeJ@ 0ifygae&wJh
tmqD,Hwkd@vdk/ ukvor*~wkd@vdk EdkifiHwum tzGJ@tpnf;awG[m (etz)twGufawmh
upm;csifwdkif; upm;vkd@&wJh t±kyfuav;awG jzpfaeygawmhw,f? uwdawG wck+yD;
wckay;/ wck+yD;wckzsuf qdkwmrsdK; }udrfzefrsm;pGm }uKHae=u&wmrkd@ (etz)eJ@ qufqHae&
wJh Edik if aH wG[m ,Ofaus;r_t& vlo&d iS =f um; rajym=uayr,fh olw@dk ow H refawG&ŒJ tvGwf
oabm ajympum;awGudk em;axmif=unfh&if (etz)udk olwkd@ b,favmuf pdwfysufae
=uw,fqdkwJh tcsufudk jrifawG@Edkifygw,f? 'ga=umifh uwdrwnfjcif;qdkwJh tcsuf[m
vnf; tjcm; tm%modrf; ppfacgif;aqmifawGeJ@ (e0w)(etz) ppftkyfpkt=um; uGJjym;
jcm;em;wJh tcsufwcsufjzpfygw,f?
jynfoludkzdESdyf+yD; wdkif;jynfudk qif;&JrGJawoGm;atmif jyKvkyfcJhwJh (rqv)
tpd;k &&JŒ tESpo f m&jzpfwhJ tm%m&Sipf epfukd qufvuf umuG,x f ed ;f odr;f apmifah &Smufz@dk
ppfwyfudk toHk;cs+yD; tm%m&,lvmcJhwJh (e0w)(etz)ppftkyfpk[m olwkd@tkyfpk&JŒ
tudsK;pD;yGm;udk xdcdkufvmwJhtcgrSm ppftm%m&Sifpepf&JŒ zcif}uD; Adkvfae0if;/ rdrdwkd@
tkyfpkudk tm%myv†ifay: a&mufatmif ycHk;eJ@xrf;wifay;cJhwJh Adkvfcif!Gef@wkd@udkawmif
rxm;awmhbJ Edik if aH &; pifjrifah y:u z,f&mS ;ypfcjhJ cif;u (e0w)(etz)ppftyk pf [ k m “bezl;
odu k w
f ;l r,f” “b,foal oao iawrm&if+yD;a&m”oabmw&m;udk vufuikd x f m;olawG
jzpfrSef; ydkrdkxif&Sm;ay:vGifapygw,f? pm;usufvk&if; ta0rwnfhjzpfwJhtcg AdkvfxGef;
=unf/ Adkvfausmfb/ AdkvfrsdK;!Gef@/ Adkvfjrifhatmifwkd@vdk twGif;vlawGudk uef@vefum
aemufuG,f ykd@cJhjcif;uvnf; ppftkyfpk&J@ “[oFmudk;aomif;” obm0udk jrifomapcJh
ygw,f?
47
(90)a&G;aumufy&JG v'f taumiftxnfazmfay;&r,fh wm0ef
udk (1§90)a=unmcsuef @J a&SmifvzJ$ @dk }udK;pm;/ “trsKd ;om; nDvmcH”qdw k hJ
urBmhpHcsdefwif rm&oGef rsufvSnfhyGJ}uD;eJ@ jynfwGif;jynfyudk vSnfhpm;/
(90)a&G;aumufyGJtEdkif& (NLD) ygwDu olwkd@udk twif;tusyf
vufrw S x f ;kd cdik ;f cJw
h hJ (1§90)udk xyfwvJvaJ xmufjy+y;D tJ'D a=unmcsuf
twdkif; aqmif&Gufzkd@ zdtm;ay;aewmudk rcHEdkifawmhwJhtqHk; rdrdvufeJ@
a&;wmudk rdrdajceJ@zsufwJhoabmeJ@ tJ'Da=unmcsufudkyg ausmcdkif;+yD;
“vrf;jyajryHk”qdkwmudk ZGwftwif;csrSwf/ (15)ESpf =umvmcJh+yDjzpfwJh
“trsdK;om;nDvmcH”udk +yD;apcsifawmh &ufydkif;twGif; ZGwftwif;
ed*Hk;csKyf/ tJ'DuxGufvmwJh “tajccHOya'”qdkwmudk “em*pfudkawmif
riJhEdkifbJ vlxkqENcH,lyGJ twk}uD;”eJ@ ZGwftwif; twnfjyKpwJh vkyf&yf
awGu tjcm;b,fEdkifiHu ppftm%modrf; tpdk;&awGeJ@rS rwlwJh
jrefrmppftpdk;&JŒ xdwfvef@wkefv_yfzG,f&m udk,fusdK;pD;yGm;&nfrSef;csuf
}uD;rm;yHu k kd uGuu f uG uf iG ;f uGi;f jrifomatmif rD;armif;xd;k jyowJh tjcif;
t&mawG jzpfcJhygw,f?
(e0w)(etz)ppftkyfpk[m tm
%myv† i f a y:ud k b,f v d k & nf & G , f c suf e J @
a&mufvmcJw h mvJ? 'Dar;cGe;f &JŒtajzu odyf ppf t m%m&S i f p epf
udk&Sif;ygw,f? 'Duae@ jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒ pD;yGm; &moufyef wnfwhHapzkd@
a&;vkyif ef;}uD;rSeo f r#ukd avhvm=unfv h u
kd f }udK;yrf;vkyfaqmifaer_awGxJrSm
yg? ppftpdk;& acgif;aqmifawGeJ@ wenf; Ad k v f a e0if ; awmif
r[kwfwenf; ywfoufqufEG,faew,fqdk pdwful;r&cJhbl;wJh
wmudk awG@=u&ygvdrfhr,f? ppftpdk;& acgif; ppfaq;wuUodkvf/
aqmifawG rajymygeJ@? olwkd@&JŒ tzsm;tem; ppftif*sifeD,mwuUodkvfawG
u aqGrsKd ;om;csi;f awGawmif 'Davmuf jynf xlaxmifcJhwmvnf;
oltrsm;pk qif;&Jusyfwnf;ae=uwJh acwf wck y g0if y gw,f ?
}uD;rSm odef;aygif;axmifcsD csrf;omºuG,f0
jref r mjynf o l a wG & J Œ
ae=uw,fqdkwJh owif;awG[m “tm;vHk;
od=uwJh v#Kd@0Sufcsuf” jzpfaeyg+yD?
ac|;eJpmawGudk toHk;jyK+yD; æ
jrefrmppftkyfpkacgif;aqmifawG
[m olwkd@udk 'Drdkua&pDpepfatmufrSmqdk
&if tdyfrufruf=unfhzkd@awmif rjzpfEdkifwJh
tm%meJ@ pnf;pdrfawG &&dSaeapwJh ppftm
%m&Sipf epf &moufyefwnfwaHh pzk@d }udK;yrf;
48
vkyfaqmifaer_awGxJrSm Adkvfae0if;awmif pdwful;r&cJhbl;wJh ppfaq;

wuUodkvf/ ppftif*sifeD,mwuUodkvfawG xlaxmifcJhwmvnf; wckyg0if
ygw,f? jrefrmjynfoal wG&ŒJ ac|;eJpmawGukd toH;k jyK+yD; tdr}f uD;ay: tdrif ,f
aqmuf/ avS}uD;ay: avSi,fwifwJh tJ'DtjyKtrl[mvnf; jrefrmjynfol
awGudk ajymifusus pdefac:r_wckyJjzpfygw,f? t&yfom;awGwufwJh
wuUodkvfawGudkusawmh +rdKŒeJ@ a0;vHacgifzsm;wJh ae&mawGykd@/ taqmif
ta,mif toHk;taqmifawGeJ@ q&m/ q&mrawGu rjynfhpHk/ ppfAdkvfom;
orD;awGusawmh tppt&m&m vdkavao;r&dS jynfhpHkwJhoD;oef@ wuUodkvf
awGrSm wufcGifh&aewJh tcsufawG[mvnf; ausmom;&ifom; rcGJjcm;&bl;
qdkwJh rif;usifhw&m;udk ajymifajymifwif;wif; rsufuG,fjyKxm;wmrkd@ cHjyif;
&ifemp&m aumif;vGef;vSygw,f?
ppftm%m&Sifpepf &moufyefwnfwhHcdkif+rJa&;qdkwJh jrefrmppf
tpdk;&&JŒ ar#mfrSef;csuf[m b,fae&mu=unfh=unfh jrifomvSygw,f?
,Ofaus;wJh vlwa,muf[m rdrdywf0ef;usifu vl,Ofaus;awG
&JŒ oabmxm;udk tav;rl *±kxm;p+rJyg? rdrdudk raxmufcHolrSefor# vl
,kwrf ma=umifoal wmfawGcsn;f yJv@dk ,lqwm[m vlvrd mR / vl,Ofaus;wk@d
&JŒ ESvHk;oGif;yHkoGif;enf; r[kwfygbl;? 'gayr,fh jrefrmjynfuppftkyfpku
awmh tm;vHk;od=uwJhtwdkif; ol@&JŒ ppftm%m&Sifpepf &moufyef wnfwHh
cdkif+rJa&; ar#mfrSef;csufudk a0zefaxmufjyvmol rSefor#udk &efpG,faigaigeJ@
uufuufvefatmif &efawG@cJhwmcsnf;ygyJ?
(etz)qkdwm +idrf;csrf;a&; Edkb,fqk&SifawG/ bmomaygif;pHku
acgif;aqmifawG/ vl@tcGifhta&;udk wefzdk;xm; av;pm;wJh EdkifiHwum tzGJ@
tpnf;awGtjyif ol tumtuG,, f xl m;wJh tmqD,t H zG@J e@J urBmrh o
d m;pk
tzGJ@tpnf;}uD;jzpfwJh ukvor*~&JŒ wkdufwGef;awmif;qdkr_awGudkawmifrS
rsufESmajymifwdkuf+yD; vspfvsL±_cJhwJh tpdk;&rsdK;yg? (90)a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk
taumiftxnf azmfay;zkd@ awmif;qdkcsufudk xm;ygOD;? trdsK;om;jyefvnf
oifjh rwfa&;twGuf tajccH&r,fh tkwjf rpfjzpfwhJ a':atmifqef;pk=unf tyg
t0if Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm; jyefvw$ af y;a&;eJ@ awGqakH qG;aEG;a&; awmif;
qdkcsufawGudkawmif r=um;[efaqmifcJhwm q,fpkESpf ESpfck ausmf&dScJhyg+yD?
49
(etz)ppftkyfpkeJ@ urBmh tjcm;aom tm%modrf;ppf

tpdk;&awG=um;u tESpfom&t& uGJjym;jcm;em;r_awGuawmh ajym&
&if ajymrqH;k aygif awmoH;k awmifygy?J qufajymr,fq&kd if ajymp&mawG
trsm;}uD; useyf gao;w,f? cifAsm; ar;cGe;f udk ajzzk@d q&kd if 'Davmufe@J yJ
vHkavmufw,fvkd@ ,lqwJhtwGuf 'Dae&mrSm&yfygr,f?
tJovdk tpdk;&rsdK;udk tar&duefeJ@ Oa&myor*~ pwJh
,Ofaus;wJh EdkifiHwum todkif;t0dkif;u tjcm; tm%modrf; tpdk;&
awGeJ@ b,fvdkvkyf+yD; wwef;wnf; xm;EdkifyghrvJ? usL;bm;u uGefjrL
epftpdk;&udk tar&dueftpdk;& tqufqufu pD;yGm;a&;/ oHwrefa&;
t& '%fcwfydwfqkd@ ta&;,lr_awG jyKvkyfcJhwm &mpkESpfw0ufeD;yg;
&doS mG ;+yD? 'ga=umifh jrefrm tpd;k &u usLbm;tpd;k &avmuf rqd;k bl;vk@d
ajymrvm;? r[kwfygbl;? tar&duef&JŒ tJ'D vkyf&yfudk ±kwfodrf;ay;zkd@
ukvor*~ taxGaxGnv D mcHu awmif;qdv k mcJw h m ESpaf ygi;f ESpq
f ,f
eD;yg; &dSvm+yDjzpfwJhtjyif tar&duef&JŒ tJ'D ta&;,lr_udk ol@&JŒ t&if;
ESD;qHk; r[mrdwfjzpfwJh +Adwdeftygt0if b,fOa&myEdkifiHurS yl;aygif;
yg0ifjcif; r&dScJhygbl;?
jrefrmppftpd;k &udak wmh tm%m&,lcchJ sed u f pvk@d vkyaf qmif
cJhwJh vlxkqef@usifa&; vkyf&yfawGxJrSm (2007)ckESpf/ pufwifbmv
rSm jzpfymG ;cJw h hJ a&$0ga&mif awmfveS af &;twGi;f vkyaf qmifcw hJ hJ vky&f yf
udkyg xnfhaygif;vdkufr,fqdk&if ,Ofaus;wJh EdkifiHwum rdom;pk
todik ;f t0dik ;f u wk@H jyefta&;,lr[ _ m rvGew f thJ jyif trsm;}uD;awmif
vdkaeygao;w,f? Õ
50
ar;? ? 'Duae@ urBmha'owv$m;rSm qENjyyGJawG/ t"du±k%f;awGjzpfcJh
jzpfae=uwmawG/ tJ'gawGudk t"du±k%f;xdef;&JawGu &Sif;vif;+zdKcGJwmawGudk
±kyo
f u H wqifh jrifae=u&ygw,f? jrefrmvk+H cKHa&; wyfz@JG 0ifawGvnf; tJovdyk J
vkyfcJh=uwmyJ? jrefrmvkH+cKHa&; wyfzGJ@0ifawG&JŒ vkyf&yfudkrS bma=umifh emem
=unf;=unf; jzpfae=uwmvJ?
ajz ? ? (etz)[m ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk umuG,fzkd@ udk,fhaoG;

&if;om;&if; jynfoal wGukd axmife@J csD owfjzwf+yD; wufvmwJh tpd;k &
jzpfwJhta=umif; usaemf a&SŒrSm ajymjycJh+yD;+yD?
ordkif;a=umif;enf;enf; jyefvSef&&ifawmh acwfopfjrefrm
ppfwyf[m zufqpf0g'D *syefppfwyf&@J &ifaiG@uv kd +H_ yD; ayguzf mG ;}uD;jyif;
vmcJh&wJh ppfwyfjzpfw,fqdkwmudk ajymrSjzpfvdrfhr,f? jrefrm ppfwyf
[m zufqpf*syef ppfwyfqDu tifrwef tzdk;wefwJh ppfynmawG
tjyif zufqpftrltusifh tcsKd@udkyg tenf;eJ@trsm; tarGqufcH
&&dScJhw,f? tJovkd r[kwfbl;qdk&ifawmif zufqpf*syefppfwyf&JŒ trl
tusif h a wG u d k jref r mppf a cgif ; aqmif &J a bmf o H k ; ud s yf 0 if a wG [ m
rsufpd,Of em;,Of jzpfcJhw,f?
usaemf=um;zl;wJh tjzpftysufwckudk ajymjyygr,f? Armh
vGwv f yfa&;wyfrawmf (BIA) jrefrmjynfxJ 0ifa&mufvm+yD; r=umrD
w&ufrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m &JabmfoHk;usdyf0if Adkvfjrifhatmifudk
ac:+yD; qlyl}udrf;armif;cJh&w,f? ta=umif;&if;uawmh Adkvfjrifhatmif
[m &mZ0wfom;wa,mufudk tjypfay;wJhae&mrSm 0uf0HeJ@ v$wf
ay;+yD; tjypfay;cJhvkd@ jzpfw,f? AdkvfcsKyf&JŒ qlyl}udrf;armif;r_udk cH&vkd@
em=unf;oGm;wJh Adkvfjrifhatmif[m csufcsif;yJ tdrftay:xyfudk
wufoGm;+yD; ol@udk,fol aoewfeJ@ ypfowfvdkufw,f? Adkvfjrifhatmif
&JŒ &mZ0wfom;udk tjypfay;yHka&m/ udk,fhudk,fukd owfao ([m&m
uD&d)vkyfyHkawG[m zufqpf*syefawG&JŒ trltusifhawGjzpfygw,f?
bDtdkifatwyfzGJ@wcsKdŒ jynfolvlxktay: zufqpfqefqef
jyKrlcJhwJh owif;awGvnf;&dSw,f? u&if-Arm ta&;tcif;vnf; &dScJh
w,f? 'ghtjyif jrefrmppfAdkvfwOD;u olykefausm±kd;awGukd vrf;}udwf
pufeJ@ eif;owfcdkif;cJhzl;w,f qdkwmvnf; =um;zl;w,f? tdrfapmifh
tpdk;&vufxufrSmvnf; +rdKŒaeqif;&Jom;awGudk +rdKŒopfawGqD a&$@
ajymif;wJh pDrHudef;rSm jrefrmppfwyf&JŒ zufqpfqefqef vkyf&yfawGudk
51
jrifawG@cJh=u&w,f? (62)ckESpf tm%modrf;+yD;aemufydkif;rSmawmh
jrefrmppfwyf&JŒ zufqpfo±kyf[m ydk+yD; yDjyifay:vGifxif&Sm;vmcJh
w,f? qJAif;ZlvdkifudpP/ wuo taqmuftOD; +zdKcGJwJhudpPawGtp/
(1970)jynfv h eG Ef pS af wGrmS jzpfymG ;cJwh hJ ta&;tcif;awGe@J &Spaf v;vH;k
ta&;awmfyHk}uD;tv,f/ 'DyJ,if;ta&;tcif;eJ@ pufwifbm a&$0g
a&mif awmfvSefa&;tqHk; jzpf&yfrsm;rSm jrefrmppfwyf&JŒ zufqpf
o±kyf[m wae@wjcm; ydkrdkay:vGif xif&Sm;vmcJhwm jzpfw,f?
jrefrmppfwyf&JŒ zufqpfo±kyfudk tapmqHk;eJ@ teuf±_dif;
qH;k odjrifoabmayguf em;vnfco hJ al wGuawmh jrefrmEdik if H e,fpeG f
e,fzsm;rSm aexkdif=uwJh wdkif;&if;om;jynfolrsm;yJ jzpfygw,f? jref
rmppfwyf&JŒ enf;vrf;aygif;pHkoHk;+yD; &uf&ufpufpuf EdSyfuGyfacsr_ef;
r_udk cHcJh=u&wJh tJ'DjynfolawG&J@ 'kuQa0'emawG ta=umif;
(License to rape)wkd@vdk pmtkyfawGuwqifh urBmu odvmcJh=u
wm b,favmufrS r=umao;ayr,fh cHpm;aecJh=u&wJh umvu
q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm wkdifcJh+yD jzpfygw,f?
tck wifjycJhwmawG tm;vHk;[m tpdk;&qef@usiw f hJ tkypf k
awG&ŒJ r[kwrf rSef 0g'jzef@csufawGjzpfw,fvkd@ apm'u wufEdkifyg
w,f? 'gayr,fh owif;qufoG,fa&; enf;ynm tvGefwdk;wufae
+yDjzpfwJh 'Duae@acwfrSm EdkifiHwumu rsufjcnfrjywf puUef@rvyf
apmifh=unfhaewJh tcsdefrsdK;rSm jzpfyGm;cJhwJh a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;
twGif;rSmawmif jrefrmppfwyf[m ol&JŒ zufqpfo±kyfudk rzHk;Edkif
rzdEikd af vmufatmif rjybJraeEdik f jzpfomG ;cJyh u kH awmh =ocsavmuf
w,fvkd@ qdk&rSmjzpfygw,f? EdkifiHwum ±kyfoHowif;tpDtpOfawG
rSm jrifawG@c=hJ u&wJh wef;pDxidk af ewJh vli,fwOD;udk um;ay:twifrmS
vHkxdef;&JawGu wkwfawGeJ@ wa,muf+yD; wa,muf ±kdufae=uwJh
jrifuiG ;f / qENjyvli,f wa,mufukd vHx k ed ;f wa,mufu atmufcH
abmif;bDom usefawmhwJhtxd ±kdufESuf uefausmuf+yD;wJhaemuf
tJ'Dvli,fudk ol@&JŒppfzdeyfeJ@ eif;xm;wJh jrifuGif;/ pk+yD;xdkifae=uwJh
&[ef;oHCmawmfawGudk &JawGu eHygwfwkwfawGeJ@ twif;0if±kduf
wJh jrifuGif;/ aoG;oH&J&JeJ@ acgif;u'%f&mudk vufeJ@tkyfxm;wJh
oHCmawmfwyg;udk &Jwa,mufu tcsKyfum;qD qGJac:oGm;wJh
jrifuiG ;f awG[m tpd;k &qef@usiaf &;orm;awG&ŒJ 0g'jzef@ vky}f uH ±ku d f
csufawGr[kwfwm wurBmvHk; od=uygw,f?
52
jrefrmppftpd;k &&JŒ zufqpfp±ku d f tay:vGiq f ;kH jzpfomG ;cJw

h m
uawmh a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;rSm *syefowif;axmuf em*tdqef
aoqHk;cJh&wJh tjzpftysufrSm jzpfygw,f? ±kyfoHjrifuGif;awGt&
aoewfeJ@ typfcH&wJhtcsdefrSm em*tdqefa&m/ qENjyjynfolvlxka&m
[m vHkxdef;wyfzGJ@awGudk xdyfwkduf&ifqdkif t=urf;zufaewJh tajc
taerSm &dSaewmr[kwfygbl;? em*tdqef[m vrf;ay:rSm aoewfeJ@
aoG;at;at; typfcH&+yD; vJusaoqHk; oGm;cJh&wm jzpfygw,f?
wurBmvHk;u jrifawG@cJh&wJh tJ'Djzpf&yfudk rdrdwkd@udk qENjyolawGu
t=urf;zufvmvkd@ udk,fhudk,fudk ckcHumuG,fydkifcGifht& ypfcwfcJh&wm
jzpfygw,fvkd@ jrefrmppftpdk;& ta=umif;jyw,fqdk&ifawmh tJ'D
ta=umif;jycsuf[m (etz)&JŒ &,fp&mraumif;qHk; jyufvHk;awGxJu
wckyJ jzpfygvdrhfr,f?
tJ'DtcsufawGtm;vHk;tjyif (etz)ppfwyfu avhusifh
ay;xm;wJh vHkxdef;awG&JŒ qENjyyGJwdkif; jynfolvlxktay: jyKrlvkyf
aqmifcyhJ aHk wGukd =unf&h if/ tjcm;Edik if aH wGu vHxk ed ;f awGe@J vH;k vH;k vsm;
vsm;rwlbJ qENjyolawGudk +idK;ol&efbufawGozG,f onf;}uD;rnf;
}uD; ±kdufESufypfcwf owfjzwfcJhwmawGudk=unfh&if jrefrmvHkxdef;
awGudkrS bma=umifhxl;+yD; emem=unf;=unf; jzpfcJh=u&wmvJqdkwJh
ar;cGef;&JŒ tajzudk &dyfpm;od&dSEdkifr,f xifygw,f? Õ
53
ar; ? ? (etz)[m bmoma&;tydkif;rSm bk&m;apwDta[mif;awG

jyKjyif topfawGwnfcw hJ ,f? ,Ofaus;r_tykid ;f rSm qd/k u/ a&;/ wD;+yKdiyf aJG wG
usif;yay;+yD; jrefrmhtEkynm zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&;udk aqmif&GufcJhw,f?
ynma&;tydkif;rSm wuUodkvf/ aumvdyf ody`HopfawGtrsm;}uD; wnf
aqmufay;cJhw,f? vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;tydkif;rSm vrf;wHwm;topfawG
trsm;}uD; aqmufvkyfay;cJhw,f? 'gawG[m jynfolvlxktwGuf tusdK;
jzpfxGef;apwJh udpPawG r[kwfbl;vm;?
ajz ? ? bmoma&;tydik ;f ud=k unfw h t

hJ cg cifAsm;ajymwJvh yk &f yfawGukd xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;
zk@d vkt
d yfw,fq&kd if (1990)ckEpS u f ywWeÁ d Z…e uHaqmifwhJ oHCmawGukd ESyd u f yG af csre_ ;f
cJw
h hJ &[ef;oHCmawmfawGukd ppfa=uma&;pcef;awGrmS ESyd pf ufnO‡ ;f yef; ppfar;cJ=h uwJh tjyif
ouFef;twif;qGJc|wf+yD; ESpf&Snfaxmif'%fawGcsrSwfcJhwJh/ olwkd@ ukvm;xdkifudk xdvmwJh
tcg OD;okr*Fvvdk wdydÉu q&mawmfudkawmif axmifoGif;tusOf;cscJhwJh/ a&$0ga&mif
awmfvSefa&;rSm oHCmawmfawGudk r[kwfr[wfpGyfpGJ+yD; EdSyfuGyfacsr_ef;cJhwJh vkyf&yfawG
udv k nf; xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;rS jzpfygvrd rhf ,f? 'ga=umifch ifAsm;ajymcJw h hJ vky&f yfawGukd (etz)
u wu,fh apwemtrSefeJ@ vkyfcJhw,fqdkOD;awmh “ukodkvfwyJ i&Jwydom”qdkwJh pum;
udkyJ ukd;um;&ygvdrfhr,f? wu,fawmh &[ef;oHCmawGudk owfwJhjypfr_udk b,fvkd
aumif;r_rsdK;eJ@rS jyefaxvkd@ r&Edkifygbl;?
qdk/ u/ a&;/ wD;+yKdifyGJqdkwJh tydkif;uawmh rjzpfrae &Sm}uHcsD;usL;&r,fqdk&if
csD;usL;EdkifwJh udpPwckjzpfygw,f? 'gawmif 0g'jzef@csda&; tudsK;pD;yGm;qdkwmudk xnfhwGuf
&if odyfajymp&m r&dSvSygbl;?
ynma&;tydkif;rSm wuUodkvfawGtrsm;}uD; wnfaqmufay;cJhw,fqkdwm
a,bk,stm;jzifhawmh aumif;wJhvkyf&yfyg? 'gayr,fh tJ'DwuUodkvfawG[m vlpOfrDwJh
54
wuUodkvfawG[kwf&JŒvm;? tJ'DwuUodkvfwnfaqmufa&; vkyfief;awGrSm
tusifhysufjcpm;r_awG uif;&Sif;&JŒvm;qdkwJh ar;cGef;awGudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&if/
wuUov kd &f +Sd yD;om; +rdKŒawGrmS +rdKŒpGe+f rdKŒzsm; a0;vHoaD cgiw f t hJ &yfrmS wuUov kd f
awG xyfrw H nfaqmufwm[m ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd tpOftquf ckcw H u kd cf u kd f
cJ=h uwJh wuUov kd af usmif;om;awGukd vlxek @J a0;&myk@d ypfvu kd w f m r[kwb f ;l vm;
qkdwJh ar;cGef;udkxnfhoGif; pOf;pm;&if (etz)[m tJ'Dvkyf&yftwGufvnf;
tjynfht0csD;usL;cHxdkufol [kwfr[kwfpOf;pm;&rSm jzpfygw,f?
vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;tydkif;eJ@ ywfoufvkd@ (etz)vufxufrSm
vrf;wHwm;awG tweftoifh wdk;yGm;vmwm rSefygw,f? 'gayr,fh 'DudpPrSm
vnf; ajymp&mESpcf k &dyS gw,f? wcku txufrmS a jymcJo h vdyk J tusiyhf sujf cpm;
r_awG uif;&JŒvm; qdkwmjzpfygw,f? aemufwckuawmh q&m}uD;a&$Oa'gif;a&;
wJh “[pfwvm vkyfcJhor#” pmtkyfxJu tcef;wcef;eJ@ E_dif;,SOfjy&rSmjzpfyg
w,f? tJ't D cef;rSm [pfwvm[m oltm%m&vmwmeJ@ *smreDEikd if w H 0Sr;f vH;k
udk &uf,S,fxm;wJh vrf; wHwm;awG trsm;}uD;wnfaqmuf azmufvkyfcJh
w,f? tJ'g&JŒ&nf&G,fcsufuawmh ta&;ay:vmwJhtcsdefrSm ol@&JŒ ppf,E W&m;
}uD;awG oGm;vdk&mudk tjrefqHk;a&mufoGm;Edkifatmif ykd@ay;zkd@jzpfw,fvkd@ q&m
}uD;u a&;ygw,f? (88)ta&;awmfyHktwGif; qENjy jynfolvlxka=umifh ol@&JŒ
ppftiftm;awGudk vsifvsifjrefjref vG,fvG,fulul ra&$Œrajymif;Edkif jzpfcJh&wJh
oifcef;pmudk &&dx S m;wJh (etz)u vrf;wHwm;awG wnfaqmufazmufvyk jf cif;
&JŒ t"du &nf&G,fcsuf[m qENjy jynfolawGudk tjrefqHk;ESdyfuGyf acsr_ef;Edkifzkd@
r[kwfbl;vkd@ b,folajymEdkifygovJ?
tJ'gawGxuf ydt k a&;}uD;wJh tcsuf
uawmh jrefrmjynfolvlxk}uD;&JŒ o
(etz)u abmxm; tjrifygyJ? bmoma&;tydkif;
vrf ; wH w m;awG rSm (etz)u Ak'<bmomeJ@ ywfouf
wnf a qmuf a zmuf v k y f j cif ; &J Œ +yD; bmomomoem wdk;wufa&; t
wGuf pGr;f pGr;f wrH aqmif&u G af y;cJw h ,f?
t"du &nf&G,fcsuf[m
tjcm;bmomawG twG u f v nf ;
qENjy jynfolawGudk
axmufyHhulnD apmifha&Smufr_awG jyK
tjrefqHk;ESdyfuGyf vkyfcJhw,f r[kwfbl;vm;vkd@ cifAsm;u
acsr_ e f ; Ed k i f z k d @ ar;w,f? 'gqdk&if bmomaygif;pHku
r[kwfbl;vkd@ rd r d w k d @ bmom wnf w h H j yef @ yG m ;a&;
b,f o l a jymEd k i f y govJ twG u f aqmif & G u f a ewJ h o l a wG [ m
(etz)vufxufrSm t&rf;udk aysmf&$if
55
0rf;ajrmufae=uwJh oabmaygh? tJovdk[kwfr[kwf tJ'DvlawGudk udk,fwdkif

ar;=unfhoifhygw,f? olwkd@&JŒ tajztwGuf bmudkrS pdk;&drfylyef p&mrvdkwJh
tajctaersdK;udk t&ifzefwD;+yD;rS ar;zkd@awmh vdktyfygw,f?
,Ofaus;r_tydkif;rSmvnf; 'Dtwdkif;ygyJ? qdk/ u/ a&;/ wD;+yKdifyGJawG
usif;yay;wJhtwGuf jrefrmh*DwokckrtEkynmudk jynfolawG ydkrdkjrwfEdk;
wef;zdk; xm;+yD; vli,ftrsm;pk taemufwdkif; *DwokckrtEkynmxuf jrefrmh
*Dwokckr tEkynmudkydk+yD; av;pm;wefzdk;xm; vm=uygovm;? 'DudpPudk
aoaocsmcsm uGif;qif; ppfwrf;aumuf,l=unfhzkd@ oifhygw,f? 'gayr,fh
'Duae@ a,bk,s jrifawG@ae&wmuawmh vufrSwfcawG aomif;*%ef;em;
uyfaeayr,fh taemufwikd ;f *Dw pifjrifah zsmaf jzyGaJ wGrmS vlawG}udw}f udww f ;kd
ae+yD;/ jrefrmh*DwazsmfajzyGJawGrSmawmh usD;eJ@zkwfzkwfjzpfaewmudkygyJ?
'ghtjyif jrefrmh tEkynmavmuom; tm;vHk; 'Duae@rSm pdwfrcsrf;rajrŒ
jzpfae=uygw,f? avhvm=unfhvkdufyg? 'Dtcsufu (etz)&JŒ tay:,H a&$r_ef
}uJvkyf&yfudk rD;armif;xkd;jyaeygw,f?
ynma&;e,fy,frSma&m/ wuUodkvf}uD;awG wkd;vmvkd@ ausmif;
om;awG/ q&mawG &$ifvef;wufºuG jzpfae=uygovm;? a&$ausmif;ajymif
ajymif 0rf;acgifacgifqdkwJh pum;udk q&mawG t+rJowd&ae=uovdk wif;usyf
wJh pnf;urf;awG/ rl;,pfaq;0g;awGeJ@ avmif;upm;r_awG y&yGjzpfaewJh tJ'D
wuUodkvf topf}uD;awG[m ynmudk wu,fvdkcsifol ausmif;om;awG
twGufawmh usD;tmoD;awGvdkygyJ?
vrf ; yef ; quf o G , f a &;awG wd k ; wuf v mw,f r[k w f v m;vk d @
cifAsm;u ar;w,f? 'DudpPeJ@ ywfouf+yD; jynfolawGudk ar;=unfh&r,f? vrf;
wHwm;awGwdk;vmwJhtwGuf cifAsm;wkd@ oGm;&vm&wm t&ifuxuf p&dwf
pu tydkif;rSma&m tqifajyoufom vG,fulacsmarG@r_ tydkif;rSmyg wdk;wuf
vmw,fv@dk cHpm;=u&ovm;? vrf;wHwm;awG wk;d vmwJt h wGuf cifAsm;wk@d &ŒJ
pD;yGm;a&; tajctae t&ifuxufy+kd yD; wd;k wuf acsmifvnfvm=uovm;vk@d
ar;=unfh&if taumif;qHk;ygyJ? Õ
56
ar; ? ? wdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&; qkwf,kwfae&wm olwkd@a=umifhr[kwfbl;? taemuf
EdkifiH}uD;awGu csrSwfxm;wJh '%fcwf ydwfqkd@r_awGa=umifh jzpfw,f? 'Duae@ (etz)eJ@
(NLD) ajyvnfa&;rSm (NLD)u awmif;qkdvkd@ taemuf EdkifiH}uD;awGu vkyfay;aewJh
pD;yGm;a&; '%fcwfydwfqkd@ta&;,lr_awGu t"du t[ef@twm;wck jzpfaew,fvkd@
(etz)u awmufav#muf ajymaewJhtjyif tJ'Dtcsuftygt0if tcsuf(4)csufudk
a':atmifqef;pk=unfu vkdufavsmrS awG@qHkaqG;aEG;Edkifr,fvkd@ r=umcifuyJajym
cJjh yefw,f? 'gt
h jyif a'guw f m Zmenfw@dk vkd t&ifu pD;yGm;a&; '%fcwfyw
d q
f @dk ru
_ kd axmuf
cHv_H@aqmfcJhw,f qdkoluawGvnf; (NLD)u tJ'Drl0g'udk qufvufudkifpGJxm;wmrSm;
w,f? pD;yGm;a&; '%fcwfydwfqkd@r_awGa=umifh trSefwu,f'kuQcHpm;&wmu jynfol
vlxkomjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh (NLD)taeeJ@ jrefrmjynftay: pD;yGm;a&; '%fcwfydwfqkd@r_
awGvkyfzkd@ EdkifiHwumudk awmif;qdkwJhrl0g'udk pGef@v$wfoifhw,fvkd@ ajymae=uw,f?
'DudpPeJ@ ywfouf+yD; cifAsm;tjrifudkajymygOD;?
ajz ? ? 'Dar;cGef;udk ajzzkd@twGuf yxrqHk;usifh0wf p&%w&m;

(ethics) ud p P u d k oG m ;&r,f ? usif h 0 wf p &%w&m;qd k w m vl o m;
wa,muftaeeJ@ jyKusifhtyfwJh/ rjyKusifhtyfwJhudpPawGudk qdkvdkwm
jzpfygw,f? vlom;eJ@ wd&p>mefuGmjcm;wm[m 'Dw&m;ygyJ? taumif;eJ@
tqd;k udk cGjJ cm;odjrifEikd w
f hJ ^m%fynm&ifo h efr[_ m vlom;eJ@ wd&p>mefukd
cGJjcm;&mrSm toHk;jyKtyfwJh aywHjzpfygw,f? vlom;wa,muf[m tJ'D
^m%fynm &ifhoefr_ &dSvmavav wd&p>meftjzpfeJ@ a0;uGmvmavav
ygyJ?
tJ'D±_axmifht& vlyDovdkwJh vlwa,muf[m tajccHtm;
jzifh b,f[mtrSe/f b,f[mtrSm;/ b,f[m taumif;/ b,f[mtqd;k
qdkwmudk cGJjcm;odjrifEdkifzkd@ }udK;yrf;&r,f? tJ'Dtqifh+yD;&if ol[m ukd,f
ukd,fwdkifu trSefeJ@ taumif;udkvkyf+yD; trSm;eJ@tqdk;udk a&Smif&r,f?
wcsed wf nf;rSm taumif;vkyw f hJ vlukd cs;D usK;+yD; tqd;k vkyw
f v
hJ u
l kd a0zef
axmufjy&r,f? 'g[m em;vnfoabmaygufzkd@ tifrwefrS vG,ful±kd;
pif;wJh p&%w&m; w&yfjzpfygw,f?
&yfuGufwckxJrSm tifrwef rdkuf±kdif;qdk;oGrf; &rf;um;wJh vl
wa,muf &dSaew,f qkdygpkd@? tJ'D&yfuGufxJu vl,Ofaus;awG/ vl
aumif;olaumif;awG taeeJ@ ol@udk b,fvkdwkH@jyef qufqHoifhovJ?
57
yxr acsmharmh azsmif;jzr,f? tJ'geJ@rS r&bl;qdk&if avoHcyfrmrmeJ@ a0zefr,f?
tJ'geJ@rS r&bl;qkd&if 0kdif;y,fxm;r,f? tJ'geJ@rS r&bl;qdk&ifawmh 0dkif;zrf;+yD;
&Jpcef;ykd@=uw,f r[kwfvm;?
(etz)[m b,fvdktpdk;&rsdK; jzpfw,fqdkwm usaemf a&S@rSm tawmf
toifh ajymcJh+yD;+yD? (etz)[m jynfolvlxk axmifeJ@csDowf+yD; tm%modrf;cJh
wJhtpdk;& r[kwfbl;vm;? (etz)[m jynfolawGudk ay;xm;wJh uwdopPmudk
zsufcJhwJh tpdk;&r[kwfbl;vm;? (etz)[m EdkifiHwumrdom;pk&JŒ tjrifo
abmxm;awGudk todrSwfjyK av;pm;jcif;r&dSwJh tpdk;& r[kwfbl;vm;? (etz)
[m ppftm%m&Sifpepf &moufyefwnfwhH cdkif+rJa&;twGuf ajymifajymifwif;
wif; }udK;yrf;aewJh tpdk;& r[kwfblvm;? (etz)[m rdrdtm%mwnf+rJa&;
twGuf b,favmuf}uD;rm;wJh &mZ0wfr_rsdK;udkrqdk ('DyJ,if;/ a&$0ga&mifawmf
vSefa&;/ em*pf)usL;vGefcJhwJh tpdk;& r[kwfbl;vm;? tJ'Dvdk tpdk;&rdsK;udk
oleJ@ wurBmxJrSmaewJh vl,Ofaus;awG/ vlaumif;olaumif;awGu
b,fvdkoabmxm; wkH@jyefoifhygovJ?
usaemftxufrSm ay;cJhwJhOyrmxJu &yfuGufxJrSm vl(3)rsdK;&dS
w,f? wrdsK;u tJ'Dvl[m qdk;oGrf; &rf;um;w,f qdkwm olwkd@odw,f?
'gayr,fh tJ'DvlqDrSm olwkd@vdkcsifwJh ypPnf;awG &dSaew,f? tJ'DypPnf;awG
udk tvum;avmufeD;eD; aps;E_ef;eJ@ tacsmifE_duf+yD; &aewmrkd@ olwkd@u
tJ'Dvludk tvkdvkduf t}udKufaqmifae=uygw,f? aemufwrsdK;uawmh
tJ'Dvl qdk;oGrf; &rf;um;wmudk olwkd@odw,f? 'gayr,fh olqkd;wmu
olwkd@udk bmrSvm+yD; wkduf±kduf rxdcdkufbl;? 'ga=umifh olwkd@u tJ'Dvludk
cs;D vnf;rcs;D usK;/ uJv h nf; ruJ&h @J / zmomv0g aeae=uw,f? aemufwrsKd ;
uawmh tJ'v D q
l ;kd wmudk vnf;odw,f? olq;kd wmolw@dk ukd wku d ±f u
dk rf xd
cdkufayr,fh qdk;wJhvludk azsmif;jza0zeftjypfay;wm[m vl,Ofaus;wkd@&J@
usi0hf wfwckjzpfw,f qdw k mudv k nf; odw,f? tJovkd odwt hJ wGuf tod
eJ@ vkyf&yf wxyfwnf;jzpfatmifusifhw,f?
tJ'Dvl(3)rsdK;rSm rdrd b,fvdkvlrdsK; jzpfcsifw,fqdkwm udk,fhzm
omud, k f a&G;cs,Ef ikd yf gw,f? ud,
k ahf &G;cs,rf [
_ m ud, k &hf ŒJ wefz;kd eJ@ tqift
h wef;
ygyJ?
tar&duefeJ@ taemufEdkifiH}uD;awGu pD;yGm;a&; '%fcwfydwfqkd@
ta&;,lr_ jyKvkyfw,fqdkwm 'DoabmygyJ? tJ'D ta&;,lr_a=umifh jrefrmhpD;yGm;
a&; rwdk;wuf&wm jzpfw,fvkd@ (etz)u ajymw,f? 'gqdk&if tJ'Dta&;,lr_
awG ay:aygufvm&jcif;&JŒ ta=umif;&if;udk jyefpOf;pm;oifhygw,f? ta&;,l
r_awG[m (etz) wufwufvmcsif; (1988)ckESpfrSm pwif ay:aygufvmcJhwm
58
r[kwfygbl;? (e0w)(etz)wkd@&JŒ ppftm%m&Sifpepf a&&Snf wnfwhH
cdkif+rJatmifvkyfzkd@ }udK;yrf;r_awG ajymifajymifwif;wif; jzpfvm+yD;wJh
aemufrSmrS ta&;,lr_awG pwifay:aygufvmcJhwm jzpfygw,f?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfuvnf; (etz)tay: '%fcwfydwf
qk@d whJ ta&;,lra_ wGcsrw S zf @dk b,fEikd if u H rkd S vlo&d iS =f um; awmif;qdw k m
rsdK; usaemfwkd@ r=um;zl;ygbl;? ol@udk v$wfay;vdkufwJh (1995)ckESpf
aemufyikd ;f Ekid if w
H csK@d u jrefrmjynf'rD u kd a&pDEikd if H r=umcifjzpfvmawmh
r,f txifeJ@ pD;yGm;a&; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_awGvkyfzkd@ [efjyifvm=uwJhtcg
a':atmifqef;pk=unfu jrefrmjynfu tajctae[m &Sifwkd@xifo
avmuf raumif;ao;ygbl;? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfw,fqdkwm EdkifiHa&; vGwf
vyfr&_ rSd S wd;k wufr,f? 'ga=umifh Edik if aH &; wd;k wufr&_ aSd tmif t&ifun l D
vkyfaqmifay;=uygOD;vkd@ ajymcJhwmyJ &dSygw,f? 'ga=umifh '%fcwf
ta&;,lzkd@ awmif;qdkwJhrl0g'udk pGef@v$wfrS awG@qkHaqG;aEG;Edkif r,fvkd@
a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd awmif;qdw k m[m “rcd;k wJo h u l kd aemifrcd;k awmh
ygbl;”vdk@ twif;0efcHcdkif;wmeJ@ wlaeygw,f? wu,fawmh (etz)&JŒ
jynfol@qef@usifa&; vkyf&yfawG r&dSawmhbl;qdk&if tJ'D ta&;,lr_awG
vnf; aysmufuG,foGm;rSmom jzpfygw,f?
rdrwd @dk rmS tjypfr&dyS gbvJ suf taemufEikd if }H uD;awGu olw@dk
&JŒ ±kyfao;±kyf (a':atmifqef;pk=unf)udk eef;wifay;jcif;jzifh jrefrm
EdkifiHudk oG,f0dkufaomenf;tm;
jzifh u|efjyKvdkwJh &nf&G,fcsuf
'%f c wf t a&;,l z k d @ a=umifo h m rdrw d @dk tusyt f wnf;
awmif;qdkwJhrl0g'udk pGef@v$wfrS jzpfatmif tckvdkta&;,lr_awG
awG@qkHaqG;aEG;Edkifr,fvkd@ vkyfaewm jzpfw,fqdkwJh pGyfpGJ
a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf u d k csuf [ m acwf r rD a wmh ygbl ; ?
awmif;qdkwm[m “rcdk;wJholudk udv k ekd D ydik &f iS Ef ikd if }H uD;awG csex f m;
aemif rcd k ; awmh y gbl ; ”vd k @ &pf c J
hw J
h tarG q d
k; awG a=umif h EdkifiH
twif ; 0ef c H c d k i f ; wmeJ @ wl a eygw,f ? pD;yGm;a&; tck txdemvefrxlEikd f
ao;wm jzpfw,fqdkwJh (etz)&JŒ
wu,f a wmh
tjcm; pGyfpGJcsufwckvdkyJ jywdkuf
(etz)&J Œ jynf o l @ qef @ usif a &;
xJ a&mufae+yDjzpfwJh pGyfpGJcsufjzpf
vkyf&yfawG ygw,f? ypdzdwfork'N&m tv,f
r&dSawmhbl;qdk&if æ u u|ef ; Ed k i f i H u av;wck j zpf w J h
udyfAm'D&JŒ 0ef}uD;csKyfu tJovkd
59
'%fcwf ta&;,lr_a=umifh jrefrmjynfu

aiG(100)qHk;±_H;&if (etz)u (95)qHk;±_H;+yD;
jynfolu(5)om qHk;±_H;wmjzpfygw,f
ajymwJh EdkifiHacgif;aqmifawGudk “usaemfwkd@wawG udkvdkeD

vufatmufu vGwfajrmufvmcJ=h uwm &mpkEpS f w0ufavmuf
&do
S mG ;yg+yD? tck tcsed t
f xd Edik if pH ;D yGm;a&; rwd;k wufvm wm[m
acgi;f aqmifawG&ŒJ t&nftaoG; nhzH si;f r_a=umifyh g? udv k ekd D tarG
qdk;qdkwmudk v$Jcsraeoifhawmhygbl;”vdk@ a0zefaxmufjycJhyg
w,f?
pD;yGm;a&;'%fcwfydwfqkd@ ta&;,lr_&J@ '%fudk t"du
cHpm;&wmu jynfolawGygqdkwJh pum;udkvnf; usaemf vufrcH
ygbl;? 'Duae@ jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;udk b,facwfueJ@rS rwl
atmif vHk;0OoHk csKyfudkifxm;wmu (etz)ppftkyfpkeJ@ ol@&JŒ
aqGawmf&Spfaomif; rsdK;awmfaygif;awG jzpfygw,f? 'ghtjyif
'%fcwfydwfqkd@ta&;,lr_awG[m “ypfrSwfa&G;ta&;,lr_”
(Targetted Sanction)om jzpfwJhtwGuf tJ'Dta&;,lr_ '%f
udk trsm;qHk;cH&wmu (etz)udk,fpm; tvkyfvkyfay;ae=uwJh
ukr`%D}uD;awG/ b%f}uD;awGom jzpfygw,f? jynfolvlxkudk
rxdbl;vkd@awmh rqdkvkdygbl;? '%fcwf ta&;,lr_a=umifh jrefrm
jynfu aiG(100)qHk;±_H;&if (etz)u (95)qHk;±_H;+yD; jynfolu
(5)om qHk;±_H;wmjzpfygw,f? oef;acgifxuf nOfhreufawmhwJh
jref r mjynf o l a wG t zk d @ awmh “rD ; yk H x J u vl a&aEG ; yl a vmif
oavmufom” &dSwmrkd@ xl;+yD; rylawmhygbl;? Õ
60
ar; ? ? a'gufwmZmenfwkd@/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ udk,fa&;

t&m&dSjzpfcJhzl;wJh rod*ô wkd@u '%fcwfydwfqkd@r_ ta&;,lr_awGu
(etz)udk oabmxm;ajymif;vJvmatmif rvkyfEdkifcJhygbl;vkd@
ajymae=uw,f? olwkd@tckrSbma=umifh tJovdk ajymae=uwmvJ?
ajz ? ? 'gqdk&if tmqD,Htygt0if tcsKdŒaomEdkifiHawG usifh

oHk;ae=uwJh acsmharmh ESpfodrfhazsmif;jza&;rl0g' (appeasement
policy)ua&m tvkyfjzpfcJhovm;vkd@ usaemfwkd@ ar;&r,f? tck
xdrSm tJ'Denf;vrf;ESpfckpvHk;u ay:vGifjrifomwJh &v'fwckckudk
rxkwv f yk f ay;Edik af o;bl;qdw
k m ESpzf ufpvH;k u 0efc&H ygr,f? 'gqkd
&if enf;vrf;ESpcf pk vk;H &JŒ rSm;Ekid /f rSeEf ikd af jcu &mckid Ef e_ ;f ig;q,fpv D @kd
ajym&rSmaygh? 'DtajctaerSm “usifh0wfp&%w&m;”udk xnfh
oGi;f pOf;pm;wJt h cg b,fenf;vrf;udk oH;k oifo h vJ? 'gt h jyif urBmh
orkdif;udk jyef=unfh&if EdkifiHwum&JŒ enf;o¿mefrsdK;pHkeJ@ay;wJh
zdtm;rygbJ ol@tvdktavsmuf apwem o'<gayguf+yD; jynfolukd
vGwfvyfr_ tyfESif;oGm;cJhwJh tm%m&Siftpkd;& wckrS ray:cJhzl;bl;
qdkwmudk awG@&rSmyg? taumif;qHk; Oyrmwckuawmh awmif
tmz&du EdkifiHygyJ?
trSefu pD;yGm;a&;t& '%fcwfydwfqkd@
urBmhorkdif;udk jyef=unfh&if ta&;,lr_jyKvkyfwJh enf;vrf;u rSm;,Gif;wJh enf;
Ed k i f i H w um&J @ vrf;r[kwfygbl;? (etz)vdk tpdk;&rsdK;[m '%f
enf ; o¿mef r sd K ;pH k e J @ ay;wJ h cwfta&;,lr_ rvGrJ aoGvyk zf @dk vdt k yfwhJ tpd;k &rsKd ;
yg? vdkaewmu urBmhEdkifiHwdkif; txl;ojzifh tdrfeD;
zd t m;rygbJ
csif; EdkifiHawGtaeeJ@ tJ'DtcsufudkvufcH+yD; yg0if
ol @ tvd k t avsmuf yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufvm=uzkd@yJ jzpfygw,f? jrefrm
apwem o'< g ayguf + yD ; EdkifiHu vkyftm;eJ@ o,HZmw t&if;tjrpfawGudk
jynfolukd atmufaps;eJ@ tacsmifEu d_ af ewmudk wjcm;olawG
vGwfvyfr_ tyfESif;oGm;cJhwJh owdrjyKrdatmif '%fcwfydwfqkd@ ta&;,lr_[m
tm%m&S i f t pk d ; &wck r S rSm;w,fv@dk odo}d uD;eJ@ usm;usm;rD;,yf atmf[pf
ray:cJ h z l ; bl ; ae=uzkd@ roifhygbl;? tJ'Dvdk vkyfae=uwJh jrefrm&JŒ
tdref ;D csi;f Edik if aH wG[m rD;yHwk ckukd ta0;uvlawG
61
ordkif;rSm vlxkqEN yifra&pD;udk

qef@usifol rSefor# jynfol&JŒ '%fcwfr_udkcH&+yD;
orkdif;&JŒ a&ykyftdkifxJrSm æ
vmr+idrf;Edkifatmif 0kdif;umay;xm;=uwJh vlawGeJ@ wlaeygw,f? olwkd@

tJ'Dvdk vkyfaejcif;jzifh wae@us&if tJ'DvlawG[m tJ'DrD;yHk&JŒrD; olwkd@udk
yg ul;pufavmifu|rf;wJh'%fudk rkcscH=u&ygvdrfhr,f?
(etz)tay: taemufEikd if }H uD;awGu '%fcwfyw d qf @dk ta&;
,lr_awG vkyfaewm rSm;w,f? tJ'gudk jyef±kyfodrf;ay; oifhw,fvkd@
a'guw f mZmenfw@dk v/kd rod*w
ô @dk vv
kd al wGu bma=umifah jymae=uovJ
qdwk meJ@ ywfouf+yD;ajym&&if olw@dk &ŒJ &nf&, G cf suf tppftrSeu f akd wmh
usaemfvnf; rodygbl;? rSef;q=unfh&ifawmh tajzESpfck &dSEdkifygw,f?
wckuawmh olw@dk [m jrefrmjynf&ŒJ Edik if aH &;udk ajcajcjrpfjrpf em;rvnf
vk@d / jrefrmjynf ppftm%m&Sipf epf&ŒJ obm0udk eufeuf±id_ ;f ±_id ;f oabm
raygufvkd@ jzpfEdkifygw,f? aemufwckuawmh tJ'D awmif;qdkr_rSm
olwkd@&JŒ udk,fusdK;pD;yGm;wckck yg0ifaewm jzpfEdkifygw,f? 'gudkawmh
twdtusrodwJhtwGuf usaemfpGyfpGJwJh oabmrsdK; rajymcsifygbl;?
yxrtcsufa=umifh jzpfzkd@rsm;w,fvkd@yJ ajymcsifygw,f?
'gayr,fh olwkd@vdk vlrsdK;awGudk usaemf wu,fhapwem
trSefeJ@ ajymcsifwJh pum;wcGef;awmh &dSw,f? arwWmeJ@ay;wJh owday;
csufwckvkd@ qdkEdkifygw,f? ,lvdku,l/ r,lvdku v$ifhypfwmuawmh
olwkd@ udpPyg? tJ'guawmh ordkif;rSm vlxkqEN yifra&pD;udk qef@usifol
rSefor# jynfol&JŒ '%fcwfr_udkcH&+yD; orkdif;&JŒ a&ykyftdkifxJrSm 0yfusef
&pfcJh &avh&dSw,fqdkwJh ed,mr w&m;wckygyJ? Õ
62
ar; ? ? (etz)u toHus,fus,feJ@ t+rJ
ajymavh&dSwJhpum; wck&dSw,f? tJ'guawmh
ol w k d @ t&if b,f t pd k ; &urS rvk y f E d k i f c J h w J h
wdkif;&if;om; vufeufudkif tzGJ@trsm;tjym;eJ@
+idr;f csr;f a&;&,lwhJ tvkyuf kd olw@dk vkyEf ikd cf w
hJ ,f
qdkwJh pum;yJ/ tJ'Dpum;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; cifAsm;
tjrifudk ajymygOD;?
ajz ? ? pma&;q&m}uD;yg&*l bmomjyefwJh “[dawmya'o qdkwJh pmtkyfxJrSm (rdwf

zG@J cef;)qdw
k hJ tcef;wcef; ygw,f? tJ't D cef;rSm tiftm;}uD;wJ&h efou l kd &ifqikd w f u
kd cf u
kd Ef ikd f
zk@d twGuf tjcm;olrsm; (tJ'x D rJ mS rdred @J &efzufjzpfczhJ ;l olrsm;yif yg0ifw,f)eJ@ rsm;Edik o f r#
rsm;rsm; r[mrdwfzGJ@+yD; rdrd&efoludk txD;usefjzpfatmif vkyf&r,fqdkwJh oabmw&m;
wckudk azmfjyxm;w,f?
jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒ jynfwGif;ppftwGif; oaE<wnfcJh+yD; (1950)jynfhvGefp ESpfawGrSm
arG;zGm;vmcJu h m (1958)rSm 0wfpjkH ynfh tprf;avhusichf +hJ yD; (1962)rSm yGx J u
G cf uhJ m (1974)
rSm tarG;tawmifpHkvifcJhwJh ppftm%m&Sifpepf[m &Spfav;vHk; ta&;awmfyHk}uD; rwdkifrD
txd b,fvdk avmufavmufvm;vm; +yKdifzufrsdK;eJ@rS &ifqdkifcJh&zl;wm r[kwfygbl;? tJ'D
umvtwGif; ppftkyfpk&JŒ tajctaeu omom,m,mvkd@ qkd&ygr,f? wkdif;&if;om;
vufeufudkiftzGJ@awG qkdwmuvnf; olwkd@vlrsdK;pk tcGifhta&;twGufom wdkufyGJ0ifae
=uwmyg? olwkd@ ukvm;xdkifudk v_yfEdkifajc&dSwJh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDudkvnf; yJcl;±kd;reJ@
jrpf0u|ef;ay:pwJh tajccHa'oawGu armif;xkwf+yD; ta&S@ajrmufydkif; e,fpyfem;udk wGef;
ykd@xm;EdkifcJhyg+yD? jynfwGif;u twdkuftcHawGeJ@ wdk;wufwJh tawG;tac:&dSwJh ausmif;om;
acgif;aqmifawGudkvnf; xdxdrdrd EdSyfuGyfxm;EdkifcJh+yD;yg+yD?
tJ'DatmifyGJawGa=umifh ukd,fhudk,fudk ,Hk=unfpdwf tjynfht0&dSaecsdefrSm ppf
tkyfpk[m &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHk}uD;eJ@ ezl;awG@'l;awG@ &ifqdkifvkduf&wm jzpfygw,f?
'gawmifrS ppftkyfpk[m &Spfav;vHk;udk (70)ckESpfawGu ay:aygufcJhzl;wJh ta&;tcif;awG
vdkyJ xif+yD; pOf;pm;vkd@&or# Om%feDOm%feufaygif;pHk toHk;jyK+yD; acsr_ef;tEdkif,lzkd@ }udK;
yrf;cJhao;wmyg? 'gayr,fh jynfolvlxk&JŒ tiftm;eJ@ wkH@jyefr_u olwkd@xifxm;wmxuf
tqrwef ydkrdk}uD;rm;jyif;xefwJhtwGuf ppftkyfpk[m jynfolawG&JŒqEN wckjzpfwJh ygwDpHk
pepfudk vdkufavsmay;cJh&ygw,f? tJovdkrwwfomvkd@ jynfol@qENwckudk vdkufavsm
ay;vdkuf&ayr,fh ol@&JŒ ae0ifcsdefteH@udk &ae+yDjzpfwJh ppftkyfpk[m a&G;aumufyGJ usif;y
r,fh&ufukd wwfEdkifor# tcsdefqGJ+yD;rS a=unmcJhygw,f? wcsdefwnf;rSm twdkuftcH
63
tiftm;pkawGudkvnf; enf;vrf;aygif;pHkoHk;+yD; EdSyfuGyfcJhygw,f? wcsdef
wnf;rSm 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkawG nD!w G pf nf;vH;k vk@d r&atmif? rJawG
uGo J mG ;+yD; tJ'g&ŒJ tusKd ;quftjzpf olw@dk tm%mudk qufvuf xde;f
csKyfxm;Edkifatmif enf;vrf;aygif;pHkoHk;+yD; }udK;yrf;cJhygw,f?
'gayr,fh tm;vHk;od=uwJh twdkif;ygyJ? jrefrmjynfolvlxk
}uD;&JŒ rarhravsmh rayghrvpfaom owda=umifh a&G;aumufyGJt+yD;rSm
ppftyk pf &k ŒJ ar#mv f ifch sut f m;vH;k a&pkeaf rsmoGm;cJ+h yD; (NLD)[m jrefrm
jynfolawG&JŒ wcJeufaxmufcH qENeJ@twl jrefrmEdkifiHudk w&m;0if
udk,fpm;jyKcGifh&&dSwJh tzGJ@}uD;tjzpfokd@ a&muf&SdoGm;cJhygawmhw,f?
tJ'rD mS wif ajcrudik rf d vufrudik rf jd zpfomG ;wJh ppftyk pf [k m
jrefrmjynfolwkd@&JŒ w&m;0ifudk,fpm;vS,fjzpfoGm;wJh (NLD)udk &if
qdkifEdkifzkd@ pOf;pm;vkd@&or# enf;vrf;aygif;pHkudk oHk;+yD;pwif }udK;yrf;yg
awmhw,f? wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkif tzGJ@awGeJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;&,lEdkifcJh
w,fqdkwm tJ'D}udK;yrf;r_&JŒ tusdK;qufwckom jzpfygw,f?
(1963)ckESpfwkef;uvnf; Adkvfae0if;[m +idrf;csrf;a&; aqG;
aEG;yGJ qdw k mudk ac:,lusi;f y+yD; awmfveS af &; tiftm;pkawGukd xde;f csKyf
Edkifzkd@ }udK;pm;cJhzl;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'Dwkef;uawmh ppftkyfpk[m tck
vdk (Edik if aH &;t&) aoaumifaygi;f vJ tajctaersKd ;rSm r±SLEkid rf u,fEikd f
vkyfcJh&wm r[kwfygbl;? tJ'Dwkef;u ppftkyfpk[m EdkifiHa&;t&a&m/
ppfa&;t&yg twdu k tf cHe@J awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkawGtay: tompD;
&aewJh taetxm;uae aqG;aEG;yGJjyKvkyfcJhwmrkd@ aqG;aEG;yGJrSm ol@
bufu bmwckrS r,fr,f&& ay;cJhwm r&dSygbl;? 'ga=umifhvnf; +idrf;
csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ vmwufwJhtzGJ@ (13)ckxJu apm[efwmomar$;
acgif;aqmifwJh (KRC)tzGJ@ wzGJ@wnf;om ppftpdk;&eJ@ ajyvnfr_&+yD;
vufeufcscJhwm jzpfygw,f?
(1980)ckEpS rf mS Adv k af e0if;[m omoemawmf oef@&iS ;f wnf
wH h j yef @ yG m ;a&; *k d % f ; aygif ; pH k oH C mh t pnf ; ta0;}uD ; qd k w mud k
ta=umif;jyK+yD; awmwGif;tzGJ@awGudk taxGaxGvGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh
trdef@eJ@twl +idrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;yGJvkyfzkd@ urf;vSrf;jyefygw,f? tJ'D
w}udrrf mS 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;OD;Ek tygt0ifEikd if aH &;acgi;f aqmifa[mif;
wcsKŒd tJ'u D rf;vSr;f csuu f kd vufc+H yD; +rdKŒay: jyefa&mufvmcJ=h uayr,fh
tJ'Dtcsdefu tiftm;t}uD;qHk; awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@jzpfwJh Armjynf
uGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@uawmh (rqv) udk,fpm;vS,f
tzGJ@eJ@ em&D0ufyJ aqG;aEG;+yD; ajyvnfr_r&bJjyefoGm;cJhw,fvkd@ aemuf
64
ykdif; Adkvfae0if;&JŒ rdef@cGef;wckrSm
yg ygw,f ? aqG ; aEG ; yG J tJ o
usefwJh awmfvSefa&; avmuf tcsdefwdkawmif;&wm
tif t m;pk } uD ; awG u uawmh (Auy)u tcsuf(3)
vufeufawGudk csuf awmif;qdkw,f? tJ'D (3)
qufvufpGJudkifxm;=uwma=umifh csufpvHk;udk rdrdwkd@u jiif;y,f
wu,fhtESpfom&u vdkufwma=umifh jzpfw,fvkd@
+id r f ; csrf ; a&; &oG m ;=uwmr[k w f b J Ad k v f a e0if ; u tJ ' D r d e f @ cG e f ; rS m
ajymxm;ygw,f? tJ'Dtcsuf
typf t cwf & yf p J a &;
(3)csufuawmh Armjynf uGef
oabmwl n D c suf a wG &xm;=uwmom
jrLepf y gwD u d k wnf & d S c G i f h a y;&
jzpf y gw,f ? r,f? Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ
vufeufudkifwyfudk wnf&dScGifh
ay;&r,f? Armjynf uGefjrLepf
ygwD xdef;csKyfxm;wJh e,fajr
awGukd wnf&cSd iG ahf y;&r,f qdw k mjzpfygw,f? tJ'D awmif;qkcd suaf wGukd =unfh
&if ppfa&;t&a&m/ EdkifiHa&;t&yg (twdkif;twm wcktxd) tiftm;aumif;
aewJh tpdk;&w&yftzkd@ b,fvdkrSvufcHEdkifp&m ta=umif;r&dSwmrkd@ ppftkyfpk
bufu=unfh&if 'Djiif;y,fr_[m usdK;a=umif;qDavsmfwJh jiif;y,fr_ jzpfw,f
vkd@ qdk&ygvdrhfr,f?
tck (e0w)(etz) vufxufrSm &&dScJhw,fqdkwJh awmwGif; vuf
eufudkiftzGJ@awGeJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;qdkwmudk jyef=unfh&atmifyg? tJ'Dvufeuf
udik tf zG@J (17)zG@J (aemufyikd ;f a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd (etz)tvdu k s qef@usif
uef@uu G af =umif; a=unmcsuaf wGxw k jf yefz@dk &dv S mwJt h cg b,fwek ;f u b,f
vdkzGJ@xm;rSef; rod&wJhtzGJ@awG trsm;}uD; ay:xGufvmwmudk awG@&ygw,f)
[m tJ'Dwkef;u (Auy)awmif;qdkwJh tcsuf(3)csufomru jynfwGif;xJ
txd0if+yD; w&m;0if pD;yGm;a&;vkycf iG q hf w kd hJ pwkwt ˆ cGit hf a&;udak wmif &ae=u
wmudk awG@&ygvdrhfr,f?
'ga=umifh 'Dtcsufwcsufwnf;udk =unfhwmeJ@wif (etz)[m
(rqv)wkef;uvdk r[kwfbJ EdkifiHa&;t& b,favmuf tm;enf;aew,f
qdkwmudk awG@jrifEdkifygw,f?
'Dae&mrSm aemufxyfwckajymp&m&dSwmu (etz)eJ@ tJ'D vuf
eufuikd tf zG@J awG[m +idr;f csr;f a&; &&dcS =hJ u+yDv@dk (etz)owif;pmawGrmS ok;H E_e;f
a&;om;ae=uayr,fh tar&dueftpdk;&&JŒ qkaiGxkwfxm;jcif;cH&wJh (wcsdefu
65
jrefrmppftkyfpk udk,fwdkifu bdef;"m;jyqdkwJh emr0daooewyf+yD; ac:
a0:cJw h )hJ cGeq
f m&JŒtzG@J e@J yhx J uG t f pkuu JG av;awGu vG+J yD; usew f hJ awmf
vSefa&;tiftm;pk}uD;awGu vufeufawGudk qufvufpGJudkifxm;=u
wma=umifh wu,fhtESpfom&u +idrf;csrf;a&; &oGm;=uwmr[kwfbJ
typftcwf&yfpJa&; oabmwlnDcsufawG &xm;=uwmom jzpfyg
w,f?
rltm;jzifh typftcwf&yfpJa&;qdkwm +idrf;csrf;a&;qDokd@ OD;
wnfwJh tqifhwqifhvkd@ qdkEdkifayr,fh jrefrmjynfu typftcwf&yfpJ
a&; oabmwlncD suaf wGuawmh wcsed cf sed rf mS aocsmaygux f +yD; ayguf
uGJr,fh csdefudkufAHk;awGeJ@ wlaeygw,f? ta=umif;uawmh typftcwf
&yfpaJ &;&&dcS w hJ hJ umvwavsmuf (etz)u tJ't D zG@J awGtay: usio hf ;kH
cJhwJh +cdrf;ajcmuftEdkifusifh tusyfudkifwJh rl0g'eJ@ jynfolawG&JŒqENudk
rsufuG,fjyK+yD; (etz)u ZGwftwif; twnfjyKcJhwJh tajccH Oya'yg
wyfrawmfeJ@ywfoufwJh Oya'zGifhqdkcsufawGa=umifh jzpfygw,f?
tJ'DtajccHOya'xJrSm wyfrawmf[m wckwnf;aom vuf
eufukdiftzGJ@tpnf; jzpfw,fqdkwJh zGifhqdkcsufa=umifh olwkd@ ZGwftwif;
vkyfzkd@ &dSaewJh (2010)a&G;aumufyGJ +yD;aemuf umvwckckrSm tJ'Dcsdef
udkufAHk;awG aygufuGJEdkifp&m&dSygw,f?
vuf±kH;tm;udk;+yD; ppfrmefwufum igw
aum aumavh&w Sd hJ Armppfwyfe@J ordik ;f pG J v rf ; wyf r uf r _ /
wav#muf jzwfoef;cJhwJh tawG@t}uKH ta=umuf w &m;eJ @
awGay:uae &&dScJhwJh b0todt& vuf rmef r meqd k w J h
eufudk ZeD;/ r,m;/ orD;/ om; xuf arm[tcd k ; awG ±k d u f + yD ;
awmif cspfcifjrwfEdk;cJh=u&wJh awmfvSef
a&;tzGJ@awG tJ'Dtcsdefus&if ajr}uD;
rsuf p d p H k v H k ; uef ; aewJ h
vufcwfrvJG xdyw f udk 0f if aqmifrh =d urSm (etz)tzk d @
yg? tJ'DtzGJ@awGudk umuG,fa&;trnf &S O f h v nf ; av#muf o m
ay;+yD; vufeufqufudkifcGifh jyKxm;r,f ysm;vn;f p G J o mr,f h
qd&k ifvnf; tJ'g[mtrdu _ uf zkd smatmuf qk w f v rf ; ud k jrif E d k i f p G r f ;
vSJxnfhxm;vkdufwmrsdK;om jzpfwm r&S d a wmh a vmuf a tmif
a=umif h wcsd e f c sd e f r S m tJ ' D t rd _ u f [ m
zsmatmufu rvGJraoG jyefxGufvmrSm
tarS m if u rB m xJ
jzpfygw,f? tae=umoG m ;cJ h + yD
jzpf v k d @ ygyJ
66
'DESpf arvtwGif; jynfolvlxk&JŒ axmufcHqENrJ (90) &mckdif

E_ef;ausmfeJ@ twnfjyKcJhw,fqdkwJh tajccH Oya'qdkwm[m cJrl;aph}uD;
jzpfw,fqdkwmudk jrefrmjynfolawG/ urBmhjynfolawG od=uovdk tJ'D
Oya'eJ@ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; tygt0if b,fjy\emudkrS rajz&Sif;Edkif
bl;qdkwmudkvnf; (etz)u odygw,f?
'gjzifh bma=umifh (etz)u 'Dvrf;udyk J ZGww f ;kd +yD; av#mufae
&wmvJ? pGv J rf;wyfrufr/_ ta=umufw&m;eJ@ rmefrmeqdw k hJ arm[tcd;k
awG ±kduf+yD; rsufpdpHkvHk;uef;aewJh (etz)tzkd@ &SOfhvnf;av#mufom
ysm;vnf;pGJomr,fh qkwfvrf;udk jrifEdkifpGrf; r&dSawmhavmufatmif
tarSmifurBmxJ tae=umoGm;cJh+yD jzpfvkd@ygyJ? ('Dta=umif;udk aemuf
ydik ;f rSmrS tus,af qG;aEG;ygr,f) vuf&o dS w
l @dk udik pf x
JG m;wJh rl0g'awGt&
,Ofaus;wJh vl@tokdif;t0kdif;xJ jyef0ifzkd@ b,fvdkrS rjzpfEdkifawmhwmudk
odaewJh jrefrmppftkyfpk[m tjcm;tjcm;aom udpPrsm;pGmwkd@vdkyJ
“+idrf;tzGJ@”awGudpPudkvnf; “aemifcgvm aemifcgaps;” oabmrsdK;
xm;cJhwm jzpfygw,f?
'gqdk&if vuf&dS (etz)a&m (2010)a&G;aumufyGJt+yD;rSm
ay:vmr,fh “t&yfom;tpd;k &”qdw k ma&m[m jrefrmjynfoal wGe@J Edik if H
wumu vufcHwJh “w&m;0if tpdk;& ” r[kwfbl;qdkwmudk odod}uD;eJ@
tJ'D+idrf;tzGJ@awG (cGefqmtzGJ@eJ@ cGJxGuf tpkuGJ rjzpfnpfus,f tzGJ@rsm;
ryg)[m ppftpdk;&&J@ typftcwf&yfpJa&; urf;vSrf;r_udk bma=umifh
vufcH oabmwlcJh=uwmygvJ? &Sif;ygw,f? tm;}uD;oleJ@ tm;enf;ol
&ifqdkifwkdufcdkufae&wJh wdkufyGJrSm (acwWr#yifjzpfap) tem;&jcif;[m
tm;enf;oltwGuf b,f±_axmifhu=unfh=unfh “aumif;csD;r*Fvm”
wyg;jzpfw,f r[kwfygvm;? Õ
67
ar; ? ? a'gufwmarmifarmifu ol orRwjzpfvmcsdefrSm
(3)vtwGif; a&G;aumufyGJ usif;yay;r,fvkd@ a=unmcJhw,f?
tJ'D urf;vSr;f r_ukd tJ'w D ek ;f uvlxv k y_ &f mS ;r_}uD;udk OD;aqmifr_
ay;ae=uwJh Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmifawGxu J OD;EkuvG+J y;D b,forl S
vufrcHcJh=ubl;? tck ESpf ESpfq,f&dSvm+yD? 'Drdkua&pD r&
ao;bl;? 'Dtcsed rf mS wcsKŒd u tJ'J wD ek ;f u a'guw f marmifarmif
urf;vSrf;wmudk acgif;aqmiftm;vHk;u wnDwnGwfwnf;
vufccH =hJ u&if tckvkd cufc=J urf;wrf;wJh c&D;&Sn}f u;D udk av#muf
vSrf;cJh&rSm r[kwfbl;vkd@ aemifw&wJh avoHeJ@ ajymae=u
w,f? tJ'Dwkef;u OD;Eku rSefcJhwmvm;? usefwJh acgif;aqmif
awGu rSefcJhwmvm;?
ajz ? ? twdwfu jzpf&yfawGudk ypPKyèfuae jyef=unfhwJh

tcgrSm “wu,fvkd@ tJovdkrsm;jzpfcJh&if okd@r[kwf rjzpfcJh&if”
(if or if not)qdkwJh oHk;oyfyHkrsdK;udk usaemfpdwf0ifpm;avh r&dSyg
bl;? ta=umif;uawmh tjiif;yGm;p&mawGyJ ay:xGufvm+yD;
bmtusdK; jzpfxGef;r_rS &vmp&mr&dSbl;vkd@ ,Hk=unfwJhtwGuf
jzpfygw,f?
'gayr,fh 'Dae&mrSmawmh cifAsm;&JŒ tar;&dSvmvkd@
usaemf ajzygr,f?
yxrqHk; pOf;pm;&rSmu a'gufwmarmifarmif&JŒ
urf;vSrf;r_udk vufrcHbl;vkd@ wkH@jyefcJh=uwJh acgif;aqmifawG&JŒ
ta=umif;jycsuaf wGxu J t"du ta=umif;jycsuf jzpfygw,f?
tJ'guawmh (3)vqkdwJh tcsdef[m vHk;0rvHkavmufr_ r&dSbl;
qdw k m jzpfygw,f? (26)ESpwf ikd w
f ikd f Edik if &H ŒJ wckwnf;aom Edik if H
a&;ygwDtjzpf pdwf}udKufxifovdk tkyfpdk;vmcJh+yD; wkdif;jynf&JŒ
t&if;tjrpf rSefor#udk vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;wJh (rqv)ygwD
ukd (26)ESpfqdkwJh q,fpkESpf(3)ckeD;yg; umvtwGif; 'Drdkua&pD
tavhtusifhawGeJ@ wpdrf;w&HqHovdk jzpfoGm;cJh=u&wJh
jynfolawGudk OD;aqmif+yD; tJ'D(3)vtwGif; 'a&maomyg;
zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmif&r,fh ygwDawGu b,fvdk ,SOf+yKdifEdkifrSmvJ?
68
tajccHOya'xJrmS ygwhJ “rqv onf Edik if aH wmf. wckwnf;aom OD;aqmifygwjD zpfonf”
qdkwJh yk'frudk jzKwfy,fvkduf±kHeJ@ (26)ESpfvkH;vkH; (rqv)ukyfwG,fxm;cJhwJh tjrpfawGudk
jzKwfy,fEdkifwm r[kwfygbl;? 'ga=umifh a'gufwmarmifarmif&JŒ urf;vSrf;csufu (26)ESpf
om;eJ@ (3)vom; vlESpfa,mufudk }udK;0dkif;xJxnfh+yD; xkd;ckdif;ovdk jzpfaeygw,f? 'gu
wcsufyg?
aemufpOf;pm;&rSm wcsufu Akdvfae0if;udk “twkjrif twwfoif”cJh=uwJh
(rqv)xJu npfywfwJhtkyfpk okd@r[kwf acgif;rmwJhtkyfpk&JŒ xl;jcm;wJhyifudk,fp±kduf
vuQ%m (characteristic)jzpfygw,f? tJ'D p±ku d v
f uQ%mudk (26)ESpw f m umvtwGi;f
Akvd af e0if;u jyocJ+h yD; (rqv)&JŒ ae0ifcsed f &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfykH umvtwGi;f rSmawmh
Adkvfcif!Gef@&JŒ axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@awGu jyocJhygw,f? &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHk}uD; 'Da&
w&dyf&dyf jrifhwufvmcsdefrSm tJ'DtkyfpkbmawG vkyfcJhovJqdkwm jrefrmjynfolvlxk
trsm;pk}uD; todjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dtkyfpk&JŒ “wefjyefoydwf” vkyf&yfawGudk vlxku wkH@jyef
cJh&mrSm tkyfcsKyfa&;ysufaewJh umvrSm jzpfwwfwJh xHk;pHtwdkif; tvGeftu|HawG &dScJhwm
rSefayr,fh vlxk&J@ tJ'Da'gorD;v#HxJrSm usdK;a=umif;cdkifvHkr_ wpdwfwydkif; &dSaew,fqdkwm
udkawmh qifjcifwHkw&m;&dSolwdkif; 0efcH=u&rSmyg?
t&Sif;qHk;uawmh tJ'Dtkyfpk&JŒ (1988)pufwifbm (18)&ufae@aemufykdif;
vkyf&yfawGygyJ? tJ'Dae@uae 'Duae@txd tJ'Dnpfywfacgif;rmtkyfpk[m &Spfav;vHk;
ta&;awmfyHktwGif; 'Drkdua&pDawmif;qdkcJh=uolawGtay: b,fvdkjyKrl qufqHcJhovJ?
'gawGuakd wmh cifAsm;&JŒar;cGe;f awGuakd jzwJt h ajzawGxrJ mS }udK=um;}udK=um; ygae+yDjzpfv@kd
xyfrajymawmhygbl;?
tJ'Dawmh a'gufwmarmifarmif&JŒ
urf;vSrf;csufudk,fE_dufu tm;enf;aewJh
a'guf w marmif a rmif [ m ay;xm;csu/f npfywfacgi;f rmtkypf &k ŒJ ta&;
ol p mtk y f } uD ; wtk y f a &;+yD ; awmfyHktwGif;eJ@ aemufydkif;umv vkyf&yf
tao;pdwf zGifhqdkcJhzl;wJh awGqdkwJh ay;xm;csufawGt& tJ'Durf;
(1947)tajccH O ya'ud k vSrf;csuf[m 'Drkdua&pDvdkvm;awmif;qdkwJh
jynfolawGtwGuf tusdK;jzpfxGef;zkd@ tvm;
Akdvfae0if; ppfzdeyfeJ@
tvmr&do S avmuf jzpfwmrk@d tJ'guykd ,fcscJh
eif;acswkef;u uef@uGufwJh
wJh acgif;aqmifawG&JŒ vkyf&yfudkrSefw,fvkd@
toH a v; usaemf jrifygw,f?
wck a vmuf a wmif wu,fawmh tJ'Dwkef;u (rqv)
rxGufcJhwm [m wu,fyJ wkdif;jynftay: apwem&dS
bma=umif h v J æ w,fqdk&if a'gufwmarmifarmif[mvnf;
trSefwu,fyJ tm%mtjynfht0 &SdwJh
69
tajccH O ya'qd k w m
bk&m;ocifu a&;qGJjyXmef;wm r[kwfbl;?
vlawGu a&;qGJjyXmef;wmom jzpfw,f?
'ga=umifh vdktyf&if ajymif;vdk@/ jyifvdk@&w,f
orRw jzpfw,fq&kd if olurf;vSr;f oifw h mu (3)vtwGi;f vkyaf y;r,fqkd

wJh a&G;aumufyJG r[kwyf gb;l ? (rqv)eJ@ vlxak cgi;f aqmifawG ESpzf ufpvH;k
yg0ifwJh ppfrSefwJh =um;jzwftpdk;&w&yf zGJ@pnf;ay;a&;om jzpfygw,f?
tJ'grsdK; vkyfzkd@udpP[m tajccHOya'eJ@ rnDbl;vkd@ a'gufwmarmifarmifu
ta=umif;jyygw,f? EdkifiHudk vlrsdK;jcm;awGvufatmufu vGwfajrmuf
atmif ±ke;f uefwu kd yf 0JG ifc=hJ uwJh acgi;f aqmifawGe@J wdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmif
awG cufcufcJcJ nd‡E_dif;a&;qGJ twnfjyK jyXmef;cJh=u&wJh (1947)tajccH
Oya'udk ajcaxmufeJ@ cseif;+yD; tm%m&,lcJhwJh tkyfpkwpk&JŒ acgif;aqmif
(orRw)qko d ul olw@dk xifovkd a&;qGx J m;wJh (1974)tajccHOya' qdw k m
udkawmh onf;onf;rnf;rnf; umuG,fapmifha&Smufaewm &,fp&m
raumif;bl;vm;? tajccHOya'eJ@ rnDvdk@ =um;jzwftpdk;& zGJ@ray;Edkifygbl;
vkd@ wGifwGifjiif;cJhwJh tJ'D a'gufwmarmifarmif[m olpmtkyf}uD; wtkyf
a&;+yD; tao;pdwf zGiq hf ckd zhJ ;l wJh (1947)tajccHOya'udk Akv d af e0if; ppfzed yfe@J
eif;acswkef;u uef@uGufwJh toHav;wckavmufawmif rxGufcJhwm
bma=umifhvJ? ruef@uGufwJhtjyif bkef;awmfbGJ@ pmtkyf}uD;wtkyf a&;+yD;
awmhawmif Adkvfae0if;udk csD;ajr‡mufcJhao;w,f r[kwfvm;?
wu,fawmh tajccHOya'qdkwm bk&m;ocifu a&;qGJjyXmef;
wm r[kwb f ;l ? vlawGu a&;qGjJ yXmef;wmom jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh vdt k yf
&if ajymif;vdk@/ jyifvdk@&w,fqdkwm Oya'udk ta&udsK aomufxm;wJh
a'gufwmarmifarmif rodwm r[kwfygbl;? wu,fvkd@ 'gav;udkawmifrS
rodb;l qk&d ifvnf; a'guw f marmifarmif[m t*wdw&m;(4)yg;xJu wyg;
yg; 'grSr[kwf wyg;xufydkwJh t*wdw&m;awG&JŒ zkH;v$rf;jcif; cHae&vkd@yJ
jzpfygvdrfhr,f? Õ
70
ar; ? ? &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHk}uD; 'Da&tjrifhqHk;csdefrSm vlxkacgif;
aqmiftrsm;pk (tm;vH;k eD;yg;)awmif;qdak e=uwmu =um;jzwf tpd;k &jzpfw,f?
'gayr,fh pufwifbmv(18)&ufae@rmS tm%modr;f +yD;wufvmwJh (e0w)u
=um;jzwftpdk;&awmh r&bl;? a&G;aumufyGJvkyfay;r,f ygwDawGzGJ@=uqdkawmh
tJ'Dacgif;aqmifawG[m =um;jzwftpdk;&awmif;qdkcsufudk pGef@v$wf+yD;
a'gufwmarmifarmif urf;vSrf;wkef;u vufrcHcJh=uwJh a&G;aumufyGJqdkwmudk
vufcHvdkuf+yD; ygwDawG zGJ@cJh=uw,f? 'g[m vlxkacgif;aqmifawG&JŒ &yfwnf
csuf rcdkifrmr_udk jyowJhoufao wckvm;?
ajz ? ? EdkifiHa&;qdkwm ouf&dSvlom;awGudk toHk;jyK+yD; upm;&wJh ppfwk&if
upm;enf;jzpfw,fqw kd hJ tcsuu f kd cifAsm;t&ifq;kH oabmayguzf @dk vdt k yfvrd rhf ,f?
t±kyaf wGo;kH +yD; upm;&wJh ppfw&k if upm;enf;rSm cifAsm;[m bk&ifuvG+J yD; usew f hJ
t±kyftm;vHk;udk xdk;au|;+yD; upm;Edkifw,f? yGJ+yD;&if Edkifzkd@ t"duyJ? ouf&dSvlom;
awGudk toHk;jyK+yD; upm;&wJh ppfwk&ifupm;enf;rSmawmh cifAsm;[m bk&ifrwkd@
&Jwudk w f @dk rqdx k m;eJ@ e,f±yk af wG&if;+yD; upm;r,fq&kd ifawmif tifrwef owdxm;
upm;&r,f? pm;yGJay:u ppfwk&if upm;yGJrSmvdk Edkifzkd@u t"dur[kwfbl;? t&if;
tESD; tenf;qHk; ay;qyf+yD;Edkifzkd@uom t"dujzpfw,f? tJovdkr[kwfbl;qdk&if
ppfyGJudk tEdkifwdkufoljzpfcJhayr,fh atmifyGJcHEdkifcGifhr&dSol jzpfoGm;wwfw,f? 'kwd,
urBmppfukd tEdik w f u
kd cf ahJ yr,fh ppfy+JG yD;+yD;csi;f vkyw
f hJ a&G;aumufyrJG mS ±_;H edro
hf mG ;cJ&h wJh
+Adwdefu 0ifpwefcsmcsD&JŒ jzpf&yfrSm 'Dtcsufudk awG@&SdEdkifw,f? EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif
jzpfvmolawG[m EdkifiHa&;&JŒ tJ'D obm0wckudkawmh obm0yuwdodpdwf (by
instinct)t& odxm;olawG jzpfygw,f?
cifAsm;ar;cGe;f qD jyefomG ;=u&atmif? &Spaf v;vH;k 'Da&tjrifq h ;kH tcsed rf mS
=um;jzwftpdk;& awmif;qdkaecJh=uayr,fh a'gufwmarmifarmifwkef;u urf;vSrf;
cJhwJh a&G;aumufyGJudk (e0w)u urf;vSrf;awmh vufcHvdkufwm[m vlxkacgif;
aqmifawG &yfwnfcsuf rcdkifrmwm r[kwfygbl;? tajctae tcsdeftcgeJ@ vdkuf
avsmnDaxG&dSwJh &yfwnfcsufukd ajymif;vJcsrSwfcJhwm jzpfwJhtwGuf rSefw,fvkd@
qdkEdkifygw,f?
a'gufwmarmifarmifumveJ@ (e0w)umvqkdwJh umvESpfck=um;
t"du rwljcm;em;wJh tcsufuawmh ppfwyf&J@ &yfwnfcsufygyJ? a'gufwm
armifarmif vufxufrSm ppfwyfudk (rqv)ygwD0if tjzpfu &yfpJvdkufwJhtwGuf
ppfwyf[m rltm;jzifh (rqv)tpd;k &eJ@ qENjyjynfov l x l q
k w
kd hJ tiftm;pkEpS cf =k um;
rSm b,fbufrS rvdkufwJh =um;aetiftm;pktjzpf &dSaecJhwmjzpfw,f?
71
(rqv)udk umuG,fzkd@ wufvma=umif;
xif & S m ;ay:vG i f a ewJ h
(e0w)[m a&S @ av#muf v nf ;
npfywfwJh enf;vrf;aygif;pHkudk toHk;jyKvmEdkifw,fqdkwJh
tcsufudk awG;rd=uayr,fh
vl x k a cgif ; aqmif a wG [ m æ
(e0w) wufvmwJhtcsdefrSmawmh tajctae[m vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;

ajymif;vJoGm;cJh+yDjzpfw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm ppfwyf[m jynfolvlxkudk axmifeJ@csD
owfjzwf+yD; (rqv)bufrSm ajymifajymifwif;wif; &yfwnfvdkufwJh tae
txm;udk a&muf&dSoGm;cJh+yD jzpfw,f? (e0w)wufvmjcif;[m jynfolvlxk
tusdK;pD;yGm;eJ@ qef@usifw,fqdkwm vlxkacgif;aqmif tm;vHk;u od=uygw,f?
'gayr,fh tJ't D csed [
f m jynfov l xl ek @J (rqv) b,fo@l bufurS tav#mrh ay;
bJ vdycf w J nf;vnf; jzpfaewJt h csed ?f t"duuswhJ vlxak cgi;f aqmifawG =um;xJ
rSmvnf; tm%mudk jywfjywfom;om; t&,l&w J hJ tawG;tac:eJ@ pdw"f mwfu
r&ifoh efao;wJt h csed /f qENjywJh tcsed uf mv =umanmif;vmwmeJ@ tr# vlx&k ŒJ
pm;0wfaea&; jy\emtygt0if jy\emtaxGaxGuvnf; rsm;jym;jrifhwuf
vmaewJh tcsdefjzpfwJhtjyif (e0w)&JŒ a&S@vkyfief;pOf}uD;(4)&yfxJrSm jynfol
awG&JŒ awmif;qdkcsufwckjzpfwJh “ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD taxGaxG a&G;aumufyGJ”
qdkwmvnf; ygaewmrkd@ vlxkacgif;aqmifawG[m &yfwnfcsuf ajymif;vJcJh=u
wmjzpfygw,f? EdkifiHa&;rSm ajymif;vG,fjyifvG,f&dSr_ (Flexibility)[mvnf;
odyuf tkd a&;yg ygw,f? (rqv)udk umuG,zf @dk wufvma=umif; xif&mS ;ay:vGif
aewJh (e0w)[m a&S@av#mufvnf; npfywfwJh enf;vrf;aygif;pHkudk toHk;jyK
vmEdkifw,fqdkwJh tcsufudk awG;rd=uayr,fh vlxkacgif;aqmifawG[m jynfol
awG&JŒ toufaygif; axmifeJ@csDpaw;ay;qyf+yD;rS &vmwmjzpfwJh atmifoD;
atmifEw HS ckukd rvGww f rf; trdt&qkyu f ikd +f yD; aemufxyf atmifo;D atmifErHS sm;
qGwfcl;Edkifzkd@ &nf&G,fcsufeJ@ rdrdwkd@&JŒ rlv&yfwnfcsufjzpfwJh “=um;jzwftpdk;&”
udk pGef@v$wf+yD; tJ'D&yfwnfcsufeJ@ tESpfom&tm;jzifh qef@usifr_r&dSwJh a&G;
aumufyGJ &yfwnfcsufudk ajymif;vJudkifpGJcJh=uwm jzpfygw,f? (e0w)u
npfenf;aygif;pHkeJ@ npfaewJh=um;u (90)a&G;aumufyGJrSm jynfolawG&JŒ qEN
tppftrSefudk w&m;0if azmfxkwfEdkifcJhwmudk =unfh&if tJ'Dvkd &yfwnfcsuf
ajymif;vJcJhwm[m rrSm;a=umif; od&dSEdkifygw,f? Õ
72
ar; ? ? vlxkacgif;aqmifawG[m tJ'Dwkef;u cifAsm;ajymcJhovdk
&yfwnfcsuf ajymif;vJudkifpGJcJh=uw,f? 'gayr,fh tckawmh olwkd@
(NLD)eJ@ tjcm;aom 'Dru kd a&pD acgi;f aqmifrsm;[m (90)a&G;aumufyJG
&v'fudkyJ rvGwfwrf; qkyfudkifxm;=u+yD; (etz)&JŒ (2010) a&G;
aumufyGJ qdkwmudk qef@usifae=uw,f? tJ'gu b,fvdk jzpfwmvJ?
olwkd@rSm ajymif;vG,fjyifvG,f &dSr_ r&dSawmhbl;vm;?
ajz ? ? cifAsm;[m awmifxdyfwckudk a&mufatmifwufr,fvkd@ ydkif;

jzwfxm;+yD;+yDqdkygawmh? tJ'Dawmifxdyfudk wufwJhae&mrSm cifAsm;[m ig
awmifbufuyJ wufr,f? 'grSr[kwf ajrmufbufuyJ wufr,fvkd@ ydkif;
jzwfp&m vkdovm;? b,fbufuyJ jzpfjzpf tqiftajyqHk; jzpfr,fhbufu
wufrmS yJ r[kwv f m;? wbufu tqifrajy&if wbufu ajymif;+yD; wuf
rSmyJ r[kwfvm;? 'gu enf;vrf;qkdwm ajymif;vJvkd@&w,fqdkwJh oabm?
ajymif;vG,f jyifv, G &f w
dS hJ oabmukd jyaew,f? 'gayr,fh cifAsm;[m awmif
xdyt f a&muf wufr,fqw kd hJ ydik ;f jzwfcsuu f akd wmh ajymif;vJv@dk r&bl;? tJ'g
udk ajymif;vJvu kd rf ,fq&kd if cifAsm;[m cifAsm;&JŒ&nfreS ;f csu/f cifAsm;&JŒ tajc
cHrludk ajymif;vJ pGef@v$wfvkdufol jzpfoGm;+yDaygh? 'grsdK;vkyfwJholudk ajymif;
vG,jf yifv, G &f w Sd hJ olv@dk rqdEk ikd yf gb;l ? azmufjyefov l @dk yJ qd&k rSmyg? (tcsed t
f cg
ae&ma'otavsmuf rdrw d ufz@dk ykid ;f jzwfxm;wJh awmifxyd f tajymif;tvJ
awG &dSEdkifw,fqdkwJh udpPuawmh us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ aqG;aEG;&rSmrkd@ 'Dae&m
rSm aqG;aEG;zkd@ usdK;a=umif;qDavsmfr_ r&dSao;bl;vkd@ ,lqygw,f?)
“=um;jzwftpdk;&”&yfwnfcsufeJ@ “ygwDpHk”'Drdkua&pD taxGaxG
a&G;aumufyGJ &yfwnfcsufwkd@[m tESpfom&t&wckeJ@ wck qef@usifbuf
rSm &dSrae=ubl;vkd@ usaemfa&SŒrSm ajymcJh+yD;yg+yD? tckcifAsm;ar;wJh ar;cGef;
xJrSmygwJh (1990)a&G;aumufyGJeJ@ (2010)a&G;aumufyGJwkd@uawmh vHk;vHk;
vsm;vsm; qef@usifbufygyJ? bma=umifh 'Dvdkajym&ovJ?
tm;vHk; od=uwJhtwdkif; (90)a&G;aumufyGJ[m ppftm%m&Sif
pepfudk qufvuf xdef;odrf;umuG,f apmifha&Smufzkd@ jynfolvlxkawG&JŒ
toufaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmudk owfjzwf+yD; tm%m&,lcJhwJh tpdk;&w&yfu
vkyaf y;cJ&h wJh tnpftax; tpGe;f txif;aygi;f rsm;pGmeJ@ npfywfayusaH ecJh
wJh a&G;aumufyw JG ck jzpfonfw h ikd f tJ'wD ek ;f u&daS ewJh vlx&k ŒJ a'gotrsuef @J
Edik if wH um&JŒ zdtm;awG tygt0if rv$o J mwJh ta=umif;a=umif;awGa=umifh
73
(e0w)u zGifhay;cJh&wJh vGwfvyfr_ rqdkpavmufukd jynfolvlxku
tjynfht0 t&,l+yD; rdrdwkd@&JŒ ppfrSefwJh tonf;=um;u rJwjym;udk
toHk;csEdkifcJhwJh a&G;aumufyGJrkd@ tJ'Da&G;aumufyGJu xGufay:vmcJhwJh
&v'f[m jynfolvlxk&JŒ qENudk tjynfht0eD;yg; xif[yfcJhwJh &v'fjzpf
ygw,f?
(2010)a&G;aumufyJG qdw k muawmh tm;vH;k od=uwJt h wkid ;f
ygyJ? (90)a&G;aumufyGJ+yD;csdefupvkd@ jynfolawGeJ@ jyefqHkr,fhvrf;
r&dSawmhwJh rdrdwkd@tjzpfudk oabmaygufoGm;r_eJ@twl “ighavSigxdk;/
ighjrif;igpdkif;”vrf;udk ZGwfwdk;av#muf&if; =umav aemufjyefvSnfh r&
avjzpf+yD; rsufuef;wap>ra=umuf a&G;cs,fcJhwJh
jynfolqef@usifa&; vrf;yg? (2010)a&G;aumufyGJ
[m jynfolvlxk&JŒ qENudk (wenf; ajym&&if)
(etz)tay: (90) a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk t+yD;wkdif acszsufypfzkd@
v$rf;rkd;zdpD;aewJh w%Sm/ ar#mfrSef;}udK;yrf;wJh a&G;aumufyGJ jzpfygw,f?
b,meJ @ rme/ =unfhyg? (2010)a&G;aumufyGJ qdkwm[m twk
ta=umuf e J @ rmef r meqd k w J h ta,mif trsdK;om;nDvmcHu rl=urf;csay;/ jynf
arm[w&m;ok H ; yg;&J @ ol@udk,fpm;vS,f wa,mufrS rygwJh tzGJ@wzGJ@u
xk x nf y rm% a&;qGJ/ uvdefaph jirf;qif enf;rsdK;pHkoHk;xm;wJh
vlxk qENc, H yl q
JG w
kd meJ@ twnfjyKcJw h hJ jynfo@l qEN
b,f a vmuf
udk udk,fpm;rjyKwJhae&mrSm urBmrSm &Sm;rS&Sm;
}uD;rm;w,fqdkwJh tcsuf
eHygwf0rf;wpf *%ef;wpfjzpfwJh tajccHOya'qdk
ay:vG i f a eygw,f wmt& ZGwt f wif; usi;f yjyKvkyrf ,fh a&G;aumuf
yGjJ zpfwma=umifh (NLD)tygt0if 'Dru kd a&pD acgi;f
aqmifawGtzk@d (90)a&G;aumufy&JG v'fukd qkyu f ikd f
+yD; (2010)a&G;aumufyGJudk y,fcswmxuf ydk+yD;
*k%fajymif}uD;jrwfwJh vkyf&yfr&dSawmhygbl;?
'Dae&mrSm wqufwnf; ajymcsiw f mwcku (NLD) trSL;jyK
wJh 'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmifawG[m oabmxm;wif;rmwJh w,loefawG
r[kwfbJ tifrwefudk ajymif;vG,fjyifvG,f &dSwJholawGjzpfw,fqdkwJh
tcsufygyJ? olwkd@[m (90)a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fqdkwJh vlxk tusdK;pD;yGm;
tajccHru l kd r,dr;f r,dik f razmufrjyef qkyu f ikd x
f m;=uwJh wcsed wf nf;rSm
“v$wfawmfom ac:ay;yg? tJ'D v$wfawmfuae (etz)udk w&m;0if
(dejure) tpd;k &jzpfatmif todtrSwjf yKay;r,f”vd@k urf;vSr;f cJw h mudk
=unfh&if tJ'Dacgif;aqmifawG[m 'Dvdkurf;vSrf;Edkifatmif b,favmuf
74
ememusifusif cufcufcJcJ }udK;yrf;cJh=u&w,fqdkwmudk rSef;q=unfh

Edik yf gw,f? 'gayr,fh tm;vH;k od=uwJt
h wdik ;f (etz)uawmh jynfo@l
acgi;f aqmifawG&@J txGÉt f xdyt f xd tepfemcH+yD; ay;qyfc&hJ wJh tJ'D
urf;vSrf;csufudkawmif y,fcscJhygw,f? 'ga=umifh tJ'D urf;vSrf;r_udk
=unfh&if vlxkacgif;aqmifawG b,favmuf ajymif;vG,fjyifvG,f
&dSolawG jzpfw,fqdkwJhtcsuf ay:vGifaeovdk tJ'D urf;vSrf;r_udk
y,fcscJhwJh tcsufwckwnf;udk =unfhwmeJ@wif (etz)tay: v$rf;rkd;
zdpD;aewJh w%Sm/ b,meJ@ rme/ ta=umufeJ@ rmefrmeqdkwJh arm[
w&m;ok;H yg;&J@ xkxnfyrm% b,favmuf }uD;rm;w,fqw kd t hJ csuf
ay:vGifaeygw,f? Õ
75
ar; ? ? cifAsm;uom (etz)&JŒ tajccHOya'udk “cJr;l aph”vk@d ajym

aew,f? ocifwifjreJ@ OD;cspfvd_ifwkd@vdk a&SŒrDaemufrD yk*~Kdvf}uD;awG
tygt0if vlxkxifjrifcsuftay: tawmftoifh =oZmanmif;wJh
vlwcsK@d / trsKd ;om;nDvmcHukd t+yD;wufcw hJ hJ (NLD) v$waf wmf ud,k f
pm;vS,fwpkeJ@ udkat;vGifwkd@/ a'gufwmpdk;vif;wkd@vdk vlrsdK;awGu
awmh tajccHOya'r&dw S mxuf &dwS mu ydak umif;w,fv@dk ajymae=uyg
vm;?
ajz ? ? a&S@rDaemufrDqdkwJh pum;vHk;[m trSefw&m;qdkwJh pum;

vHk;eJ@ nDr#jcif;qGJvkd@&wJh pum;vHk; r[kwfbl;qdkwmudkawmh tm;vHk;
oabmayguf=ur,f xifygw,f? a&SŒrDaemufrDqdkwJh pum;vHk;[m
tjrifhqHk;!¸ef;qdk&&if tawG@t}uKH ºuG,f0r_qdkwmavmufeJ@om nDr#
jcif; xkd;vkd@&ygvdrfhr,f? tawG@t}uKH ºuG,f0jcif;[m aumif;csD;r*Fvm
wyg; jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'Daumif;csD;r*Fvm[m trSefw&m;eJ@
aygif;pyfEdkifrSomv#if jynfoltwGuf tusdK;jzpfxGef;EkdifaprSm jzpfyg
w,f?
acwfopfjrefrmhEikd if aH &; ordik ;f rSm eufeuf±id_ ;f ±_id ;f xJx0J if0if
yg0ifv_yf&Sm;cJh+yD; rdrd&JŒ tawG@t}uKHawGudk tcGifh&wdkif; rSwfwrf;wif
um jynfolvlxkudk csjyavh&dSwJh ocifwifjr[m tckaemufydkif; av;
ig;ESpfawGrSm pmawG tawmfav; jyefa&;vmwm? awGqHkar;jref;r_awG
udk ajz=um;r_awG vkyfvmwm awG@ae&ygw,f? olwcsdefua&;om;
cJw
h hJ “bHbk 0rSmjzif”h wd@k “zufqpfawmfveS af &;ESihf wdik ;f }uD;q,fwikd ;f ”
wkd@vdk pmtkyfawG[m jrefrmhordkif;udk pdwf0ifpm;olrsm;twGuf wefzdk;
&dwS hJ taxmuftyHah wGjzpfco hJ vdk tck aemufyikd ;f rSma&;cJw h hJ “xuf=uyf
ruGm”pmtkyfeJ@ aqmif;yg;awG/ tifwmAsL;awGrSm ajymqdkcJhwJh tcsuf
tvufawG[m ordkif;avhvmolawG txl;ojzifh vli,frsdK;qufopf
awGtwGuf wpkHw&m tudsK;jzpfxGef;apvsuf &dSaeygw,f? ordkif;udk
tpGJuif;uif;eJ@ avhvmaeolrsm;taeeJ@ tJ'Da&;om;ajzqdkcsufawG
xJrSm ocifwifjr&JŒ rGefjrwfoef@pifwJh apwemudk awG@Ekdifygw,f?
76
'gayr,fh tJ'Dta=umif;a=umifheJ@awmh ocifwifjr&JŒ
&yfwnfcsuf[m jynfol@qENudk udk,fpm;jyKaew,fvkd@ vHk;0
rajymEdkifygbl;? “apwemaumif;”eJ@ “trSefw&m;”[m tcgcyf
odrf; xyfwluswm r[kwfygbl;? wGufenf;rSm;&if b,fawmhrS
tajzrSef r&Edkifygbl;? +yD;cJhwJh vlxkqENcH,lyGJrSm olwkd@&JŒ tajccH
Oya'udk jynfolvlxk (90µ)ausmfu axmufcHcJhw,fqdkwJh
(etz)&JŒ pum;udk bk&m; E_wfuywfawmftvm; udk;um;+yD;
ajymqdkaewJh ocifwifjr[m vuf&dSacwfjrefrmhorkdif;&JŒ tajz
rSefudk b,fawmhrS&SmawG@rSm r[kwfbl;vkd@yJ usaemf ajymyg&ap?
cifAsm;&JŒar;cGe;f xJu vlx&k ŒJ oabmxm;tjriftay:
tawmftoifh=oZmanmif;wJh vlwcsKdŒqdkwm b,folawGudk
qdv k o
kd vJ qdw k m usaemfoyd gw,f? olw@dk twGuaf wmh odyrf sm;
rsm;pm;pm; ajymp&mr&dyS gb;l ? olw@dk &ŒJ wb0vH;k ac|;oD;ac|;ayguf
usatmif &SmazGpkaqmif;xm;cJhwJh pkaqmif;aiGuav; &if;EDS;jr‡Kyf
ESHr_ wcsufuav; rSm;vdkufwmeJ@ jzLumjymumus oGm;rSmudk
pdk;&drfrdw,fvkd@yJ ajymyg&ap?
(etz)&JŒ trsdK;om;nDvmcHudk +yD;wJhtxdwufcJhwJh
(NLD) yJhxGuftpkeJ@ ywfoufvkd@vnf; ajymp&m rsm;rsm;r&dSyg
bl;? urBmEh ikd if w H ikd ;f &JŒ ordik ;f jzpfpOfwikd ;f rSm vlxqk ENukd zDvmjyKwJh
vlawGudk vdkufvHvSJusif; aumufodrf;wJh trd_ufvSnf;wpD;
&dyS gw,f? tJ'v D nS ;f ay:rSm vuf&Sd (NLD)&JŒ &yfwnfcsut f wdik ;f
&yfwnfae=uwJh ud, k pf m;vS,f
awGyJ ygoGm;rvm;? tJ'D yJh
xGut f pkyJ ygomG ;rvm; qdw k m tajccH Oya'ud k
uk d a wmh zD ' ,f u yf p x±k d & J @ jynf o l v l x k ( 90µ)ausmf u
pum;twdkif;ajym&&if ordkif; axmufcHcJhw,fqdkwJh (etz)&JŒpum;udk
uyJ tqH k ; tjzwf a y;ygvd r f h bk&m; E_wfuywfawmftvm;
r,f? udk;um;+yD; ajymqdkaewJh
udkat;vGifwkd@/
ocif w if j r[m
a'guf w mpd k ; vif ; wk d @ eJ @ ywf
vuf&dSacwfjrefrmhorkdif;&JŒ
oufvkd@ ajymygr,f? usaemf
wcgu ta0;ajy;um;*d w f tajzrSefudk b,fawmhrS &SmawG@rSm
wckrSm xdkifaewkef; ±kd;om;EHkt r[kwfbl;vkd@yJ æ
yHk&wJh v,form;jzpf[ef&dSwJh
77
rd r d & yf w nf c suf t ay: rd r d t cd k i f t rm

,Hk=unfolawGeJ@ rdrdudk,fudkrdrd
±kdaoav;pm;olawG[m b,fawmhrS
yHkrSm;±kdufavh r&dS=uygbl;?
vl}uD;wOD; ycHk;ay:rSm uufqufxnfhwJh puULAl;}uD;wck xrf;+yD;

0ifvmwmudk awG@vkduf&ygw,f? puULAl;ay:rSm ±kdufESdyfxm;wJh wHqdyf
u “National Panasonic” jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dvl}uD;teD;a&mufvm
vkd@ puULAl;ay:u wHqdyfudk aemufw}udrfxyf+yD; aoaocsmcsm
*±kwpdkufzwf=unfhvkdufawmhrS wu,fhpmom;trSefu “ National
Parazonic” jzpfygw,f? ±k;d om;wJh awmolawmifom;awGe@J earmferJh
Edik o
f t
l m;vH;k udk vSnphf m;vdw k hJ weyfpm;pD;yGm;a&; jzwfvrf;orm;awG
&JŒ vkyf[efwckjzpfygw,f? tJ'Djzpf&yfuav;eJ@ }uKHvdkufwkef;u
usaemf udak t;vGief @J a'guw f mpd;k vif;wk@d ukd zswcf eJ rsupf x d jJ rifa,mif
vm+yD; +yKH;vduk rf yd gw,f? rdr&d yfwnfcsut f ay: rdrt
d cdik tf rm ,H=k unf
olawGe@J rdrud , kd u f rkd rd d ±kad oav;pm;olawG[m b,fawmhrS yHrk mS ;±ku d f
avhr&dS=uygbl;?
(etz)&JŒ tajccHOya'qdw k meJ@ ywfouf+yD; xdik ;f Edik if t H ajc
pdkuf jrefrmEdkifiHa&SŒaersm;aumifpDtwGif;a&;rSL; OD;atmifxl; &Sif;vif;
jycJhwmxuf ydk+yD; wdusyDjyifjywfom;atmif usaemf &Sif;jyEdkifawmhrSm
r[kwfygbl;? tJ'Dvdk tajccHOya'rsdK;udk r&dSwmxuf &dSwmydkaumif;
w,fvkd@ ajymae=uolawGudk usaemf ar;cGef;wckyJ ar;csifygw,f?
(1962)uae (1974)txd Adkvfae0if;[m awmfvSefa&;aumifpD
trnfe@J bmtajccHOya'rS r&db S J wdik ;f jynfukd tkycf sKyfcwhJ ,f? (1974)
uae (1988)txdudkawmh jynfaxmifpk qdk&S,fvpforRw jrefrmEdkifiH
awmftajccHOya'qdw k meJ@ tkycf sKyfcw hJ ,f? usaemf ar;csiw f hJ ar;cGe;f u
(74-88)umv[m (62-74) umvxuf jrefrmjynfolawGtwGuf
ydkaumif;cJhygovm;qdkwJh ar;cGef;ygyJ? Õ
78
ar; ? ? (2008)arvrSm jrefrmEdkifiH[m tzsufpGrf;tm; ±_axmifhu
=unfh&if ordkif;rSm r=um;bl;r}uKHbl;avmufatmif jyif;xefwJh em*pf
rkefwdkif;wdkufcwfwJh'%fukdcHcJh&+yD; &uftenf;i,ftwGif; EdkifiHwum
0ifa&mufulnDyg&apvkd@ urf;vSrf;cJhw,f? 'gayr,fh (etz)u tJ'Durf;
vSrf;csufawGudk jiif;y,fcJhw,f? usaemf ar;csifwmu tJ'Durf;vSrf;csuf
awGudk (etz)u bma=umifh y,fcscJhwmvJ?
tar&dueftpdk;&ua&m ppfoabFmawGeJ@rS bma=umifh 0ifcsif&
wmvJ? aemuf+yD; (etz)[m Zm*em/ aZmfoufaxG;/ atmifausmq f ef;wk@d
tygt0if avab;ulnD u,fq,fa&;vkyfief;awGrSm a&S@wef;u yg0if
aqmif&GufaeolawGudk zrf;qD;cJhwm&JŒ wu,fhta=umif;&if; trSefu
bmvJ?
olwkd@&JŒ tJ'Dvkyf&yftm;vHk;[m rkefwdkif;'%fcHjynfolawGtay:
rpmemwJhtjyif &ufpufvGef;&m usvGef;w,fvkd@ EdkifiHwumu xifjrif
,lqoGm;rSmudk (etz)u rpdk;&drfbl;vm;?
ajz ? ? 'Dar;cGef;udk rajzcif cifAsm;taeeJ@ t&ifqHk; rjzpfrae

odxm;zkd@ vkdtyfwJhtcsufwcku (etz)&JŒ vkyf&yftm;vHk;[m olwkd@
tm%mwnf+rJa&; tawG;tac:u vmwmjzpfw,fqw kd hJ tcsuyf gy?J
tJ'D tawG;tac:udk wyfrufpGJvrf;r_/ ta=umufeJ@ rmefrme qdkwJh
arm[w&m; okH;yg;tay:rSm wnfaqmufxm;w,fqdkwmudk usaemf
a&SŒrSm ajymcJh+yD;+yD? wyfrufpGJvrf;r_qkdwmu olwkd@ rwefr&m &&Sdxm;
=uwJh tcGifhtm%meJ@ pnf;pdrfOpPmawGudk wyfrufpGJvrf; ae=uwm
jzpfw,f? ta=umufw&m;qdw k mu olw@dk tm%m vufvw G jf zpfomG ;
&if vlxku olwkd@udk vufwkH@jyef vufpm;acsrSmudk a=umufwmjzpf
w,f? rmefrmeqdkwmuawmh olwkd@tcktwdkif; “ighjrif;igpdkif; ighavS
igxdk;”wJh rl0g'udk rav#mhwrf; qkyfudkifxm;or# umvywfvHk; olwkd@
b,fawmhrS usqHk;p&mr&dSbl;? tckawmif jynfwGif;a&m jynfyrSmyg
bmwwfEdkifvkd@vJqdkwJh t,ltqjzpfw,f?
79
(etz)[m tjcm;tjcm;aom udpPrsm;rSmvdkyJ em*pfrSmvnf;
tJ'DtawG;tac:t& wkH@jyefcJhwmjzpfw,f? EdkifiHwum&JŒ urf;vSrf;r_udk
vufrcHwmu rdrdtkyfcsKyfwJh jynfolawGudk tarSmifxJrSmyJ xm;vdkwJh tm
%m&Siaf wG&ŒJ obm0twdik ;f Edik if w H um tzG@J tpnf;awG jrefrmjynfoal wG
eJ@ wdkuf±kdufxdawG@+yD; jynfolawG&JŒ b0eJ@ cHpm;csufawG t,ltq tawG;
tjrifawGudk jrifawG@/ =um;od oGm;=urSmudk pdk;&drfw,f? aemufwcsufu
tm%m&Siftpdk;&awG&JŒ xHk;pHtwdkif; jynfolawG&JŒ b0ta&;t&mawG/ 0if
a&mufulnD=ur,fh EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;awG&JŒ v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk tyfus
wmutp xdef;csKyfxm;csifw,f? 'gayr,fh em*pfuay;wJh '%f&m'%f
csufawG&JŒ yrm%u olwkd@vnf; r}uKHzl; r=um;zl;avmufatmif jyif;xef
vGe;f vSwmrk@d Edik if w H umtzG@J awGukd 0ifciG ahf y;vdu
k +f yDqw
kd meJ@ olw@dk pdww f idk ;f
us xdef;csKyfzkd@ rvG,fbl;qdkwmudkvnf; olwkd@ odaew,f? 'ga=umifh tJ'D
urf;vSrf;csufudk yxrydkif;rSm tif;rv_yf tJrv_yfaecJh+yD; &uftawmfav;&
vmrS wdka&&Sm;a&eJ@ cGifhjyKcJhwmjzpfygw,f?
tar&dueftpdk;&u ppfoabFmawGeJ@rS 0ifcsif&wJh ta=umif;u
awmh &Sif;ygw,f? EdkifiHwdkif;rSm ppfwyfqdkwm taumif;qHk; avhusifhxm;wJh
tzGJ@tpnf;jzpf+yD; tJ'D tzGJ@tpnf; toHk;jyKaewJh vufeufud&d,m wef
qmyvmqdkwmawGuvnf; taumif;qHk;awGom jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh
vnf; b,fEdkifiHrSmrqdk obm0ab;tE W&m,f wckckeJ@}uKH+yDqdk&if ppfwyf
uom a&SŒwef;u yg0ifulnDaqmif&Gufwmudk jrif=u&wmjzpfygw,f?
em*pfupd rP mS vnf; 'Dtwdik ;f ygy?J qlemrDwek ;f u oufqikd &f m Edik if t H pd;k &awG
eJ@ ndE‡ id_ ;f yl;aygi;f +yD; 'kuo
Q nfawGukd tjrefq;kH eJ@ txda&mufq;kH ulncD o hJ vdk
rsKd ; tar&duefppfwyf[m em*pf'%fcH jynfoal wGqD tjrefq;kH oGm;+yD; txd
a&mufqHk; ulnDzkd@}udK;yrf;cJhwmom jzpfygw,f? uyfab; u,fq,fulnD
80
a&$ 0 ga&mif a wmf v S e f a &;t+yD ; rS m ik y f v #d K ;oG m ;cJ h = u+yD ; em*pf t jzpf r S m

jynfolawG&JŒa0'emudk r=unfh&ufvkd@ jyefay:vmcJh=uwJh
ol & J a umif ; awG & J Œ ra=umuf r &G H Œ &G y f & G y f c |H c |H trsm;tusd K ;jyK
aqmif&GufcsufawGa=umifh “vdyfjymEdk;” vmcJh=uwJhæ
a&; tawG@t}uKH ºuG,f0ae+yDjzpfwJh tar&duefppfwyfu u,fq,fa&;

aemufusavav jynfolawG ydk+yD; 'kuQa&mufavavjzpfr,f qdkwmudk
aumif;aumif; od&dSxm;vkd@vnf; (etz)qDrSm tJovdk tjrefqHk; 0if
a&mufulnDcGifh awmif;cHcJhwmjzpfygw,f?
tar&duef ppfwyf&JŒ tJ'Durf;vSrf;r_udk (etz) y,fcscJhr_&JŒ
ta=umif;&if;awGuawmh txufu EdkifiHwum tzGJ@tpnf;awGudpPrSm
wifjycJwh thJ csuaf wGtjyif tar&duef ppfoabFmawGaemufu tar&duef
ppfwyf}uD;vdu k v
f mavrvm;qdw k hJ cyfyg;yg; ta=umufw&m;uwa=umif;/
olwkd@&JŒ tar&duefqef@usifa&; pdwf"mwfcdkifrmyHkudk olwkd@&JŒ t"du r[m
rdwf}uD; w±kwfudk jyovdkwmu wa=umif;wkd@yJ jzpfvdrfhr,fvkd@ xifyg
w,f?
Zm*emwkd@/ aZmfoufaxG;wkd@/ atmifausmfqef;wkd@tygt0if
avab;u,fq,fa&;udpaP wGrmS wufwufºuGºuG yg0if ulnaD qmif&u G af e
olawGukd zrf;qD;cJw h muawmh (etz)u wcsucf w k f oH;k av;csujf ywf vdu k f
wmjzpfygw,f? yxrqH;k tcsuu f tJ'v D al wGtm;vH;k [m Edik if aH &; tusO;f
om;a[mif;awG jzpf=uygw,f? wpfenf;ajym&&if (etz)u &efoltjzpf
owfrSwfxm;olawG jzpfygw,f? Zm*emqdk&if ol@&JŒ a&'D,dk tifwmAsL;
awGa=umifh (etz)u +idK;aecJhwm =umyg+yD? txl;ojzifh (etz)[m ol@&JŒ
rif;om;acgif;aqmif;udk qGJc|wf+yD; rlvbDvl;±kyfoGifudk zGihfjyvdkufwJh “puf
wifbm a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;”udk tpysdK;ay;cJhol wa,muftjzpf
Zm*emudk “tjywfodrf;”zkd@ tuGufacsmif;aecJhygw,f? usefwJholawG[m
vnf; EkdifiHa&; tusOf;om;a[mif;awG jzpf=u+yD; (etz)u &efoltjzpf
jyKrlqufqHjcif;udk cHcJh&olawGjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dvdk vlrsdK;awGu jynfol@
tusKd ;jyK vkyif ef;awGrmS wufwufºuGºuGyg0if aqmif&u G af ejcif;u jrefrm
81
jynfoal wGe@J Edik if w

H umtodik ;f t0dik ;f &JŒ tjrifrmS
(etz)udk rsufESmyef;rvS jzpfapygw,f? 'ghtjyif
tJ'DvlawGeJ@ a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&; t+yD;rSm
ikyfv#dK;oGm;cJh=u+yD; em*pftjzpfrSm jynfolawG&JŒ
a0'emudk r=unfh&ufvkd@ jyefay:vmcJh=uwJh ol&J
aumif;awG&JŒ ra=umufr&GHŒ &Gyf&Gyfc|Hc|H trsm;
tusdK;jyK aqmif&GufcsufawGa=umifh “vdyfjymEdk;”
vmcJh=uwJh jynfwGif;u yk*~vdu tpktzGJ@i,f
uav;rsm;udkvnf; (etz)[m =unfhr&jzpfae+yD;
vef@oGm;atmif +cdrf;ajcmuf [ef@wm;csifaewm
vnf; &dSygw,f? aemuf+yD; olwkd@ZGwfvkyfzkd@ &dSaewJh
(2010)a&G;aumufyGJ rwkdifrDrSmvnf; ql;ajimifh
cvkwf jzpfvmEdkifr,fh tJ'DvlawGudk wwfEdkifor#
z,f&Sm;&Sif;vif;xm; csifygw,f? tJ'D&nf&G,fcsuf
awGa=umifh cifAsm;ajymwJholawG zrf;qD; xdef;odrf;
jcif;cHcJh&wm jzpfygw,f? Õ
82
ar; ? ? cifAsm;pum;xJrSm EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;qdkwJh
tokH;tE_ef;udk =um;vdkuf&w,f? jynfwGif;jynfyu EdkifiH
a&;eJ@ vl@tcGifhta&; tzGJ@tpnf;awGua&m/ ukvor*~uyg
a':atmifqef;pk=unftygt0if EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGudk
tjrefqHk;eJ@ ¹cGif;csufr&dS v$wfay;zkd@ awmif;qdkae=uayr,fh
(etz)uawmh jref r mjynf r S m Ed k i f i H a &;tusOf ; om;
wa,mufrS r&dSbl;vkd@ t+rJ woHwnf; ajymaeygvm;? olwkd@
bma=umifh tJovkd ajymae=uwmvJ?
ajz ? ? ppfwyfukd toH;k jyKtm%modr;f cJ+h yD; wkid ;f jynfukd w&m;r0iftyk pf ;kd aewJh tpd;k &
wdkif; oHk;avh&dSwJh vufoHk;pum;wckygyJ? Adkvfae0if;&JŒ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDeJ@ rqv
tpdk;& oufwrf;wav#mufrSmvnf; tJovdkyJ wGifwGifatmfcJh=uwmygyJ? 'gayr,fh
Edik if aH &; tjrwfxw k zf @dk tcsed u f sa&mufvm+yDv@dk olw@dk zmomolw@dk wGuq f vmwJh tcgrsKd ;
awGrSm olwkd@xkwfjyefavh&dSwJh taxGaxG vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhqdkwJh txJrSm EdkifiHa&;
tusOf;om;vkd@ wkduf±kduf 0efrcHayr,fh tJ'DtusOf;om;awGeJ@ &mZ0wftusOf;om;awG
rwlb;l qdw k mudk t"dyg` ,zf iG q hf ckd suaf wG/ tJ't D usO;f om;awGtay: pGq J ckd whJ hJ yk'rf awGt&
cGJjcm;zGifhqdk+yD; EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;qdkwJh trsdK;tpm;&dSa=umif; wzufvSnfheJ@ 0efcH=uavh
&dSygw,f? (1980)ckESpfwkef;u xkwfjyefcJhwJh vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh trdef@udkavhvm=unfh&if
tJ'Dtcsufudk txift&Sm; jrifawG@EkdifrSm jzpfygw,f?
rdrw
d @dk Eikd if rH mS Edik if aH &;tusO;f om; r&db S ;l vk@d tm%modr;f w&m;r0if tpd;k &awG
ajymae=uwm&JŒ &nf&, G cf suu f awmh Edik if rH mS Edik if aH &;jy\em r&db S ;l qdw
k t hJ csuf ay:vGif
apcsifvkd@ jzpfygw,f? EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om; &dSw,fqdkwm[m EdkifiHrSm EdkifiHa&; jy\em &dS
aew,fvkd@ 0efcHvdkuf&m a&mufygw,f? tm;vHk; od=uwJhtwdkif; 'Duae@acwfrSm EdkifiHa&;
qdkwm oabmxm;csif; rwlolawG=um; pm;yGJ0dkif;rSm n‡dE_dif;aqG;aEG; tav#mhtwif;vkyf
aphpyfwJhenf;vrf;eJ@ tajz&Sm=u&wJh udpPrsKd;yg? 'Dawmh 'grsKd;udk ukd,fwkdifu t"rRenf;eJ@
tiftm;oH;k tm%modr;f vmcJw h hJ w&m;r0if tpd;k &awGu vkycf siw f hJ qENvnf;r&d/S vkyEf ikd f
wJh pGrf;&nfvnf; r&dSygbl;? qENr&dSwmu EdkifiHa&; aqG;aEG;yGJ pwifvdkufwmeJ@ w+yKdifeuf
olwkd@&JŒ w&m;r0ifwJhtjzpf xif;xif;}uD; ay:vGifoGm;wJh wcsdefwnf;rSm olwkd@ wif;jynfh
usyfjynfh qkyfudkifxm;wJh tm%mudk cGJa0ay;rS jzpfawmhr,fqdkwJh usdK;a=umif;qDavsmfr_
qdkif&m trSefw&m;eJ@ ezl;awG@'l;awG@ &ifqdkif&rSmudk pdk;&drfylyefwJhtwGuf jzpfygw,f?
pGr;f &nf r&dw S muawmh t"rRenf; ok@d r[kwf trSew f &m;udk ud,
k pf m;jyKjcif;r&dw S hJ tiftm;
udk tm;udk;avh &dSolawGrSm tifrwefcufcJ±_yfaxG; El;nHhodrfarG@ euf±_dif;+yD; ESvHk;&nfudpP
83
oufoufomjzpfwhJ pm;yG0J ikd ;f awG@qn Hk E‡d id_ ;f aqG;aEG;yGjJ zpfajrmuf taumiftxnf ay:vm
atmif vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf; uif;rJhavh&SdwJh obm0a=umifhygyJ?
urBmay:u tm%modrf;tpdk;& tm;vHk;eD;yg;[m tm%mqkdwm vlxkqDu
tajccHw,fqw kd hJ t,ltqudk ,H=k unfoal wG r[kwb f J tm%mqdw k m aoewfajymif;0
u qif;oufwmjzpfw,fqw kd hJ t,ltqudk ,H=k unfoal wG jzpfygw,f? tJ'D obm0t&
olwkd@tjrifrSm EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yGJqdkwm wzufeJ@wzuf ^m%feD^m%feufeJ@ tusyfudkif
zdtm;ay;r_udk vdktyfovdk wvSnfhpDoHk;+yD; wzufu wzufudk tEdkif,lwJhupm;enf;
(lose or win Game)omjzpfygw,f? EkdifwJhvlu tukefvkH;&+yD; ±_H;wJhvlu wckrS r&wJh
tºuGif;oknupm;enf; (zero sum game)om jzpfygw,f? EdkifiHtusdK;twGuf wzufeJ@
wzuf apwemrSefrSefxm;+yD; tay;t,l tav#mhtwif;vkyf nd‡E_dif;appyfh tajz&SmwJh
aqG;aEG;yGrJ sKd ; (wenf;) ESpzf ufpvH;k u tEdik &f wJh upm;enf; ( win - win Game ) rsKd ;vnf;&dS
w,fqdkwm olwkd@em;vnfEdkifpGrf; r&Sd=uygbl;?
tm%m&SifawG[m tJ'DvdkrsdK; obm0&dSwJhtwGuf olwkd@tbd"mefrSm oabm
xm;rwlwhJ Edik if aH &; vkyaf zmfuikd zf ufqw kd m r&dyS gb;l ? “vGwv f yfpmG oabmxm; uGv J cJG iG ”hf
“+idrf;csrf;pGm twl,SOfwGJaexkdifr_”qdkwmawGudk olwkd@yg;pyfu atmfcsifatmfaer,f?
'gayr,fh tJ'gawGukd olw@dk vH;k 0 t,Ht k =unf r&dyS gb;l ? olw@dk trSew f u,f ukid pf x
JG m;wJh
0g'u “ige@J rwl ig&h efo”l qdw k hJ 0g'omjzpfygw,f? tJ'aD wmh olw@dk rmS Edik if aH &;aqG;aEG;zuf
qdw k mvnf; r&dyS gb;l ? olw@dk rsupf x d rJ mS Edik if aH &; aqG;aEG;yGv J yk zf @dk awmif;qdo
k q
l w
kd m olw@dk
udk tm%myv†ifay:u wGef;csr,fh olawGomjzpfygw,f?
tm%m&Siaf wG[m olw@dk u, kd o f w l @dk wdik ;f jynf&ŒJ u,fwif&iS af wGv@dk jrifavh&o Sd l
awG jzpf=uwJhtwGufvnf; olwkd@rSty jzpfwJh usefwJholawGudk wdkif;jynfudk acsmufxJqGJ
csr,fh olawGtjzpfom jrifyg
w,f? Edik if aH umif; zk@d vkyaf ewJh
Ed k i f i H a &;orm;awG tjzpf
olwkd@rjrifEdkifygbl;? tJ'Dawmh
Ed k i f i H w umu rsuf p d a 'guf urB m ay:u tm%mod r f ; tpd k ; &
axmuf+yD; =unfhaewmukd cH tm;vH k ; eD ; yg;[m tm%mqk d w m
ae&wJhtwGuf tJ'Dvdk vlrsdK; vlxkqDu tajccHw,fqdkwJh
tm;vH k ; ud k axmif x J x nh f t,ltqudk ,Hk=unfolawG r[kwfbJ
rxm;Edkifayr,fh tajctae tm%mqd k w m aoewf a jymif ; 0 u
ay;+yDqdkwmeJ@ olwkd@udk &mZ qif;oufwmjzpfw,fqdkwJh
0wfa=umif;t& yk'frtrsdK;rsdK; t,ltqudk ,Hk=unfolawG jzpfygw,f?
wyf + yD ; axmif x J x nf h a wmh
wmygyJ? 'DvdkeJ@ tJ'DvlawG[m
84
EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om; r&dSbl;vkd@
(etz)u ajymaewm&J Œ ta=umif ; &if ; ES p f c k u
jref r mjynf r S m Ed k i f i H a &;jy\emr&d S b l ; vk d @
ajymcsif w J h r±k d ; ajzmif h r _ e J @
wdkif;jynfrSm igwkd@vkyfwmom EdkifiHa&;
wjcm;olawGvkyfwm &mZ0wfr_qdkwJh
tjrifarSmufrSm;r_wkd@ jzpfw,f æ
tvdktavsmuf Oya'csdK;azmuf usL;vGefwJh EdkifiHa&;orm;awG jzpfoGm;ygawmhw,f?

tm%modrf;+yD;aemuf tm%m&Sifpepfudk usifhoHk;avh&dSwJh ppftpdk;&awG[m olwkd@ vuf
xufrSm EdkifiHa&;orm;qdkwJh tokH;tE_ef;udkawmif oHk;avh&dSwm r[kwfygbl;? 'gayr,fh
jrefrmjynfu (etz)uawmh rwwfomvkd@ ygwDpHkpepfudk cGifhjyKxm;&wJhtwGuf EdkifiHa&;
orm;qdkwJh tokH;tE_ef;udk aqmihf}uD;atmifh}uD; rvdkwrmpdwfeJ@ oHk;ae&+yD; tJ'D tokH;
tE_e;f udak wmifrS “Oya'csKd ;azmuf usL;vGew f hJ Edik if aH &;orm;”qdw k hJ wae&mwnf;rSmom
&Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; oHk;avh&Sd=uwmudk awG@=u&rSm jzpfygw,f? jynfol@qENeJ@ wufvmwJh tpdk;&
awGuawmh EdkifiH&dS&if EdkifiHa&; jy\em&dSw,fqdkwJh tcsufudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; oabm
ayguf vufcH=uygw,f? EdkifiHa&; jy\em&dS&if EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om; qdkwmvnf; &dSr,f
qdw k m olw@dk u odygw,f? 'ga=umifh rdred @J oabmxm;csi;f rwdu k q f ikd o
f al wGukd vufeuf
pGJudkif ykefuefr_rjyKoa&GŒ olwkd@u &efolvkd@ rjrifygbl;? EdkifiHtudsK;twGuf rdrdeJ@ rwlwJh
vrf;a=umif;u aqmif&GufaeolawGvkd@ jrifygw,f? 'ga=umifh tajctaet& olwkd@udk
zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f wJth cg &mZ0wftusO;f om;awGxuf tqift h wef; ydjk rifw h hJ tcGit
hf a&;
awG ay;ygw,f? 'grsdK;udk (1948)u (1962)txd (Adkvfae0if; tdrfapmifhtpdk;& tkyfcsKyfwJh
ESpf ESpfryg) wnf&dScJhwJh 'Drdkua&pDacwfrSm awG@Ekdifygw,f? jrefrmjynfudk ESpfaygif; (100)
ausmf u|efjyKoGm;cJhwJh +Adwdo#udkvdkeD tpdk;&uawmif tJ'Dpepfudk usifhoHk;cJhygw,f?
tJ'Dawmh usaemfh &Sif;jycsufawGudk tESpfcsKyf+yD; jyefvnfazmfjy&&if jrefrmjynf
rSm EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om; r&dSbl;vkd@ (etz)u ajymaewm&JŒ ta=umif;&if;ESpfcku jrefrm
jynfrSm EdkifiHa&;jy\em r&dSbl;vkd@ ajymcsifwJh r±kd;ajzmifhr_eJ@ wdkif;jynfrSm igwkd@vkyfwmom
EdkifiHa&; wjcm;olawGvkyfwm &mZ0wfr_qdkwJh tjrifarSmufrSm;r_wkd@ jzpfw,fvkd@
ajz=um;vkdygw,f? Õ
85
ar; ? ? (e-t-z)uawmh tJ'DEkdifiHa&; tusOf;om;
qdkolawG[m Oya'udk csdK;azmufvdk@ ta&;,lcH=u&wm
om jzpfw,f? rdrdwkd@[m bmyJvkyfvkyf w&m;Oya'eJ@
tnDom vkyo f al wGjzpfw,f? b,forl qdk w&m;Oya'eJ@
tnD aexdik &f if ab;&efuif;uGmrSm jzpfw,fv@dk ajymavh&Sd
wmeJ@ ywfouf+yD; ajymjyygOD;?
ajz ? ? jrefrmjynfrSm (e0w)(etz)wkd@&JŒ t}udrfaygif; ra&rwGufEdkifatmif

t"rRjyKusifhcH&r_a=umifh vl±kyfawmif ray:awmhwJh orD;ysdKwOD;udk jyygqdk&if tJ'D
w&m;Oya'qdkwJh orD;ysdKudk jy&rSmjzpfygw,f? jynfol@qENudk udk,fpm;rjyKwJh tpdk;&
rSefor# w&m;±kH;/ &JtzGJ@/ tusOf;axmifqdkwmawGudk olwkd@tm%m wnf+rJa&;
twGuf vlxkudk zdESdyfwJh ,E W&m;awGtjzpf toHk;jyK=uwm rqef;wJhudpPjzpfwm
rSefayr,fh (e0w)(etz)wkd@&JŒ w&m;Oya'udk vdkovdk toHk;csyHkuawmh urBmrSm
pHcsdefopfvkd@ qdk&rSmyg? olwkd@ tm%modrf;+yD; wufvmcJhwJh (1988)uae tcktxd
tESpf (20)umvtwGi;f w&m;Oya' orD;ysKd udk olw@dk t"rRjyK vkycf w hJ hJ t}udraf ygi;f
&maxmifcsD &dScJhwmudk rjywfowdjyK avhvmaeolwdkif; rSwfrdae=urSmyg? tJ'Djzpf&yf
awG[m avxJrSm aysmufuG,foGm;=uwm r[kwfygbl;? taotcsm rSwfwrf;rSwf
&mawGeJ@ &dSaewmyg? wcsdefrSm rv$JraoG w&m;Oya'a&SŒarSmufudk a&muf&dS xGufay:
vmrSm jzpfygw,f?
tckqdk&if yk'frtrsdK;rsdK;eJ@ rw&m;pGyfpGJ+yD; w&m;pGJqdkjcif; cHae&wJh EdkifiHa&;
orm;awGbufu vdu k yf gaqmif&u
G af y;aewJh a&SŒaeawGuakd wmif r[kwrf [wfpyG pf JG
+yD; axmif'%fcsrSwfwJhtxd jrefrmjynfu w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;&JŒ tajctae[m
urf;ukefatmif qdk;0g;aeyg+yD? a&SŒaeOD;nDnDaxG;/ OD;atmifodef;/ OD;cifarmif&dSefwkd@udk
jypf'%fcsrSwfvdkufwm[m jrefrmEdkifiHu w&m;Oya' ±kyftavmif;udk xnfhoGif;
xm;wJh acgif;wvm;tzHk;ay:rSm aemufqHk;±kdufvdkufwJh oHcsufjzpfygw,f?
usaemfwkd@ bmyJvkyfvkyf w&m;Oya'eJ@tnDyJ vkyfygw,fvkd@ ajymavh
&Sd=uwJh (etz)0kdif;awmfom;awG&JŒ acgif;aqmif}uD;udk Oya'eJ@ywfouf+yD; av#mh
av#mah ygah ygh ar;cGe;f uav;wckyJ ar;csiyf gw,f? jrefrmEdik if rH mS jyXmef;xm;wJh touf
(60)ausmf&if EdkifiH0efxrf;tjzpfu t+idrf;pm;,l&r,fqdkwJh w&m;Oya'[m ol tyg
t0if tcsKdŒaom ol@0dkif;awmfom;awGeJ@ oufqdkifjcif; &dSr&dSqdkwJh ar;cGef;av;yg? Akdvf
cif!Gef@udk z,f&Sm;pOfu w&m;Oya'&JŒ txufrSmb,folrS r&Sdbl;vkd@ vlod&Sif=um;
ajymqkdcJhwJh Akdvfa&$ref;vnf; tJ'Dar;cGef;udk ajz=unfhapcsifygw,f? Õ
86
ar; ? ? jrefrmjynfu ppftpdk;& tqufqufeJ@ ywfouf+yD; usaemf ar;
wma&m/ cifAsm;ajzwma&m tawmfav;pHkoavmuf &dSoGm;+yD? aemufydkif;rS
pOf;pm;vkd@&&ifvnf; quf+yD; ar;ao;wmaygh? tckawmh 'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pk
awGbuf vSnfh=u&atmif? (NLD)[m (1990)a&G;aumufyGJrSm v$wfawmf
udk,fpm;vS,fae&m pkpkaygif;&JŒ (82)&mckdifE_ef; tEdkif&&dScJhw,f? udk,fpm;vS,f
ta&twGuft& ajym&if (396)OD;aygh? 'gayr,fh a&G;aumufyGJt+yD;(18)ESpf
wm umvtwGif;(NLD)[m tpdk;&jzpfrvmcJhwJhtjyif tckqdk&if (NLD)
v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f ta&twGuf[mvnf; tJ'Dwkef;uxuf trsm;}uD;
avsmhenf;oGm;cJh+yD? 'Dvdkjzpf&wm[m (NLD) acgif;aqmifawG&JŒ nHhzsif;
tm;enf;r_awGa=umifh jzpfw,fvkd@ 'Drdkua&pDbufawmfom;wcsKd@u ,lq
ae=uw,f? olw@dk u(NLD)[m *ENDcef;r nDvmcHrSm tpdk;&rzGJ@cJhjcif;jzihf ppf
tm%m&Sipf epf csKyf+idr;f oGm;apEdik rf ,fh taumif;qH;k tcGithf a&;udk vufvw$ f
qHk;±_H;cJh&w,fvkd@vnf; axmufjycJh=uw,f? tJ'Dtjriftay: cifAsm;oabm
xm;u b,fvdkvJ?
ajz ? ? au'g awGpepfwus arG;jrL+yD; uspfvspfodyfonf; cdkifrmpGm zGJ@pnf;xm;wJh

ygwDawGawmif {&mrtrSm;}uD;awG usL;vGefcJh=uzl;wmudk jrefrmhordkif;rSma&m/ urBmh
ordkif;rSmyg cifAsm;awG@cJhrSmyg? Akdvfae0if;&JŒ EdkifiHa&;om;a=umjzwfwJh '%fudk (26)ESpfwdkif
cHcJh&+yD;aemuf tvdktavsmuf ay:aygufvmwJh vlxktHkºuGr_}uD; wcktwGif; EdkifiHa&;
aemufcHtrsdK;rsdK;/ t,ltqtrsdKrsdK;/ a&csdef tedrfhtjrifh trsdK;rsdK;&dSwJhvlawG &nfrSef;csuf
wcktwGuf aygi;f pnf;rd=u&mu rD;±SL;oef@pif zGm;jrifvmcJw h mjzpfwhJ (NLD)rSm c|w, f iG ;f
tm;enf;csufawG tajrmuftjrm;&dSrSm aocsmygw,f?
'gayr,fh a&G;aumufy+JG yD;oGm;vd@k (18)ESp=f umvmwJhJ tcsed t f xd jynfovl xl &k ŒJ
ar#mfrSef;csufawG rjynfh0ao;wm&JŒ t"du ta=umif;&if;uawmh (e0w) (etz)
ppftkyfpk&JŒ uwdopPm ysuf,Gif;r_yJ jzpfygw,f? “rif;rSmopPm/ vlrSmuwd”qdkwJh jrefrm
wkd@&JŒ qdk±kd;pum;twdkif; wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfwJhvlawG opPmysuf,Gif;+yDqdk&if
tJ''D %fukd jynfoal wG axmif;varmif;ausatmif cH=u&p+rJyg? a&G;aumufy+JG yD;&if ppfwyf
u ppfwef;vsm;jyefr,f/ tEdkif&wJhygwDudk tm%mv$Jay;r,f/ v$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f
awG tajccHOya'qG=J u/ ppfwyfuw&m;cH tjzpfrcHb;l qdw k hJ pum;awGukd (NLD)u ajymcJh
wm r[kwfygbl;? vuf&dS (etz)qdkwJh tpdk;&udk arG;zGm;ay;cJhwJh (e0w)qdkwJh tzGJ@&JŒ
acgif;aqmifqdkolu ajymcJhwmjzpfygw,f?
87
rD ; awmif a yguf u G J & if rD ;
awmife@J a0;wJah e&mudk xGuaf jy;jcif;jzifh
a&S m if w d r f ; Ed k i f y gw,f ? a&}uD ; &if a& rdrd &yfwnfae&m
vGwfwJh ukef;jrifhay: wuf+yD; a&Smifwdrf; ajcaxmuf a tmuf u
Edkifygw,f? rkefwkdif;wdkuf&if rkefwdkif;'%f ajr}uD;u rwnfr+idrf
cHEdkifwJh taqmuftOD;awGxJ 0ifa&muf v_yfcg&rf;wJhtcg }uKH&ovkdrsdK;
ckdv_H+yD; wdrf;a&SmifEdkifygw,f? ajrivsif opPmysuf,Gif;wJh
v_yf&ifawmh b,fvdkrS ra&Smifwdrf;Edkifyg tpd k ; &vuf a tmuf u
bl;? ajy;av&m a&mufav&m rSefor#
jynf o l a wG [ m
ajrtm;vHk; v_yfaewmrkd@ vlawG[m
'kuQ}uD;pGm
aqmufwnf&mr& jzpf=u&ygw,f?
tJovdkygyJ? rif;r_xrf;awG a&muf = u&ygw,f ?
opPmysuf&if jynfolawGtaeeJ@ vSnfh
ywf}uHzef+yD; cHomatmif cHEkdif=uao;
ayr,fh tkyfcsKyfolrif;tpdk;& udk,fwdkif
opPmysu, f iG ;f +yD qd&k ifawmh jynfoal wG[m tJ''D %fukd r±SLom ru,fomatmif rcsrd qHh
cH=u&ygawmhw,f? rdrd &yfwnfae&m ajcaxmufatmufu ajr}uD;u rwnfr+idrf v_yfcg
&rf;wJhtcg }uKH&ovkdrsdK; opPmysuf,Gif;wJh tpdk;&vufatmufu jynfolawG[m 'kuQ}uD;
pGm a&muf=u&ygw,f?
jynfoltay: opPmysuf,Gif;wJh tpkd;&w&yf ±_dŒor#rD;udk urBmay:rSm tawmf
qH;k qdwk vhJ al wG yg0ifz@JG pnf;xm;wJh taumif;qH;k ygww D &yfuawmif tuket f pif vdu k v
f H
+idrf;owfEdkifrSm r[kwfygbl;? tJ'DygwDudk,fwdkifawmif tJ'DrD;v#HawGxJ jymusaysmufqHk;
roGm;&avatmif tyef;w}uD; }udK;pm;ae&r,fhtjzpfudk awG;qpmem=unfhEdkifygw,f?
*E<Dcef;r nDvmcHeJ@ ywfoufvkd@uawmh usaemf a&SŒwae&mrSm ajymcJhovdkyJ
(tu,fIæ v#ifæ cJhvdrfhrnf)qdkwJh awG;qcsufawG trsdK;rsdK; &dSEdkifygw,f? usaemf avh
vmrdor# nDvmcHt+yD; xkwfjyefwJh a=unmcsufxJrSm “pufwifbmv (30)&ufae@
aemufqHk;xm;+yD; v$wfawmf ac:ay;&ef”qdkwJh pmom;udk xnfhzkd@awmif tjiif;tcHkawG
tawmfav; jzpfcJh&w,fvkd@ od&ygw,f? nDvmcH vkyfcdsefrSm vlxkacgif;aqmif a':atmif
qef;pk=unf[mvnf; tdrt f us,cf sKyf cscx
H m;&wm jzpfygw,f? nDvmcHxrJ mS a':atmif
qef;pk=unf&dSae&if tJ'Da=unmcsufxufydkaumif;/ ydkjywfwJhvkyfaqmifcsuf xGufay:
vmEdkifw,fvkd@ ar#mfvifh Edkifp&m&dSayr,fh olrygwJh ( NLD ) acgif;aqmifydkif;qDuawmh
tpdk;&zGJ@wJh vkyf&yfvdkrsdK; tifrwef avmif;a=u;jrifhwJhupm;enf;udk upm;vdrfhr,fvkd@
rar#mfvifhEdkifygbl;? tawG@t}uKHºuG,f0 odyfonf;uspfvspfcdkifrmwJh ygwDwck r[kwfbJ
pnf;urf;cyfavsmah vsmeh @J zG@J pnf;xm;wJh r[mrdw! f eG @f aygi;f tzG@J wckr#omjzpfwhJ (NLD)
88
taeeJ@ *ENn D vD mcHrvkyrf D uref;uwrf; ay:xGuv f mwJh (1§90)a=unmcsut f & (e0w)
,kwfrmaumufuspf vmawmhr,fh ajcvSrf;udk &dyfpm; od&dScJhayr,fh udk,hfbufu rvGef
atmif ru|Hatmif owdxm; xdef;odrf;+yD; a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk tcdkiftrm qkyfudkifxm;
jcif;jzifhom atmifyGJudk t&,lzkd@ ydkif;jzwfxm;cJhyHk&ygw,f? (e0w)taeeJ@ a&G;aumufyGJ
rwdkifrD wdkif;odjynfod urBmoday;xm;cJhwJh uwdu0wfawGudk vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; ajymif
ajymifwif;wif; csKd ;azmufwhJ txdawmh yufyufpufpufvyk rf mS r[kwb f ;l vk@d ,H=k unfxm;
wmuvnf; wa=umif;a=umifh udk,fhbufu ajcvSrf;u|HoGm;wmrdsK; (tpdk;& zGJ@vkdufwm
rsdK;) rjzpfatmif owd}uD;}uD;xm;cJhwmvnf; jzpfEdkifygw,f?
'guawmh tJ't f ek ;f u (NLD) acgi;f aqmifawGukd av#mah v#mah ygah ygh ouf
D csed w
oufn‡mn‡mawG;+yD; oHk;oyf=unfhwJh tydkif;yg? tJ'DtjrifeJ@ qef@usifbufu =unfhr,f
qdk&ifawmh tJ'Dwkef;u (NLD) acgif;aqmifydkif;[m tEdkif,l&JwJh (wenf;) tm%m&,l
&JwJh owWdr&dSolrsm;/ wHk;wdkufwdkuf usm;udkufudkuf jywfom;cdkifrmwJh pdwf"mwfr&dSolrsm;
tjzpf ,lqEdkifygw,f? tJ'D ±_axmifhu =unfh&if (NLD) acgif;aqmifawG[m ppftkyfpk&JŒ
obm0eJ@ tusifhp±kduf/ (90)a&G;aumufyGJ rwdkifrDeJ@ +yD;wJhaemuf ajymwJhpum;awG a&SŒ
aemufrnD jzpfvmwmawG/ olw@dk a&SŒqufr,fh ajcvSr;f udk xif&mS ;&Si;f vif;pGm jrifomapwJh
(1§90)a=unmcsufudk *ENDcef;rnDvmcH rvkyfrDuav;rSm tvsifpvdk xkwfjyefvkdufwm
awG pwJhvkyf&yfawGudk =unfh+yD; “igwkd@awmh vufOD;r_,l+yD; jywfom;wJh ajcvSrf;udk
vSrf;rSjzpfawmhr,f”vkd@ pOf;pm;qHk;jzwf vkyfaqmifoifhygw,f? tJ'Djywfom;wJh ajcvSrf;
[m bmqdkwm qHk;jzwfzkd@ tifrwefcufcJrSm jzpfayr,fh jynfolvlxk}uD;u tm;udk;
,H=k unfavmufwhJ acgi;f aqmifaumif; qdw k mrsKd ;[m tJovdk tcufcq J ;kH tcsed rf mS jynfol
awG bmjzpfcsifaeovJ qdkwmudk tjrefqHk;
odjrifem;vnf oabmayguf+yD; jynfolawG&JŒ
jynfolvlxk}uD;u tm;udk; tJ'DqENudk udk,fpm;jyKwJh qHk;jzwfcsufrsdK;udk
,Hk=unfavmufwJh &J0Hhjywfom;pGm csrSwfzkd@ arG;zGm;vmol jzpfyg
acgif ; aqmif a umif ; w,f? teD;pyfqHk; Oyrmjy&&ifawmh zufqpf
qdkwmrsdK;[m tJovdk *syefawG&JŒ "m;=um;aoewf=um;rSm av#muf
tcuf c J q H k ; tcsd e f r S m vSrf;&if; zufqpf*syefawG ay;xm;wJh ppf0ef
jynfolawG }uD;qdkwJh &mxl;udk tumtuG,f,l+yD; zuf
bmjzpf c sif a eovJ qpf*syefudk awmfvSefzkd@ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
qH k ; jzwf v k y f a qmif c J h o vk d r sd K ; jzpf y gw,f ?
qdkwmudk tjrefqHk;
wu,fawmh zufqpfawmfveS af &; atmifjrif
od j rif e m;vnf
oGm;cJhvkd@om AdkvfcsKyf[m ol@ukd trsdK;om;
oabmayguf + yD ; æ acgi;f aqmiftjzpfo@dk jynfjh ynf0h 0 a&muf&aSd pcJh
wJh aemufydkif;vkyf&yfawGudk qufvkyfEdkifcJhwm
89
(18)ESpft=umrSm 'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pkawGvnf;

vHk;yg;yg;? EdkifiHvnf; a&tdk;atmufu
u&GwfacGvdk yHkrysufayr,fh w&d&daqG;ae&wJh tjzpfrsdK;eJ@
}uKH a e&csd e f r S m
yg? tJ'w D ek ;f u awmfveS af &;rpcif owif;aygu=f um; oGm;cJv h @dk uawmh Adv
k cf sKyf
[m *syefuifaywdik &f ŒJ vufxrJ mS r±_rvS aoyG0J if&rSm aocsmoavmuf jzpfyg
w,f? uifaywdik &f ŒJ &ufpufvw S hJ vky&f yfawGta=umif; aumif;aumif;odaewJh
AdkvfcsKyf[m ol@toufudk y"merxm;bJ tifrwefrS tE W&m,f}uD;vSwJh
qHk;jzwfcsufudk cdkifrmjywfom;pGm csrSwfvkyfaqmifcJhol jzpfygw,f?
tJ'D±_axmifhu =unfh&ifawmh *ENDcef;rnDvmcHumvu (NLD)
acgi;f aqmifawG[m Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;vdk &J&ifjh ywfom;olawG r[kwcf =hJ uwm
jynfolawGtwGuf }uD;pGmaom uHraumif; ta=umif;rvSr_ wckygyJ? tJ'D
nDvmcHrSm (NLD)u &J&ifhjywfom;wJh vkyf&yfwck (tpdk;& zGJ@vkdufwmvnf;
jzpfcsifjzpfr,f? 'grSr[kwf tJovkd oufa&mufr_rsdK;&dSwJh tvm;wl vkyf&yfrsdK;
wckvnf; jzpfcsifjzpfr,f?) vkyfcJhr,fqdk&if ppftkyfpkyJ +yKduGJoGm;rvm;? 'grSr
[kwf (NLD) OD;aqmifwhJ 'Dru kd a&pD tiftm;pkawGyJ pdpn d ufnufaus+yD; +yKduJG
oGm;rvm;qdkwm b,folrSawmh aocsmayguf rajymEdkifygbl;? 'gayr,fh tJ'D
nDvmcH +yD;qH;k oGm;cJ+h yD;aemuf (18)ESpt f =umrSm 'Dru
kd a&pD tiftm;pkawGvnf;
vH;k yg;yg;? Edik if v
H nf; a&td;k atmufu u&Gwaf cGvkd yHrk ysuaf yr,fh w&d&d aqG;ae
&wJh tjzpfrsdK;eJ@ }uKHae&csdefrSm 'gawGtm;vHk;[m *E<Dcef;rnDvmcHwkef;u
(NLD) acgif;aqmifawG&JŒ owWdr&dSr_/ awGa0r_/ jynfol@qENudk odjrifoabm
ayguf em;vnfEikd pf rG ;f enf;yg;r_w@dk a=umifh jzpfw,fqw kd hJ tjrifwck &dw
S ,fq&kd if
tJ't D jrif[m vH;k vH;k vsm;vsm; rSm;,Gi;f wJh tjrifom jzpfw,fv@dk usaemfawmh
r,lqcsifygbl;? Õ
90
ar; ? ? (NLD) [m tck t xd ygwD o uf w rf ; (19)ES p f

wavsmuf trSm;vkyfcJhrdwmawG &dSovm;? &dScJhw,fqdk&if tJ'D
trS m ;awG u bmawG v J ? tJ ' D t rS m ;awG a =umif h ygwD t ay:
wdkif;jynftay: b,fvdk qdk;usKd;oufa&mufr_awG &dScJhovJ?
ajz ? ? usaemf[m (NLD) ygwD0ifwa,muf r[kwfwJhtwGuf usaemfh

&JŒtjrifu tjyifujrifwJh tjrifyJ jzpfygvdrfhr,f? tjyifutjrif jzpfwJhtwGuf
tcsKdŒaomudpPawG (txl;ojzifh ygwDxdyfwef; acgif;aqmifydkif;awG&JŒ awG;ac:
qifjcifr_awG/ olwkd@t=um; qufoG,fr_awG&JŒ jzpfay:wdk;wufr_awGpojzifh)
ta=umif; usaemfrodEdkifygbl;? ygwD0ifawGu olwkd@ygwDta=umif; olwkd@&JŒ
tjrifawGudk ajym=uqkd=uwmawG usaemf=um;zl;ayr,fh olwkd@tjrifawGu
vnf; t+rJwrf; xyfwlus=uwmawmh r[kwfygbl;? tajctae ta=umif;
a=umif;a=umifh ygwu D nDvmcHvnf;w}udrrf S usi;f yEdik cf jhJ cif; r&dcS w hJ mrk@d ygwu D kd
yJu h ikd x
f ed ;f ausmif; armif;ESiv
f mcJo h al wGu ygw&D ŒJ twdwu f kd oH;k oyf/ ypPKy`Kefukd
qef;ppf/ tem*wfudk ar#mfrSef;+yD; a&;om;jyKpkwifjywJh tpD&ifcHpmrsdK;vnf;
usaemfwkd@ zwf&wm r[kwfygbl;? tJovdkrsdK; ygwD&JŒ udk,fhudk,fudk a0zefwJh
tpD&ifcHpmrsdK; &dScJh&ifawmh tJ'DxJu ygwD&JŒ rdrdudk,fudk a0zefa&;tjrifudk
qef;ppfavhvm+yD; usaemf&JŒ a0zefa&;udk ydk+yD; "rR"dXmefusatmif jyKvkyfEdkifrSm
jzpfygw,f? tckawmh tajctae t&yf&yfa=umifh ygwDoufwrf;wavsmuf
ygwDudk yJhudkifarmif;ESifvmcJholrsm;&JŒ tqdkygtpD&ifcHpmrsdK;vnf; xGufay:vm
Edik jf cif; r&dw S thJ wGuf usaemf&h ŒJ (NLD)ygwt D ay: tjrifrsm;[m tcsut f vuf
rcdkifrmr_eJ@ usaemfh&JŒ twWaemrwdwkd@tay: rlwnf+yD; rSefuefr_eJ@ ormorwf
usrp_ wJh tydik ;f awGrmS tm;enf;aeEdik yf gw,f? tJovdq k &kd if (NLD)udk OD;aqmif
wm0ef,lcJholrsm;eJ@ OD;aqmifwm0ef,laeolrsm;taeeJ@ em;vnfcGifhv$wf=uzkd@
y%mr yef=um;vdkygw,f?
ygwDwck&JŒ vkyf&yfawG rSefw,frSm;w,fqdk+yD; qef;ppfa0zefr_ jyK
vkyfwJh ae&mrSm t"dutm;jzifh tydkif;ESpfydkif;ukd =unfh+yD; a0zef=uwm jzpfyg
w,f? wydkif;u ygwD&JŒ rl0g'vrf;pOftykdif;jzpf+yD; aemufwykdif;u tJ'Drl0g'
vrf;pOfukd taumiftxnfazmf&mrSm usio hf ;kH wJh pnf;±k;H a&;enf;emeJ@ vky[ f ef
rsm;tykdif; jzpfygw,f?
jynfol@tudsK;pD;yGm;udk OD;xdyfxm; aqmif&Gufr,fqdk+yD; zGJ@pnf;xm;
=uwJh ygwDtzGJ@tpnf; rSefor#[m jynfol@qENudk udk,fpm;jyK+yD; jynfol@
ar#mfrSef;csufudk xif[yfwJh rl0g'vrf;pOfukd csrSwf=u&p+rJ jzpfygw,f? ukdvkdeD
91
acwf aESmif;ykdif;rSm ay:aygufvmwJh wkd;
wufwJh ygwDtzGJ@tpnf; rSefor#&JŒ rl0g'
vrf;pOfu vGwfvyfa&;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;/ qdk&S,f
wydkif;u ygwD&JŒ vpfa&; jzpfygw,f? zufqpfvufatmuf
rl 0 g'vrf ; pOf t yk d i f ; jzpf + yD ; rSm ay:aygufcJhwJh (zwyv)tzGJ@rSmusawmh
aemuf w yk d i f ; u tJ'Dar#mfrSef;csufawGtjyif zufqpfwdkuf
tJ'D rl0g'vrf;pOfudk zsufa&;qdkwJh ar#mfrSef;csuftopfwck yg0if
taumif t xnf a zmf & mrS m vmcJh+yD; vGwfvyfa&; &+yD;aemuf ay:ayguf
vmcJhwJh ygwDawG/ tzGJ@tpnf;awG&JŒ rl0g'
usifhoHk;wJh
vrf;pOfawGrmS awmh 'Dru kd a&pDa&;qdw
k hJ ar#mf
pnf ; ±k H ; a&;enf ; emeJ @
rSef;csuf topfwck xyfygvmcJhum vGwf
vk y f [ ef r sm;tyk d i f ; vyfa&;qdkwJh pum;&yf aysmufuG,foGm;cJhyg
w,f?
a,bk,stm;jzifh ajym&&ifawmh
ajray:rSm w&m;0if zGJ@pnf;&yfwnfEdkifwJh
ygwD trsm;pk[m jynfo@l qENukd xif[yfjcif;
r&dSwJh rl0g'vrf;pOf csrSwfrdr_qdkwJh trSm;udkawmh a&Smif&Sm;Ekdif=uavh&dSygw,f? ta=umif;
uawmh rdrdwkd@csrSwfcJhwJh vrf;pOf rSefuefjcif; &dSr&dSqdkwmudk jynfolawGxH csjytppfaq;cH
jcif;jzifh od&dSEkdifvkd@ jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh tpdk;&udk vufeufpGJudkif ykefuefaewJh ygwDrsdK;awG
usawmh rdrdwkd@udk,fwdkifu awmxJawmifxJrSm aexkdifae&+yD; rdrdwkd@ xdawG@ae&wJh jynf
olvlxkqdkwmvnf; tpdwftydkif;w&yfomjzpfwmrkd@ rdrdwkd@&JŒ rl0g'vrf;pOf rSefrrSef jynf
olawGqD csjytppfaq;cHzkd@qdkwJhudpPrSm }uD;rm;wJh tuef@towf&dSygw,f? tJ'D tajc
tae&JŒ tusdK;quftjzpf tJ'DvkdrsdK;ygwDawG[m (olwkd@tqdk) rl0g'/ vrf;pOf trSm;awG
csrSwfrdwmrsdK; awG&dSwwfygw,f? jrefrmjynfolawGtwGuf tjrifomqHk; Oyrmwck jy&
r,fqdk&if ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD(Auy)udk jy&rSmjzpfygw,f? (Auy)[m vufeufpGJudkif
awmfvSefr_udk pwifcJhwJh (1948)ckESpfrSm ESpfESpftwGif; ppftEdkifwdkufa&;/ tm%modrf;a&;
vrf;pOfudk csrSwfcJhygw,f? (Auy) awmckd+yD; &ufykdif;vydkif;twGif;rSm ppfwyfxJu tpdwf
tydkif;tcsKdŒ/ ppfwyfxJu u&ifwyf&if;awGeJ@ &JabmfjzLawGyg awmcdkvmcJh=uwJhtwGuf
(zqyv)tpd;k &&JŒ tm%mpuf[m &efuek ef @J teD;wpf0u kd rf mS yJ oufa&mufwt hJ xd tajc
taeudk a&muf&dS oGm;cJhwma=umifh (Auy)&JŒ tJ'Dvrf;pOf[m rSefoa,mif &dScJhygw,f?
'gayr,fh r=umcifrSmyJ (zqyv)tpdk;&[m wpdwfwydkif;tm;jzifh tdENd,EdkifiHu ae±l;
tpdk;& axmufyHhcJhwJh vufeufawGa=umifh tiftm;jyefvnf ckdifrmawmifhwif;vmr_&JŒ
tusKd;quftjzpf (Auy)tygt0if awmwGif;vufeufudkif tiftm;pkawG[m odrf;ydkuf
xm;wJh e,fajrawGudk wpwpjyefvnf qHk;±_H;oGm;cJh=u&ygw,f? tJ'Daemuf (1955)
92
ckESpfrSmawmh (Auy)[m vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ pGef@v$wf+yD; Oya'abmiftwGif; 0ifa&muf
um w&m;0ifygwt D jzpf &yfwnfa&;udak r#mrf eS ;f wJh (55 vrf;pOf)qdwk mudk ajymif;vJ csrw S f
cJyh gw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'v D rf;pOfuvnf; ta=umif;a=umif;a=umifh taumiftxnf ay:r
vmcJhbJ aemufqHk;rSmawmh tJ'Dvrf;pOfudk rSm;,Gif;w,fvkd@ oHk;oyf+yD; (1964)ckESpfrSm
ppftEdkifwdkufa&;/ tm%modrf;a&;vrf;pOfudk jyefvnfudkifpGJchJygw,f?
tckwifjycJhwmu ygwDawG[m a,bk,stm;jzifh rl0g'vrf;pOfydkif;rSm rSm;,Gif;
csrw S w
f mrsKd ; tjzpfenf;avh&w Sd ,f qdak yr,fh tcsKŒd aom ¹cGi;f csuuf pd rP sm;rSmawmh vrf;pOf
rSm;,Gif;wmrsdK;awGvnf; &dSwwfw,fqdkwmudk OyrmeJ@wuG jyocJhwmjzpfygw,f?
ajymcJhovdkyJ ygwDawG[m rl0g'vrf;pOftydkif;rSm rSm;,Gif;wmrsdK; tjzpfenf;
avh&Sdw,fqdkayr,fh aemufwydkif;jzpfwJh pnf;±kH;a&; tydkif;rSmawmh trSm;rusL;vGefrdwJh
ygwD r&dSbl;vkd@ qdk&rSmjzpfygw,f? ta=umif;uawmh vrf;pOfqdkwmu a,bk,stm;jzifh
rSm;Edkifajc enf;yg;wJh taumiftxnfrJh xdawG@vkd@r&wJh (intangible) oabmw&m;ydkif;
jzpf+yD; pnf;±k;H a&;qdwk muawmh tJ'D vrf;pOfukd tjynf0h qH;k eJ@ tjrefq;kH taumiftxnf
azmfEdkifa&;twGuf rSm;Edkifajcrsm;jym;wJh taumiftxnf&dS xdawG@vkd@&wJh (tangible)/
0d^mOfouf&dS vlyk*~KdvfawGudk pnf;±kH;odrf;oGif; vkyfaqmif&wJhtydkif; jzpfaevkd@ygyJ?
rwljcm;em;wJh vdif/ touft&G,f/ vlrsdK;/ bmom/ vlwef;pm;/ tv$m/ todynma&csdef
&Sd=uwJh vlawGudk wckwnf;aom yef;wdkifqDokd@ OD;wnf av#mufvSrf;wJh vrf;rSm wnD
w!Gwf wpnf;wvHk;wnf; ygvmatmif pnf;±kH;odrf;oGif;&wJhtvkyf[m b,favmuf
odrfarG@euf±_dif; cufcJrvJqdkwmudk rSef;q=unfh±kHeJ@ odEdkifrSmjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf;
ygwD tzGJ@tpnf;trsm;pkwkd@[m csrSwfxm;
wJh rl0g'vrf;pOf rSefyifrSefjim;aomfvnf;
pnf ; ±k H ; a&; enf ; y&d , m,f y d k i f ; u trS m ; rwljcm;em;wJh vdif/
t,Gif;awGa=umifh vrf;pOfudk taumif touft&G,f/ vlrsdK;/
txnf razmfEdkifawmhbJ wcsKdŒqdk vrf;ck bmom/ vlwef;pm;/ tv$m/
vwfrSmwif +yKduGJysufpD;/ wcsKdŒqdk vrf;ck todynma&csdef &Sd=uwJh
vwfrSm w0JvnfvnfeJ@ a&SŒrqufEdkif jzpf vlawGudk wckwnf;aom
ae=uwmudk awG@jrifae=u&wm jzpfygw,f? yef;wdkifqDokd@
(NLD) ta=umif; jyefoGm;=u&
OD;wnfav#mufvSrf;wJh
atmif? (NLD) [m tm%m&Sifpepf zsuf
vrf;rSm wnDw!Gwf
odr;f a&;/ 'Dru kd a&pD ay:xGe;f a&;udk awmif;qdk
wpnf;wvH;k wnf;ygvmatmif
wJh vlxktHkºuGv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;u arG;zGm;ay;
vdkufwJh tiftm;t}uD;qHk; OD;aqmifygwD pnf;±kH;odrf;oGif;&wJh
w&yfjzpfwmeJ@tnD ygwD&JŒ rl0g' vrf;pOfudk tvkyf[m æ
vnf; jynfolawG&JŒ tJ'DqENudk xif[yf+yD;
93
csrSwfcJhjcif; jzpfwma=umifh vrf;pOfydkif;rSm tjynfht0 rSefuefcJhw,fvkd@ qdkEdkifygw,f?
wcsdefwnf;rSmyJ &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHk}uD;udk udk,fwdkif udk,fus OD;aqmifyg0if v_yf&Sm;
cJh=uolrsm;vnf;jzpfwJh ygwDacgif;aqmifawG[m ta&;awmfyHk}uD;u ay;tyfvkdufwJh
cGeftm;eJ@ Edk;=um;wufºuGr_awGeJ@twl wufusdK;&if vufxkd;avSmf+yD; yef;wdkifta&muf
csDwufvdkwJh ydkif;jzwfr_&dSae=uwJh jynfol vlxkudk tpnf;ajyroGm;atmif/ awGa0
,drf;,dkifroGm;atmif a&OD;ykdif;rSm tjynfh
t0 xdef;xm;EdkifcJhwJhtwGuf ygwD[m pnf;
±kH;a&;tydkif;rSmvnf; rSefrSefuefuef udkif wbufu a&SŒwdk;=unfhvkd@
wG,faqmif&GufcJhw,f qdkwmudk awG@jrifEdkif wbufu
ygw,f? (NLD)[m tJ'Dvdk vrf;pOfydkif;rSm aemufqkwfoGm;&if
a&m pnf;±kH;a&;ydkif;rSmyg rSefuefcJhwJh twGuf wbufu a&SŒudk
vnf; (e0w)u enf;vrf;aygif;pHkeJ@ ESdyfuGyf qufwkd;rSmyJ jzpfygw,f?
aewJh=um;u jynfolawGtwGuf E_dif;,SOf wbufu aemufrqkwfbJ
a&G;cs,fp&m 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pk0if ygwD wif;cH&if wbufuvnf;
awG trsm;}uD ; &d S a ewJ h = um;u (90)a&G ; t&rf ; pG w f + yD ;
aumufyrJG mS ajr+yKdurf;+yKd tEdik &f &dcS w
hJ m jzpf
a&S Œ rwd k ; 0H h y gbl ; ?
ygw,f?
'gayr,f h a&G ; aumuf y G J t +yD ;
(e0w)u enf;y&d,m,fajymif;+yD; ESdyfuGyfvmwJh tcgrSmawmh (NLD)[m vrf;pOfydkif;
qkid &f m rSm;,Gi;f wJh ajcvSr;f awGukd pwifvrS ;f rdvm ygawmhw,f? yxrqk;H ajcvSr;f uawmh
(e0w)&JŒ a=unmcsuftrSwf (1§90)udk vufrSwfa&;xkd;vkdufwmyJ jzpfygw,f?
vufrSwfrxdk;&if ygwDzsufodrf;cH&rSmpdk;wJhtwGuf vufrSwfxdk;vdkuf&wm jzpfw,fvkd@
(tJ'Dwkef;u) ygwDA[dkacgif;aqmifawGu ta=umif;jycJh=uw,fqdkwJh toHawGudk =um;cJh
=u&ygw,f? (e0w)rSm tJ'D&nf&G,fcsuf trSefwu,f &dScsifvnf;&dSygvdrfhr,f? 'grSr[kwf
olw@dk u (NLD) acgi;f aqmifawG b,favmuf ,H=k unfcsuf cdik rf mjywfom;w,fqw kd mudk
prf;vdkufwmvnf; jzpfcsifjzpfEdkifygw,f? wu,fawmh (1989)ckESpf tmZmenfae@ tcrf;
tem;wufwJh udpPwkef;uwnf;u (e0w)u (NLD) acgif;aqmifawG (a':atmifqef;
pk=unf/ OD;0if;wifeJ@ OD;wifOD;ryg)&JŒ “rm*k%fowWd”udk odcJh+yD;jzpfwmrkd@ (1§90)udk ydkifpkd;
ydkifeif;xkwfjyefvdkufwm jzpfEdkifygw,f? tJ'Da=unmcsuftrSwf (1§90)[m &Spfav;vHk;
ta&;awmfyHk}uD;twGif; jynfolawG azmfxkwfjyocJh=uwJh qENudk t+yD;wdkif eif;acsypf
awmhr,fh (e0w)vkyif ef;pOf&ŒJ yxrqH;k tqifjh zpfw,f qdw k mudk omrefjynfoal wGawmif
od=uwJt h wGuf (NLD) acgif;aqmifawG rodbJaerSm r[kwfygbl;? tJovdk odod}uD;eJ@
rdrdudk wkyfaESmifxm;awmhr,fh }udK;wacsmif;eJ@wlwJh tJ'Da=unmcsufudk vufrSwfxdk;cJhwJh
ygwaD cgi;f aqmifawG&ŒJ “ygwD zsuo f rd ;f cH&rSmpk;d vk@d ” qdw
k hJ ta=umif;jycsu[ f m jynfoal wG
94
bufu=unfh&if vHk;0vufcHEdkifp&mr&dSygbl;? wu,fawmh EdkifiHa&;qdkwm ±_axmifhwcku
=unfh&if qef@usifbuf tiftm;pkcsif; tm;prf; =uwJh upm;yGJwck jzpfygw,f? wbufu
a&SŒwd;k =unfv h @dk wbufu aemufqw k o f mG ;&if wbufu a&SŒudk qufw;dk rSmyJ jzpfygw,f?
wbufu aemufrqkwfbJ wif;cH&if wbuf uvnf; t&rf;pGwf+yD; a&SŒrwdk;0Hhygbl;?
EdkifiHa&;rSm b,fbufurS rif;wkd@ aocsmayguf Edkifvdrfhr,fqdkwJh bk&m;ocif&JŒ
Asm'dwfawmfudk &&dSxm;wmr[kwfygbl;? pum;t& ajym &&if jynfolvlxktrsm;pk}uD;udk
ud k , f p m;jyKxm;wJ h b uf u awmif tJ ' D A sm'd w f a wmf u d k &&d S x m;ao;w,f v k d @
qdk&rSmjzpfygw,f?
wu,fawmh (e0w)[m tJ'D (1§90)a=unmcsufudk olwkd@ trSefwu,f
av#mufvSrf;r,fh vrf;a=umif;tjzpf b,fwkef;urS &nf&G,fcJhwmr[kwfygbl;? *E<Dcef;r
nDvmcHxJu olwkd@udk aoG;ysufoGm;apEdkifwJh vkyf&yfwckck xGufay:vmrSm pdk;wJhtwGuf
uref;uwef;a&;+yD; uref;uwef;xkwfjyefvdkufwJh aq;+yD;wkda=unmcsuf wckomjzpfyg
w,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; aemufydkif;rSm tJ'D a=unmcsuftwkdif; vkyfaqmifzkd@ (NLD)u
i,foyH gatmif atmf+yD; awmif;qdak eayr,hf ppftyk pf u k tJ'aD =unmcsuf ta=umif;av;
awmif rv_yfawmhwmjzpfygw,f?
(NLD) acgi;f aqmifawG[m xufjrufyg;eyfr,fq&kd if (e0w)tJovdk ajcvSr;f
awGvSrf;vmr,fqdkwmudk tJ'Duwnf;u odoifh+yD; &J0HhpGef@pm;r_&Sdr,fqdk&if tJ'Da=unm
csuu f kd tJ'uD wnf;u y,fcsco hJ if=h uygw,f? 'gayr,fh vufawG@rmS tJ'v D kd jzpfrvmcJw
h hJ
twGuf (NLD) acgif;aqmifawG[m xufjrufyg;eyfr_yJ r&dScJhavovm;/ &J0HhpGef@pm;r_yJ
r&dScJhavovm; pOf;pm;p&m jzpfcJh&wmuawmh trSefygyJ?
tJ't D &nftaoG; wckcck sKŒd wJv h @dk yjJ zpfjzpf ESpcf pk vH;k csKŒd wJv
h @dk yjJ zpfjzpf (1§90)udk
vufrw S xf ;dk cJ=h uwJh (NLD)ygwD A[dak cgi;f aqmifawGtay: olw@dk vyk &f yf&ŒJ oufa&mufr_
u odyfrodomvSayr,fh ygwDeJ@ jynfolawGtay: oufa&mufr_uawmh }uD;rm;euf±_dif;
jyif;xefvSygw,f? rn‡mwrf;ajym&&if ygwDeJ@ jynfolawGt=um; us,fjyef@euf&d_if;wJh
uGm[r_eJ@ ygwDeJ@jynfolawGtwGif; }uD;rm;jyif;xefwJh +yKduGJtm;enf;r_[m acgif;aqmif
awG&JŒ tJ'Dvkyf&yfu pwifcJhw,fvkd@ qdk&ygvdrfhr,f? (1§90)udk vufrSwfrxkd;cJh&if ygwD
zsufodrf;cH&r,f rcH&bl;qdkwm raocsmayr,fh aocsmwmwckuawmh tJ'Dvkyf&yf
aemufykdif;rSm ygwD[m (e0w)(etz) ppftkyfpk&JŒ qihfuJqifhuJ xdk;ESufr_awGudk cHcJh&+yD;
q,fpEk pS f ESpcf =k umwJt h csed rf mS '%f&my&yG aoG;tvl;vl;eJ@ vl±yk af wmif ray: awmhatmif
jzpfaewJh tcsufygyJ? 'DvdktajctaerSm tJ'Dwkef;u (NLD)acgif;aqmifawGom (1§90)
udk vufrSwfrxdk;cJh&ifqdkwJh tawG;eJ@ pdwful;zJ±kduf=unfhwmomv#if oem;p&m jrefrm
jynfolawGtwGuf ajzodrfhp&m pdwfxGufaygufwck jzpfygvdrfhr,f?
(1§90)udk vufrw S x f ;kd cJw
h hJ vrf;pOftrSm; +y;D wJah emuf ( NLD) acgi;f aqmifawG
xyfrSm;wJh vrf;pOftrSm;uawmh (1993)rSm pwifcJhwJh (e0w)&JŒ trsdK;om;nDvmcHudk
95
wufcJhjcif;ygyJ? (1§90)udk (NLD)u vufrSwfxdk;vkdufvkd@ olwkd@ aemifa&;twGuf (70)
&mckdifE_ef;avmuf pdwfat;vufat; jzpfoGm;wJh ppftkyfpk[m usefwJh(30)&mckdifE_ef;udk
jznfhqnf; taumiftxnfazmfzkd@ qufvuf}udK;yrf;&mrSm tJ'D trsdK;om;nDvmcH[m
ta&;ygwJh tqifhwqifh jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dvkyf&yfrSmawmh ppftkyfpk[m (1§90)wkef;u
xufawmif ydktwifh&Jvm+yD; olwkd@&JŒ tE Wdr&nfrSef;csufudk a&SŒvkyfief;pOf}uD; (6)&yf&JŒ
qXrajrmufvkyfief;pOftjzpf ajymifajymifwif;wif; xnfhoGif;vmygawmhw,f? 'Dw}udrf
rSmvnf; (NLD) acgif;aqmifawG[m ppftkyfpk&JŒ zdtm;ay;r_atmufrSm 'l;axmuf OD;
!GwfcJh=ujyefygw,f? jynfolawGtwGuf wpHkwckaom twdkif;twmtxd ajymqdkEdkifzkd@
nDvmcH wufcJhwm jzpfw,fvkd@ olwkd@u
ta=umif;jycJh=uayr,fh wu,fhvufawG@
rSm tJ'D&nfrSef;csufvnf; atmifjrifcJhwm
qdk;&Gm;wJh EdkifiHa&;&moDOwk r[kwfygbl;? wu,fawmh tJ'D &nfrSef;csuf
tajctaeatmuf r S m atmifjrifw,f qdk&ifawmif (NLD)[m
(NLD)vdk r[mrdwf tJ'D qXrajrmuf tcsufudk vufcHoabm
wyf a ygif ; pk q ef q ef wlvkd@ nDvmcHwufwmjzpfw,fvkd@ ,lqEdkif
tzGJ@tpnf;wck rqdkxm;eJ@ wm jzpfwJhtwGuf &vdkufwmeJ@ ay;vdkuf&
wm wefw,fvkd@ b,fvdkrS rqdkEdkifygbl;?
bk & m;ocif & J @
'gayr,fh jrefrmjynfolawGtwGuf
ygwD q k d & if a wmif
uHaumif;axmufrpGmyJ (NLD)[m (1995)
pnf ; ±k H ; a&;qd k i f & m a':atmifqef;pk=unf tdrftus,fcsKyfu
trSm;awGudk usL;vGefrdrSm jyefvnf vGwfajrmufvm+yD;aemufrSm tJ'D
aocsmygw,f vrf;pOfrSm;udk jyefvnfjyKjyif wnfhrwfEdkifcJh
ygw,f? trsdK;om;nDvmcHu E_wfxGuf
vduk w
f hJ tJ'D trSm;jyifqifcsuf aemufyikd ;f rSm
awmh (NLD)[m aemufxyf jynfo@l qENukd
udk,fpm;rjyKwJh vrf;pOfcsrSwfrdwJh trSm;rsdK; usL;vGefrdjcif; r&dSawmhwm tcktxdygyJ?
(etz)&JŒ aemufqHk;trsdK;om;nDvmcH jyefpumeD;uav;rSm trSm;usL;vGefEdkifwJh tajc
taersdK; xyfrHay:aygufvmcJhao;ayr,fh 'Dw}udrfrSmawmh (NLD)acgif;aqmifawG[m
cdkifrmwnf=unf &J0hHjywfom;wJh ol&Jaumif; pdwf"mwftjynfheJ@ tJ'DtrSm;udk rusL;vGef
rdatmif a&Smif&mS ;Edik cf =hJ uygw,f? 'Dvyk &f yftwGuf (NLD) acgi;f aqmifawG[m orkid ;f rSm
*k%fjyKrSwfwrf;wifjcif; cH=u&rSm jzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifh vrf;pOftydik ;f eJ@ ywfouf+yD; ajym&&if (NLD)[m (1§90) vufrw S f
xdk;wkef;u w}udrf? (1993)rSm trsdK;om;nDvmcH wufwkef;uw}udrf vrf;pOftrSm;udk
ESpf}udrfwdkifcsrSwfcJhw,fvkd@ usaemfjrifygw,f? 'gayr,fh (NLD)[m trsdK;om; nDvmcH
96
wufwJh trSm;udkjyefjyifEdkifcJhovdk (1§90)trSm;[mvnf; (etz)u oludk,fwkdif

vufeJ@a&;wmudk oludk,fwdkifajceJ@zsuf+yD; (1§90) a=unmcsufudk ausmcdkif;cJh+yDrkd@
(NLD)taeeJ@ txl;xyfrH+yD; trSm;jyifp&m rvdkawmhbl;vkd@ qdk&rSma=umifh tck
vuf&dSrSm (NLD)[m rSefuefwJh vrf;pOfay:rSm av#mufvSrf;ae+yDvkd@ qdk&ygvdrfh
r,f?
pnf;±kH;a&;tydkif;eJ@ ywfoufvkd@uawmh usaemftxufrSm ajymcJhwJh
twdkif; tjcm;aomygwDrsm;vkdyJ (NLD)[m trSm;rsm;pGm usL;vGefcJhygw,f?
okd@aomfvnf; (e0w)(etz)ppftkyfpk&JŒ ajymr,Hk }uKHzl;rSodvkd@ qdk&avmuf
atmif jyif;xefqdk;&Gm;vSwJh zdEdSyfr_ enf;vrf;aygif;pHkatmufrSm &yfwnf &Sifoef
ae&wmjzpfw,fqw kd hJ ay;xm;csutf & (NLD)taeeJ@ tJovdk pnf;±kH;a&;trSm;
rsm;pGmudk usL;vGefrdwm[m obm0uswJh tjcif;t&mwckyJjzpfygw,f? ygwD
zGJ@pnf;yHku cdkifcdkifrmrmr&Sd/ ygwDnDvmcHvnf; vkyfr&/ xufjrufwJh ygwDacgif;
aqmifawG ESp&f n S f tusO;f csc&H / ygwaD cgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfu axmif
uswmxufawmif ydkqdk;wJh tajctaeatmufrSm ESpf&Snfvrsm; aexkdif&/ +rdK@e,f/
wdkif;tqifh ygwDqdkif;bkwfawG jzKwfcscH&/ ygwD0ifawG enf;rsdK;pHkeJ@ +cdrf;ajcmuf
[ef@wm; aESmifh,SufcH&pwJh qdk;&Gm;wJh EdkifiHa&; &moDOwk tajctae atmufrSm
(NLD)vdk r[mrdwf wyfaygi;f pkqefqef tzG@J tpnf;wck rqdx k m;eJ@ bk&m;ocif&ŒJ
ygwDqkd&ifawmif pnf;±kH;a&;qdkif&m trSm;awGudk usL;vGefrdrSm aocsmygw,f?
'ga=umifh (e0w)(etz)vufatmufrSm rao±kHwr,f toufvk&SLae&wJh
(NLD)ygw&D ŒJ pnf;±k;H a&;qdik &f m trSm;awGta=umif; axmufjy aqG;aEG; a0zefwm
rsdK; vkyfzkd@qENr&dSygbl;? pnf±kH;a&; trSm;awG &dScJhw,f? 'gayr,fh vrf;pOfudk xdcdkuf
apavmufwJh pnf;±kH;a&; trSm;rsdK;awmh r&dScJhbl;vkd@yJ ajymyg&ap? Õ
97
ar; ? ? a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk 'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;wJh jrefrmjynfolawGu
vlxkacgif;aqmif/ trsdK;om;acgif;aqmiftjzpf ,lqxm;=u+yD; EdkifiHwum
todkif;t0dkif;u jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒ 'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmiftjzpfac:a0: okH;E_ef;ae
=uayr,fh (e0w)(etz) ppftpd;k & acgi;f aqmifawGuawmh ol[m udv k ekd v
D uf
opf tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHawG&JŒ ±kyfao;±kyfom jzpfw,f? ol@udk jrefrmEdkifiHom;
wcsKd@u txif}uD;ae=uwm[m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;orD;qdkwJh *k%fyk'fa=umifh
om jzpfw,f? ol jrefrmjynfjyef a&mufvmwmvnf; emrusef; jzpfaewJh
ol@rdcifudk jyKpkzkd@om jzpfw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm EdkifiHa&;orm;awGu yg;eyf vdrRm
pGm qGJoGif;vkd@ EdkifiHa&;e,fxJudk r&nf&G,fbJ a&mufvmwmom jzpfw,fvkd@
ajymae=uw,f? tJ'DtjrifESpfckrSm b,ftjrifurSefovJ? cifAsm;&JŒtjrifudk
jynfhjynfhpHkpHk &Sif;jyygOD;?
ajz ? ? w±kwfpma&;q&mwOD; a&;xm;wJh jzpf&yfrSef Zmwfvrf;wckudk jref
rmpma&;q&moHk;OD;u bmomjyefxm;wJh pmtkyf ESpftkyf&dSw,f? wcku a&$
wnfavsmif bmomjyefwJh “om;aumif;wa,muf”pmtkyfjzpfw,f? aemuf
wcku xufjrufeJ@ Edkif0if;aqGwkd@ yl;wGJbmomjyefwJh “tdk,ef[dkif;&JŒ aw;oH”
pmtkyf jzpfw,f? tJ'pD mtky&f ŒJ yifrausm±k;d u c&D;onfwif &xm;wpif; t&deS ef @J
armif;ESiv f mpOf &xm;vrf;ay:rSm &yfaewJh jrif;waumifukd toufay;+yD; wGe;f
z,foGm;cJhwJh tdk,ef[dkif; trnf&dS w±kwf vli,fav; wa,mufta=umif;
jzpfygw,f?
tJ'Dpmtkyfyg a&;om;azmfjycsufawG&JŒ tESpfcsKyfuawmh tJ'Dvli,f
av;[m &xm;vrf;ay:rSm &yfaewJhjrif;udk wGef;z,f&if; ol@toufudk pGef@&
aumif; pGef@&Edkifw,fqdkwm odw,f? jrif;udk rwGef;z,fvkd@vnf; ol@ukd b,fol
urS tjypfajym=urSm r[kwfbl;? 'gayr,fh &xm;u jrif;udk wdkufrd+yD; vrf;acsmf
wdr;f arSmuf oGm;cJ&h if &xm;ay:ygvmwJh c&D;onf &maygi;f rsm;pGmwk@d toufq;kH
±_H;zkd@ aocsmoavmuf&dSw,f? &xm;u t&dSefeJ@ vmae+yD/ &xm;vrf;ay:u
jrif;uvnf; z,fray;bl;/ tdk,ef[dkif;taeeJ@ bmvkyfrvJqdkwmudk pOf;pm;zkd@
puUef@ydkif;yJ tcsdef&w,f/ tJ'DpuUef@ydkif;rSm ol[m ol@toufukdpGef@+yD; c&D;onf
&maygif;rsm;pGm&JŒ toufudk u,fzkd@ qHk;jzwfvdkufw,f? 'g[m rsufpdwrdSwf
v#yfwjyufavmufyJ =umwJhtcsdeftwGif; obm0 yuwdpdwf (by instinct)
t& ±kwfw&uf wrk[kwfcsif; pOf;pm;qHk;jzwfvdkufwm jzpfayr,fh tJovdk ol
qH;k jzwfjzpfatmif t"du wGe;f aqmfcw hJ mu td, k ef[ikd ;f &ifxrJ mS &daS ewJh trsm;
98
tudsK; jynfol@tusdK;udk udk,fusdK;pGef@ xrf;aqmifo,fydk;vdkwJh pdwf"mwfjzpfw,f? ol@rSm
tJovdkrsdK; pdwf"mwf&dSw,fqdkwmudk tJ'D jzpf&yfrwdkifrD ol@&JŒ vkyfaqmifcsufawGrSm
awG@Ekdifw,f qdkwmyJ jzpfygw,f?
wu,fawmh tcsdefwdkav;twGif; vlwa,muf csufcsif;qHk;jzwf+yD; ajymqdk
vkyfaqmifvdkufwJh uHESpfyg; trlt&m[m tJ'D vkyf&yfrwdkifrD tJ'Dvl awG;ac:cH,lxm;wJh
tawG;tac: t,ltq&JŒ xif[yfcsuf w&yfom jzpfygw,f? tJ'D 0pDuHr_/ um,uHr_
[m pOf;pm;aezkd@awmif tcsdefr&wJh w'*FumvtwGif; ±kwfw&ufcsufcsif; xGufay:vm
wm jzpfayr,fh tJ'Dajymqdk vkyfaqmifr_awG[m tJ'Dvl&JŒ tpÇwW twGif;o¾mefudk
uGufuGufuGif;uGif; txif;om; t&Sif;om; azmfjyaewJh trlt&mawG jzpfygw,f?
wu,fvkd@ tdk,ef[dkif;ae&mrSm wb0vHk; udk,fusdK;om=unfhcJhwJh twWorm;wa,muf
qd&k if b,fvkd qH;k jzwfr,f xifovJ? tajzu pOf;pm;p&m rvdak vmufatmif &Si;f aerSmyg?
'ga=umifh a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m emrusef;jzpfaewJh rdcifudk jyKpkzkd@ jrefrm
jynfudk jyefa&mufvmcJhwm rSefayr,fh jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;xJ olr yg0ifvmwm[m (e0w)
(etz)wkd@ tapmydkif;rSm ajymcJh=uovkd (rqv)udk rausreyfjzpfae=uwJh EdkifiHa&; orm;
awGu vdrRmyg;eyfpGm usHK;oGif;wmukd cHcJh&wmjzpfw,fqdkwJh tcsufuawmh vHk;0rrSefyg
bl;? a':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ &ifxrJ mS tpdik t f cJvu kd f xke@J xnfe@J wnf&aSd ewJh jrefrmjynf
olawGtay: cspcf if=uifemwJph w d /f pmemoem;wJh pdwaf wGa=umifo h m jzpfygw,f? olr[m
tajctaet& b0wavsmufvHk;eD;yg; trdEdkifiHeJ@ a0;uGmaecJh&ayr,fh olr&JŒ&ifxJrSm
jrefrmEdkifiHeJ@ jrefrmjynfolawG t+rJ&dSae
w,fqw kd hJ tcsuu f kd olr&JŒ “a=umuf&ŒHG
jcif;rS uif;vGwaf &;” pmtkyaf &SŒydik ;f rSmyg
wJh bdvyfjyefoef;ac: 'dk&moef;at;&JŒ tcsd e f w d k a v;twG i f ;
trSmpm tygt0if a&SŒrDaemufrD yk*~dKvf vl w a,muf
}uD;rsm;&JŒ ajymqdka&;om; csufrsm;t&
csuf c sif ; qH k ; jzwf + yD ;
od&dSEdkifygw,f? 'gu a':atmifqef;pk
=unf[m jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;xJudk trSwf
ajymqdk vkyfaqmifvdkufwJh
wrJh (unwittingly) 0ifa&mufvmrdcJh uH E S p f y g; trl t &m[m
wm jzpfw,fqdkwJh ajymqdkcsufeJ@ ywf tJ'D vkyf&yfrwdkifrD
oufwJh usaemfh&JŒ tjrifjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dvl awG;ac:cH,lxm;wJh
a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf [ m tawG ; tac: t,l t q&J Œ
trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif AdkvfcsKyfatmif xif[yfcsuf w&yfom
qef;&JŒorD; jzpfaer_a=umifh jrefrmEdkifiH jzpf y gw,f ?
om;wcsKd@u txif}uD; ae=uwmjzpf
w,fqdkwJh (e0w)(etz)wkd@&JŒ ajymqdk
99
csufeJ@ywfouf+yD; usaemfhtjrifudk ajymyg
r,f? a&$w*d b kH &k m; taemufbuf rkcu f a[m
ajymyGJrwdkifrDtxd tJ'Dajymqdkcsufu rSefuef
ygw,f? tm;vHk; od=uwJhtwdkif; &Spfav;vHk;
ta&;awmfyHk}uD;&JŒ jrpfzsm;ydkif;rSm jrefrmjynf
olawG&ŒJ 'Dru kd a&pD acgi;f aqmifu Advk rf LS ;csKyf
a[mif; OD;atmif}uD; jzpfygw,f?
usaemhftjrif ajym&&if a':atmif
qef;pk=unf&JŒ a&$wd*Hk vlxktpnf;ta0;udk
vlxktiftm; axmifaygif;rsm;pGm (wcsKd@u
ig;odef;vkd@ cef@rSef;=u+yD; wcsKd@uq,fodef;vkd@
cef@rSef;=uygw,f?) wufa&mufvm=uwm
[mvnf; a[majymr,fhol[m trsdK;om;
acgif;aqmif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JŒ orD;jzpf
w,fqdkwJhtcsufeJ@ jrefrmjynfolawG&JŒ “rif;
avmif;ar#mf” tawG;tac:a=umifhuvGJ+yD; bmrS r[kwfygbl;? 'gayr,fh y'krRmuGif;u
OD;atmif}uD;&JŒ a[majymcsuaf wGtay: vlx&k ŒJ tm;rvdk tm;r&jzpfr?_ a&$w*d akH [majymyGJ
rwdkifrD vufodyfxdk; jzef@a0cJhwJh a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ ywfoufwJh (rqv) axmuf
vSrf;a&;awG&JŒ tremy a&;om;csufawGa=umifh (rqv) tpdk;&tay: &GH&Smpufqkyfr_eJ@
a':atmifqef;pk=unftay: u±k%moufr_/ a&$wd*Hk a[majymyGJrSm ajym=um;cJhwJh rdef@cGef;
xJrSmawG@&wJh a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ ±kd;om;jzLpifr_eJ@ jynfol@qENeJ@ wxyfwnf;
usr_pwJh tcsufawG aygif;pnf;oGm;cJhwma=umifhom a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m vlxk
acgif;aqmifqdkwJhae&mudk &&dSoGm;cJhwmjzpfygw,f?
'gayr,fh tJ'D a&$wd*Hk vlxktpnf;ta0;}uD; +yD;oGm;wJh tcsdefxdatmif jrefrm
vlxku a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk ol@zcif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ cGJ+yD; jrifEkdif=uao;wm
r[kwyf gb;l ? Adv
k cf sKyfukd cspcf ifav;pm;wJh pdwt f cHay:rSm ol@uakd xmufct H m;ay; ae=uwm
jzpfygw,f?
'gayr,fh a':atmifqef;pk=unftaeeJ@ ol[mol@zcif t&dyfudkrSDcdk+yD; &Sifoef
aewJh yef;wyGifhr[kwfwJh ta=umif;jyozkd@ tcsdef odyfrapmifhcJh&ygbl;? ppfwyfu tm%m
odrf;/ ygwDawG zGJ@pnf;+yD;aemuf r=umcif ygwDwGif; tpnf;ta0;awG/ pnf;±kH;a&;c&D;pOf
awG/ r[mrdwf zGJ@pnf;a&; tpnf;ta0;awGeJ@ tm%mzDqefa&; v_yf&Sm;r_awGtwGif;
olr&JŒ &J&ifhajymifajrmufwJh vkyfaqmifcsufawG/ a[majymcsufawG xGufay:vmwJh tcg
rSmawmh a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk jrefrmvlxku “AdkvfcsKyforD;”qdkwJh tjrifxuf “igwkd@
acgi;f aqmif”qdw k hJ tjrifrsKd ;eJ@ ajymif;vJ±j_ rifp jyKvmcJ=h uyg+yD? tJ'aD emuf (6)ESpef ;D yg;=um
100
tdrftus,fcsKyf tcscH&r_ jzpf&yft+yD; qufwdkufqdkovdk jyocJhwJh olr&JŒ &J0Hhjywfom;r_eJ@
ud, k uf sKd ;pGe@f tepfemcHra_ wGu olrudk (ppftyk pf ek @J ol@&ŒJ bufawmfom;awGrw S yg;) tjiif;
yGm;zG,fr&Sd vlxkacgif;aqmiftjzpfokd@ wGef;wifay;vdkufygawmhw,f?
'Dae&mrSm trsdK;om;acgif;aqmifqdkwJh pum;vHk; tokH;tE_ef;eJ@ ywfouf+yD;
aqG;aEG;vdkygw,f? trsdK;om;acgif;aqmifqdkwm tJ'Da0g[m& tokH;tE_ef; udk,fE_dufrSm
yg0ifaewJh tESpfom&t& EdkifiHwck&JŒ jynfolw&yfvHk; (wenf;)wrsdK;om;vHk;eJ@ oufqdkif
wJh tusyt f wnf; ta&;udp}P uD;wckck ay:ayguv f mcsed rf mS tJ'D tusyt f wnf;udk ajz&Si;f
ay;Edik v
f rd rhf ,fv@dk jynfov l x l k trsm;pk}uD;u av;av;eufeuf ,H=k unftm;ud;k +yD; olw@dk
&JŒ ar#mfvifhcsufawGudk tyfESHjcif;cH&wJh acgif;aqmifrsdK; jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dacgif;aqmif[m
tJ'D tusyftwnf;udk t+yD;wdkif ajz&Sif;oGm;EdkifcJhwJh tajctaetxd a&mufcsifrS a&muf
cJhrSm jzpfayr,fh jynfolawG&JŒ ,Hk=unfudk;pm;r_ trsm;qHk; &&dSxm;oljzpfwmeJ@tnD tJ'D
tusyftwnf; ta&;udpPudk t+yD;wdkif ajz&Sif;Edkifr,fh ta&;t}uD;qHk; aomhcsufvkyfief;
awGudk vkyfaqmifoGm;EdkifcJhol jzpfavh&dSygw,f?
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkrSm 'Duae@txd orRwaygif;rsm;pGm &dScJhayr,fh trsdK;
om; acgif;aqmifvkd@ qdkEdkifol ESpfa,mufom &dSygw,f? olwkd@uawmh trsdK;om;vGwf
ajrmufa&; wdu k yf u
JG kd OD;aqmifcw hJ hJ a*sm0h g&iS w
f efe@J / trsKd ;om; aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &; wdu
k yf JG
udk OD;aqmifcJhwJh tA&m[ifvifuGef;wkd@ jzpf=uygw,f? tJovdkyJ tdENd,rSm r[wWr*END/
awmiftmz&durSm e,fvfqifrif'Jvm;/ wl&uDrSm urJvftwmwyfpf/ puFmylrSm vDuGrf;
,lpwJh olawG[m trdsK;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;
tjzpf (tjiif;yGm;p&m tenf;qHk;),lqEdkif
zG,f&SdolawG jzpf=uygw,f? wrsdK;om;vHk;eJ@ oufqdkifwJh
jrefrmEdik if rH mS Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;
tusyf t wnf ;
udk trsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmiftjzpf jynfov l x l k
ta&;ud p P } uD ; wck c k
trsm;pk}uD;u vufcHxm;=uw,fvkd@ qdk&if
tjiif;yGm;r,fhol odyfr&dSEdkifygbl;? jrefrm ay:ayguf v mcsd e f r S m tJ ' D
jynf o l w &yf v H k ; e,f c sJ Œ +Ad w d o #vuf tusyftwnf;udk ajz&Sif;
atmuf udkvdkeDtjzpf usa&mufaecJhwJh um ay;Edkifvdrfhr,fvkd@
v=umjrifh vmwmeJ@tr# vGwfvyfa&;udk jynf o l v l x k trsm;pk}uD;u
a&iwfovdk iwfrGwfawmifhwae=ucsdefrSm av;av;euf e uf
tcsdefudkuf ay:xGufvmcJhwJh AdkvfcsKyfatmif ,Hk=unftm;udk;+yD; olwkd@&JŒ
qef;[m EdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;eJ@ ywfoufwJh ar#mf v if h c suf a wG u d k
ol@&JŒ rqkwfrepf cdkifrmjywfom;wJh qHk;jzwf tyfESHjcif;cH&wJh
vkyfaqmifr_awGtjyif ol@&JŒ olrwlatmif acgif ; aqmif r sd K ;æ
xl;jcm;wJh ±k;d om; ajzmifrh wf wnf=unfra_ wG
101
xJrSm vGwfvyfa&;twGuf ae@rtm; nrem; aqmif&GufaecsdefrSm vkyf}uH
owfjzwfcHcJh&r_udkyg xnfhaygif;vdkufwJhtcg jrefrmjynfolw&yfvHk;&J@
&ifxt J onf;xJrmS urBmwnfoa&GŒ xm0&wnf&Sd aeawmhr,fh trsKd ;om;
acgif;aqmiftjzpfokd@ a&muf&dSoGm;cJhwm obm0usygw,f?
'Dae&mrSm pum;pyfrdvkd@ ajym&&if Akdvfae0if;[mvnf; trsdK;
om;acgi;f aqmifb0udk tdyrf ufrufcahJ o;w,fv@dk qd&k ygvrd rhf ,f? wdik ;f jynf
vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;cJhwJhaemuf jynfolw&yfvHk; 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;eJ@
qdk&S,fvpfa&; yef;wdkifrsm;qDokd@ ar#mf±_ae=ucsdefrSm Akdvfae0if;u ol@ukd
jynfolawG&JŒ tJ'D ar#mfrSef;csufawGudk taumif
txnf azmfay;Edkifr,fholtjzpf jynfolawG xifjrif
,lqvmatmif }udK;yrf;cJhwJh vkyf&yfawG &dScJhvkd@ygyJ? urBmhordkif;/
tm%modrf;,lcJh+yD;aemuf tJ'Dtcsdefu qdk&S,fvpf
jref r mh o rd k i f ;
trnfcHcJh=uwJh EdkifiHwcsKdŒ&JŒ vkyf[efwcsKdŒudk twkcdk;
ordkif;tqufqufu
vkyaf qmifcwhJ m/ (1963)ckEpS rf mS +idr;f csr;f a&; aqG;aEG;yGJ
usif;yay;cJhwm/ (1980)rSm omoemawmf oef@&Sif;
jyocJhwJh
wnfwjhH yef@ymG ;a&; aºuG;a=umfoeH @J oHCm*k% d ;f aygi;f pHk trSew
f &m;wckuawmh
nDvmcH}uD; usif;yay;cJh+yD; tJ'DyGJ txdrf;trSwfeJ@ “trs Kd ;om;acgi;f aqmif
taxGaxG vGwf+idrf;cGifh xkwfjyefay;cJhwmawG[m qdkwm
trsdK;om; acgif;aqmifjzpfzkd@ pdwful;,Of[ef&dSwJh Akdvf vkyf,lvkd@r&/
ae0if;&JŒ taygif;vuQ%maqmif vkyf&yfawGjzpfyg arG ; zG m ;vmwm
w,f? Akdvfae0if;[m tpnf;ta0;awG/ tcrf;tem; omjzpfw,f æ
awGrSm olajymcJhwJh rdef@cGef;awGudk olydkif yHkEdSyfwkdufu
ae aygif;csKyfpmtkyfawGtjzpf ±kdufEdSyf xkwfa0apcJh
jcif;jzifhvnf; jynfolawG&JŒ tonf;ESvHk;xJrSm ae&m
,lEdkifatmif }udK;yrf;cJhygao;w,f?
'gayr,fh urBmhordkif;/ jrefrmhordkif; ordkif;tqufqufu jyocJh
wJh trSefw&m;wckuawmh “trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif qdkwm vkyf,lvkd@r&/
arG;zGm;vmwmomjzpfw,f (A national leader cannot be made but
is born)” qdkwmyJ jzpfygw,f? trsdK;om;acgif;aqmifqdkwm "m;rdk;xm;+yD;
trdef@tm%meJ@ “jzpfapownf;”vkd@ vkyf,lvkd@&wJh t&mrsdK;r[kwfygbl;?
jynfoal wGu ausauseyfeyf =unf=unfjzLjzLeJ@ todtrSwjf yK vufc=H urS
om jzpfwJht&mrsdK;yg? 'Dtcsufudk Akdvfae0if;&JŒb0 tygt0if urBmhEdkifiH
wcsKdŒu vlawG&JŒ tjzpftysufawGu jyocJh+yD;jzpfygw,f?
102
'Dvdkqdk&if a':atmifqef;pk=unfua&m trsdK;om; acgif;aqmif
wa,muf jzpfcJh+yDvm;? 'Dar;cGef;udk ajzzkd@twGuf a':atmifqef;pk=unf ay:
xGufvmcsdefrSm jrefrmjynfrSm ay:aygufaewJh trsdK;om;a&; tusyftwnf;
(National Crisis)u bmvJ qdw k mudk qef;ppfz@dk vydk gw,f? oGm;avol (rqv)
eJ@ ol@udkqufcHwJh (e0w)(etz)wkd@u &Spfav;vHk; ta&;awmfyHk}uD;udk EdkifiHa&;
awma=umifawG&JŒ ajcxdk;r_/ (rqv)tjyKwfawG&JŒ vufoD;ykef;xdk;r_/ (Auy)&JŒ
aoG;xd;k v_@H aqmfr/_ ausmif;om;qd;k awG&ŒJ qlyrl _ &mckid Ef e_ ;f rsm;rsm;eJ@ jynfoal wG&ŒJ
taxGaxG rauseyfr_ &mckdifE_ef;enf;enf; aygif;pyfrdoGm;cJhwJh qlylt=urf;zufr_
ta&;tcif;wcktjzpf azmfenf;um;xkwf+yD; tJ'Dta&;tcif;upvkd@ tck
tcsdeftxd ay:aygufaewJh trsdK;om; tusyftwnf;udk trSDjyK+yD; ykHo¿mef
wrsdK;eJ@ odrf;ydkufu|efjyKvdk=uwJh udkvdkeDvufopf EdkifiH}uD;awG&JŒ vufyg;ap
a':atmifqef;pk=unf OD;aqmifwhJ jynfwiG ;f u azmufjyefa&; orm;awGe@J Edik if u H kd
aemufw}udrf u|efjzpfapr,fh tE W&m,fu tumtuG,fay;aewJh olwkd@ OD;
aqmifwJh rsdK;cspf0g'DawGt=um; jzpfyGm;ay:aygufaewJh yÉdyuQ tusyftwnf;
tjzpf }udK;pm;yrf;pm; yHkazmfae=uayr,fh wu,fh vufawG@rSmawmh vuf&Sd
trsdK;om; tusyftwnf;[m jynfolrsm;&JŒ vl@tcGifhta&; qHk;±_H;r_rsm;tay:
tajccHwJh 'Drkdua&pDa&; tusyftwnf;om jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh jrefrmjynf&JŒ
vuf&t Sd ajctaerSm t"du yÉdyuQ[m 'Dru kd a&pDa&;twGuf wku d yf 0JG ifae=uwJh
tiftm;pkrsm;eJ@ ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk wnfwHhcdkif+rJatmif }udK;yrf;ae=uwJh 'Drdk
ua&pD qef@usifolrsm;t=um;u yÉdyuQom jzpfygw,f?
tJ'D yÉdyuQ&JŒ tjrifhqHk; yHko¿mefjzpfwJh &Spfav;vHk; vlxktHkºuGr_
ta&;awmfy}kH uD;rSm ay:xGuv f mcJ=h uwJh acgi;f aqmifawG[m vlx&k ŒJ oabmqEN
udk ukd,fpm;jyK+yD; ay:xGufvmcJh=uolawGjzpfwmrkd@ olwkd@tm;vHk;[m oufqdkif
&m tqifhtvdkuf vlxkacgif;aqmifawG jzpf=uygw,f? 'gayr,fh trsdK;om;a&;
tusyt f wnf; acwfwacwfrmS trsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmifqw kd muawmh wa,muf
wnf;yJ &dw S ma=umifh vlxu k trsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmifukd vlxak cgi;f aqmifawGxu J
(tvdktavsmuf) a&G;cs,fowfrSwf=uygw,f? tm;vHk;od=uwJhtwkdif; &Spfav;
vHk; ta&;awmfyHk}uD;qDokd@ OD;wnfaewJh umvawGrSm vlxk}uD; cHpm;ae=u&wJh
vl@tcGifhta&; csdK;azmufcH&r_udk vlod&Sif=um; &J&J0Hh0Hh a&;om;azmfjycJhwJhtwGuf
vlxk&JŒ =unfndKav;pm;r_udk &&dScJholu OD;atmif}uD; jzpfygw,f? tJ'Daemuf
ta&;awmfyHk}uD;t&dSef&vmcsdefrSm xif&Sm;ausmf=um;wJh vlxkacgif;aqmifawG
trsm;tjym;ay:xGufvmcJh+yD; olwkd@xJu txif&Sm;qHk; yk*~KdvfawGuawmh OD;Ek/
OD;wifOD;/ Adkvf&efEdkifeJ@ a':atmifqef;pk=unfwkd@ jzpf=uygw,f? jynfolawGu
a&$w*d b kH &k m; a[majymyGrJ mS a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd wcJeuf axmufct H m;ay;cJh
103
=u+yD; ygwaD wGpwif zG@J pnf;csed rf mS ol@&ŒJ (NLD) ygwu D kd 0ifa&mufoal wGu trsm;
qHk;jzpfcJhayr,fh tJ'Dtcsdeftxdol[m tjcm;aom0g&ifh orBm&ifh EdkifiHa&;acgif;
aqmifrsm;xuf odoo d mom xl;xl;jcm;jcm; c|e+f yD; xk;d xGuv f mwm (outstand-
ing) r&dSao;ygbl;?
rsuEf mS zH;k trsKd ;rsKd ;eJ@ ppftm%m&Sipf epfatmufrmS q,fpEk pS f (2)cke;D yg;
“+idrf;0yfydjym;+yD; ta=umufw&m;eJ@ ,Ofyg;cJh=u&wJh jrefrmjynfolawG tJ'Dtcsdef
rSm tawmifw h qH;k t&mu ra=umufoifw h hJ t&mrSeo f r#ukd vH;k 0ta=umuft&GŒH
txdwftvef@ r&dSbJ &J&ifhjywfom; wnf=unfckdifrmwJh pdwf"mwfeJ@ udk,fwdkif
a&SŒqHk;u vkyfaqmifjyjcif;jzifh olwkd@&ifxJu “a=umufpdwf”qdkwJh opfyif}uD;udk
tjrpfu qGJE_wfay;Edkifr,fh acgif;aqmifrsdK; jzpfygw,f?
&Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHkumv/ ygwDawGpwifzGJ@pnf;pumvawGrSm
&m*%ef;csDwJh vlxkacgif;aqmifrsm;xJu acgif;aqmifwa,mufr#omjzpfcJhwJh
a':atmifqef;pk=unf tJ'Dvdkacgif;aqmifrsdK;jzpfvmzkd@ pwifwufvSrf;cJhwJh jzpf&yf
awGuawmh ygwDpnf;±kH;a&; c&D;pOfrsm;yJ jzpfygw,f? (e0w)ppftkyfpk&JŒ trsdK;rsdK;
aom +cdrf;ajcmuf[ef@wm; aESmifh,Sufr_awGudk tJ'Dc&D;pOfawGtwGif; a':atmif
qef;pk=unf &ifqdkifausmfv$m;cJhwJhowif;awGu ol@udk tjcm;tjcm;aom acgif;
aqmifrsm;&JŒ a&SŒqkH;qDokd@ wpwp ykd@aqmifay;cJhygw,f? tJ'Dc&D;pOfawGtwGif;
ol@&ŒJ emrnf*% k o f wif;udk tjrifrh m;qH;k ok@d v$iw hf ifay;vdu k wf muawmh "EkjzL+rdKŒ
u jzpf&yfygyJ? tJ'Dc&D;pOfawG+yD;wJhaemuf wqufwnf;vkdufygvmwJh tm%mzD
qefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; olr&JŒyHk&dyf[m (ppftkyfpk
acgif;aqmifawG rsufpdusdef;avmufatmif) wae@
wjcm; ydkydk+yD; xGef;vif;awmufyvmcJhygawmhw,f? ES p f a ygif ; ES p f q ,f
'gayr,fh tJ'Djzpf&yfawGu a':atmif umvtwGif; ol
qef;pk=unfudk ol@zcif&JŒus,fjyef@xlxJ odyfonf; jyocJhwJh &JpGrf;owWd/
vSwJh avmif;&dyfatmufu vGwfajrmufapcJh+yD; jywf o m;wnf = unf
“Ad k v f c sKyf o rD ; ”qd k w J h tjrif u ae “igwk d @ acgif ; cd k i f r mr_ / oabmxm;eJ @
aqmif”qdkwJh tjrifrsdK;qDokd@ a&GŒvsm;vmap±kH
tajrmf t jrif } uD ; r_ /
avmufyJ wwfEdkifygao;w,f?
udk,fudsK;pGef@
ol@b0twGuf wu,fhudk cufcJ=urf;
wrf;vSwJh pdefac:prf;oyfppfaq;r_ (ordeal)awGu tepf emcH r_ awG u d k
(1989)ckESpf Zlvdkifv (20)&ufae@rSmrS pwifcJhwm =unfhr,fqdk&if
jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dae@upwifcJhwJh (6)ESpfeD;yg;=um
tdrftus,fcsKyfumvudk ol&ifqdkifausmfv$m; jzwf
oef;cJhyHkawG/ tdrftus,fcsKyfu vGwfajrmufcJh+yD;
104
aemuf ol@&JŒajymqdkjyKrl vkyfaqmifcJhcsufawG/ aemufykdif;rSm tdrftus,fcsKyf

t}udrf}udrf tcscH&wmawG/ ppftkyfpk&JŒ yHko¿meftrsdK;rsdK;eJ@ aESmifh,Suf
[ef@wm; +cdrf;ajcmufESdyfuGyfr_awGtay: ol@&JŒwkH@jyefcJhyHkawG/ aemufqHk; ukv
or*~ oHwref *rfbm&D =um;0ifvmcJh+yD;aemuf jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD;
ol@&JŒudkifwG,f ajz&Sif;yHkawG+yD;wJh aemufrSmawmh a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m
vlxkacgif;aqmif wa,muftjzpfuae trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif wa,muf
tjzpfokd@ a&muf&dSoGm;cJh+yD jzpfw,fvkd@ usaemf,lqygw,f?
trsdK;om;acgif;aqmifqdkwm wrsdK;om;vHk;&JŒ acgif;aqmifjzpfyg
w,f? ArmawGuyJ/ &Srf;awGuyJ/ u&ifawGuyJ/ c&pf,mefawGuyJ/ rlpvif
awGuyJ olwkd@acgif;aqmiftjzpfowfrSwf=uwJh acgif;aqmifrsdK;r[kwfygbl;?
vlrsdK;/ bmom/ tv$m/ twef;tpm;ra&G; trsdK;om;w&yfvHk;u ausaus
eyfeyf tlv_dufonf;v_duf olwkd@acgif;aqmiftjzpfvufcH=uwJh acgif;aqmif
om trsdK;om;acgif;aqmifjzpfygw,f? acgif;aqmifwa,mufrSm &dSoifh&dS
xdkufwJh t&nftaoG;tm;vHk;&dS±kHomru wrsdK;om;vkH;uyg vufcH=unfjzL
rSom trsdK;om;acgif;aqmifqdkwJh tjrifhrm;qHk; *k%fj'yfeJ@ xdkufwefwmjzpf
ygw,f? tJ'Doabmw&m;t& 'Duae@a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m ol@zcif
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;&&dx S m;wJh trsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmifqw kd hJ *k%yf 'k rf sK;d eJ@ rxku
d f
wefb;l vk@d qEkd ikd pf &m ta=umif;jycsuw f ckrS usaemf&mS vk@d rawG@wm trSeyf gy?J
usaemfxyfqif+h yD; ajymvdw k hJ tcsuw f ckuawmh jrefrmhEikd if aH &;rSm
olyg0ifjzwfoef; av#mufvrS ;f cJw h hJ ESpaf ygi;f ESpq
f ,f umvtwGi;f oljyocJw h hJ
&JpGrf;owWd/ jywfom;wnf=unfcdkifrmr_/ oabmxm;eJ@ tajrmftjrif}uD;r_/
udk,fudsK;pGef@ tepfemcHr_awGudk =unfhr,fqdk&if a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m
EdkifiHwck/ a'owck&JŒ acgif;aqmifwa,mufr#omrubJ urBmhacgif;aqmif
wOD;vkd@ ac:qdkEdkifavmufatmif xdkufwefr_ tjynfht0&dSolwOD;jzpfw,f
qdkwmygyJ? Õ
105
ar; ? ? jref r mh E d k i f i H a &;rS m ol y g0if j zwf o ef ; cJ h w J h
tcktxd q,fpEk pS f ESpcf w k mumvtwGi;f a':atmifqef;
pk = unf & J Œ aumif ; uG u f a wG / tm;aumif ; csuf a wG
ta=umif;awmh usaemfwkd@ tv#Hy,f =um;cJhodcJh=u&+yD;
yg+yD? 'DumvtwGi;f ol[m trSm;t,Gi;f wcsK@d vkyrf cd w hJ m
r&dSbl;vm;? ol@rSm tm;enf;csuf wpHkw&m r&dSbl;vm;?
cifAsm;taeeJ@ &dScJhw,fvkd@ ,lq&if tJ'DtrSm;awG/ tm;
enf;csufawG[m bmawGjzpfw,fqkdwmudk &Sif;jyygvm;?
ajz ? ? 'Dar;cGef;udk ajz&rSm tifrwef pGef@pm;vGef;&m usygw,f? wu,f

awmh Edik if aH &;rSm trSet f rSm;qdwk m vG,v f ,G af ygah ygh cGjJ cm;ajymqdv
k @dk &wJt
h &m
rsKd ; r[kwb f ;l qdw
k m qifjcif^m%f&o Sd w
l ikd ;f od=uygw,f? wcsKŒd udpaP wGu trSef
trSm; odEdkifzkd@ &mpkESpfeJ@awmif csD+yD; apmifhcJh&wm jzpfygw,f? wcsKdŒudpPawGqdk
+yD;qHk;oGm;cJhwm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm =umcJhayr,fh tckwdkif trSeftrSm;udpP tjiif;
yGm;ae=uqJ &dSygao;w,f? 'g[m vlr_ody`H ynm&yf&JŒ ±_yfaxG;odrfarG@ euf±_dif;
cufcJwJh obm0a=umifh jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; 'Dobm0udk odxm;=uwJh
ordkif;ynm&SifawG[m EdkifiHa&;e,fy,frSm yg0ifv_yf&Sm;cJh=uolawG&JŒ vkyf&yf
awG rSeo f vm;/ rSm;ovm;qdw k meJ@ ywfouf+yD; ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm =um+yD;aemuf
rSmawmifrS ,wdjywfajymavhr&dSbJ xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf; ajymavh&Sd=uwm jzpf
ygw,f?
'gayr,fh usaemfuawmh ordkif;ynm&Sifwa,muf r[kwfwmu
wa=umif;/ vlyk*~dKvf tusdK;xuf EkdifiHtusdK;udk ydk+yD; OD;pm;ay;&r,fqdkwJh EdkifiH
om;wa,muf&ŒJ usi0hf wft&wa=umif; usaemft h ay: usa&mufvmEdik zf , G &f Sd
wJh 'Dru kd a&pD tiftm;pkrsm;&JŒ txiftjrif vGrJ mS ;Edik rf _ tE &W m,fukd ab;csw d f
+yD; cifAsm;ar;cGef;udk ajzygr,f?
a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ jrefrmjynfolawGtay: cspfcifjrwfEdk;wJh
pdwf/ ol@&JŒ &JpGrf;owWd&dSr_eJ@ udk,fusdK;pGef@ tepfemcHr_awGuawmh enf;enf;u
av;rS ar;cGef;xkwfzkd@ rvdktyfwm tm;vHk;todyJ jzpfygw,f? rdef;rom;
wa,muftaeeJ@ ol jzwfoef;ausmfv$m;cJhwJh tcuftcJ taESmifht,Suf
twm;tqD;awG[m ajymr,Hk }uKHzl;rSodvkd@ qdk&avmufatmif }uD;rm;av;
eufcJhygw,f? b0wckvHk;udk ay;qyfpGef@v$wf+yD; vGwfvyfr_/ w&m;r#wr_/
vl@tcGifhta&;pwJh aumif;jrwfjcif;w&m;awGtwGuf ra=umufr&GHŒ aemuf
106
rwGef@wrf; wdkufyGJ0ifcJhwJh ol@&JŒyHk&dyf[m
urBmwnfoa&GŒ wnf&dSaerSm taot
csm jzpfygw,f?
'gayr,f h a':atmif q ef ; pk
=unf[m vlom;wa,muf jzpfwmeJ@
tnD ol @ rS m vnf ; / tjcm;ol a wG v d k y J
trSm;awG&dScJhw,fvkd@ usaemf ,lqyg
w,f? 'Dae&mrSm}uKHvkd@ pum;pyf&&if
usaemfwkd@tm;vHk; 'Duae@ vGwfvyfa&;
zcif}uD; trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; tjzpf
owfrSwfxm;=uwJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
awmif *syefawGudk ac:oGif;vmcJhwm rSm;
w,f q d k w J h t a=umif ; 0ef c H c J h z l ; wmud k
trSwf&rdygw,f?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfu ol@&JŒ
rde@f ceG ;f wckxrJ mS “usrudk jrefrmjynf Edik if H
a&;ta=umif; rodbl;vkd@ ajym=uw,f?
odveG ;f vk@d cufaew,f”vd@k ajymqdck ahJ yr,fh usaemfuawmh ol[m jrefrmhEikd if aH &;e,fy,f
xJ 0ifa&mufvmcgprSm jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;&JŒ obm0udk (txl;ojzifh ppftkyfpk&JŒobm0udk)
eufeuf±id_ ;f ±_id ;f em;rvnfcahJ o;bl;vk@d yJ xifygw,f? b0t& ol}uKHawG@ jzwfoef;vmcJw h hJ
Edik if aH &;u orm;±k;d us tvSnt hf ywf tcsKd ;tauG@ tvSnt hf ajymif; r&do S avmufjzpfwhJ
EdkifiHa&;rsdK;jzpf+yD; jrefrmjynfu EdkifiHa&; (txl;ojzifh jrefrmjynf ppftm%m&Sifpepf&JŒ
xl;jcm;wJh p±kdufvuQ%mrsm;)ta=umif; olodxm;wJh todtrsm;pkuvnf; pmod(0g)
}uHqodawGom jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifv h nf; &Spaf v;vH;k vkd tifrwefrS xl;jcm;/ tifrwefrS
}uD;us,fvSwJh ta&;awmfyHk}uD;w&yf twGif;okd@ }udKwifar#mfvifh jyifqifxm;jcif; r&dSbJ
0ifa&mufvmrdwt hJ cg awmfveS af &;w&yfv;kH &JŒ tESpo f m&udk ydik yf idk Ef ikd Ef ikd f qkyu
f ikd Ef ikd cf jhJ cif;
r&dSbJ vlxk&JŒ a&csdefudk trDrvkdufEdkifcJhwm jzpfygw,f? 'Dtcsufudk (rqv)tpdk;&&JŒ
oabmwlnDcsuf rygbJ =um;jzwftpdk;& zGJ@pnf;a&;tay: ol@&JŒ wGifwGifjiif;aer_rSmawG@&dS
Edkifygw,f? jrefrmjynfEdkifiHa&;ta=umif; wu,fyJ aumif;aumif;odwJh OD;Eku “usaemf
omv#if 0ef}uD;csKyf jzpfa=umif;”qdkwJh pum;eJ@twl tJ'DumvrSm tvkyfoifh tvkyf
xku d q f ;kH tvkyuf kd touftE &W m,fuakd wmif *±krpdu k b
f J vkycf jhJ yefawmhvnf; a':atmif
qef;pk=unfu tJ'Dvkyf&yfudk ae@rul;cifrSmyJ qef@usifuef@uGufcJhygw,f? OD;Ek&JŒtJ'Dvkyf
&yf ratmifjrifcJhr_rSm tJ'Dvkyf&yfudk,fE_duf&JŒ vkyfyHkvkyfenf;qdkif&m tm;enf;csuf
(Technical drawbacks)awG ygaer_u wpdww f ydik ;f wm0ef&w Sd m rSeaf yr,fh tJ't D csed rf mS
107
vlxkoabmxm;tay: v$rf;rkd;r_ &&dSvmpjyKae+yD
jzpfwJh a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ &yfwnfcsufu ykd
ta&;}uD;ygw,f? tJ'D tcsdefrSm ol@taeeJ@ OD;Ek&JŒ
vkyf&yfudk wcgxJ wef;+yD;y,fcsjcif;rjyKbJ OD;Ek eJ@
oGm;a&muf awG@qkHn‡dE_dif;+yD; ykdrkdus,fjyef@/ ykdrkd,kH
=unftm;xm;avmufzG,f&SdwJh tpkd;&rsKd;zGJ@pnf;
Ekid v
f u
dk rf ,fq&dk if tajctae[m wrsK;d jzpfcsif jzpf
oGm;cJhrSmyg? 'gayr,fholu tJovdk rvkyfcJhwJh
tjyif “ausmif ; om;jynf o l &[ef ; &S i f v l a wG
toufaoG;ac|;eJ@ paw;&if;ES;D +yD;&&dv S mwJh atmif
yGJudk b,fEdkifiHa&; orm;u tjrwfxkwfwmudkrS
usr cHrmS r[kwb f ;l ”vd@k ajymvdu
k jf yefawmh OD;Ek&ŒJ
pif;vHk;acsm r[kwfayr,fh &J&ifhajymifajrmufwJh
vkyf&yftay: jynfolawG ydkrdk±_yfaxG;oGm;=uygawmhw,f?
aemufw}udrfu pufwifbmv(14)&ufae@rSm (Auo)rsm;tzGJ@
csKyfu acgif;aqmif(5)OD; (OD;Ek/ OD;atmif}uD;/ OD;wifOD;/ Adkvf&efEdkifeJ@ a':atmif
qef;pk=unf)wkd@udk pkay;+yD; =um;jzwftpdk;&zGJ@pnf;a&; aqG;aEG;apwJhudpPrSm
jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dtpnf;ta0;rSmvnf; =um;jzwftpdk;&zGJ@pnf;a&; &nfrSef;
csuf txrajrmufcJhygbl;? tJovdk txrajrmufcJhwm rSm;w,fvkd@ ,lqr,f
qd&k if tJ't D rSm;twGuf a':atmifqef;pk=unfrmS vnf; (20 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f ) wm0ef
&dSw,fvkd@ qdk&ygvdrfhr,f?
aemufa':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ trSm;wckv@dk usaemfjrifwu hJ pd w
P ck
vnf; &dSygao;w,f? (1995)Zlvdkifv(10)&ufae@rSm a':atmifqef;pk=unf
yxrt}udrf tdrftus,fcsKyfu vGwfajrmufvmcJhygw,f? tJ'Dae@upvkd@
ol@trd af &SŒrSm tywfpOf a[majymyGaJ wG vkycf iG &hf cJw h m (1)ESp0f ef;usif =umjrifch hJ
ygw,f? tJ'Da[majymyGJu oltygt0if (NLD)acgif;aqmif (3)OD;&JŒ a[m
ajymcsufawGu vlxk&JŒ pdwf"mwf jyefvnfjrifhrm;a&;twGuf xdxda&muf
a&muf yHhydk;wGef;tm;ay;cJhw,fqdkwJhtcsuftay: tjiif;yGm;p&m r&dSayr,fh
a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m tJ'Davmuf (E_dif;,SOfcsuft&) vGwfvyfcGifh &Snf
&Sn=f um=um &&dcS w hJ hJ tifrwef tzd;k wefvw S hJ umvukd tifrwef ta&;}uD;wJh
tvkyw f ckvyk zf @dk twGuf toH;k csEikd jf cif; r&dcS yhJ gb;l ? tJ'guawmh (NLD) ygwu D kd
uspfvspfckdifrmodyfonf;wJh ygwDw&yftjzpf pepfwus zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmuf
jcif;rSwpfqifh 'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pktm;vHk; yg0ifwJh EdkifiHa&; wyfaygif;pk}uD;
w&yf wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;yJ jzpfygw,f? (1)ESpfqdkwJh umv[m ygwDzGJ@
108
pnf;yHkpnf;rsOf;udk tcdkiftrm a&;qGJjyXmef;/ &yf/ aus;/ +rdKŒe,f/ c±kdif/ wdkif;/
A[dk tqifq h ifn h vD mcHawG usi;f y+yD; 'Dru kd a&pDenf;us a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufwhJ
ygwaD cgi;f aqmifra_ wG ay:ayguv f matmif vkyaf qmifEikd zf @dk vHak vmufwt hJ csed f
jzpfygw,f?
'gayr,fh th=H op&m aumif;avmufatmifyJ a':atmifqef;pk=unf
[m tJ'Dvkyfief;udk vHk;0vkyfaqmifcJhjcif; r&dSygbl;? wu,fvkd@om ol@taeeJ@
jcHa&SŒu a[majymyGaJ wGukd “csKd ” +yD; tJ'yD gww D nfaqmufa&;vkyif ef;rSm “yd”k
vdkufr,fqdk&if (etz)u olay;xm;wJh vGwfvyfr_umvudk wdk;csJŒaumif;
wkd;csJŒEdkifzG,f&dSygw,f? jcHa&SŒu a[majymyGJawG wESpfavmufeJ@ ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;
cJh&wm[m a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ tJ'DtrSm;a=umifh [kwfr[kwfqdkwm
raocsmayr,fh aocsmwmwckuawmh &Sm;yg;tzdk;wefvSwJh tJ'D umv
twGif; jrefrmjynfolawG olwkd@&JŒ OD;aqmifygwD}uD;udk cdkifcdkifrmrm uspfuspf
vspfvspf pepfwus (systematically well organized) zGJ@pnf;xm;wJh
wu,fh 'Drdkua&pDygwD}uD; w&yftjzpf awG@jrifEdkif=ur,fh tcGifhxl;}uD;ukd
qHk;±_H;oGm;cJh=uw,fvdk@ qdkwmygyJ? usaemfht,ltqt&ajym&&if tJ'D
aemufyikd ;f a':atmifqef;pk=unf tjyifrmS r&dw S hJ umvawGrmS jzKwf=u/ xkwf
=u/ xGuf=u/ uGJ=u/ +yJ=upwJh jy\emawGudk ay:aygufapcJhwJh ygwDacgif;
aqmifr_ tusyt f wnf; (Leadership Crisis) [m a':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ
tJ'DtrSm;rSm wpdwfwydkif; jrpfzsm;cHygw,f? e*dkuwnf;u wwfodeJ@
rsdK;cspfqdk+yD; tufa=umif;&dScJhwJh ygwDwckrSm
ygwDeJ@ vlxkw&yfvHk;&JŒ (Mandate)udk &&dS
xm;wJh acgi;f aqmifu tJ't D ufa=umif;udk
tqifhqifhnDvmcHawG (tajctaeay; tcsdeftcg oifhygvsuf)
usif ; y+yD ; wqufwnf;/ wxyfwnf;/ wom;wnf;/
'Drdkua&pDenf;us jzpfomG ;atmif vkyrf ay;cJw h t
hJ wGuf (NLD)
a&G ; cs,f w if a jr‡ m uf w J h [m (twdkif;twm wcktxd) tiftm;
ygwD a cgif ; aqmif r _ a wG avsmhenf;oGm; cJh&wJhtjyif pkaygif;acgif;
ay:ayguf v matmif aqmifr_ csKdŒwJhjcif;&JŒ tusdK;quftjzpf
vkyfaqmifEdkifzkd@ &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfykH aemufyikd ;f vlx&k ŒJ
xufoefwufºuGr_ tjrifhqHk;umvjzpfwJh
vHkavmufwJhtcsdef
a&$0ga&mifawmfveS f a&;umvtwGi;f jynf
jzpf y gw,f ?
ol@OD;aqmifygwD}uD;qdkwJh *k%fyk'feJ@tnD
cdik rf mjywfom; &J&ifph mG vlxu k kd OD;aqmif+yD;
109
yef;wdkifta&muf csDwufoGm;EdkifpGrf; uif;rJhcJh&wm jzpfw,fvkd@yJ usaemf

jrifygw,f?
a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m tJ'DtrSm;udk trSm;vkd@ ,lqyHkr&ygbl;?
'ga=umifhvnf; tJ'Daemufydkif; tjyifrSm ae&csdefawGrSmvnf; tJ'D ygwDwnf
aqmufa&;udpPudk vkyfzkd@ wcgrS pum;r[cJhwm jzpfygw,f? rdrdygwD&JŒ acgif;
aqmif tajymif;tvJudpP[m a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&SifeJ@ bmrSrqdkifbJ rdrdwkd@
ygw&D ŒJ udpo
P m jzpfw,fqw kd mudk tm;vH;k vdyk o J x
d m;rSm aocsmwJh a':atmif
qef;pk=unf[m aemufydkif; oltjyifrSm &dSaecGifh&wJh umvawGrSmvnf;
tm;vH;k u touf(80)ausmaf wG jzpfae=u+yjD zpfwhJ (NLD ) acgi;f aqmifyikd ;f &JŒ
pGrf;aqmif&nfeJ@ywfouf+yD; ar;cGef;xkwfr_awGtay: cg;cg;onf;onf;
wkH@jyefcJhwJhtjyif tJ'Dacgif;aqmifr_udk w&m;0iftm;jznfhzkd@ udpPudkvnf;
pOf;awmifpOf;pm;cJhyHk r&ygbl;? (etz)&JŒ jyif;xefwJh zdEdSyfr_atmufrSm ygwD
acgi;f aqmifru _ kd tm;jznfw
h m[m orifarG;&if; usm;pm;&if;qdw k hJ pum;yHyk rm
jzpfavrvm;vkd@ awG;+yD; tJovdk rvkyfcJhwm jzpfrvm;vkd@ usaemf ajzawG;/
awG;=unfhrdygw,f? 'gayr,fh ol&dSwJh tcsdefom v_yf&Sm;r_&dS+yD; olr&dSwJh tcsdef
rSm avjzwfwJh vlvdkjzpfaewJh ygwDwcku vlr_pepf}uD; wckvHk; ajymif;vJypf
&r,fh vkyif ef;pOfrmS vlxuk kd cdik rf m&J&ifh jywfom;pGm b,fvkd OD;aqmifEikd rf mS vJ
qdwk t hJ csuuf kd a':atmifqef;pk=unf taeeJ@ OD;pm;ay; pOf;pm;oifch w hJ ,fv@dk yJ
usaemfjrifygw,f? tJ'Dvdk rpOf;pm;cJhwm[mol@&JŒ t"du trSm;jzpfw,fvkd@
usaemf,lqygw,f? Õ
110
ar; ? ? jrefrmEdkifiHtjyifrSm aexdkifvsuf&dS+yD; 'Drdkua&pDa&; aqmif
&Guaf e=uwJh tiftm;pkawG[m nD!w G rf r_ &S=d ubl;? tuGuJ JG tjym;jym;
jzpfae=uw,f? olwkd@[m jynfwGif;u tiftm;pkawGavmufawmif
nD!Gwfr_r&dSbl;qdk+yD; wcsKd@u jypfwifa0zefae=uw,f? tJ'DudpPeJ@
ywfouf+yD; cifAsm;&JŒ tjrifu b,fvdk&dSovJ?
ajz ? ? 'Dae&mrSm nD!Gwfa&;qdkwJh pum;vHk;&JŒ wu,fhtESpfom&udk aoao

csmcsm oabmaygufem;vnfzkd@ vdkygw,f? nD!Gwfjcif;onf cGeftm;qdkwm rSefyg
w,f? 'gayr,fh t*wdw&m; (4)yg;teuf wyg;yg;a=umifh nD!w G w
f m[m ppfreS w f hJ
nD!Gwfjcif; r[kwfygbl;? tJ'DvdkrsdK; nD!Gwfjcif;u b,fvdk cGeftm;rsdK;rSvnf; ay:
xGufvmrSm r[kwfygbl;? ppfrSefwJh nD!Gwfjcif;qdkwm rdrdwkd@&JŒ oD;jcm; udk,fykdif
tawG;tac: t,ltqawGudk vGwfvyf+idrf;csrf;pGm azmfxkwfcGifh &&dSjcif;rSwqifh
bHtk usKd ;pD;yGg; wcktwGuf oufqikd o f tl m;vH;k nD!w G pf mG aygi;f pnf;a&maESm aysm0f if
oGm;jcif;udk qdv k wkd mjzpfygw,f? vmwJo h u l kd bmay;r,f nmay;r,f rvmwJh olu
awmh tudsK;qufukd &ifqikd &f vdrrhf ,fqw kd hJ acsmvh ;kH / ajcmufv;kH awGe@J abmvH;k uGi;f xJ
qGJxnfhjcif;cHxm;&wJh vlawGu pifjrifhay:u vlwdkifay;wJh aºuG;a=umfoHudk ,drf;
wdkufxm;ovdk vufoD;vufarmif;wef;+yD; udk,fwjcm;/ pdwfwjcm; vkdufatmfae
=uwm[m wefzdk;&dSwJh nD!Gwfa&;&JŒ jy,k*fr[kwfygbl;?
jrefrmEdkifiH tjyifbufu 'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pkawGqdkwJh acgif;pOfatmuf
rSm trsm;pk}uD;u 'Drdkua&pDudk vdkvm;olawG jzpf=uayr,fh tjcm;aom &nf&G,f
csufawGeJ@ a&muf&dSae=uwJh olawGvnf; &dSaeygw,f? tJ'DolawGxJrSm ppftkyfpku
taotcsm avhusifhoif=um;ay;+yD; apv$wfxm;wJh vlawGvnf; yg0ifaew,f
qdkwJh tcsufuawmh ar;cGef;xkwfp&m rvdkatmif aocsmwJhudpPyg? olwkd@uawmh
enf;vrf;aygi;f pHo k ;kH +yD; 'Dru
kd a&pDa&; v_y&f mS ;r_awGukd [ef@wm;aESmif, h u
S f zsuq
f ;D rSm
ygyJ? olwkd@tzkd@ 'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pkrsm; twGif;eJ@ 'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pkrsm;t=um;
nD!w G af &;qdw k m aorde@f yjJ zpfwmrk@d nD!w G af &; wnfaqmufv@dk r&atmif enf;rsKd ;
pHkoHk; }udK;yrf;=urSmygyJ? 'guwcsufyg?
aemufwcsufu EdkifiHtjyifbuf a&mufvm=uwJh 'Drdkua&pD bufawmf
om;awG&JŒ touft&G,f/ tawG@t}uKH/ ynm t&nftcsif;/ EdkifiHa&; a&csdefpwJh
aemufcHawG rwl=uwmygyJ? tJ'D rwlr_awGu olwkd@toD;oD;&JŒ vkyf&yfawGudk
jyXmef;wmrkd@ olwkd@=um;rSm tºuGif;rJh nD!Gwfa&;qdkwm b,fawmhrS wnf&dSvmrSm
r[kwfygbl;?
111
tm%modrf; (e0w)tpdk;&u ygwDawG zGJ@cGifh
urB m ausmf jyKvdkufawmh ygwD(200)ausmf ay:vmwmudk wcsKd@
*E W 0 if v uf & mtjzpf u ESmacgif;±_HŒ+yD; “awG@vm; æ enf;enf;av; zGifh
owfrSwfcHxm;&wJh ay;vdkufwmeJ@ jrefrmawG[m uGJ=uawmhwmyJæ
b,f y ef ; csD u m;rS jrefrmvlrsdK;[m nD!Gwfatmifvkyfay;vkd@ r&wJh
ta&mif w a&mif w nf ; vlrsdK;yg”vdk@ ar;aighcJh=uw,f? tJovdk ajymwm[m
toH k ; jyK+yD ; *syefEdkifiHrSm vuf&dSwnf+idrfcdkifrmwJh EdkifiHa&; pepf
a&;qG J x m;wJ h wckqDokd@ av#mufvSrf;cJhwJh c&D;tprSm ygwD (200)
ausmf &dScJhzl;w,fqdkwJh A[kokw uif;rJhvkd@ ajymwm
yef ; csD u m; r&S d y gbl ; ?
jzpfygw,f? vGefcJhwJh wESpf ESpfESpfavmufuyJ *syef
v$waf wmfxrJ mS trwfawG wa,mufe@J wa,muf
vufoD;pGrf; jy=uw,fqdkwJh owif;wck =um;vdkuf
&w,f? tJ'g[m nD!Gwfa&; +yKduGJwmvm;? *syef
EdkifiHudk pnf;vHk;nDnGwfr_ +yKduGJaewJh EdkifiHwEdkifiHtjzpf b,fynm&SifurS owfrSwfazmfjy
wmrsdK; usaemf r=um;zl;ygbl;?
tar&duef EdkifiHudk =unfhvkdufygOD;? 'Drdku&ufwpfeJ@ &DywfbvDuifqdk+yD; ygwD
}uD;ESpfck uGJaew,f? tJ'g[m EdkifiH&JŒ pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_ +yKduGJaewmvkd@ ajymrSmvm;?
orRwa&G;aumufyGJeD;vkd@ tJ'DygwD}uD;ESpfcku ygwDudk,fpm;jyKorRwavmif; a&G;awmh
r,fqdk&if ,SOf+yKdifr,fhol (10)a,mufxufrenf; ay:xGufvmavh&dSw,f? 'gudk tJ'D
ygwDwGif; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_ +yKduGJaewJh vuQ%m wckvkd@ qdk&rSmvm;? ygwDwGif; orRw
avmif; a&G;aumufyrJG mS a&m/ orRwa&G;aumufyrJG mS yg t}udwt f e,f jzpfavh&=dS u+yD; rJawG
vnf; rwdrf;r,drf; &avh&Sd=uwm avhvmolwdkif; todjzpfygw,f? 'gwifrubl; vuf&dS
orRw&JŒ rl0g'wckckudk rauseyfvkd@ EdkifiHw0Srf; jynfolawG aomif;eJ@ odef;eJ@csD+yD; qENjy=u
wm rsdK;awGudkvnf; awG@cJh=urSmyg? Oyrm tD&wfppfyGJudk qef@usifwJh qENjyyGJvdk rsdK;aygh?
tJ'Dvkd oabmxm;csif; rwdkufqdkifr_awG&dSayr,fh 'Duae@ tar&duefEdkifiHudk trsdK;om;
aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_ +yKduGJ+yD; bufaygif;pHk tiftm;csnfheJ@ aewJh EdkifiHwcktjzpf b,folurS
!$ef;qdkjcif; r&Sd=uygbl;?
tcsdefumv&JŒ prf;oyfr_ rSwfausmufwkdufr_udk cH,lEdkifcJh+yD; ,ae@wkdif urBm
ausmf *E W0ifvuf&mtjzpf owfrSwfcHxm;&wJh b,fyef;csDum;rS ta&mifwa&mifwnf;
toHk;jyK+yD; a&;qGJxm;wJh yef;csDum; r&Sdygbl;? ta&mifrsKd;pkHudk tcsdK;tq tzdtazmh
twdrf teufrSefrSef toHk;jyK+yD; a&;qGJxm;=uwm jzpfygw,f? wenf;ajym&&if tJ'D
yef;csDum;awG[m ta&mifawGudk pepfwus pnf;vHk; nD!Gwfapjcif;jzifh zefwD;xm;wJh
tEkynmvuf&mawG jzpfygw,f/ (unity of diversities)? wu,fawmh 'Dru kd a&pDqw kd m
ud, k Ef u
d_ u
f usm;/ r/ touft&G,/f vlrsKd ;/ bmom/ tawG;tac: t,ltq/ b0aemufcH
112
trsKd ;rsKd ;&S=d uwJh jynfoal wG&ŒJ tusKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf tJ'jD ynfoal wGuom tm%mydik pf ;kd wJh
tJ'DjynfolawG&JŒ tpdk;&pepfyJ r[kwfvm;/ (by the people, for the people, of the
people)? trsKd ;rsKd ;aom rwlujJG ym;jcm;em;r_awG ud, k pf &D =dS uwJvh al wGaexdik w f hJ Edik if w
H ckrmS
tºuGi;f rJh tvH;k pHk nD!w G af &;qdw
k m b,fv&kd ESd ikd rf mS vJ? jynfow l @dk &ŒJ axmufcrH J (99²99µ)
jzifh twnfjyKvdkufonfqdkwmrsdK;[m ordefaygoGyf pum;vHk; iSm;+yD;ajym&&if “ayg&J
vdkufwm” qdkwJh aygawmawm tm%m&SifEdkifiHawGrSmuvGJ+yD; urBmhwjcm; b,fEdkifiH
rsdK;rSmrS &dSwwfwJh t&mrsdK;r[kwfygbl;?
'ga=umifch ifAsm;ar;wJah r;cGe;f xJu nD!w G af &;qdw k m b,fvn kd !D wG af &;rsKd ;vJ?
(99²99µ)qdw k hJ aygawmnD!w G af &;rsKd ;vm;? tJ'nD ! D wG af &;rsKd ;uawmh tjcm;tjcm;aom
'Drdkua&pDEkdifiH/ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;vdkyJ jynfya&mufjrefrmh'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pkrsm;
twGif;eJ@ t=um;rSmvnf;r&dSrSm aocsmygw,f? 'DtwGufvnf;bmrS tm;rvdk tm;r&
jzpfaep&m rvdkygbl;? ay;xm;csuf umvwckrSm &dSaewJhjynfoltrsm;pk}uD;&JŒ trsdK;om;
tudsK;pD;yGm;udk [ef@wm;aESmifh,Sufqef@usifzsufqD;r_ rjyKvkyfor# umvywfvHk; vGwf
vyfpGmoabmxm;uGJvGJcGifh &dSygw,f? (agree to disagree)? ppftkyfpku apv$wfxm;wJh
olv#dK'vefawG&JŒ nD!Gwfa&;+yKduGJatmifzefwD;r_awGeJ@ ywfoufvkd@uawmh 'Drdkua&pD
tiftm;pktm;vHk;u Edk;=um;wJh awmfvSefa&;owd (oHo, vGefuJvGef;jcif;r[kwf)eJ@
avhvmtuJcwfae=ur,fqdk&if wcsdefr[kwfwcsdefv,fjyifrSm qifoGm;ovdkyJ bGm;
bGm;}uD;ay:xGufvmrSm jzpfygw,f?
jynfyu tiftm;pkawGu jynfwGif;u tiftm;pkawGavmufawmif rnD!Gwf
bl;qdkwJh a0zefcsufeJ@ ywfoufvkd@uawmh
aoaocsmcsm pOf ; pm;oH k ; oyf = unf h & if
jynfwGif;uvlawGtzkd@ xl;xl;jcm;jcm; *k%f
,l0ifhºuGm;aeavmufp&m udpPwck r[kwf
ygbl;? jynfwGif;uvlawG[m ppftkyfpk&JŒ jynfolwkd@&JŒaxmufcHrJ
ppfzdeyfeJ@ wdwdususteif;cHxm;=u&wJh/ (99²99µ)jzif h
'Drdkua&pDeJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;vHk;0 r&dSwJh twnfjyKvdkufonf
tajctaerSm aexdkifae=u&wma=umifh qd k w mrsd K ;[m
olwkd@twGufnD!Gwfa&;[m toufjzpfyg ordefaygoGyf pum;vHk;
w,f? nD!Gwfa&;r&dS&if EdkifiHa&;t& quf iS m ;+yD ; ajym&&if
vuf&Sifoef&yfwnfzkd@ vHk;0rjzpfEdkifygbl;? “ayg&Jvdkufwm” qdkwJh
wa,mufeJ@wa,muf ausmcsif;uyf &if aygawmawm
csif;tyf vufcsif;csdwfxm;=urSom rdrdwkd@ tm%m&S i f E d k i f i H a wG r S m æ
acgi;f ay:ueif;xm;wJh ppfzed yf&ŒJ tav;csed f
udk wpHkw&m oufomavsmhyg;apEdkifrSm
113
trsm;upd w f x J r S m
oabmwl v uf c H x m;=u+yD ; jzpf w J h
twdkif;twm tuef@towfudk rausmfvGefoa&GŒ
tJ'Dvdk rwluGJjym;jcm;em;wJh
t,l tqawG u d k rjzpf r ae ay:xG u f v matmif a wmif
0d k i f ; 0ef ; }ud K ;yrf ; =u&rS m jzpf y gw,f
jzpfwma=umifh cHpm;odt& nD!Gwf=u&wm jzpfygw,f? tjyifrSm&dSwJh vl

awGuawmh “usnv f w G ef ,fajr” (bullet free zone) rSm&daS e=uwJh olrsm;
jzpf=uwJh tm;avsmfpGm/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;eJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;udk wpHk w&yfaom
twdik ;f twmtxd &&dx S m;=uolrsm;jzpfwhJ tm;avsmpf mG (E_id ;f ,SOcf sut
f &)
jynfwGif;u vlawGxuf ta=umufw&m;u ydkrdkuif;a0;ae=uwJhtwGuf
rdrdwkd@&JŒtawG;tjrift,ltqawGudk jynfwGif;u vlawGxufykd+yD; vGwf
vGwfvyfvyf yGifhyGifhvif;vif; azmfxkwfEkdif=uygw,f? 'Dvdk azmfxkwf
=uwJt h cg xH;k pHtwdik ;f wcke@J wck wd;k rdwu
kd rf /d xdrcd wfr=d urSm obm0ygy?J
rnD!Gwfwm r[kwfygbl;? 'Drdkua&pDudk usifhoHk;cGifh&wJh tajctaerSm 'Drdk
ua&pDudk usifhoHk;=uwmom jzpfygw,f? pm&Gufay: csra&;xm;aomf
vnf; trsm;updwfxJrSm oabmwlvufcHxm;=u+yD;jzpfwJh twdkif;twm
tuef@towfudk rausmfvGefoa&GŒ tJ'Dvdk rwluGJjym;jcm;em;wJh t,l
tqawGudk rjzpfrae ay:xGufvmatmifawmif 0dkif;0ef;}udK;yrf;=u&rSm
jzpf y gw,f ? vl t rsm;pk } uD ; u vuf c H o abmwl x m;+yD ; jzpf w J h vrf ;
a=umif;u aoGzDoGm;wJhvlawG twGufuawmh ajymp&mr&dSygbl;? olwkd@
oabmolwkd@ aqmifoGm;=uygvdrfhr,f?
tJ'aD wmh cifAsm;ar;cGe;f udk csKyf+yD;ajym&&if vuf&rSd mS jrefrmEdik if H
tjyifbufrSm a&muf&dSaewJh 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawG twGif;eJ@t=um;rSm
nD!Gwfa&;+yKduGJae+yDvkd@ ajymEkdifavmufwJh tajctaersdK;awG jzpfxGef;
ay:aygufaejcif;r&dSbl;vkd@yJ usaemf,lqygw,f? Õ
114
ar; ? ? (1962)ck E S p f r S m Ad k v f a e0if ; u tm%mod r f ; awmh “jynf a xmif p k } uD ;
+yKduGJr,fhtE W&,fa=umifh” qdk+yD; ta=umif;jycJhw,f? (e0w) (etz)wkd@uvnf; olwkd@&JŒ
wkd@wm0efta&;(3)yg;qdkwJh txJrSm jynfaxmifpkr+yKduGJa&;eJ@ wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;
nD!Gwfr_ r+yKduGJa&;qdkwmudk xdyfuwifxm;w,f? Adkvfae0if;trSL;jyKwJh ppfacgif;aqmif
tqufqufu z,f'&,frlac:wJh jynfaxmifpkppfppfrlqdkwm jynfaxmifpkudk +yKduGJap
r,fhrl jzpfw,fvkd@ ajymqdkae=uw,f? +yD;cJhwJh q,fpkESpf ESpfckwmumvtwGif; urBmrSm
vnf; qdAk , D ufjynfaxmifpw k @dk / ,l*pkd vm;AD;,m;jynfaxmifpwk @dk pwJEh ikd if aH wGrmS A[dck sKyf
udkifr_udk av#mhay;vdkufwmeJ@ EdkifiH+yKduGJoGm;cJhwJh jzpfpOfawGudk jrifawG@cJh=u&w,f? tJ'D
tajctaeawGukd =unf+h y;D ajym&if jrefrmppfacgi;f aqmifawG&ŒJ ajymqdck su[ f m a=umif;usKd ;
qDavsmrf _ &dwS ,fv@dk rqdEk ikd b
f ;l vm;? jrefrmppfacgi;f aqmifawG[m Edik if +H yKdurJG ,fh tE &W m,f
udk trSefwu,fyJ pdk;&drfa=umifhus ae=uwma=umifh tckvuf&dSrSm EdkifiHawmftm%mudk
wif;wif;usyfusyf csKyfudkifxm;+yD; tem*wfrSmvnf; 'DyHkpHtwdkif;yJoGm;zkd@ }udK;yrf;ae=u
wm rjzpfEdkifbl;vm;?
ajz ? ? tJ't D a=umif;jycsu[f m urBmay:rSm tm%modr;f wJh ppfacgi;f aqmif

trsm;pk toH;k jyK=uavh&+Sd yD; jynfoal wGt=um;rSmvnf; [kwEf ;kd eJ@ xifa,mifxif
rSm; jzpfavh&dSwwfwJh ta=umif;jycsufjzpfaewma=umifh tJ'Dta=umif;jycsuf[m
wu,fyJ a=umif;usdK;qDavsmfr_ &dSr&dS aoaocsmcsm *Ce% od&dSzkd@ trSefyJ vkd
tyfygw,f? 'ghtjyif 'DudpP[m usaemfwkd@ EdkifiHwckwnf; omrubJ vlrsdK;aygif;pHk
a&maESmaexdkifvsuf&dSae=uwJh EdkifiHawG (urBmhEdkifiHtrsm;pkuvnf; tJovdkrsdK;
EdkifiHawG jzpf=uygw,f)twGufyg ta&;}uD;wJh udpPw&yf jzpfaewmrkd@ 'Dar;cGef;udk
jynfjh ynfph pkH kH aphaphpyfpyf ajzr,fq&kd if 'Dar;cGe;f wckwnf;&JŒ tajzeJ@wif pmwtkyf
jzpfoGm;Edkifygw,f? 'gayr,fh cifAsm;&JŒ tar;udkawmh usaemhf taeeJ@ jzpfEdkifor#
±_axmifhaygif;pHku csOf;uyf+yD; tESpfcsKyf ajzqdkEdkifzkd@ }udK;yrf;=unfhygr,f?
vuf&dSusaemfwkd@ EdkifiHrSm jrefrmvlrsdK;/ Ak'<bmom0ifawGu trsm;pk
vlrsdK;}uD;jzpf+yD; usefwJh &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;/ u&if/ u,m;/ &cdkifpwJhvlrsdK;awGeJ@ rlp
vif/ c&pf,mef/ [dENLpwJh bmom0ifawGu vlenf;pk vlrsdK;pkawG jzpf=uygw,f?
'gayr,fh wcsdefu &cdkifvlrsdK;awG[m ol@xD; ol@eef; ol@=uiSef; ol@,Of
aus;r_ "avhxHk;wrf;awGeJ@ aexkdifvmcJhwJh vlrsdK;jzpfw,fqdkwmudk usaemfwkd@
rarhoifhygbl;? &cdkif,Ofaus;r_&JŒ oufwrf;[m jrefrm,Ofaus;r_ oufwrf;xuf
trsm;}uD;ydk+yD; &Snf=um &ifhanmif;w,f qdkwmudk usaemfwkd@ rarhoifhygbl;?
115
rGefvlrsdK;awG&JŒ rGefEdkifiHawGqdk&ifvnf; wcdsefu jrefrmEdkifiHeJ@ yckH;csif;,SOf &ifaygif
wef;+yD; wnf&dScJhzl;wm tm;vHk;todygyJ? &Srf;a'oqdk&ifvnf; ol@qdkif&mqdkif&m
apmfbmG ; apmfcaH wGe@J oD;jcm;vGwv f yfwhJ Edik if iH ,f uav;rsm;tjzpf wcsed u f tcdik f
trm &yfwnfEdkifcJh=uw,f qdkwmudk usaemfwkd@ raroifhygbl;?
'gayr,fh jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒ ordkif;a=umif;udk avhvmoHk;oyf=unfhr,fqdk&if
jrefrmvlrsdK;[m tjcm;aom vlrsdK;awGxuf ppfaoG; ppfrmef ydkrdkwufºuGcJhzG,f&dSyg
w,f? tJ'D"mwfcH&JŒ tudsK;quftjzpf ppfa&;ppf&m
rSmvnf; tjcm;vlrsdK;awGxuf ydk+yD;u|rf;usif ydkifEdkif
cJh=uyHk&ygw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; taemf&xm/ bk&ifh ppfrSefwJh wdkif;&if;om;
aemif/ tavmif;bk&m;qdkwJh ppfbk&ifawG vufxuf pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;
rSm us,fjyef@}uD;rm;wJh EdkifiHudk wnfaqmufEdkifcJh=u qdkwm "m;rdk;xm;wJh
wm jzpfygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm wcsuf eufeuf±_dif;±_dif; nD ! G w f a &;rsd K ;
awG;qifjcif =unf=h uzk@d aumif;wmu tJ'pD pfb&k ifawG r[kwfbJ EdkifiHtwGif;
&JŒ vkyf&yfudk jrefrmvlrsdK;awGbufu =unfh&if EdkifiH rSDwif;ae xdkif=uwJh
awmfudk pnf;vHk;nD!Gwf cdkifrmatmif wnfaqmuf
vl r sd K ;awG t m;vH k ;
wmjzpfw,fv@dk ±_jrif=urSm jzpfayr,fh usaemf txuf
txl ; ojzif h
rSm ajymcJhwJh vlenf;pk vlrsKd;awG bufu =unfh&if
b,fvdk ±_jrif=uovJqdkwJh tcsufyg? olwkd@rsufpdxJ vl r sd K ;pk t m;vH k ; &J Œ
rSm 'g[m jrefrmbk&if/ jrefrmvlrsdK;awGu r[mvlrsdK; v_dufvSJ!GwfEl;wJh
}uD;0g' tawG;tac:eJ@ olwkd@tay: tEdkifusifh Adkvf yl ; aygif ; yg0if
uswJh vkyf&yfyJvkd@ ±_jrifcJh=uaumif; ±_jrifcJh=uygvdrhf wnf a qmuf r _ e J @ om
r,f? tm;rwefvkd@ rmefav#mhvdkuf&ayr,fh tJ'D &&dSEdkifr,fæ
vlrsKd;pkawGxJu ppfaoG;ppfrmef xufoefwJh vlwcsKd@
pdwfxJrSmawmh “rdk;aumif;wkef; &Gmxm;OD;aygh”qdk+yD;
aw;xm;=urSm rvGyJ gb;l ? wzufu=unhaf wmh trsKd ;om; aoG;pnf;nD!w G f cdik rf m
tm;aumif;a&;? wzufu=unfhawmh tEdkifusifhAdkvfus usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufr_/ rwl
uGJjym;jcm;em;wJh vlrsdK;awGpk+yD; aexkdif=uwJh EdkifiHawGrSm tJovdkrsdK;tjzpfawG
ay:aygufavh&dSwwfwm obm0ygyJ?
jrefrmEdik if t
H wGi;f tpOftquf aexdik v f mcJ=h uwJh vlrsKd ;pkawGpw d x f rJ mS
jrefrmvlrsdK;tay: tJovdk cHpm;csufawG &dSaumif; &dSaeEdkifw,fqdkwJh tcsufudk
usaemf awm&rf;r,fbGJ@ rSef;qcsufoufoufeJ@ ajymwmr[kwfygbl;? AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef; OD;aqmifwJh (zqyv)tzGJ@}uD;u +Adwdo#udkvdkeD tkyfpdk;olawGvufxJ
u jrefrmEkdifiH&JŒ vGwfvyfa&;udk jyef,lr,fvkyfawmh tJ'DvlrsdK;pktcsKd@&JŒ acgif;
aqmiftcsKdŒ jynfreJ@twl vGwfvyfa&;r,lbl;vkd@ oabmxm;ay;cJh=uwmawG/
116
aemufqHk; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JŒ uwdopPmeJ@ ±kd;om;ajzmifhrwf wnf=unfr_
tay: ,Hk=unfpjyKvm=u+yD; twlwl wvHk;wpnf;wnf; vGwfvyfa&;,l=u
r,fvkd@ oabmwlcJh=u+yD; aemufrSmawmifrS jrefrmvlrsdK;tay: &dSaeao;wJh
oHo, tºuGif;tusef&JŒ v_H@aqmfwkdufwGef;r_a=umifh aemif(10)ESpft=umrSm
rdrdwkd@u qEN&dS&if jynfaxmifpkxJu cGJxGufcGifhjyK&r,fqdkwJhpmydk'fudk zGJ@pnf;yHk
tajccHOya'xJrSm xnfhay;cJh&wmawGpwJh tcsufawGudk =unfh&if usaemfh&JŒ
rSef;qcsuf[m tajctjrpfrJh r[kwfbl;qdkwmudkawG@&rSmyg?
'Dae&mrSm pum;pyfrdvkd@ ajymp&mwck&dSygw,f? tJ'guawmh Adkvf
ae0if;eJ@ oljyKpkysdK;axmifay;cJhwJh ppftm%m&Sif tqufqufwkd@u (1962)ckESpf
tm%modrf;r_udk w&m;0ifjzpfapzkd@ &nf&G,f+yD; jyoavh&dSwJh ta=umif;jycsuf
jzpfygw,f? olw@dk u (1947) zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'[m +Adwo d #w@dk vufatmufrmS
qGJcJh&wJh tajccHOya'jzpfwJhtwGuf tm;enf;csufawG &dScJhw,f? tJ'D tm;enf;
csufa=umifh (1962)ckESpfrSm trsdK;om;a&; tusyftwnf;}uD; ay:aygufvmcJh&
um tJ'Dtusyftwnf;udk ajz&Sif;zkd@wyfrawmfu tm%modrf;cJh&wm jzpfw,f
vk@d wGiwf iG af jymavh &dcS =hJ uygw,f? olw@dk ajymwJh tm;enf;csuq f wkd m txufrmS
azmfjycJhwJh “cGJxGufcGifh” udpPjzpfygw,f?
Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; trSL;jyKwJh Edik if aH cgi;f aqmif}u;D awG[m vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHk
pka0;aexdik =f uwJh jrefrmEdik if &H ŒJ ordik ;f a=umif;udk ajcajcjrpfjrpf *Ce% em;vnf
oabmaygufwJh ppfrSefwJh rsdK;cspfyk*~dKvf}uD;awGjzpf=uovdk tifrwefrSvnf;
tajrmftjrif}uD;wJh ynm&Sif}uD;awG jzpf=uygw,f? ppfrSefwJh wdkif;&if;om; pnf;
vH;k nD!w G af &;qdw k m "m;rd;k xm;wJh nD!w G af &;rsKd ; r[kwb f J Edik if t
H wGi;f rSw D if;ae
xdkif=uwJh vlrsdK;awGtm;vHk; txl;ojzifh vlrsdK;pktm;vHk;&JŒ v_dufvSJ!GwfEl;wJh
yl;aygif;yg0if wnfaqmufr_eJ@om &&dSEdkifr,f qdkwmudk eufeuf±_dif;±_dif; oabm
ayguf em;vnfxm;=uolawG jzpfygw,f? 'Dvkd acgi;f aqmifrsKd ;awG ta=utvnf
wkdifyifn‡dE_dif; a&;qGJxm;wJh tajccHOya'[m c|wf,Gif;csuf/ tm;enf;csufawGeJ@
tjypftemtqm ruif;wJh tajccHOya' b,fvjkd zpfEikd rf mS vJ? tJ'D tcsed t f cgrmS
wnf&dSaewJh tajctaeay:rlwnf+yD; taumif;qHk; a&;qGJxm;cJh=uwJh tajccHOy
a' jzpfygw,f? tJ'D cGJxGufcGifheJ@ ywfoufvkd@vnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u “tJ'D
q,fESpftwGif; usKyfwkd@ArmvlrsdK;u vlrsdK;pkawGrSm &dSaewJh oHo,awG uif;pif
yaysmufomG ;atmif }udK;yrf;vkyaf qmif=u&rSmaygæ h ? tJovdk vkyEf ikd =f ur,fq&kd if
q,fESpfjynfhvnf; olwkd@ cGJxGufcsif=uawmhrSm r[kwfbl;”qdk+yD; tJ'Dpmydk'fudk
xnfo h iG ;f zk@d oabmwlcw hJ m jzpfygw,f? tJ'pD myd'k u f kd xnfoh iG ;f cGihf jyKcJ=h uayr,fh
vlrsdK;pkawG&JŒ jynfoltrsm;pk}uD;&JŒ qENrygbJ cGJxGufvkd@ r&atmif tJ'Dacgif;
aqmif}uD;awGu t&Htwm;awG tcdkiftrm vkyfxm; cJhw,fqdkwmvnf; tJ'D
117
tajccHOya'udk omrefavhvm±kHeJ@ od&dSEdkifygw,f? EdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;twGuf
'ga=umifh Adkvfae0if;eJ@ ppftm%m&Sif tqufquf toufay;oGm;cJh=u&wJh
[m jrefrmEdkifiHxJ ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk oGwfoGif;xl aus;Zl ; &S i f } uD ; awG & J Œ
axmif+yD; &moufyef oufqdk;&Snfapzkd@ &nf&G,fvkyf aus;Zl ; opP m ud k
aqmifcJhwJh olwkd@&JŒvkyf&yf w&m;r#w rSefuefw,f trSefwu,fyJ
qdkwmudk ta=umif;jyEdkifzkd@ &nf&G,fcsuf wckwnf;eJ@
apmifhod±kdaow,fqdk&if
Edik if jH yK acgi;f aqmif}uD;awG a&;qGcJ w hJ hJ tajccHOya'udk
tJ'D aus;Zl;&SifawG
ta=umif;&Sm tjypfzkd@ ajym qdkae=uwmuawmh
tifrwef &ifemp&m aumif; vSygw,f? vkyfaqmifoGm;wJh
wu,fawmh tajccHOya'qdw k m tkycf sKyfcH vkyf&yfawGudk æ
jynfoleJ@ tkyfcsKyfwJh tpdk;&t=um; ESpfOD;oabmwl
csKyfqkd=uwJh uefx±kduf pmcsKyfwckom jzpfygw,f?
vlom;awG&ŒJ ordik ;f a=umif;[m wajzmifw h nf; worwfwnf; roGm;bJ tvSnt hf ajymif;
tauG@tcsKd ;awG &dw S t hJ wGuf vlawGqx JG m;=uwJh tajccHOya'awG[mvnf; jzKwf&/ jznf&h /
jyif&wmawG &dSwwfwm obm0yg? urBmay:rSm b,fEdkifiH&JŒ tajccH Oya'rS pwifjyXmef;
wJh tcsdefup+yD; aemifESpfaygif; &maxmif=umonfhwdkif rjzKwf&/ rjznfh/ rjyif&wJh tajccH
Oya'qdw k m r&dyS gb;l / Ak'o
< moemrSm 'Duae@&aSd ewJh 0denf;awmfawGukd a*gwrAk'j< rwfpmG
bk&m;u w}udrfwnf;rSm tm;vHk;udk jyXmef;cJhwm r[kwfygbl;? jrwfpGmbk&m; oufawmf
xif&Sm;&dSpOf umvwavsmufvHk;/ jznfhpGuf/ jyifqifcJh+yD;aemufrSmrS tckavmuf rsm;jym;
ayr,fh ckdifrmpGm wnf&dSaewm jzpfygw,f? tJovdk jznfhpGuf/ jyifqifwmawG vkyfcJhwJh
twGuf a&SŒujyXmef;cJw h hJ jrwfpmG bk&m;&JŒ 0denf;awmfawG[m tm;enf;csu/f c|w, f iG ;f csuf
tjypftem tqmawG&dSaewJh 0denf;awmfawGvkd@ ajym=urSmvm;? EdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;
twGuf toufay;oGm;cJh=u&wJh aus;Zl;&Sif}uD;awG&JŒ aus;Zl;opPmudk trSefwu,fyJ
apmifhod±kdaow,fqdk&if tJ'D aus;Zl;&SifawG vkyfaqmifoGm;wJh vkyf&yfawGudk jzKwfy,f/
jznfhpGuf jyifqif±kHavmufom vkyf&rSmyg? olwkd@ vkyfoGm;wJhtvkyfudk tjypfr&dS tjypf&Sm
axmufjy ajymqd+k yD; olw@dk vufe@J a&;oGm;wmudk ajceJ@zsuw f m/ Oya'wckv;Hk ukd zsuo f rd ;f
ypfwm[m aus;Zl;qyfwm r[kwfwJhtjyif aus;Zl;odwwfwmawmif r[kwfygbl;?
aus;Zl;uef;wmom jzpfygw,f?
cifAsm;&JŒ ar;cGef;qDudk jyefoGm;=u&atmif? 'Duae@ urBmrSm jynfaxmifpk EdkifiH
wcsKdŒ +yKduGJoGm;cJhwmudk axmufjy+yD; jynfaxmifpk r+yKduGJa&;twGuf tm%modrf;&wm
jzpfygw,f? tm%mudk qufvuf qkyfudkifxm;&wm jzpfygw,f? tm%mudk &mouf
yef qufvuf qkyfudkifoGm;zkd@ }udK;yrf;ae&wm jzpfygw,fqdkwJh Adkvfae0if; trSL;jyKwJh
ppftm%m&SifawG&JŒ ta=umif;jycsuf[m usdK;a=umif; qDavsmfr_ r&dSbl;vm;? olwkd@[m
tJ'u D pd t P wGuf wu,fyJ pd;k &dryf yl efae=uwm rjzpfEikd b f ;l vm;vk@d cifAsm; ar;xm;ygw,f?
118
rSeyf gw,f? cifAsm;ajymcJw h t
hJ wdik ;f jynfaxmifpEk ikd if w H csKŒd +yKduo JG mG ;cJ=h uygw,f?
tJ'DxJrSm txif&Sm;qHk;uawmh qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkeJ@ ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m; jynfaxmifpk
wk@d ygy?J 'gt h jyif csuu f pkd vdAk ufu;D ,m; Edik if [ H mvnf; csuef @J pvkAd ufq+kd yD; ESpEf ikd if H uGo J mG ;
cJhygw,f? 'ghtjyif 'Duae@urBmay:rSm cGJxGufcGifhjy\emeJ@ }uKHawG@&ifqdkifae&wJh EdkifiHawG
tawmfrsm;rsm; &dSaew,fqdkwJh tcsufudkvnf; usaemfwkd@ owdjyKrdygw,f? wl&uDu
um'fawG/ qdkufy&yfpfu *&dEG,fzGm;awGeJ@ wl&uDEG,fzGm;awG/ pydefu bufpfjynfe,f/
oD&v d uFmu wrDvu f sm;olyek af wG/ tEN, d Edik if uH tmoHe@J r%dy&l jynfe,fawG/ xkid ;f Edik if H
u rlpvifolykefawG/ zdvpfydkifEdkifiHu rlpvifolykefawG/ &S&Sm;u acscsif;nm jynfe,f/
a*smf*sD,mu tufbfcgZD;,m;eJ@ awmifykdif; tdkqufwD;,m; jynfe,fawG pojzifh cGJxGuf
a&;jy\emeJ@ eyef;vHk;ae&wJh EdkifiHawG urBmrSm ta&twGuf tawmftwef&dSae=uwm
avhvmoltrsm;tod jzpfygw,f?
cGJxGufa&; jy\em[m 'Duae@ urBm}uD; &ifqdkifae&wJh jy\emawGxJu
av;euf}uD;rm;wJh jy\emwckjzpfygw,f? aoaocsmcsm awG;=unfh&if a&ajrobm0
&moDOwkay: rlwnf+yD; uGJjym;jcm;em;pGm ay:xGef;pkpnf;vmcJh=uwJh vlrsdK;aygif;rsm;pGm
wnf&dSaewJh usaemfwkd@ urBm}uD;rSm EdkifiHwdkif;EdkifiHwdkif;[m ('D*&Drwlwmom &dSr,f) tJ'D
vlrsdK;pk jy\emudk yHko¿mef wrsdK;r[kwf wrsdK;eJ@ }uKHawG@&ifqkdif ae=u&wmcsnf; jzpfyg
w,f? EkdifiHwkdif;rSm vlrsKd;wrsKd;eJ@wrsKd; xdrdcdkufrd wdk;rdwdkufrd (crash)wmawG uawmh
t+rJvdkvdk &dSaewmyJ jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh EdkifiHa&;pepf rSefuef+yD; (avmuygvw&m;
v$r;f rk;d wJh Edik if aH &;pepfukd qdv k w
kd m jzpfygw,f) ^m%fynm tajrmftjrif}uD;rm;wJh Edik if aH &;
acgif;aqmifawG tkyfcsKyfwJh EdkifiHawGrSmawmh tJ'Djy\em[m &SOfhvnf;av#mufom ysm;
vnf; pGo J m (win-win)enf;vrf;eJ@ ajz&Si;f vk@d &wJh jy\emi,fwck tjzpfom wnf&aSd e
avh+yD; EdkifiHa&;pepfuvnf; rrSefuef/ EdkifiH acgif;
aqmifawGuvnf; ^m%fynm tajrmftjrif enf;
^m%f y nm tajrmf t jrif yg;wJh EdkifiHawGrSmawmh tJ'Djy\em[m Oo#pfoD;
}uD;rm;wJh EdkifiHa&; ESpfvHk;xk/ ESpfvkH;pvHk;uGJ qdkovdk aygufuGJvGifhpif
acgif ; aqmif a wG a=urG+yD; b,fbufurS tEdkifr&rSm aocsmwJh jy
tk y f c sKyf w J h \emwcktjzpf tcsdefra&G; aygufuGJEdkifwJh tcdk;
Ed k i f i H a wG r S m awmh taiG@awGe@J jynfu h syf wif;rmaewJh bdKG ifvmtd;k }uD;
tJ ' D j y\em[m wckvdk wnf&dSaeavh&dSwm jzpfygw,f?
&SOfhvnf;av#mufom 'Duae@acwfopf urBmrSm jynfaxmifpk +yKduGJ
ysm;vnf; pGJom oGm;w,fqw kd hJ Edik if w
H csKŒd &dcS w
hJ m/ cGx J u G af &; jy\
(win-win) enf;vrf;eJ@ emeJ @ ezl ; awG @ 'l ; awG @ &if q d k i f a e&wJ h EdkifiHwcsKdŒ
&d S a ewm wu,f h t ppf t rS e f tcsuf t vuf
ajz&Sif;vkd@&wJh
(fact) jzpfw,f? wu,fhtjzpfrSef yuwd t&dS
jy\emi,f w ck æ
119
w&m; (Reality) jzpfw,fqw kd m a&SŒwae&mrSm usaemfazmfjycJh +yD;yg+yD? tJ'x D rJ mS
rS jynfaxmifpkr+yKduGJa&; (wenf;) EdkifiHr+yKduGJa&;twGuf tm%modrf;&ygw,f
vkd@ ajymavh&Sd=uwJh ppfacgif;aqmifawG (txl;ojzifh usaemfwkd@ EdkifiHu Adkvf
armifarmif/ Adkvfae0if;/ Adkvfapmarmif/ Adkvfoef;a&$wkd@ OD;aqmifwJh ppfacgif;
aqmifawG) emrnf xkwfrajymayr,fh tm;vHk;od+yD;om; &nf!$ef;ajymqdkavh&Sd
=uwmuawmh qdAk , D uf jynfaxmifp+k yKdurJG /_ ,l*pkd vm;AD;,m; jynfaxmifp+k yKdurJG /_
ta&SŒwDarmEdkifiH ay:xGufvmr_/ udkqdkAdkEdkifiHopf ay:xGufvmr_wkd@yJ jzpfygw,f?
AdkvfarmifarmifeJ@ Adkvfae0if;wkd@ta=umif;uawmh 'Dpmtkyf a&SŒydkif;wae&mrSm
tawmftwef azmfjycJh+yD;jzpfwmrkd@ 'Dae&mrSm csefvSyfxm;cJh+yD; AdkvfapmarmifeJ@
Adkvfoef;a&$wkd@&JŒ ta=umif;jycsufawGudkyJ tav;ay;aqG;aEG;oGm;ygr,f? olwkd@
ESpfOD;eJ@ olwkd@&JŒ aemufvdkuf aemufygawGu jrefrmEdkifiHudk wyfrawmfu tckvdk
wif;wif;usyfusyf xdef;csKyfxm;vkd@om pnf;vHk;nD!GwfwJh EdkifiHwcktjzpf quf
vufwnf&dSaewm jzpfw,f? wu,fvkd@ twdkuftcHawG awmif;qdkaewJh twdkif;
'Drdkua&pDqdkwmudkom xGef;um;cGifh jyKvdkuf&if (wenf;)wif;wif;usyfusyf csKyf
udkifxm;r_awGudkom av#mhayghay;vdkufr,fqdk&if jrefrmEdkifiH[m qdkAD,uf jynf
axmifpkvdk/ ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m; jynfaxmifpkvdk +yKduGJoGm;vdrfhr,f? tJovdk rjzpf
awmif tenf;qH;k awmh ta&SŒwDarm Edik if o H pf/ udq k Akd Ekd ikd if o
H pfawG ay:xGuf vmo
vdk &Srf;EdkifiHopf/ u&ifEdkifiHopf/ rGefEdkifiHopfawG ay:xGufvmvdrfhr,fvkd@ ajymqdk
ae=uygw,f? wcsdefwnf;rSm olwkd@u tJ'D jynfaxmifpkawG +yKduGJjcif;&JŒ t"du
ta=umif;&if;u jynfy ya,m*jzpfw,f (wenf;) EGm;uGJatmifvkyf+yD;rS 0ifqGJwJh
usm;ipOf;vJ&JŒ enf;vrf;twdkif; trsdK;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&; +yKduGJ+yD; tiftm;
csnfheJ@oGm;wJh EdkifiHi,fawGukd acwfrDenf;opfeJ@ u|efjyKvdkwJh udkvdkeD vufopf
EdkifiH}uD;awG&JŒ ya,m*jzpfw,fvkd@ ajymqdkae=uygw,f?
tJ'Dawmh tJ'DajymqdkcsufawG[mvnf; (fact) jzpfovm;? (Reality)
jzpfovm;? 'grSr[kwf av#mhav#mhayghaygh (at best)ajym&&if todynmEHkeJ@olawG/
rn‡mpwrf; (at worst) ajym&&if ±k;d om;ajzmifrh wfr_ r&do S al wG&ŒJ ta=umif;jycsuf
oufouf jzpfovm; qdkwmudk pOf;pm;=unfh=u&atmif? yxrqHk; qdkAD,uf
jynfaxmifpkta=umif; pOf;pm;=u&atmif? ('Dae&mrSm qdkAD,uf jynfaxmifpk
wnf&cdS w hJ hJ ESpaf ygi;f (70)umvta=umif; wckv;kH udk bufpakH xmifph u kH tao;pdwf
oHk;oyfazmfjyrSm r[kwfbJ usaemfh tajzeJ@ oufqdkifwJh tydkif;awGavmufudkom
a&G;xkwfqef;ppf oHk;oyfoGm;rSm jzpfygw,f? usefwJhjynfaxmifpkeJ@ EdkifiHawGeJ@
ywfoufvkd@vnf; tJovdkyJ wifjyoGm;rSm jzpfygw,f?) qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk
[m um;vfrmhcfpfeJ@ tdef*s,fwkd@ wDxGifcJhwJh uGefjrLepf0g'ac: vlr_tawG;tac:
wckukd vDeifu vufawG@ taumiftxnfazmf&mu ay:ayguv f mwJh yx0D qdik &f m
120
wnf&dSr_ (geographical entity) wck jzpfygw,f? uGefjrLepf0g'&JŒ tajccHu
tusO;f tm;jzifh 'Dvykd g? urBmay:rSm tajccHtm;jzifh zdEydS w f hJ vlwef;pm;eJ@ tzdEydS cf H
vlwef;pm;qdk+yD; vlwef;pm; ESpf&yfyJ&dSw,f? zdESdyfwJh vlwef;pm;qdkwmu ukef
xkwfud&d,mawGudk ydkifqdkifxm;+yD; ukefxkwfqufqHa&;pepfudk appm;armif;ESif
um ukefxkwfpGrf;tm;pk&JŒ tcsdK;tpm; {&mrtrsm;pk}uD;udk &&dScHpm;aewJh
t&if;&Sif vlwef;pm;jzpfw,f? tJ'Dvlwef;pm;u ol&JŒrw&m; aoG;pkyf tjrwf
xkwfr_udk tumtuG,fay;zkd@twGuf EdkifiHawmfqdkwmudk xlaxmifxm;+yD;
ppfwyf/ &Jwyfz@JG / w&m;±k;H / tusO;f axmifpwmawGu tJ'ED ikd if aH wmf&ŒJ aomhcsuf
us tpdwftydkif; (Key apparatus)awG jzpf=uw,f? tzdESdyfcH vlwef;pm;
qdw k muawmh zdEydS w f hJ vlwef;pm;u Edik if aH wmfqw
kd hJ zdEydS af &;,E &W m;udk toH;k jyK
+yD; zdEdSyfaoG;pkyf tjrwfxkwfwmr_udk cHae&wJh jynfolvlxk trsm;pk}uD;
jzpfw,f? t&if;&SifawGu EkdifiHawmftm%mudk t+rJwrf;&,lodrf; ydkufxm;wJh
tJ'D t&if;&Sifpepf[m urBmhvlom;tm;vHk; (t&nftcsif;eJ@ ZGJ/ vHk@v/ 0d&d,
tay:rlwnf+yD; ) nDwlr#wl &,lcHpm; ydkifcGifh&dSwJh urBm}uD;&JŒ "eOpPmawGudk
w&m;r#wr_ r&dSpGm jzef@a0xm;wJhpepfjzpfwJhtwGuf wenf;ajym&&if t&if;&Sif
pepf v$rf;rkd;wJh urBm}uD;[m yHkysufyef;ysuf jzpfaewJh rlrrSefwJh urBm}uD;jzpfae
wJt h wGuf (tajccHtm;jzifh ordik ;f OD;bHak jr acwfuvdk ) rlreS u f rBm}uD; jyefjzpfvm
atmif awmfvSefajymif;vJ ypf&r,f? tJ'DawmfvSefa&;udk t&if;&SifawG&JŒ zdESdyf
aoG;pkyfr_udk tcH&qHk; jzpfovdk tvdktavsmuf pkpnf;rd+yD;om;vnf;jzpfaewJh
tvkyform;vlwef;pm;u OD;aqmif&r,f? awmfvSefa&;&JŒ yxrtqifhtaeeJ@
t&if;&Siftm%mudk t=urf;enf;eJ@ +zdKzsuf+yD; tvkyform;tm%mac: t&if;rJh
tm%m&Sipf epf ( proletariat dictatorship)udk xlaxmif&r,f? 'gayr,fh tcsed f
wcsdefus&ifawmh tJ'D tm%m&Sifpepf[mvnf; csKyf+idrf;oGm;+yD; uGefjrLepf0g'&JŒ
tE Wdr ar#mfrSef;csufjzpfwJh ajr}uD;ay:u avmuedAŠmef jzpfwJh “EdkifiHrJh vl@tzGJ@
tpnf; (Stateless Society) ay:aygufvmr,f? tJovdk jzpfygw,f?
'gudk=unfh&if tE Wdrar#mfrSef;csuf yef;wdkifqDta&mufoGm;wJh vrf;rSm
uGejf rKepf0g'&JŒ ta&;ygwhJ tqifw h qifu h tiftm; toH;k jyK xde;f odr;f umuG,f
apmifha&Smufxm;wJh t&if;&Sif(okd@) ya'o&mZf vlwef;pm;&JŒ tm%mudk tvkyf
orm; vlwef;pm;u tiftm;toHk;jyK vk,l&rSm jzpfw,fqdkwmudk awG@&yg
vdrrhf ,f? wenf;tm;jzifh ypPn;f rJh (0g) t&if;rJh tm%m&Sipf epf wnfaqmufa&;
jzpfygw,f? tJ'Denf;vrf;t& vDeifOD;aqmifwJh ±k&Sm;uGefjrLepfygwD[m (1917)
ckEpS f azazmf0g&vD rSm vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; w&yfqifEu J$ m Zmbk&if&ŒJ ya'
o&mZfpepfudk +zdKcsvdkuf+yD; tJ'DESpf atmufwdkbmvrSm wcg wefjyefawmf
121
vSefa&;orm;awGudk z,f&Sm;&Sif;vif;wJh awmfvSefa&;w&yfudk xyfrH qifE$J
um ypPnf;rJh tm%m&Sifpepfudk wnfaqmufcJhygw,f?
ypPnf;rJh tm%m&SifpepfqdkwJh pum;&yfeJ@tnD tm%m& uGefjrL
epfygwaD cgi;f aqmifawG[m t&if;&Sif (ok@d ) ya'o&mZf tm%mudk ud, k pf m;
jyKw,fvkd@ oHo,&dSolawGtay: =urf;=urf;wrf;wrf; jyif;jyif;xefxef
EdSyfuGyfcJh=uwmudk awG@&dS&ygw,f? 'Dtcsufudk awmfvSefa&;t+yD; odyfr=um
cifrmS uG,v f eG of mG ;cJw
h hJ vDeifvufxufrmS odyx f ifxif&mS ;&Sm; rawG@c&hJ ay
r,fh ol@udkqufcHwJh acgif;aqmifawG (txl;ojzifh pwmvif) vufxufrSm
awmh &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;}uD;udk jrifawG@cJh=u&ygw,f? olwkd@vufxufrSm
uGefjrLepfygwD tpdk;&[m jynfwGif; vHk+cHKa&;wyfzGJ@ac: v#Kd@0SufykvdyftzGJ@udk
toHk;jyK+yD; jynfolawGtay: wif;wif;usyfusyf xdef;csKyfcJhovdk wyfeDawmf
ac: ppfwyfukd toH;k jyK+yD; Edik if aH wmf&ŒJ ydik ef ufe,fajreJ@ “tcsKyftjcmtm%m
wnfwchH ikd +f rJa&;twGuf cyf=urf;=urf; aqmif&u G cf yhJ gw,f? wenf;ajym&&if
wcsdefu tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif EdkifiHawGjzpfcJh=uwJh 'grSr[kwf acwf
tqufquf }uD;rm;rsm;jym;vSwhJ ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfciG ahf wG &&dcS =hJ uwJh e,fajr
a'oawGudk qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkqdkwJh acgif;pOfatmufrSm t"rRpkpnf;
aexkdifapcJhygw,f? 'ghtjyif taemuftkyfpkEdkifiHawG&JŒ aewdk;tzGJ@udk wef
jyefz@dk zG@J pnf;cJw
h hJ 0gaqm pmcsKyftzG@J ukd toH;k jyK +yD;awmhvnf; ta&SŒOa&my
EdkifiHawGudk rdrd&JŒ =u,f&HEdkifiHrsm;tjzpf xm;&dScJhygw,f? tJovdk =u,f&H
tjzpfxm;&dSwJh udpPrSmvnf; tiftm; toHk;jyK
cJhw,fqdkwJhtcsufudk (1968)ckESpf csufudkpvdk
AufuD;,m;EdkifiHeJ@ (1956)ckESpf [efa*&DEdkifiHwkd@ tif t m;ud k toH k ; jyK+yD ;
rSm jzpfysufcJhwJh tjzpftysufawGu oufaojy tm%m&S i f p epf tay:
aeygw,f? tajccH (wenf ; )
tckwifjycJhor#udk tESpfcsKyf+yD; ajym vl x k q EN t ay:tajcrcH /
&&if qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkeJ@ ol@&JŒ tifydkif,m tifyg,m0if EdkifiHawG&JŒ
[m w&m;Oya'eJ@ avsmfnDr_ r&dSwJh (unlegiti- qEN t ay: tajcrcH b J
mate) tiftm;udk toHk;jyK+yD; tm%m&Sifpepf
wnf a qmuf x m;cJ w J h t &m
tay: tajccH (wenf;) vlxq k ENtay:tajcrcH/
jzpf w ma=umif h tpyd k i f ; rS m
tifyg,m0if EdkifiHawG&JŒ qENtay: tajcrcHbJ
wnfaqmufxm;cJwJht&m jzpfwma=umifh tp b,f a wmh r S
ydkif;rSm b,fawmhrS +zdKzsufvkd@r&EdkifwJh (un +zdKzsufvkd@r&EdkifwJh æ
destructible) tifyg,m}uD;wckyrm ,lqp&m
jzpfcJhayr,fh q,fpkESpf(7)ckavmuf t=umrSmyJ
122
“wdrfwcJeuf ±_&if;ysuf”qdkovdk AHk;AHk;vJ +yKdus ysufpD;oGm;cJh&wm jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh
aoaocsmcsm tEkvykH ÉdvkH avhvmqef;ppf oH;k oyf=unfrh ,fq&kd if qdAk , D ufjynfaxmifpek @J
ol@&ŒJ tifyg,m+yKduyJG supf ;D &jcif; ta=umif;&if;[m 'Duae@txd wcsKŒd aom a&S;±k;d pGJ uGejf rL
epfawG ,lqae=uovdk a*:bmcsuf&JŒ *vyfpfaemheJ@ yD&Dpx±kdufumvnf; r[kwf/
taemuftkyfpk&JŒ ajcxdk;aESmifh,Suf zsufqD;r_ (subversive ness)vnf; r[kwfygbl;?
usaemfw@dk ywfywfvnfu avxkxrJ mS a&m*gy;kd r$m;awG ukaËukËm &daS eayr,hf
olwkd@u udk,fcHtm;enf;aewJh vlawGudkom wdkufcdkufEdkifw,fqdkwm tm;vHk;todygyJ?
tJ'Dawmh qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk+yKduGJ &wm[m “ rsdK;aphrrSef yifroef”wJh oabmom
jzpfygw,f?
,l*pkd vm;AD;,m; jynfaxmifpk +yKdu&JG wm[mvnf; tajccHoabmtm;jzifh qdAk D
,ufjynfaxmifp+k yKdurJG e_ @J twlwyl J jzpfygw,f? zufqpfawmfveS af &;acgi;f aqmif rm&S,f
wD;wdk; xlaxmifcJhwJh tJ'Djynfaxmifpk[mvnf; “puwnf;u ,Ofoudk”Zmwfvrf;awG
&dScJhwmygyJ?
wD;wdk;&JŒ =oZmt&dSeft0geJ@ tJ'Dwkef;u&dScJhwJh ordkif;a&; tajctaeawGt&
tJ'D jynfaxmifp[ k m cyfvrS ;f vSr;f u=unf&h if wvH;k wpnf; wnDw!Gww f nf; &daS ewJyh pkH H
jrifcJh=u&ayr,fh aemif &mpkw0ufeD;yg;t=um jynfaxmifpktwGif; yg0ifaewJhEdkifiHawGrSm
trsdK;om;EdkifiH pdwf"mwfawGu wzGm;zGm; jrifhwufvmwJh tcsdef/ jynfaxmifpkrSmu
pvdb k 'kd efrv
D pkd AD pfvkd oabmxm; jyif;xefwif;rmwJh jynfaxmifp0k g'aD wGu tm%m&vm
wJhtcsdefeJ@ qHkoGm;wJhtcgrSmawmh ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m; jynfaxmifpk[mvnf; +yKduGJoGm;cJh&
ygawmhw,f? 'Djynfaxmifpk +yKduGJoGm;&r_rSmawmh a&S;±dk;pGJ uGefjrLepfawG vufnd‡K;xkd;p&m
a*:bmcsuv f nf;r&d/S *vyfpaemhvnf;r&d/S yD&pD x±ku d u
f mvnf; r&dyS gb;l ? olw@dk &ŒJ tajccH
w&m;cHazmfenf;um;t& taemuftkyfpk&JŒ ajcxdk;aESmifh,Sufr_qdkwm wckyJ &dSygw,f?
'gudkawmh em*pfrkefwdkif; OyrmeJ@ ajz&Sif;Edkifygw,f? em*pfuawmh ol@vrf;a=umif;rSm
&dSaeor# t&mtm;vHk;udk odrf;usKH;wkdufcdkuf zsufqD;ypfzkd@ }udK;pm;cJhwmygyJ? 'gayr,fh
rvJwJh opfyif/ rvJwJhtaqmuftODawG &dScJhwm tm;vHk;todyg?
rDvpkd AD pf[m jynfaxmifp0k ifEikd if aH wG&ŒJ t!Gwt f El;qENukd &,lEikd af &; }udK;yrf;
r_xuf ppfwyftoH;k jyKa&;udk ydt k av;xm;cJw h t
hJ wGuf ,l*pkd vm;AD;,m; jynfaxmifp[ k m
'kwd,urBmppfaemufykdif; Oa&myrSm jzpfyGm;cJhwJh ppfyGJrsm;teuf tqdk;&Gm;qHk;aom ppfyGJ
rsm;eJ@twl +yKduGJoGm;cJh&ovdk oludk,fwkdif[mvnf; ukvor*~ ppf&mZ0wfr_rsm;qdkif&m
w&m;±kH;rSm tppfaq;cHzkd@ txdef;odrf;cHxm;&pOf umvtwGif; aoqHk;oGm;cJh&ygw,f?
,l*dkpvyfjynfaxmifpk&JŒ =urRmqdk;[m tJ'DrSmwif tqHk;owfoGm;wm r[kwfao;ygbl;?
ol@rl0g'&JŒ aemufxyf tusdK;qufwcktjzpf udkqdkAdkjynfe,f[m urBmhacgif;aqmif EdkifiH
awG&JŒ todtrSwfjyKr_eJ@twl jynfaxmifpkxJu cGJxGuf+yD; vGwfvyfwJh EdkifiHwckjzpfoGm;
cJhygw,f? udkqdkAdkEdkifiHopf ay:xGef;vmjcif;udk a&S;±kd;pGJ uGefjrLepfawGu xHk;pHtwdkif;
123
tif ' d k e D ; &S m ;u taemuftkyfpk&J@ ya,m*a=umifhvdk@ vufnd‡K;xdk;cJh
t"rR 0 g'D a wG =uayr,fh vlOD;a&(2)oef;&dSwJh tJ'D jynfe,fvlOD;a&
±_axmifhu=unfh&if &JŒ (90µ)&dSwJh t,fvfab;eD;,ef; EG,fzGm;awGu
jynf a xmif p k + yKd u G J r _ cGx
J uG af &;udk bma=umifh axmufcq H ENrJ ay;cJ=h uwm
jzpf a yr,f h vJ q dkw Jh ar;cG ef;&J Œtajzud k aoaocs mcsm aphik&SmazG
oifhygw,f?
vl o m;&J Œ
ta&SŒwDarmEdkifiHopf ay:xGef;vmwJhudpPudk ao
arG;&mygtcGifhta&;rsm;udk
aocsmcsm avhvm=unfhr,fqdk&ifvnf; qdkAD,uf
av;pm;wefz;kd xm;olawG&ŒJ jynfaxmifp+k yKdurJG /_ ,l*pkd vm;AD;,m;Edik if H +yKdurJG w _ @dk e@J
±_ a xmif h u tESpfom&tm;jzifh twlwljzpfw,fqdkwmudk awG@
=unfh&ifawmh æ jrif=u&rSmyg? tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH teD;rSm wnf&dSwJh
wDarmqdw k u hJ |e;f &JŒ taemufyikd ;f [m tpuwnf;u
tif'dkeD;&Sm;ydkifjzpf+yD; ta&SŒydkif;uawmh acwfopf
ordik ;f udk p+yD; rSww
f rf;wifwhJ umvrSm vGwv f yfwehJ ,fajra'o wckjzpfygw,f?
tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH 'wfcsfwkd@vufatmufu vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;r=umrDrSmyJ ta&SŒ
wDarm[mvnf; ay:wl*v D ufatmufu vGwaf jrmufcyhJ gw,f? 'gayr,fh r=umcif
rSmyJ ta&SŒwDarm[m tif'ekd ;D &Sm;&JŒ ol@Eikd if H e,ferd w d t
f wGi;f ok@d t"rR oGwo f iG ;f
jcif;udk cHcJh&ygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefupvkd@ ta&S@wDarmu rsdK;cspfyk*~dKvfrsm;u vGwf
ajrmufa&; ppfyGJwckudk qifE$JcJh=uygw,f? (1999)ckESpf ukvor*~u OD;pD;+yD;
ta&SŒwDarmom;awGtaeeJ@ tif'kdeD;&Sm;EkdifiH&JŒ tpdwftykdif;tjzpfu cGJxGuf+yD;
vGwfvyfwJh EdkifiHom;awGtjzpf aevdkjcif;&dSr&dS vlxkqENcH,lyGJwck usif;yjyKvkyf
ay;cJhwJh tcgrSmvnf; EdkifiHom; {&mrtrsm;pk}uD;u vGwfvyfa&;,lzkd@bufu
axmufcq H ENrJ ay;cJ=h uygw,f? tJ'rD mS wif uarBm'D;,m;u vlowfuiG ;f (killing
fields)aemufyikd ;f ta&SŒawmiftm&S&ŒJ t&ufpuf t=urf;=uKwfq;kH vlowfy}JG uD;
pwifcyhJ gw,f? ta&SŒwDarmudk vufvw G rf cHvw dk hJ tif'ekd ;D &Sm;ppfwyf&ŒJ urRux
jyKr_eJ@ tJ'Dppfwyfu ausmaxmufaemufcH jyKay;xm;wJh vlrdkufvl&rf;um;awG
[m vGwfvyfa&;vdkvm;wJh ta&SŒwDarmom;awGudk &&mvufeufawG pGJudkif+yD;
awG@&mocsKõ if; "m;rqdik ;f owfjzwfow k o f if =uygawmhw,f? =opa=w;vsEikd if u H
OD;aqmifwhJ ukvor*~ +idr;f csr;f a&;xde;f wyfawG 0ifvm+yD; tajctaeudk xde;f odr;f
EdkifcJhwJhtcsdefrSm ta&SŒwDarmom; odef;eJ@csD+yD; aoqHk; oGm;cJh=u+yD;yg+yD? 'ga=umifh
ta&SŒwDarmEdkifiHopf ay:xGufvmjcif;[m tif'dkeD;&Sm;u t"rR0g'DawG ±_axmifh
u=unfh&if jynfaxmifpk +yKduGJr_ jzpfayr,fh vlom;&JŒ arG;&myg tcGifhta&;rsm;udk
av;pm;wefzdk;xm;olawG&JŒ ±_axmifhu =unfh&ifawmh rw&m;r_wck ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;
cJhjcif;r#om jzpfygw,f?
124
a&SŒwae&mrSm usaemfajymcJhovdkyJ 'Duae@urBmay:u EdkifiHtrsm;pk
(tm;vHk;avmuf)[m rwluGJjym;jcm;em;wJh vlrsdK;awG&JŒ jynfaxmifawGpk+yD; zGJ@
pnf;wnfaqmufxm;wJh jynfaxmifpak wG jzpfygw,f? wcsK@d jynfaxmifpak wGq&kd if
oufwrf;ESpf &meJ@cs+D yD; &Sn=f um&ifah nmif;vS+yD jzpfygw,f? tJovdk rsm;jym;vSwhJ
jynfaxmifpak wGxrJ mS rS bma=umifh qdAk , D ufe@J ,l*pkd vm;AD;,m; jynfaxmifpEk pS cf k
xl;xl;jcm;jcm; +yKduyJG supf ;D oGm;cJ=h u&wmvJ? 'g[m tawmfav;xl;qef;wJh tjzpf
tysufawG jzpfraebl;vm;?
tckqdk&if qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpka&m/ ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;jynfaxmifpkyg
+yKduGJoGm;cJh=uwm ESpfumvt& t=urf;zsif;ajym&if q,fpkESpf ESpfck0ef;usif
avmuf &dScJhyg+yD? ESpfESpfq,feD;yg;qdkwJh tcsdef[m orkdif;qdkif&m aumufcsufwck
rSefw,f rSm;w,fvkd@ oHk;oyf qHk;jzwfEkdifzkd@ ynm&SifawGtwGuf vHkavmufwJh
umvwck r[kwfbl;qdkwJhtcsuf rSefEkdifayr,fh tjzpftysufwckudk jzpfysuf+yD;p
tcsed u f xufawmh trsm;}uD;yd+k yD; wnfwnf+idr+f idrf &if&h ifu h suu f suf =unfEh idk w f hJ
umv twdkif;twmwckvkd@ qdkEdkifr,f xifygw,f?
'Dawmh qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk+yKduGJr_/ ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m; jynfaxmifpk
+yKduGJr_/ ta&SŒwDarmEdkifiHopf ay:xGufvmr_wkd@&JŒ t"duyifr ta=umif;w&m;u
bmvJ? taemuftkyfpk&JŒ ajcxdk;aoG;cGJr_vm;/ a*:bmcsuf&JŒ tqef;xGifr_vm;/
a*:bmcsuu f kd c±kid ;f rD;,m;rSm zrf;csKyfxm;+yD; tm%modr;f zk@d }uHpnfwhJ ppfwyfe@J
t&yfbuf acgif;aqmifwpfpk&JŒ oabmxm;wif;rmr_vm;/ abmhpeD;,m;eJ@ c±kd
at;&Sm;u cGJxGufa&;0g'DawGudk tiftm;oHk;+yD; jyif;jyif;xefxef ESdyfuGyfacsr_ef;zkd@
qmhbfwyfzGJ@awGudk apv$wfcJhwJh pvdkbdk'efrDvdkpDApf&JŒ qHk;jzwfcsufvm;/ vGwfvyf
a&;vdkvm;wJh ta&SŒwDarmom;awGudk &uf&ufpuf
puf EdSyfuGyfacsr_ef;ypfzkd@ trdef@ay;cJhwJh tif'dkeD;&Sm;
ppfAdkvfcsKyfawGvm;? j ynf a xmif p k r +yKd u G J a &;&J Œ
tJ ' gawG tm;vH k ; wck r S r[k w f y gbl ; ? aomh c suf [ m
w%Sm/ rme/ 'dG[qdkwJh arm[ tcdk;tv#HawGudk & 'D r d k u a&pD e J @
atmif z,f&mS ;+yD;=unfEh ikd rf ,fq&kd if tJ'D jynfaxmif
vl @ tcG i f h t a&;rsm;ud k
pk q d k w mawG [ m opf a qG ; opf j rnf h a wG e J @ wnf
tiftm;oHk; EdSyfuGyfr_
aqmufxm;wJh &Jwu kd }f uD;awG jzpfwma=umifh qdw k m
udk awG@=u&rSmyg? tJ'DjynfaxmifpkawG[m t&if;cH r[kwfygbl;? 'Drdkua&pDeJ@
oaE<udku rrSefwJhtwGuf taES; okd@r[kwf tjref vl @ tcG i f h t a&;rsm;ud k
(tedpPoabmudk qdkvdkjcif;r[kwf) rvGJraoGudk av;pm;wef z d k ; xm;r_ o m
+yKdus&rSm jzpfygw,f? a*:bmcsufvufxufrSmeJ@ jzpf y gw,f ?
rDvdkpDApf vufxufrSm r+yKdus&ifvnf; r=umcif
125
wae@rSm +yKdusoGm;rSm {uefyg? EdkifiHacgif;aqmif vlyk*~dKvfqdkwmu tJ'DvdkrsdK;
jynfaxmifpkawG +yKduGJroGm;atmif [ef@wm;umuG,fEdkifwJh wefckd;&SifawG
r[kwfygbl;? olwkd@&JŒ t&nftcsif;u jynfaxmifpkoufwrf;eJ@ +yKduGJysufpD;r_
yrm%tay: oufa&mufr_ enf;enf;yJ&dSygw,f?
'gq&kd if qdAk ,
D ufjynfaxmifpw k @dk / ,l*pkd vm;AD;,m;jynfaxmifpw k @dk
u +yKduGJoGm;cJh=uayr,fh tjcm;rsm;pGmaom jynfaxmifpkawGuawmh bm
a=umifh r+yKduGJ&wmvJ? tay:vGifqHk; E_dif;,SOfjyp&mwckuawmh tar&duef
jynfaxmifpkygyJ? tar&duef jynfaxmifpk&JŒ oufwrf;[m (1776)ckESpfu
pcJhwmrkd@ tckqdk&if ESpfaygif;(230)ausmfoGm;cJhyg+yD? 'ghtjyif jynfe,f
(13)cke@J pwif zG@J pnf;wnfaqmufcw hJ hJ tJ'jD ynfaxmifp[ k m tckq&kd if jynfe,f
aygif;(52)ck yg0ifwJh {&mrjynfaxmifpk}uD; jzpfaeyg+yD? 'ghtjyif tar&duef
jynfaxmifpk[m 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;rSm ol&,lcJhwJh urBmhacgif;aqmifqdkwJh
taetxm;udk 'Duae@txd cdkifckdifrmrm qufvuf &,lxm;,lEdkifqJ jzpf+yD;
'Duae@ tar&duef jynfaxmifpk&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;tiftm;/ ppftiftm;[mvnf;
tjcm;Edik if t H m;vH;k xuf jywfjywfom;om; omvGew f hJ taetxm;rSm &daS eyg
w,f? pdefac:r_tcsKdŒeJ@ &ifqdkif}uKHawG@ ae&ayr,fh w±kwf/ ±k&Sm;eJ@ tdENd,wkd@
tygt0if b,fEdkifiHrS tenf;qHk; aemuf&mpk0ufavmuftxdawmh tar&d
uefjynfaxmifpkudk jzwfausmfoGm;Edkifr,hfyHk r&dSao;ygbl;? tar&duef acgif;
aqmif rsdK;qufopfawGtaeeJ@ twdwfu acgif;aqmifawG&JŒ vkyf&yfawGudk
ydrk jkd ynfph akH tmif rGr;f rHjyifqif jznfph u G v f yk af qmif oGm;Edik rf ,fq&kd if tar&duef
EdkifiH&JŒ urBmheHygwfwpfqdkwJh taetxm;[m 'Duae@ ouf&dSxif &Sm;&dSaewJh
vlom;awGvSrf;jrifEdkifwJh tem*wftxdrSmawmh yHkysufoGm;zkd@ r&dSwJhtjyif
ydkvkd@awmif cdkifrmtm;aumif;vmzkd@yJ &dSygw,f?
'Dawmh jynfaxmifpkwcku +yKdifbufawGudk vkyf}uHowfjzwfr_awG
(xa&mhpuD; tygt0ifpwmvif&ŒJ +yKdib f uf acgi;f aqmif trsm;tjym;) ud, k hf
jynfolawGudk zrf;qD;ESdyfpuf n‡Of;yef;owfjzwfr_awG (qdkufab;&D;,m;u
tusOf;pcef;awG)/ tdrfeD;csif; =u,f&HEdkifiHawG tay: AdkvfustEdkifusifhr_awG
([efa*&DeJ@ csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m;)eJ@ jynfhESufae+yD; oufwrf;ESpf (70)
avmufeJ@ wppD +yKduGJysufpD;oGm;cJhayr,fh tjcm;jynfaxmifpkwckuawmh
wae@wjcm; pnfyifom,m0ajym wdk;wuftm;aumif;cdkifrmvmcJh+yD; ouf
wrf; ESpf(230)ausmfvmwJhtxd wnfwHhaeqJjzpfum a&SŒquf+yD;awmhvnf;
ydkrdkpnfyif0ajym cdkifrmtm;aumif;zkd@ &dSaew,f? tJ'D jynfaxmifpkESpfck&JŒ
t"du jcm;em;csufubmvJ?
126
pl;pl;eufeuf avhvm+yD; ±kd;±kd;om;om; 0efcHEdkif=uolwdkif;uawmh
jynfaxmifpEk pS cf u k kd t"ducGjJ cm;xm;wJh t&m[m 'Dru kd a&pDe@J vl@tcGit fh a&;
jzpfw,fv@dk aocsmayguaf jymqk=d urSm jzpfygw,f? 'Dru dk a&pDe@J vl@tcGit hf a&;
r&dSwJh qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk[m ta0;utjrifrSm pnf;vHk;nD!Gwf uspfvspf
cdkifrmoa,mif xifcJh&ayr,fh oufwrf;ESpf(70)t=umrSm (2001)ckESpf puf
wifbmv(11)&ufae@u urBmhukefoG,fa&;tr$mnDaemif taqmuftOD; +yKd
usovdk wrk[kwfcsif;rSm AHk;AHk;vJ +yKdusysufpD;oGm;cJhygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ vl@
tcGifhta&;&dSwJh tar&duefjynfaxmifpkuawmh ta0;utjrifrSm pDpDavmif
avmif qlqlnHnHoHawGeJ@ avsmhwdavsmh&J uspfvspfcdkifrmr_r&dS yGa,mif;
a,mif; jzpfaeoa,mif xifc&hJ ayr,fh &mpkEpS f
ESpfckausmfwnfwhH cdkif+rJcJh+yD; a&SŒudkvnf;quf
t&uf z d k ; awmif ; wm +yD; yef;yefaeOD;r,fh tvm;tvm&dSaeygw,f?
r&vk d @ 'ga=umifh tESpfcsKyfvdkuf&if jynf
tazt&if ; ud k axmifpkr+yKduGJa&;&JŒ aomhcsuf[m 'Drdkua&pD
"m;eJ@ xdk;owfwJhom;udk eJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tiftm;oHk; EdSyfuGyfr_
axmif ( 10)ES p f o m r[kwfygbl;? 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;
cscJ h a yr,f h ud k av;pm;wef z d k ; xm;r_ o m jzpf y gw,f ?
(Might is Right)qdw k m vlawGtwGuf Oy
avmif p mqD a ps;E_ e f ;
a' r[kwfygbl;? wd&p>mefawGtwGuf Oya'
csay;zkd@ awmif;qdkwJh
om jzpf y gw,f ? vl a wG t wG u f Oya'u
olawGudk
(Right is Might)om jzpfygw,f?
axmif ( 65)ES p f c swm æ 'Dae&mrSm (etz)acgif;aqmifawG
[m tod^m%fEHkeJ@vkd@ jynfaxmifpk+yKduGJrSmudk
trSefwu,f±kd;om;pGmyJ pdk;&drf ylyef+yD; 'Drdku
a&pDeJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;awGtay: wif;wif;usyf
usyf ESdyfuGyf[ef@wm;aewmrsm; jzpfrvm;
qdkwJh ±_axmifhu usaemfwkd@ awG;=unfh=u&atmif?
tJovdk ±k;d ±k;d om;om; pd;k &dryf yl ef=uw,fq&kd if jynfoal wG/ wdik ;f &if;
om;vlrsdK;pkawGtay: olwkd@vuf&dS usifhoHk;aewJh enf;vrf;[m trSefuef
toifhawmfqHk; enf;vrf;vm;? t&ufzdk;awmif;wm r&vkd@ tazt&if;udk
"m;eJ@ xdk;owfwJhom;udk axmif(10)ESpfom cscJhayr,fh avmifpmqDaps;E_ef;cs
ay;zkd@ awmif;qdkwJholawGudk axmif(65)ESpfcswm? rdrdwkd@jynfe,fta&;udk
0dik ;f 0ef; pOf;pm;oH;k oyfEikd rf ,fh aumfrwDw&yfz@JG pnf;zk@d (v#Kd Œv#Kd Œ0Su0f u
S f r[kwf
bJ) }udK;yrf;vkyfaqmifcJh=uwJh olawGudk axmif'%f(85)ESpf csrSwfwm? tJ'D
127
EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;awGudk olwkd@&JŒ jynfaxmifpk+yKduGJr,fh
rdom;pkawG axmif0ifpmawG@wJh udpPrSm jy\emqd k w m[m
jzpfEdkifor# 'kuQtrsm;qHk; awG@=u&apzkd@ usaemfwkd@EdkifiHrSm ppf
&nf&G,f+yD; rdom;pkeJ@ ta0;qHk;axmif tm%m&S i f p epf u d k o m
awGudk ykd@wmawG[m 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiH ed*Hk;csKyfEdkifcJh&if ajz&Sif;vkd@r&wJh
awmfopf wnfaqmufaewm? jynf
jy\emwck r[kwfwJh tjyif
axmifpk r+yKduGJa&;twGuf vkyfaqmif
aewmjzpfw,f qkd&ifawmhvnf; ppf
ppf t m%m&S i f p epf
acgif;aqmifawG&JŒ “±kd;±kd;om;om; pdk;&drf quf & d S a e&if o m wae@wjcm;
ylyefr_”qdkwmudk usaemfwkd@ b,fvdk aygufuGJr_qDokd@ wdk; wdk;+yD;
jznfhpGufpmem em;vnfay;&rSef; rod wmpl v maewJ h
awmh ygbl;? jy\emw&yf j zpf v mrS m
od y f u d k & S i f ; ygw,f ? jref r m aocsmaewmrk d @
ppfacgif;aqmifawG[m jynfaxmifpk
+yKd u G J r S m ud k trS e f w u,f ±k d ; om;pG m
pdk;&drfylyef=uw,fqdk&if ukvor*~ tygt0if EdkifiHwum tzGJ@tpnf;aygif;pHku
a&m/ urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&; Edkb,fqk&SifawG tygt0if urBmh*k%foa&&dS vl}uD;
vlaumif;awG tm;vH;k ua&m/ (90)a&G;aumufyrJG mS awmif+yKdurf;+yKd tEdik &f &dcS w hJ hJ
ygwD trSL;jyKwJh jrefrmh'Drkdua&pD EdkifiHa&;ygwD tm;vHk;ua&m/ ordkif;acwf
tqufqufudk odrDcJh=u±kHomru tJ'DacwfawGtwGif; rdrdwkd@ ykcHk;ay: usa&muf
vmwJh ordkif;ay;wm0efrsm;udk &Gyf&Gyfc|Hc|H OD;vnfrokef xrf;aqmifcJh=u+yD;
uHaumif;axmufrvkd@ toufrao usef&pfcJh=uayr,fh 'Duae@ jrefrmjynfol
awG&JŒ b0tajctaeudk =unfh+yD; a=uuGJrqHk; &ifxkrem jzpfae=u&&SmwJh
ouf}uD;&G,ftdk rsdK;cspfjynfcspf yk*~dKvf}uD;awGua&m/ tv$mtoD;oD; vlwef;pm;
toD;oD;u jrefrmjynfoltm;vHk;uyg wnDw!Gwfwnf; wpnf;wvHk;wnf;
wcJeuf woHxJxGuf+yD; awmif;qdkae=uwJh “ppfrSefwJh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;r_rsm;”
jyKvkyfzkd@yJ&dSygw,f? yxrtqifh taeeJ@ (90)a&G;aumufyGJ tEdkif& ygwDrsm;eJ@
awG@qkHaqG;aEG; nd‡E_dif;/ aemufwqifhrSm tESpfom&tm;jzifh 'kwd, yifvHknDvmcH
vkd@ qdkEdkifr,fh “ppfrSefaom trsdK;om; nDvmcH”}uD;wck usif;y/ tJ'DnDvmcHrSmrS
rdrw d @dk &ifxrJ mS &daS ewJh pd;k &dryf yl efrr_ sm;udk wifjyaqG;aEG; =ur,fq&kd if jrefrmEdik if &H ŒJ
jy\em[m tpPa&;-ygvufpwdkif; jy\emvdk urBmem r[kwfygbl;? vHk;0udk
ajyvnf+idrf;csrf; oGm;EdkifwJh jy\emwckom jzpfygw,f? (8)jynfe,fyJjzpfjzpf/
(7)wdkif;/ (7)jynfe,fyJjzpfjzpf bmyJjzpfjzpf jy\em&dS&if tajz&dSygw,f? tem
od&if aq;&dSygw,f? buftm;vHk;u ±kd;om;ajzmifhrwf wnf=unfr_udk tajccH+yD;
128
&if;&if;ESD;ESD; yGifhyGifhvif;vif; aqG;aEG;=ur,fqdk&if rkcsrvGJraoG tajz&rSmyg?
(1993)u pwifcJh+yD; (2008)rSm +yD;qHk;oGm;wJh trsdK;om;nDvmcH[m awG@qHk
aqG;aEG;yGJ r[kwb f ;l vm;vk@d awmh rajymyge@J ? tJ'D pum;=um;&if wcsed u f jrefrmh
toH a&'D,dku xkwfv$ifhcJhzl;wJh “[',&$ifaq;”tcef;udk usaemfoGm; owd&
avh &dyS gw,f? jyufv;kH wck xkwv f ukd wf ikd ;f a&'D,x
kd u
J &,foaH wG wtke;f tke;f
xGufvmwwfayr,fh a&'D,dkem;axmifol awGuawmh bmudk &,f&rSef;rodbJ
a=umifwufwufjzpfae=uwJh tjzpfudkyg? (etz)&JŒ trsdK;om; nDvmcH[m
urBmay:rSm r&,f&qHk; jyufvHk;wckjzpfw,fqdkwm wurBmvHk;u odovdk
(etz) udk,fwdkifvnf; odygw,f? wdkif;&if;om;awG awmif;qdkaewJh ppfrSefwJh
jynfaxmifpkpepf (wenf;) zuf'&,frludk “jynfaxmifpk+zdKcGJr,fhrl” tjzpf
(etz)u usm;usm;rD;,yf vkyfajymaewm[mvnf; rlvwef;ausmif;om;
t&G,f uav;i,fawGxJu ^m%f&nfrrDwJh uav;awGavmufudkom t,Hk
oGif;Edkif ygvdrfhr,f?
tJ'Dawmh usaemftck ajymcJhor#awGudk csKyf=unfhvdkuf+yD; oHk;oyf
=unfhr,fqdk&if Adkvfae0if;tp Adkvfoef;a&$tqHk; ppftm%m&SifawG ajymajym
aewJh jynfaxmifp+k yKdurJG ,fh jy\emqdw k m[m usaemfw@dk Eikd if rH mS ppftm%m&Sif
pepfudkom ed*Hk;csKyfEdkifcJh&if ajz&Sif;vkd@r&wJh jy\emwck r[kwfwJhtjyif ppf
tm%m&Sifpepf quf&dSae&ifom wae@wjcm; aygufuGJr_qDokd@ wdk;wdk;+yD; wmpl
vmaewJh jy\emw&yfjzpfvmrSm aocsmaewmrkd@ 'gudk ta=umif;jy+yD;
tm%mudkqkyfudkifxm;wm[m ppftkyfpk&JŒ &ifxJu r±kd;om;wJh &nf&G,fcsuf
tppftrSeu f kd xif;xif;}uD; ay:vGiaf tmif xk;d jyaewJh rD;armif; wckjzpf w,fv@dk
om cifAsm;&JŒar;cGef;udk ajzyg&ap? Õ
129
ar; ? ? tcktxd usaemfh&JŒar;cGef;awGudk cifAsm;ajzcJhor#tajz
tm;vH;k [m OD;ae0if;tp OD;oef;a&$tqH;k ppftpd;k & tqufquftay:
tqdk;jrifuJvGef;aew,fvkd@ ,lqp&m jzpfaeovkdyJ? wu,fawmh
OD;ae0if;[m wkid ;f jynfukd ygwpD 'kH rD u
kd a&pDpepfe@J jyefvnfrw d q f ufay;cJh
ol r[kwfbl;vm;? OD;apmarmifua&m/ ol[mvnf; vGwfvyfw&m;
r#wwJh ygwDpkH'Drkdua&pD taxGaxG a&G;aumufyGJudk usif;yay;cJhol
r[k w f b l ; vm;? OD ; oef ; a&$ [ mvnf ; Ed k i f i H w nf a qmuf j yKjyif a &;
vkyfief;awGudk pGrf;pGrf;wrH tm;}udK;rmefwuf jyKvkyfcJhjyKvkyfaeol
r[kwfbl;vm;? jrefrmEdkifiHu ppftpdk;&awG[m wdkif;jynfaumif;usdK;
twGuf bmrSvyk rf ay;cJ=h ubl;vm;? olw@dk vkycf w hJ mawGxrJ mS bmwckrS
taumif;r&dSbl;vm;? 'Dar;cGef;awGudk cifAsm;b,fvdkajzrvJqdkwm
=um;yg&ap?
ajz ? ? usaemf[m yapPuAk'<g &[E WmawGvdk olawmfpif olawmfjrwfvnf;
r[kwf/ a'gufwmoef;xGef;wkd@ bm;x&ef&yfqJwkd@vdk ordkif;ynm&Sifvnf; r[kwf
ayr,fh t&mudpPrSefor#udk wwfEdkifor# "rR"dXmeftusqHk;eJ@ awG;wJhtcg axmifh
tpHkqHk; jzpfatmif ±_jrifoHk;oyfEdkifzkd@ }udK;pm;avh&dSolwOD; jzpfygw,f? 'Dpum;udk
b,fo, l ,
kH rkH ,H,
k kH usaemfth wGuf odyt f a&;r}uD;ygb;l ? ta=umif;uawmh t&m
udpPawGudk "rR"dXmefusus r=unfhEdkif&if/ ±_axmifhtpHkqHk;jzpfatmif r=unfhEdkif&if
tJ'Dvkyf&yf&JŒ qkd;usdK; oufa&mufr_udk aemufqHk;rSm trsm;qHk; cHpm;&r,fholu
usaemfudk,fwdkif jzpfw,fqdkwmudk usaemf odxm;vkd@ygyJ? tawG; axmifhtpHk
qHk;jzpfatmif qdkwJhudpPeJ@ ywfouf+yD; &,fp&mjzpfaumif; jzpfaeEdkifayr,fh Oyrm
wckuakd wmh usaemf xkwjf ycsiyf gw,f? (2001)ckEpS f pufwifbmv (11)&ufae@rmS
e,l;a,muf+rdKŒu (WTC)taqmufttkeH @J 0g&iS w f ef+rdKŒu yifwm*Gef taqmuf
ttHak wGukd av,mOfysaH wG 0ifaqmifw h hJ tjzpftysujf zpfymG ;cJ+h yD; em&Dyikd ;f tenf;
i,ftwGif;rSm tar&dueftpdk;&u 'g[m t=urf;zuf wdkufcdkufr_yJvkd@ wxpfcs
ajymae+yD jzpfayr,fh usaemfuawmh 'g[mrawmfwqjzpf&yfawGa&m rjzpfEkdifbl;
vm;vkd@ av#mhav#mhayghaygh ajzawG;=unfhcJhygao;w,f? wjznf;jznf;eJ@ 'g[m
t,fuikd 'f g&ŒJ vky&f yfqw kd m ay:vGix
f if&mS ; vmawmhrS usaemf[m wjcm; jzpfEidk af jc
tm;vHk;udk pGef@y,fypfvdkufwm jzpfygw,f?
tck cifAsm;apmapmu ar;vdkufwJh ar;cGef;awGtygt0if a&SŒu ar;cGef;
tm;vH;k udk ajzqdw k ahJ e&mrSmvnf; usaemf[m jrefrm ppftm%m&Sipf epf ta=umif;
130
udk ESpfoufwrf; &mpkwckeD;yg;=um udk,fwdkif}uKHawG@cHpm; od&dScJh&wJh tawG@t}uKHeJ@ em;
vnf oabmaygufcsufrsm;tay: rlwnf+yD; tjyefjyeftvSefvSef tEkvHkyËdvHk qifjcif
oHk;oyf+yD;rS ajzqdkcJhwmjzpfw,fvkd@ tcdkiftrm ,Hk=unfwma=umifh usaemfhtajzawG[m
"rR"dXmef rusbl;? ppftpdk;& tqufquftay: tqkd;jrifuJ vGef;w,fvkd@ usaemf r,lq
ygbl;?
tck cifAsm;&JŒ ar;cGef;awGudk ajzygr,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu ol@&JŒ rdef@cGef;
wckxJrSm “urBmay:rSm tpdk;&(4)rsdK; &Sdw,f? wrsdK;u jynfolawG rkef;wD;pufqkyf&GH&SmwJh
tpdk;&/ aemufwrsdK;u jynfolawGa=umufwJh tpdk;&/ aemufwrsdK;u jynfolawGcspfwJh
tpd;k &/ aemufq;kH wrdsK;uawmh jynfoal wGu &drS eS ;f awmif rodwt hJ pd;k & tdrrf mS qdk ararvdk
tpdk;&rsdK;aygh”vdk@ ajymqdkcJhzl;ygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ pum;[m bk&m;a[m Asm
'dwf r[kwfbl;? 'ga=umifh ol@pum;[m &nf!$ef;udk;um;avmufp&m bm&dSovJvkd@ ajym
vmol&dS&if usaemf tJ'DvleJ@ tacstwiftjiif;yGm;zkd@ oabmxm;r&dSygbl;? 'gayr,fh
urBmhordkif;wavsmuf vltrsm;&JŒ av;pm;±kdao todtrSwfjyKr_udk &&dScJh=uwJh EdkifiHa&;
ody`H ynm&SifrSefor#&JŒ ajymqdkcsuf/ a&;om;csufrSefor#rSm aumif;jcif;/ qkd;jcif;wkd@eJ@ ywf
oufwJh t"dy`g,f owfrSwfzGifhqkdcsuf/ tJ'DurSwqifh tpdk;&aumif;/ tpdk;&qdk;wkd@eJ@ ywf
oufwJh t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkcsufawG ygp+rJjzpfw,fqdkwm EdkifiHa&;udk avhvmvdkufpm;olwdkif;
od=uygw,f? usaemfwkd@ jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_ xHk;wrf;"avhrSm&dSwJh “rif;usifhw&m; q,fyg;”
wkd@ “em,u*k%f ajcmufyg;”wkd@pwJh zGifhqdk owfrSwfcsufrsKd;awGaygh?
a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒpum;udk tav;rxm;bJ aecsifw,fqdk&if aevdkufyg?
'gayr,fh cifAsm;[m trSefw&m;udk &SmazGolwOD; jzpfw,fqdk&ifawmh acwfumv&JŒ
ppfaq;rSwaf usmufwu kd rf u
_ kd jzwfoef;vGeaf jrmufEikd cf +hJ yDjzpfwhJ jrefrmhynm&d/S urBmyh nm&Sd
tm;vHk;&JŒ pum;rSefor#udkawmh tav;rxm; ypfy,fvkd@r&ygbl;? ta0;u ynm&Sif
awG&JŒ tqdktrdef@awGeJ@ wdkufqdkifppfaq;=unfhzkd@udk xm;ygOD;? Adkvfae0if;upvkd@ Adkvfoef;
a&$tqH;k jrefrmppfacgi;f aqmif tqufquf[m usaemfw@kd jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_ xJu rif;usihf
w&m; (10)yg;/ em,u*k%f(6)yg; tp&dSwJh t}uD;tuJwkd@ vdkufemusifhoHk;tyfwJh udk,f
usifh p&%w&m;awG/ *k%f&nfawGeJ@ nD!Gwf&JŒvm;qdkwmudk t*wdw&m; (4)yg; y,f&Sm;
+yD; &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; jrifatmif=unfzh @dk vdt
k yfygw,f? enf;enf;av;rS &,fp&mraumif;wJh
“olwkd@udk jynfolvlxk (90µ)ausmfu axmufcHaew,f r[kwfvm;”qdkwJh urBmausmf
jyufvHk;}uD;udkawmh aemufw}udrf qGJxkwfrvmygeJ@? qGJxkwfvmoludk vltrsm;u 0dkif;
[m;=urSm aocsmaevkd@yg?
Adkvfae0if;[m wdkif;jynfudk ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfeJ@ jyefvnfrdwfqufay;cJhol
r[kwfbl;vm;vkd@ cifAsm;u ar;xm;ygw,f? [kwfygw,fvkd@ usaemfajz&ygr,f? 'gayr,fh
ol@vkyf&yfu vlwa,muf[m oludk,fwdkif(26)ESpfvHk;vHk; xifovdk t"rRjyKusifh acsrG
zsufqD;ypfcJhwJh rdef;rysdKav;wa,mufudk toufaiG@aiG@ usefawmhrS vGwfajrmufcGifh
131
ay;vdkufwJh vkyf&yfvdk jzpfaeygw,f? xm;yg? b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf vGwfajrmufcGifh ay;vdkuf
wmudyk J usaemfw@dk }uHzef aus;Zl;wif=ur,f qkyd gp@dk ? 'gayr,fo h @l &ŒJ tJ'rD ed @f ceG ;f ed*;kH ydik ;f rSmyJ
olu 'Drdkua&pD awmif;qdkqENjyolawGudk &nfn$ef;+yD; “qlqlylylvkyfr,fholawGudk ajym
vdu k rf ,f? 'Dwcgqql yl yl l vkyrf ,fq&kd ifawmh cifAsm;wk@d ox d m;&rSmu ppfwyfqw kd m ypf&if
rd;k ay:axmifrypfb;l ? rSeaf tmifwnfw h nfyh pfw,f”vd@k ajymcJw
h hJ pum;uawmh ol (26)ESpf
vHk;vHk; vufoyfarG; jyKpkysdK;axmifvmcJhwJh ppfwyfxJu jynfolvlxkbuf wdrf;!GwfawG
a0aeolawGukd “a[haumifawGæbmrS a,mifawmifawmif vkyrf aeeJ@æud, k t hf m%mudk
xdyg;pdefac:vmr,fh t&dyfta,mifjrif&if jywfjywfom;om; acsr_ef;EdSrfeif;ypfuG”vdk@
owday;vkdufwmyJ qdkwmuvGJ+yD; wjcm;t"dy`g,f rxGufygbl;? ol@&JŒ(26)ESpfvHk;vHk;
jyKrlvkyfaqmifvmcJhwJh vkyf&yfawGudk tJ'Dpum;eJ@ aygif;pyf =unfhvkduf&if olwdkif;jynfudk
jyefvnf rdwfqufay;w,fqdkwJh 'Drdkua&pDpepf[m b,fvdk 'Drdkua&pD pepfrsdK;vJqdkwm
t&Sif;om; ay:vGifae+yDrkd@ ol@&JŒ tJ'D“ygwDpHk”pum;twGuf jrefrmjynfolawGtaeeJ@
aus;Zl;wifp&m ta=umif;r&dSbl;vkd@yJ ajymyg&ap?
aemufwa,mufu Adkvfapmarmif/ olua&m ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD taxGaxG a&G;
aumufyGJudk usif;yay;cJhwJh olr[kwfbl;vm;vkd@ cifAsm;u ar;xm;w,f? rSefygw,f?
'gayr,fh ol@&JŒ wjcm;vkyf&yfawGudkyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;rS tajzrSef &Edkifygvdrfhr,f? ol[m
jrefrmh ordik ;f rSmomru urBmo h rdik ;f rSmyg r}uKHz;l r=um;zl;avmufatmif }uD;rm;&Sn=f um
pnf;vHk;nD!Gwf pnf;urf;ao0yfwJh &Spfav;vHk; vlxktHkºuGr_}uD;&JŒ t"du awmif;qdkr_
jzpfwJh =um;jzwftpdk;& zGJ@pnf;a&;udk vspfvsL±_+yD; ausmif;om;jynfol &[ef;&Sifvl axmif
eJ@csD owfjzwfum tm%modrf;,lcJhol jzpfygw,f? tm%modrf;+yD; aemufydkif;rSmvnf;
ol[m wcsdefu tifrwef csrf;omºuG,f0cJh+yD; ta&SŒawmiftm&SrSm wdk;wufzGH@+zdK;zkd@
tvm;tvm taumif;qHk;jzpfwJh EdkifiHwckudk urBmhzGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ tenf;qHk;EdkifiH jzpf
oGm;atmif vkyyf pfco hJ al wGuakd wmh vufzsm;eJ@awmif rwk@d bJ tJ'v D al wG ESyd pf ufwhJ '%fukd
ausmaumhatmif cHpm;cJh&+yD;wJhaemuf rcHr&yfEdkifvGef;awmhvkd@ 'Drdkua&pDa&; awmif;qdk
qENjycJh=uolawGudkawmh zrf;qD;EdSyfpuf owfjzwfcJhygw,f? 'ghtjyif a&G;aumufyGJrwdkifrD
“a&G;aumufy+JG yD;&if ppfwefvsm;jyefr,f a&G;aumufyJG tEdik &f wJh ud, k pf m;vS,af wG tajccH
Oya'qGJ=uaygh”qdkwJh pum;awGudk &$ef;&$ef;a0atmif ajymcJhayr,fh a&G;aumufyGJvnf;
+yD;oGm;a&m tJ'Dpum;rsKd;awGudk wpfcGef;rS r[awmhygbl;? “Akdvfapmarmifu ppfom;
aumif;ygæ ol@uwdudk olxdef;csifygw,f ol@aemufrSm&dSaewJh Adkvfae0if;udk a=umufae&
vkd@yg”vdk@ ol@bufu a&SŒae vdkufcsifolawG &dSaumif;&dSygvdrfhr,f? tJ'DvlawG arhae
=uovm; rodEdkifwJh tcsufwcsKdŒudk azmfxkwf+yD; owday;=unfhcsifygw,f? pufwif
bmv (18)&ufae@ aemufydkif; Adkvfapmarmif[m jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒ eHygwfwpfyk*~dKvf jzpfoGm;
yg+yD? wkdif;jynfudk trSefwu,f cspfjrwfEdk;+yD; wdkif;jynftay: xm;&dSwJh uwdopPmudk
trSefwu,f xdef;odrf;csifw,fqdk&if ol@&JŒ tJ'Dtaetxm;udk ol &J&J0Hh0Hh toHk;jyK&
132
ygr,f? usaemfoo d avmuf ppfom;wa,muf ppfwyfxJ r0ifcif &Gwq f &kd wJh opPmt"dXmef
(4)csufxJrSm tjrifhqHk;opPm[m EdkifiHawmftay: apmifhod&r,fh opPmjzpfygw,f? rdrd
txuft&m&Sdtay: apmihfod&r,fhopPmr[kwfygbl;? ajym&&if pufwifbm(18) aemuf
ydkif;rSm Adkvfae0if;[m ol@&JŒ txuft&m&dSvnf; r[kwfawmhygbl;?
'ghtjyif tm%modrf;wJhumveJ@ oltm%mvufvGwfjzpfoGm;csdefumv
t=um; 'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pk0ifawGudk trsdK;rsdK; zrf;qD;ESdyfuGyf n‡Of;qJowfjzwfcJhwm?
a':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ pnf;±k;H a&; c&D;pOfawGukd enf;aygi;f pHek @J taESmift h ,Suf ay;cJw h m?
a&G;aumufyGJ usif;yr,fh&ufudk jynfwGif;jynfyu zdtm;awG rEdkif&ifum usa&mufvmrS
rwwf o mvk d @ a=unmcJ h w mawG u d k
xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;=unfhvdkuf&if a&G;
ppf o m;wa,muf aumufyGJudk Adkvfapmarmif usif;yay;cJh
ppfwyfxJ r0ifcif w,f r[kwfvm;qdkwJh tcsuf[m “uk
&Gwfqdk&wJh odkvf wyJ i&J wydom”vdk@yJ qdk&ygvdrfh
opP m t"d X mef (4)csuf x J r S m r,f? aemuf+yD; tusOf;axmifxJrSm ppf
tjrif h q H k ; opP m [m axmufvSrf;a&;awG&JŒ n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpuf
Ed k i f i H a wmf t ay: apmif h o d & r,f h wJh'%fudk rcsdrqhH cHpm;cJh&ayr,fh tnHh
rcH tvH rvSJbJ vufoD;wif;wif;qkyf
opP m jzpf y gw,f
aoyG0J ifomG ;cJw h hJ &Spaf v;vH;k &JŒ yxrqH;k
tusOf ; axmif w G i f ; u tmZmenf
OD;armifudk aoqHk;oGm;cJh&wm Adkvfapmarmif vufxufrSm jzpfw,f? (90)a&G;aumufyGJ&
v'fudk acszsufzkd@ }udK;yrf;wJh (e0w)&JŒ yxrqHk; ajcvSrf;jzpfwJh (1§90)[m Adkvfapmarmif
vufxufrSm xGufay:vmcJhwmjzpfw,fqdkwJh tcsufawGudkyg xyfrHxnfhoGif; pOf;pm;
r,fq&kd if ol[mvnf; jrefrmjynfoal wGtzk@d vGr;f avmufp&m vlwa,muf r[kwb f ;l vk@d
qdk&r,f xifygw,f?
Adkvfoef;a&$uawmh (1992)ckESpfuae tcktxd(17)ESpf tkyfpdk;aecJholrkd@ oleJ@
ywfouf+yD; ajymp&mawGuawmh trsm;}uD;rS wu,fhudk trsm;}uD;ygyJ? 'gayr,fh
“OD;oef;a&$[m EdkifiHwnfaqmuf jyKjyifa&; vkyfief;awGudk pGrf;pGrf;wrH tm;}udK;rmefwuf
vkyaf qmifc/hJ vkyaf qmifaewJo h l r[kwb f ;l vm;”qdw
k hJ cifAsm;&JŒ ar;cGe;f &JŒ t0ef;yrm%udk
vHv k akH vmufavmuf +cHKiHo k abmayguf apEdik af vmufr,fh twdik ;f twmtxdyJ uef@owf
ajzqdkzkd@ }udK;pm;=unfhygr,f?
“EdkifiHawmf +idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@” (e0w)qdkwJh trnfae&mrSm
ydkrdkaysmhaysmif;wJh “EdkifiHawmf at;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGH+zdK;a&;aumifpD” (etz)qdkwJh
trnfeJ@tpm;xdk;/ trsdK;om; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf&JŒ A[dktvkyf tr_aqmifaumfrwD0if
armifp;l prf; tygt0if Edik if aH &;orm;tcsKŒd udk axmifuv$waf y; pwJv h yk &f yfawGe@J yGx
J uG cf hJ
133
wJh Adkvfoef;a&$[m xdkif;0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; wOD;jzpfol qrwfajymovdk trSef
wu,fyJ “Ak'<bmom0ifaumif;”wa,mufjzpfcJhr,fqdk&ifawmh jrefrmEdkifiH
twGuaf &m/ urBm}uD; twGuyf g odyu f akd umif;rSmygy?J ('Dae&mrSm pum;pyfrv d @dk
ajym&&if jrefrmjynfrSm w&ufxJvmaezl;+yD; Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ em&Dtenf;i,f
avmufyJ awG@qkHpum;ajymzl;ayr,fh Adkvfoef;a&$tay: wxkdifwnf;eJ@ tJovdk
rSwcf sucf sEikd w f hJ tJ'x
D ikd ;f 0ef}uD;csKyf&ŒJ t*F0Zd m… tpGr;f uawmh wu,fu h kd thrH cef;
ygyJ? tJoavmuf vluJcwfawmfwJh 0ef}uD;csKyf[m &mxl;rSm wvavmuf
awmif rae&bJ jyKwfus oGm;cJ&h wm xdik ;f jynfoal wGtwGuaf wmh 0rf;enf;p&m
ygyJ? tckawmh tJ'Dyk*~dKvf b,fa&mufaerSef;awmif r=um;&awmhygbl;?)
Adkvfoef;a&$ vufxufrSm vrf;awG/ wHwm;awG/ wuUodkvf/ aum
vdyo f yd aH` wG/ qnfajrmif;wmwrH a&umwmawG/ jrpfa&wif pDru H ed ;f awG/ aq;±kH
aq;cef;awG/ pm=unfhwdkufawGpwJh EdkifiHwEdkifiHtwGuf tvdktyfqHk;jzpfwJh
tajccHtaqmufttHk (Infrastructures)awG trsm;}uD; ay:ayguv f mw,fqkd
wJh tcsuf[m jiif;p&mr&dSygbl;?
'gayr,fh 'Duae@urBm}uD;[m ordkif;a&;&m vdktyfcsuft& 'Drdku
a&pDeJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;udpPudk aomif;wdkufu=um;atmif aomaomnHnH [pf
aºuG;awmif;qdkae=uwJh urBm}uD;jzpfygw,f? rsufarSmufacwfu tjzpftysuf
awGudk rqdkxm;eJ@ a&S;a[mif; twdwfu tjzpftysufawGudkawmif 'Drdkua&pD
a&; vl@tcGit hf a&; aywHawGe@J wdik ;f wm+yD; topfwzef jyefvnfqef;ppf oH;k oyf
ae=uwJh ordik ;f acwfukd a&muf&aSd ewJh urBm}uD;jzpfygw,f? wcsed u f qd&k if tD*spf
Edik if uH {&mryd&rpf}uD;awGukd =unf+h yD; &ifoyf±a_ rm th=H obeef; cs;D rGr;f ±kaH vmuf
om &dScJh=uayr,fh 'Duae@rSmawmh tJ'Dyd&rpf}uD;
awG ay:xGef;vmzkd@ vlaxmifaygif;aomif;aygif;
b,favmufrsm;rsm;wkd@&JŒ toufaoG;ac|; rsuf tk y f c sKyf r _ t m%monf
&nfawGpaw; ay;qyfcJh=u&ovJqdkwJh tcsufudk jynfolvlxkxHrS
awG;q=unfhae=uyg+yD? jrefrmEdkifiHeJ@ trsdK; bm qif;ouf&rnf? jynfolwkd@
om omoemudk csŒJ xGiw f nfaqmuf xlaxmif&m qEN t ay:tajccH & rnf ?
rSm tajymifajrmufqHk;vkd@ tqdk&dScJhwJh jrefrmppf jynfolwkd@ qENudk
bk&ifo;kH yg; (taemf&xm/ bk&ifah emife@J tavmif; yH k r S e f u sif ; yaom
bk&m;)wkd@ vufxufrSma&m vl@tcGifhta&;csdK; vGwfvyfw&m;r#wonfh
azmufr_awG r&dSEdkifcJhbl;vm;qdkwJh awG;axmifh
a&G ; aumuf y G J r sm;jzif h
topfu awG;=unfhae=ucsdef jzpfygw,f?
xif & S m ;ap&rnf
134
'ghtjyif ukvor*~tzGJ@0if urBmhEdkifiHom;wdkif; (urBmhEdkifiHom;wdkif;) vHk;0 rarh
oifh rarhtyfwJh t&mwck &dSygw,f? tJ'guawmh usaemfwkd@ jrefrmEdkifiH yg0ifvufrSwf
a&;xdk;xm;wJh “wavmuvHk;qdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf; (Universal
Declaration of Human Rights) jzpfygw,f? tJ'x D rJ mS yg0ifwhJ tcsuwf cku “tkycf sKyf
r_ tm%monf jynfolvlxkxHrS qif;ouf&rnf? jynfolwkd@ qENtay:tajccH&rnf?
jynfow l @dk qENukd yHrk eS u
f si;f yaom vGwv f yfw&m;r#wonfh a&G;aumufyrJG sm;jzifh xif&mS ;
ap&rnf”vdk@ jzpfygw,f? t"dy`g,fuawmh tpdk;&wck[m rdrdudk,frdrd w&m;Oya'eJ@
avsmfnDwJh(wenf;) w&m;0ifwJh (Legitimate) tpdk;&wcktjzpf &nf!¸ef;azmfjyvdkw,f
qdk&if tJ'Dtpdk;&[m vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyGJrsm;uwqifh wufvmwJh
tpd;k & w&yfjzpfz@dk vdt k yfw,fqw kd m jzpfygw,f? tJovdrk S r[kw&f ifawmh tJ't D pk;d &[m
bmawGyaJ jymaeajymae w&m;Oya'eJ@ ravsmn f w D /hJ w&m;r0ifwhJ tpd;k &jzpfaerSmyJ jzpfyg
w,f?
Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ ol@&JŒ(etz)tpdk;& ta=umif;qD jyefoGm;=u&atmif? (90) a&G;
aumufyu JG wqifh jrefrmjynfoal wG&ŒJ (mandate) &xm;wJh (NLD) ygwu D jynfov l x
l k
tusdK;udk OD;xdyfxm;+yD; omrefvltrsm;pk}uD; pdwful;=unfhvkd@awmif r&EdkifavmufwJh
tHhzG,fol&J tjrifhqHk; vdkufavsmr_wck (etz)udk (2008)ckESpfxJrSm urf;vSrf;cJhygw,f?
tJ'guawmh “v$wfawmf ac:ay;yg? tJ'Dv$wfawmfu (etz)udk w&m;0iftpdk;&tjzpf
todtrSwfjyKay;ygr,f”qdkwm jzpfygw,f? tJ'Durf;vSrf;r_udk (etz) wkH@jyefyHku oif;
ygw,f? “usKyfwkd@tpdk;&u w&m;0iftpdk;&jzpfae+yD;om;/ b,folurS w&m;0iftpdk;&
jzpfatmif xyf+yD; todtrSwfjyKay;p&m rvkdbl;”vdk@ jzpfygw,f?
(jzpfEdkif&if) oleJ@awG@wJh vlwdkif;&JŒ vuftkyfcsD t±kdtaoay;r_udk cH,lcsifaeyHk&
+yD; ol@a&SŒu ppftm%m&Sif tqufqufxufydk+yD; rif;pdk;&mZmpdwf aygufaeyHkay:wJh Adkvf
oef;a&$O;D aqmifwhJ (etz)[m olw@dk u, kd of wl @dk tJovdk w&m;0iftpd;k &wcktjzpf twif;
ZGwfrSdwf+yD; udk,fhudk,fukdvnf; t,HkoGif;/ wjcm;olawGudkvnf; cyfwnfwnf ajymqdkjyK
rlaeayr,fh (90)a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk zsufodrf;a=umif; w&m;0if a=unmwmrsdK;awmh
tcktxd rvkyf0hHbJ aemufa&G;aumufyGJwck usif;ywJh enf;vrf;eJ@ tJ'D&v'f ol@ tvdk
tavsmuf ysufjy,foGm;atmifom }udK;yrf;zkd@ aoG;wdk;prf;aeygw,f?
yg;pyfu bmawG b,fvykd J ajymaeayr,fh Edik if w H um todik ;f t0kid ;f u olw@dk ukd
w&m;Oya'eJ@ avsmfnDwJhtpdk;& (dejure) wcktjzpf oabmrxm;bJ vufawG@rSm trSef
wu,f wnf&dSaewJhtpdk;& (defacto) wcktjzpfom oabmxm;w,fqdkwmudk (etz)
u aumif;aumif;odygw,f? vuf&dSrSm tjrifoabm (virtually)t& w&m;0ifr_
(Legitimacy)wckuvGJ+yD; usefwm tm;vHk; &&dSydkifqdkifxm;wJh (etz)taeeJ@ olwkd@
tonf;toef vdktyfaewJh tJ'Dw&m;0ifr_&&dSzkd@ t}udwfte,f tjyif;txefvHk;yrf;
vmcJrh u_ kd (2010) a&G;aumufyeJG @J uvem; owfEikd af wmhr,fv@dk ,lq&ifcek af eyHk &ygw,f?
135
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufcH tpdk;&wckudk
z,f&Sm;jzKwfcs tm%modrf;+yD; aemufxyf a&G; tJ ' D t pd k ; &awG [ m
aumufyGJ rwdkifrDtxd wdkif;jynftm%mudk csKyf tm%m&&d S z k d @
udkifxm;wJh (defacto) tpkd;&awG urBmay:rSm jynf o l a wG & J Œ
t&ifuvnf; &dcS zhJ ;l / vuf&v Sd nf; &daS e=uwJt h jyif aoG ; awG e J @
aemifuv kd nf; usaemfw@dk jrifEidk w f hJ tem*wftxd zG J @ pnf ; jzpf a y:aewJ h
awmh quf&dSae=uOD;rSmyg? teD;qHk; Oyrmwckudk yifv,fwckudk
qGjJ y&&if (2006)ckEpS u f xkid ;f Edik if rH mS ay:xGucf w
hJ hJ jzwf o ef ; cJ h j cif ;
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;qGefoDbGefnm&wf*vif OD;aqmifwJh
r&dSwm jzpfygw,f
tpdk;&eJ@ b*Fvm;a'h&Sfu ppfwyf ausmaxmuf
aemufcjH yK a'guw f mwm&mref OD;aqmifwhJ tpd;k &
wkd@jzpfygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm ar;p&m ar;cGef;wck ay:
xGuv f mwmu (defacto) tpdk;&csif; twlwl tJ'Dtpdk;& ESpfckeJ@ Adkvfoef;a&$&JŒ (etz)
tpdk;&tay: EdkifiHwum todkif;t0dkif;u oabmxm;yHkcsif;u twlwljzpf&JŒvm;? 'gudk
awmh tm;vHk;od+yD;om;rkd@ xyf&Sif;jyzkd@ vdkr,frxifygbl;? tJovdk oabmxm;yHkcsif; rwl
bl;qdk&if bma=umifhrwl&wmvJ? pOf;pm;=unfhzkd@ raumif;bl;vm;?
tajzrSefu tJ'Dtpdk;&ESpfckeJ@ (etz)wkd@[m oaE<csif;vnf;rwl/ vm;&mcsif;
vnf; rwlbl;qdkwmudk EdkifiHwum todkif;t0dkif;u aumif;aumif;}uD; odxm;=uvkd@ygyJ?
usaemf a&SŒwae&mrSm ajymcJhovdkyJ xdkif;eJ@ b*Fvm;a'h&Sfwkd@u tJ'Dtpdk;&awG[m ol@wkd@
Edik if t
H oD;oD;&JŒ ordik ;f a&; vdt k yfcsut f & ay:ayguv f m=u&wmjzpfv@dk Edik if wH um todik ;f
t0dik ;f u olw@dk ukd cGiv
hf w $ ef m;vnf ay;Edik cf =hJ uygw,f? ordik ;f a&; vdt k yfcsut f & ay:ayguf
vmwm jzpfw,fqdkwJh tqdkjyKcsuf rSefuefa=umif; tcdkiftrm oufaojycJhwJhtcsuf
ESpfcsuf&dSygw,f? wcsufu tJ'Dtpdk;&awG[m tm%m&&dSzkd@ jynfolawG&JŒ aoG;awGeJ@
zGJ@pnf;jzpfay:aewJh yifv,fwckudk jzwfoef;cJhjcif; r&dSwm jzpfygw,f? aemufwcsuf
uawmh tJ'Dtpdk;&awG[m olwkd@tm%m &,lcJh+yD;aemuf ra&S;raESmif;rSm jynfoleJ@ EdkifiH
wumudk ay;cJhwJh uwdopPmudk tcdkiftrm apmifhxdef;cJh=uwmygyJ? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;qGefoD
tpdk;&[m olay;xm;wJh uwdtwdkif; wESpfausmfausmft=umrSm vGwfvyfw&m;r#wwJh
a&G;aumufyw JG ckukd usi;f yay;cJ+h yD; tEdik &f olrsm;udk tm%mv$t J yfum xdik ;f Edik if aH &; pifjrifh
ay:u qif;oGm;cJhyg+yD? a'gufwm&mref&JŒ tpdk;&[mvnf; tm%m&aepOfumv(ESpf ESpf
0ef;usif)rSm vkyfoifhvkyfxdkufwm rSefor#udk EdkifiHwumpHE_ef;rsm;eJ@ twwfEdkifqHk; udkuf
nDatmif t*wdw&m; uif;uif;eJ@ vkyfaqmifay;cJh+yD;aemuf r=umcifuyJ EdkifiHwumu
csD;usL;axmyem jyK&avmufatmifvGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyGJwck usif;y
ay;um tm%mudk pGef@v$wfoGm;cJh+yD; jzpfygw,f?
136
tJ'DtcsufESpfcsufeJ@ wdkif;wm=unfhvdkufwJhtcg Adkvfoef;a&$&JŒ
(etz)tpd;k &[m tm;vH;k od=uwJh twdik ;f ygy?J 'ga=umifv h nf; urBmah cgi;f aqmif
EdkifiH}uD;awG/ tzGJ@tpnf;}uD;awGtjyif EdkifiHwumtoif;tyif; tpnf;t±kH;
aygif; ajrmufjrm;pGmwkd@u jrefrmEdkifiHudk ql'ef/ ajrmufudk&D;,m;/ ZifbmabG/
tD&ef pwJh EdkifiHawGeJ@twl EdkifiHqdk; (Rogue State)pm&if;xJxnfh+yD; tquf
rjywf jyif;jyif;xefxef a0zefjypfwif ±_wfcsae=uwmjzpfygw,f?
tJ'Dawmh usaemfwkd@ csdefcGifv#m&JŒ wzufu cGufxJrSm Adkvfoef;a&$&JŒ
EdkifiHawmf wnfaqmufjyKjyifa&;vkyfief; qdkwmawGudkxnfh/ usefwJhwzufrSm
tckajymcJhwJh tcsufESpfcsuft& jrif&wJh(etz)&JŒ yHk&dyfudkxnfh+yD; csdef=unfhvdkuf
&if b,fbufu tav;omr,f xifovJ? rSef;q okH;oyf=unfh=uzkd@ roifhbl;
vm;?
'Drdkua&pDtpdk;& wcsKdŒuawmif wcgwavrSm ajymavh&Sd=u+yD; tm
%m&Sif tpdk;&awGuawmh t+rJvufoHk;jyKajymqdkavh &Sd=uwJhpum; wcGef;&dSyg
w,f? tJ'guawmh “vHjk cHKa&;[m vGwv f yfrx _ uf ydt k a&;}uD;w,f”qdw k hJ pum;
jzpfygw,f? t"dy`g,fu jynfolawG&JŒ vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdkcGifh/ pka0;cGifh/ toif;
tyif; zGJ@pnf;cGifh/ yHkESdyfxkwfa0cGifh/ ,Hk=unfudk;uG,fcGifhpwJh vGwfvyfcGifhawGxuf
jynfolawG vHkvHk+cHK+cHK +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf;aexdkif toufarG;0rf;ausmif;Edkifzkd@u ykd
ta&;}uD;w,f? 'ga=umifh jynfolawG&JŒ vHk+cHKa&; tusdK;iSg jynfolawG&JŒ vGwf
vyfcGifhawGudk [ef@wm;ydwfyif csKyfcs,fuef@owf&wm jzpfw,fvkd@ qdkygw,f?
(etz)AdkvfcsKyfawGu wav#mufvHk; tJovdk ajymae=uwmyg?
tJovdkqdk&if usaemfwkd@ 'Dvdkwcsuf awG;=unfh=u&atmifyg (etz)
AdkvfcsKyfawG tygt0if tJ'Dpum;udk t+rJvufoHk;jyKavh&dSwJh olawGudk tcef;
usOf;wckxJrSm xnfhxm;r,f/ tcef;tjyif xGufcGifhuvGJ+yD; olwkd@vdkwm rSefor#
tm;vHk;ay;xm;r,f/ tJovdkqdk&if tJ'DvlawG tJ'Dtcef;xJrSm aervm;vkd@
usaemfwkd@ ar;prf;=unfh=u&atmif?
wu,fawmh tJ'D vGwv f yfciG ahf wGqw kd m[m vlom;&JŒ arG;&myg tcGihf
ta&;awG jzpfygw,f? arG;&myg tcGifhta&;qdkwm b,fvdk yk*~dKvfrsdK;urS vlom;
udk oem;ojzifh cs;D jr‡iahf jr‡mufpm;xm;wJh tcGit hf a&;r[kwyf gb;l ? vlom;&JŒ ud, k f
ydkiftcGifhta&; ppfppfjzpfygw,f? vl@ordkif; jzpfay:wdk;wufr_t& vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
qdkwm ay:xGef;vm+yD; tJ'D tcGifhta&; (wenf;) vlom;wOD;pD&JŒ vkyfydkifcGifh
(authority) awG[m vlwOD;(bk&if) ok@d r[kwf tzG@J wck (tpd;k &) qDp+k yHKa&muf&Sd
oGm;cJw h m rSeaf yr,fh tJ'aD &muf&o Sd mG ;r_ w&m;Oya'eJ@ avsmn f rD _ &do
S vm; r&dbS ;l
vm;qdw k hJ tcsuu f tJ'v D yk yf ikd cf iG rhf sm;udk pk+yHKudik af qmifxm;ol ok@d r[kwf tzG@J &ŒJ
tqifhtwef; owfrSwfcsuf wenf;ajym&&if tJ'Dvl[m w&m;0iftkyfcsKyfcGifh
137
&xm;wJholvm; 'grSr[kwf w&m;r0if tkyfcsKyfaewJholvm;qdkwJh tcsufudk azmf!$ef;
aeygw,f?
vlom;twGuf vdktyfcsuf[m vuf&dSordkif;acwfrSm rqdkxm;eJ@ vlom;pwif
ay:aygufvmp acwfrSmawmif touf&Sifoefa&; wckwnf;&dScJhwm r[kwfygbl;? touf
&Sifoefa&;[m y"mejzpfwmrSefayr,fh vGwfvyfcGifh[mvnf; vlom;twGuf touf
&SifoefcGifheD;yg; ta&;ygwJh t&mjzpfygw,f? vlwa,muftwGuf vGwfvyfcGifhr&dSbJ
touf&iS af e±kH oufoufqw kd hJ taetxm;[m pOf;pm; =unfv h @dk awmif &Edik pf &mr&dyS gb;l ?
'Duae@acwfrSm tJ'Dtcsuf[m wae@wjcm; ydkvkd@awmif xif&Sm;ay:vGifaeyg
w,f? 'Duae@ wcsKŒd Edik if aH wGrmS jynfoal wG awmif;qdak e=uwm touf&iS o f efa&;twGuf
y"me vdktyfcsufjzpfwJh pm;0wfaea&; jynfhpHkzlvHkatmif tpdk;&u jyKvkyfay;zkd@ r[kwfyg
bl;? wenf;ajym&&if tJ'DjynfolawGu olwkd@tpdk;&qDu “xrif;”awmif;ae=uwm
r[kwfygbl;? “vGwfvyfcGifh”vdk@ t"dy`g,f&wJh “'Drdkua&pD”udk awmif;qdkae=uwm jzpfyg
w,f? a&eHa=umifh ±kwcf sn;f csr;f om ºuG,0f vm=uwJh ta&SŒtv,fyikd ;f tm&yf Edik if aH wGu
EkdifiHa&; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; awmif;qdkv_yf&Sm;r_awGeJ@ pufr_zGH@+zdK;+yD; taemufEdkifiHwcsKd@u
EdkifiHom; tcGifhta&; v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk avhvm&if 'Dtcsufudk awG@Ekdifygw,f? (1989) ck
ESpfu w±kwfEdkifiH ab*sif;+rdKŒ/ wdeftefrif&ifjyifrSm ay:aygufcJhwJh vlxktHkºuGr_}uD;[m
vnf; tJ'DoabmrsdK;ygyJ?
pm;0wfaea&; ylp&mrvdw k hJ tJ'v
D Ekd ikd if rH sKd ;awGrmS awmif jynfoal wGrmS a,bk,s
tvdrk usra_ wG &daS ew,fq&kd if Adv k of ef;a&$&ŒJ (etz)vufatmuf usaemfw@dk Eikd if u H jynf
olawG&ŒJ &ifxrJ mS bmawG&aSd ervJ? tckqkd Adv k af e0if; pdu k yf sKd ;cJw
h hJ ppftm%m&Sif pepfqw kd hJ
(jynfolawGtwGuf) tqdyfyifudk a&
avmif;aygif;oifay;&if; Adkvfoef;a&$wkd@
jrefrmEdkifiH[m e,fy,fwdkif; ppftkyfpkwdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfvmcJhwm
u¾wdkif;rSm atmufus (21)ESpf&SdoGm;cJh+yD? EdkifiHwck jyefvnf xl
aemufusjzpf+yD; usqkH;aewJhEdkifiH rwfvmzkd@ vHkavmuf±kHru ydkv#Hae+yD vkd@
(Failed State) wckjzpfae+yDqdkwm awmif qkdavmufwJh tJ'Dtcsdef umv
(etz)eJ@ol@udk 0dkif;0ef;ajr‡mufyifh twGi;f jrefrmjynfoal wG&ŒJ pD;yGm;a&;b0
nm0g;+zD ; jzef ; pm;ae=uwJ h tajctae[m jyefvnfxlrwf OD;armh
aqG a wmf r sd K ;awmf ta¹cG t &H vmcJ+h yDvm;? ,kwpf t G qH;k jrefrmEdik if [
H m
(rqv) av#mufxm;vk@d &cJw h hJ (LDC) t
toif ; tyif ; / a&ay:qD
qift h wef;uawmif vGwaf jrmufEikd af o;
wpkuvGJ&if usefjrefrmEdkifiHom;
&JŒvm;? a&$wGif;/ aiGwGif;/ y,if;/ 'kwÎm/
tm;vH k ; eJ @ urB m h a cgif ; aqmif &wemrsdK;pHkeJ@ u|ef;opf a&eH qefa&pyg;
tm;vHk; od=uygw,f? aygrsm;vSygw,fqdkwJh jrefrmEdkifiHu jynf
138
olawG tdref ;D csi;f Edik if aH wGrmS u|eo f mG ;cHz@dk wae@xufwae@ ydyk +kd yD; xufoef wuf
ºuGvmae=uwm bma=umifhvJ? tESdyfcef;u tp/ nuvyftv,f/ aqmif=um
+rdKiftqHk;rSm b0awG bHk;bHk;vJ +yKduGJysufpD; qHk;±_H;cJh=u&wJh jrefrmtrsdK;aumif;
orD;av;awG/ tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHawGudk ta&mif;pm;cHcJh=u&wJh jrefrmtrsdK;aumif;
orD;av;awG&ŒJ ta&twGuf wae@wjcm; wk;d oxuf wk;d vmaewm bma=umifv h ?J
usaemfwkd@EdkifiHrSm (HIV)ydk; pGJuyfaeolawG ta&twGuf xdwfvef@
wkefv_yfp&m aumif;avmufatmif wdk;vm aewm[m tJ'DjzpfpOf&JŒ tusdK;quf
r[kwfbl;vm;? u|efcHzkd@ oGm;=uwmcsif;twlwl ocifEdkifiHawGu avqdyfawGu
vl0ifr_}uD;=uyfa&; t&m&dSawGu ywfpykd@pmtkyfxJrSm jrefrmqdkwJh pum;vHk;udk
awG@vkdufwmeJ@ ywfpykd@udkifaqmifoludk txifao; tjrifao;eJ@ =unfhavh&Sd=u
wm bma=umifhvJ? “Zmwdykn/ *k%frme[k/ oHy[kef;pkef;/ bufrJh}uKH; om;”vkd@
&Gwfqdk}uKH;0g;avh&dScJh=uwJh jrefrmvlrsdK;awG&JŒ *k%fusufoa&awG (e0w) (etz)
acwfrSm b,fa&mufoGm;=u+yDvJ? trsdK;om; zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_&JŒ xif[yfcsuf
wckjzpfwJh tm;upm; e,fy,fudk =unfhvkdufygOD;? (e0w)(etz)wkd@ vufxuf
(21)ESpt f wGi;f Edik if w
H umu av;pm;cs;D usL;&avmufwhJ atmifjrifr_ b,fEpS cf u k kd
jrefrmtm;upm;orm;awG &,lEikd cf =hJ uovJ? wcsed u f tm&Scseyf , D H jrefrm abm
vHk;toif;&JŒae&m/ wcsdefu urBmhtqifhxd xdk;azmuf0ifa&mufEdkifcJhwJh jrefrm
tav;rorm; atmif}uD;/ xGef;armif/ wcsdefu tm&Stqifhtxd xif&Sm;ausmf
=um;cJh=uwJh jrefrmvufa0S@orm;awG jzpf=uwJh wifxGef;/ odef;jrifh/ 0if;armif/
eDe/D a':vm/ oufO;D av;/ jrefrmajy;ckeyf pform;awG jzpf=uwJh &Siaf rG*ef;/ +rDw;kH aemf/
*sirf /D *sezD mwifav; pwJh jrefrmh*% k af qmif Edik cf =hJ uolawG&ŒJ ae&mudk qufcEH ikd o f l
b,fEaS ,muf&cSd o hJ vJ? a'oqdik &f m+yKdiyf w JG ckvyk v f u
kd w f idk ;f trSwZf ,m;rSm ud, k hf
atmufu Edik if aH wG enf;oxuf enf;enf;oGm;+yD; ud, k thf ay:u Edik if aH wG rsm;o
xuf rsm;rsm;vmwm bma=umifhvJ? usef;rma&;bufudk =unfhOD;rvm;? tzGJ@0if
EdkifiH (192)teuf tpdk;&u jynfolawGtay: usef;rma&; apmifha&Smufr_ay;wJh
udprP mS tm;enf;nHzh si;f r_ t&dq S ;kH pm&if;rSm ud, k ahf tmufrmS tmz&du u ypPE &W pf
Edik if H qD,m&mvD,eG f wcky&J aSd wmhw,fv@dk urBmu h se;f rma&; tzG@J }uD; (WHO)u
xkwfjyefwmua&m (etz) pGyfpGJavh&Sdovkd twdkuftcHawG&JŒ vSnfhjzm;r_udk ol
i,fESyfpm; (WHO)u,Hk=unf+yD; xkwfjyefcJhwJh xkwfjyefcsuf wckyJvm;? quf
a&;&if pmav;rSm pk;d wma=umifh ra&;vdak wmhayr,fh jrefrmEdik if [ H m e,fy,fwikd ;f
u¾wdkif;rSm atmufusaemufus jzpf+yD;usqkH;aewJhEdkifiH (Failed State)
wckjzpfae+yDqdkwm (etz)eJ@ol@udk 0dkif;0ef;ajr‡mufyifh nm0g; +zD;jzef;pm;ae=uwJh
aqGawmfrsdK;awmf ta¹cGt&Htoif;tyif;/ a&ay:qD wpkuvGJ&if usefjrefrm
EdkifiHom; tm;vHk;eJ@ urBmhacgif;aqmiftm;vHk; od=uygw,f?
139
Adkvfoef;a&$&JŒ yHk&dyfudk csdefpuf=unfhr,fhcsdefcGifv#m&JŒ wzufu
cGufxJrSm rxnfhrjzpfxnfh&r,fh vkyf&yfaygif;rsm;pGmxJu tenf;i,fr#udk
arhwwfolawG arhroGm;atmif azmfjyowday;csifygao;w,f? yxrqHk;
tcsufu EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;awG udpPyg? Adkvfoef;a&$vufxuf tusOf;
axmifawGxJrSm toufay;oGm;=u&wJh EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;awG&JŒ ta&
twGuf b,favmuf &dw S ,fqw kd m (etz)u b,fwek ;f urS w&m;0if xkwf
jyefcJhjcif;r&dSvkd@ usaemfwkd@rod&ygbl;? 'gayr,fh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;
wa,muf axmifxJrSm aoqHk;oGm;wm[m zHk;zdxm;vkd@&wJh udpPr[kwfav
awmh (etz)xkwaf zmf 0efcjH cif; r&daS yr,fh vltrsm; odvm=u&wJh pm&if;awG
t& (etz)acwfaxmifxrJ mS usq;kH oGm;wJh Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awG&ŒJ ta&
twGuf[m (rqv)acwf (26)ESpf/ (zqv)acwf (14)ESpf/ udkvdkeDacwf ESpf
(100)ausmf/ zufqpf*syef acwf(3)ESpfawGuxuf tqaygif;rsm;pGm ydkw,f
qdkwJhtcsufudk b,foljiif;&JygovJ? 'gawmifrS 'Dpm&if;xJrSm axmifxJu
ygvmwJh a&m*gb,eJ@ '%f&m'%fcsufawGa=umifh axmiftjyifa&muf+yD;
r=umcif aoqHk;oGm;cJh=u&olawG rygao;ygbl;?
vlwdkif; jcifudkuf/ =urf;ydk;udkuf cHcJh=u&zl;rSmyg? tJ'DaumifawG
tudkufcH&wJhtcg olawmfpif olawmfjrwfawGuvGJvkd@ omrefvltrsm;pk
}uD;u b,fvdkwkH@jyef=uovJ? jcifqdk&if vuf0g;eJ@zsef;ceJ ±kdufowf/ =urf;ydk;
qd&k if vufnKd‡ ;vufrxJ n‡yzf +d y;D owfvu dk =f uwmyJ r[kwv f m;? 'gyrJ [kwf
vm;? tJ'Djcif okd@r[kwf =urf;ydk;udk ±kdufowfzdowf+yD;wJh aemufrSm awmifrS
tJ'D taumifukd ayay:wif+yD; wlr}uD;eJ@ tcsuaf ygi;f rsm;pGm xkEu S /f +yD;awmh
wcg tqdyf&nfzsef;/ +yD;awmhwcg rD;yHk}uD;zdk+yD; tJ'DrD;yHkxJypfxnfh/ +yD;awmh
wcg jymudk tajrmufajymif;xJxnfhypf/ tJovdk wkH@jyefw,fqdk&if tJ'Dvludk
b,fvdk tuJjzwf=urvJ? (etz)acwf EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG[m tJ'D
jcifv/kd =urf;yd;k vdk cHpm;cJh cHpm;ae=u&w,fq&kd if b,fojl iif;rvJ? “a':atmif
qef;pk=unf usef;rmygap”vdk@ atmfwJholudk axmif(7)ESpf/ vl@ tcGifhta&;
ta=umif; &Si;f jyvk@d &GmutxGuf vlpek @J 0ikd ;f +yD; t±ku
d cf &H olukd axmif(10)ESp/f
(VOA)em;axmifoludk axmif(3)ESpf/ avmifpmqDaps;E_ef;csay;zkd@ awmif;qdk
olawGudk axmif(65)ESpf/ EdkifiHa&;orm;awG bufuvdkufay;wJh a&SŒaeudk
axmifcs/ vl@tcGifhta&;twGuf aqmif&Gufaeoludk azmufcGJr_eJ@ ay;pm;+yD;
axmif(25)ESpfcs/ wlrudk oGm;zrf;wmrrdvkd@ ta':udk zrf;/ zcifudk zrf;+yD;wJh
tjyif touf(4)vt&G,f vlrr,fuav;i,fav;&JŒ rdcifjzpfoludkyg r&
&atmif vdkuf&Smzrf;/ “Oya'onf aemufa=umif;jyefcGifh r&dS”qdkwJh Oya'&JŒ
aomhcsufr¾Kdifwckudk vspfvsL±_+yD; axmifxJa&mufae+yD;om; vlwa,muf
140
udk ydwfodrf;+yD;om; tr_awGeJ@ jyefpGJcsufwif+yD; axmifxyfcs/ touf(80)eD;yg;t&G,f
axmifxJrSm tESpf(20)eD;yg; aecJh&+yD;jzpfwJh vlwa,mufudk v$wfr,fqdk+yD; axmifbl;0
ac:vm+yD;rS wdkufxJjyefoGif;/ tjyifu rdom;pkawG 'kuQawG@Ekdifor# awG@apzkd@ &nf&G,f+yD;
Edik if aH &; tusO;f om;awGukd rdom;pkawGe@J a0;&m &moDOwk jyif;xefq;kd 0g;wJh axmifawGuykd @dk /
axmif0ifpmudpPeJ@ ywfouf+yD; pOf;pm;vkd@ &or# enf;vrf;aygif;pHk toHk;jyK+yD; taESmifh
t,Sufay;/ qufa&;&&if 'Du¾wckxJeJ@wif pmtkyfawG twGJvdkuf xGufvmygvdrfhr,f?
tJovdk r=um;0HhremomudpPawG jzpfysufcJh/ jzpfysufaewJh EdkifiH[m urBmay:rSm jrefrm
wEkdifiHwnf; &dSygw,f? 'g[m teE WarwWm u±k%m&Sif jrwfpGmbk&m;&JŒ w&m;a'oem
awG xGef;um;aeygw,fqdkwJh jrefrmEdkifiHrSm ay:aygufcJh ay:aygufaeqJjzpfw,fqdkwJh
tcsufuawmh wu,fudk a=uuGJp&m
jzpf&yfrSef Zmwfvrf;wyk'fygyJ?
jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;zcif/ trsdK;om;
tusOf ; cs cH x m;&wJ h
acgif;aqmif tmZmenfol&Jaumif;}uD;
oHk;awmif0wf rdef;rom;wOD;udk
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JŒ wOD;wnf;aom
aemuf q H k ; ay: orD; rdef;uav;tay: Adkvfoef;a&$ OD;
acwfrDvufeuf}uD;awG aqmifwhJ (etz)&JŒ jyKrlqufqyH u kH v kd nf;
udkifaqmifxm;=uwJh avhvm=unfh=u&atmif? (21)ESpfvHk;vHk;
tawmifESpfq,f0wf bk&m;qkyef olwkd@ydkif owif;pmawGuae ae@pOf&uf
rif ; a,musf m ;}uD ; awG u qufe;D yg; a,musmf ;}uD;awG wefrhJ qJa&;
q,fpkESpf ESpfckausmf wdkif;xGmvmcJhwm wu,fhudk ,dkolr&Suf
vuf n d ‡ K ;aiguf a iguf x d k ; +yD ; jrifol&SufygyJ? tusOf;cs cHxm;&wJh oHk;
tremy ajymqd k & ef a wG @ ae=uwJ h awmif0wf rdef;rom;wOD;udk aemufqHk;
yHk&dyfudk jrefrmjynfu vGJ+yD; æ ay: acwfrDvufeuf}uD;awG udkifaqmif
xm;=uwJh tawmifESpfq,f0wf bk&m;
qkyef rif;a,musfm;}uD;awGu q,fpkESpf
ESpfckausmf vufnd‡K;aigufaigufxdk;+yD;
tremy ajymqdk&efawG@ae=uwJh yHk&dyfudk
jrefrmjynfuvGJ+yD; wjcm;b,fwdkif;jynfrSmrS awG@EkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;?
urBmay:rSm wOD;wnf;aom tusO;f cscx H m;&wJh +idr;f csr;f a&; Edb
k ,fq&k iS jf zpfwhJ
a':atmifqef;pk=unf tay: (etz)&JŒ jyKr_yHk[m trsdK;orD;wOD; rqdkxm;eJ@ trsdK;om;
wOD;tay: qd&k ifawmif &ufpuf=urf;=uKwf+yD; vlrqefveG ;f &m usvyS gw,f? tdrt f us,f
csKyfqw kd m axmifxrJ mS ae&wmxuf ykad umif;w,fv@dk trsm;u xifrw S =f urSmjzpfayr,fh
taz/ tar/ tpfudkvwfeJ@ cifyGef;jzpfolawGu vl@jynfrSm r&dSawmh/ tpfudk}uD;u pmem
axmufxm;r_ r&dS/ om;ESpfa,mufu EdkifiHjcm;rSm/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ tdrftus,f
141
csKyfb0[m txD;usef qefvGef;vSygw,f? axmifxJrSm ae&olawGu axmif0ifpmu
wqifh rdom;pke@J yHrk eS af wG@Eidk af yr,fh a':atmifqef;pk=unfuawmh Edik if aH &; tajctaeay:
rlwnf+yD;awmhom rdom;pke@J awG@ciG &hf wmrk@d wcgwcg ESpef @J cs=D umjrif+h yD;rS rdom;pke@J awG@qHk
cGihf &&dcS yhJ gw,f? cifyeG ;f jzpfoul uifqma&m*ge@J uG,v f eG cf ge;D rSm ZeD;onfe@J awG@z@dk jrefrm
jynfxJ 0ifcGifhawmif;cJhayr,fh jynf0ifcGifhADZm xkwfray;cJhwJh Adkvfoef;a&$&JŒ pdwf"mwf[m
Ak'b < mom0ifaumif; wa,muf&ŒJ pdw"f mwfvm;vk@d xdik ;f Edik if u H rsupf w d rdwS f v#yw f jyuf
0ef}uD;csKyfqrwfudk ar;=unfhcsifygw,f? touf(60)xJudk csOf;eif;0ifa&mufvm+yDqdkwm
[m Z&m'kAÁvt&G,f a&mufvm+yDqw kd hJ t"dyg` ,f jzpfygw,f? wud, k w f nf; txD;usef
aeae&wJh tJ'Dt&G,f vl}uD;wa,muftzkd@ usef;rma&; apmifha&Smufr_[m vufwurf;
tuGmrSm t+rJ&dSoifhw,fqdkwJhtcsuf[m em;vnfzkd@ rcufwJh udpPwckyg? 'gayr,fh
a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ ol@&JŒq&m0ef a'guf
wm wifrsdK;0if;wkd@ awG@qkHr_uawmh yHkrSefr&dSbJ
jzpfawmifhjzpfcJ udpPwckqefqefom &dSaejcif;
EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG[m uvnf; jrefrmjynf&JŒ a=uuGJp&m wuGuf
rdrdwkd@eJ@ oabmxm; jzpfygw,f? 'gxufy+kd yD; xdwv f ef@wek vf y_ pf &m
&yfwnfcsufcsif; rwlwm aumif;wmu Adv k o f ef;a&$[m a':atmifqef;
wckuvGJ&if pk=unf u d
k vuf p wk H; pD&ifzkd@txd }uHpnf}udK;
yrf;cJhr_ygyJ? &efukef+rdKŒv,facgif ukuUdKif;vrf;
olwkd@[mvnf; wdkif;jynfudk
qHkrSm tprf;avhusifhcJhwJh tJ'DudpPudk 'DyJ,if;
trSefwu,f
+rdKŒe,f =unf&GmrSm taumiftxnf azmfcJhyHk
cspfjrwfEdk;wJholawG/ u xGufajy;vGwfajrmufvmolawG ajymjy
vl}uD;vlaumif;awGjzpfw,f csut f & wkev f y_ f acsmufcsm;p&m aumif;vSwhJ
qdkwmukd æ “vlom;rsdK;EG,ftay: usL;vGefwJh &mZ0wfr_
}uD ; ” (Crime Against Humanity)
jzpfygw,f?
b,facwfb,fumvrSmrqdk t&if;
&SifacwfrSmyJjzpfjzpf/ qdk&S,fvpfacwfrSmyJ jzpf
jzpf/ tm%m&SifacwfrSmyJjzpfjzpf oHwdkifawGaemufudk rjzpfrae ykd@udkykd@&r,fh vlpm;rsdK;awG
&dSp+rJqdkwJhtcsufudk vlwdkif;vufcH=uygw,f? tJ'DvlrsdK;awGeJ@ w'*FrSm ay:aygufwJh pdwf
qdk; pdwf±kdif;awGa=umifh jypfr_usL;vGefrdcJholawGudk jypf'%fay;zkd@qdkwm tpdk;&wdkif;eJ@ tJ'D
tpdk;&wkdif;u xlaxmifzGJ@pnf;xm;wJh w&m;±kH;awG&JŒ rjzpfrae xrf;aqmif&r,fh wm0ef
jzpfw,fqw kd hJ tcsut
f ay: b,fou l rS tjiif;ryGm;=uygb;l ? ukeu f ek af jym&&if Edik if H ouf
wrf;Eke,fao;+yD; vH+k cHKwnf+idrrf _ tajctae tm;aumif;cdik rf mjcif; r&daS o;wJh Edik if aH wGrmS
tpdk;&wck[m rdrdeJ@EdkifiHa&; oabmxm; &yfwnfcsufcsif; rwluGJjym;jcm;em;wJh twdkuf
142
tcHawGudk zrf;qD;xdef;odrf; pGJcsufwif axmifcswmrsdK;awG jyKvkyf&w,fqdkwm
txd vufcHem;vnfay;Edkifygw,f?
'gayr,fh tJ'v D jdk ypf'%fcsrw S rf _ rSeo f r#[m jypfru _ sL;vGeo f al wG ud, k f
wkdifuyg ausauseyfeyfvufcH oabmwlxm;wJh w&m;Oya'eJ@ avsmfnDpGmyJ
jzpf&ygr,f? w&m;±k;H =um;emppfaq;r_rsm;[mvnf; Edik if w H umu vufcw H hJ pHEe_ ;f
rsm;eJ@tnDyJ jzpf&ygr,f? tkyfcsKyfa&;r¾Kdifuvnf; w&m;pD&ifa&;r¾Kdif tay:
v$rf;rkd;r_vHk;0(vHk;0)r&dS&ygbl;? w&m;ol}uD;rsm;[mvnf; rdrdwkd@ toufarG;0rf;
a=umif;vkyif ef;udk rSnahf c:xm;wJh trnfemreJ@ oifah wmfavsmn f pD mG t*wd(4)yg;
uif;uif;eJ@ w&m;r#w vGwfvyftrSDcdkuif;pGm qHk;jzwfpD&if=u&ygr,f? tJ'D
tcsufawGtm;jzifh EdkifiHwckudk tkyfpdk;aewJhtpdk;&[m ,Ofaus;wJh tpdk;&vm;/
w&m;Oya'eJ@avsmfnDpGm tkyfpdk;aewJh tpdk;&vm;/ rif;usifhw&m; q,fyg;eJ@tnD
tkypf ;kd aewJh tpd;k &vm;/ Edik if w H um todik ;f t0dik ;f u ESpv f =dk unfjzLpGm vufcEH ikd w f hJ
tpdk;&vm;/ 'grSr[kwf tJ'gawGeJ@ qef@usifbufrSm&dSaewJh tpdk;&vm; qdkwmudk
tuJjzwf&wmjzpfygw,f?
t*Fvyd v f ufatmuf udv k ekd aD cwfrmS a&m a&SŒrDaemufrD yk*Kd~ vftrsm;pk
u 'Duae@acwfu jyef=unfh+yD; 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&acwfvkd@ &nfn$ef;ajymqdkavh&Sd
=uwJh vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aemuf (14)ESpfwmumv (Adkvfae0if;acwf ESpfESpfryg)
rSmyg tpdk;&[m oleJ@oabmxm; rwlolwcsKdŒudk pGJcsufrwifbJ ac:,lxdef;odrf;
xm;wmawG/ pGcJ suw f if+yD; axmif'%fcsrw S w
f mawG &dcS whJ mygy?J 'gayr,fh tJ'v D kd
tusOf;om;awG (wenf;)EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG[m rdrdwkd@eJ@ oabmxm; &yf
wnfcsufcsif; rwlwmwckuvGJ&if olwkd@[mvnf; wdkif;jynfudk trSefwu,f
cspjf rwfE;kd wJo h al wG/ vl}uD;vlaumif;awGjzpfw,fqw kd mukd tJ't D pd;k &awGu em;
vnfvufcH todtrSwfjyK=uwJhtwGuf olwkd@udk tjcm;&mZ0wf tusOf;om;
awGeJ@ wwef;wpm;wnf; rxm;bJ txl;tcGifhta&;& “bDuvyf”tqifh ay;
xm;avh&Sd=uygw,f? EdkifiHa&;tr_awGeJ@ ywfouf+yD; tr_=um;empD&if&mrSm
vnf; t*Fvdyf tpdk;&ta=umif;ajym&&if tJ'DvlrsdK;jcm;udkvdkeDtpdk;&[m ol@ukd
vufeufpu JG ikd f ykeu
f efjcm;em;cJw h hJ q&mpHoyl ek af wGuakd wmif Edik if w H um pHEe_ ;f rsm;
eJ@tnD w&m;cHrsm; &oif&h xdu k wf hJ tcGit hf a&;tm;vH;k ay;+yD; ppfaq; =um;emcJyh g
w,f? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;eJ@ tmZmenfacgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm; vky}f uH owfjzwfc&H
wJh udpPrSmvnf; w&m;cHawG[m tpdk;&&JŒ ausmaxmufaemufcHjyKr_udk wenf;
wzHk &&dSxm;olawGjzpfw,fvkd@ pGyfpGJcHxm;&wJh=um;u t*Fvdyf tpdk;&u cef@tyf
xm;wJhw&m;ol}uD;eJ@ *sL&DtzGJ@[m tr_ukd trsm;jynfola&SŒarSmufrSm EdkifiHw
umpHE_ef;rsm;eJ@tnD ajzmifhrwfwnf =unfpGm =um;emppfaq;+yD; w&m;cHawGudk
143
olw@dk usL;vGecf w hJ jhJ ypfre_ @J xdu
k w
f efwjhJ ypf'%f
toD;oD;udk csrSwfcJhwm tm;vHk;todyg? Ed k i f i H a &;orm;awG & J Œ
'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&acwfrSmvnf; 'D tr_awGudk
twdkif;ygyJ? EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;eJ@ ywfoufwJh =um;emppf a q;
w&m;±kH; =um;em;ppfaq;r_rsm;eJ@ jypf'%f pD pD&ifcsufcsrSwfwJh
&ifcsrSwfr_rsm;[m pif;vHk;acsm ajcmufjypf w&m;ol}uD;awGudk
uif;ygyJvkd@ rqdkEdkifonfhwdkif jynfwGif;jynfy “ygwmzwf ” awG v k d @
&JŒ tqufrjywfjyif;xefwhJ a0zef±w _ cf srr_ sm; vlxku
eJ@ &ifqdkif}uKHawG@cJh&w,fqdkwJh toHrsdK; us
trnfay;uifyGef;wyfxm;wm
aemfwkd@ r=um;zl;wmawmh trSefygyJ?
wckwnf;udk
Adkvfoef;a&$&JŒ (etz)acwf EdkifiH
a&;orm;awG e J @ quf p yf y wf o uf a ewJ h =unfhwmeJ@wif æ
w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfuawmh tm;vHk;od=uwJh
twdkif;ygyJ? axmif;axmif;xaewJh tykyfeH@
u jrefrmEdkifiHe,fedrdwfudkawmif ausmfvGef
+yD; ukvor*~txda&muf&dSae+yDrkd@ aumif;ovm; qkd;ovm;qdkwmudk xyfrH+yD; cGJjcrf;pdwf
jzmjyzk@d vrkd ,f rxifawmhygb;l ? Edik if aH &;orm;awG&ŒJ tr_awGukd =um;emppfaq; pD&ifcsucf s
rSwfwJh w&m;ol}uD;awGudk “ygwmzwf”awGvkd@ vlxku trnfay;uifyGef;wyfxm;wm
wckwnf;udk =unfhwmeJ@wif vHkavmufvdrfhr,f xifygw,f? OD;Ekacwfu usifhoHk;wJh EdkifiH
a&; pepfudk avSmifajymifoa&mf+yD; “'Drdkua&pDajymif;jyef”qdkwJh trnfeJ@ pmtkyfwtkyf
a&;cJhzl;wJh OD;Zefxm;qifqdkwJh yk*~dKvfom tcktxd ouf&dSxif&Sm; &dSaeao;w,fqdk&if
(etz)acwfeJ@ ywfouf+yD;awmhvnf; pmtkyf wtkyfavmuf a&;ygOD;vkd@ usaemfwkd@ wdkuf
wGef;arwWm&yfcH=unfhcsifygw,f? OD;Ekudk “b0&Sifrif;w&m;}uD;”vdk@ oa&mf+yD;ac:cJhwJh EdkifiH
a&;orm;udkvnf; 'Duae@Adkvfoef;a&$udk tJovdkvlod&Sif=um;ac:&if b,fvdkwkH@ jyefr,f
xifovJvkd@ ar;=unfhcsifygw,f? vGwfvyf+yD;p acwfEdkifiHa&;t& uGJ=u+yJ=uwm awGudk
“tuGJt+yJZmwfvrf;”trnfeJ@ pmtkyfa&;om;rSwfwrf;wifcJhwJh “a':atmifpk=unf [m
vJ rdef;ryJæ rdef;rwkd@ xHk;pHtwdkif;tdyf&mxJrSm ol@a,musfm;udk EdkifiH&JŒ twGif;a&;awG
ajymrSmayhg”vdk@ ajymcJhzl;wJh yk*~dKvf}uD; (rqv)acwf/ (e0w)(etz)acwf ppftpdk;&awG&JŒ
tuGJt+yJawGudk bma=umifhrSwfwrf;rwifwmvJ? (etz)&JŒ olaumif;jyKr_udk cH,lae&
wma=umifhvm;vkd@ ar;=unfhzkd@ aumif;ygw,f?
usaemfwifjycJhor#[m Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ ol@&JŒ(etz)tpdk;& olwkd@rvkyfcJhygbl;vkd@
b,fvkdrSrjiif;EdkifwJh &yfod&Gmod urBmod udpPawGjzpfygw,f? wu,fawmh Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@
(etz)&JŒ yH&k yd u f kd jynfjh ynf0h 0yHk azmf=unfch siw f ,fq&kd if xnfo
h iG ;f pOf;pm;jcif;rjyKvk@d b,f
vdkrS rjzpfEdkifwJhvkyf&yfwcsKdŒ&dSygao;w,f? tJ'gawG teufwckuawmh e,fpyfa'ou
144
wkdif;&if;om;jynfolawGtay: (etz)ppfwyf&JŒ jyKrlyHkawGygyJ? (21)ESpfwm
umvtwGif; (etz)ppfwyfa=umifh uscJh&wJh tJ'Dwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK; pk0ifawG&JŒ
aoG;/ ac|;/ rsuf&nfawG[m pkvdkuf&if jrpf}uD;wpif;avmuf &dSEdkif w,fqdk&if
tJ'g[modyfudk vGefusL;vGef;wJhwifpm;csufwck r[kwfavmufygbl;? 'gayr,fh
'DudpP[m EdkifiHwum rD'D,mawG&JŒ rD;armif;awGtjyifbufrSm jyKvkyfEdkifcJhwJh
vkyf&yfjzpfavawmh (etz)u 'g[mtwdkuftcHeJ@ aomif;usef;olawG&JŒ EdkifiH
a&; wdkufuGufwckom jzpfw,fvkd@ tvDbdkifjy+yD; a&SmifxGufoGm;EdkifrSm jzpfwm
a=umifh 'DudpPudk usaemftus,fcsJŒ ajymraeawmhbJ EdkifiHwum ppf&mZ0wfr_
rsm; qdkif&mw&m;±kH; w&m;ol}uD;awGtwGufyJ csefxm;cJhygr,f?
(etz)udk urBmausmfoxuf ausmfoGm;apcJhwJh tajymifajrmufqHk;
vkyf&yfwckuawmh (2007)pufwifbm a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;twGif; oHCm
awmfawGtay: jyKrljyvdkufwJh (etz)&JŒ tjyKtrlygyJ? owif;enf;ynm xGef;
um;aewJh urBm}uD;wck&ŒJ acwfrq D ufo, G af &; rD;armif;awGatmufrmS arwWmyk@d
y&dwf&Gwf tr#a0aewJh oHCmawmfawGeJ@ jynfolawGtay: (etz)vHkjcHKa&;
tzGJ@0ifawG jyKrlcJhwJh tjyKtrlawGudk jrifawG@oGm;cJh=u&+yD;aemuf tJ'Djzpf&yfawG
ay:aygufcJhwJh EkdifiH[m Ak'<jrwfpGmbk&m;&JŒ omoemawmfoef@&Sif;pif=u,fa&;
twGuf ESpf}udrfwdkifwdkif o*F g,emwifcJhzl;wJh wckwnf;aom Ak'<bmomEdkifiH
wckjzpfw,fqdkwJhtcsufudk odxm;=uwJh urBmhjynfolawGydk+yD; &ifxkrem jzpf
oGm;cJh=u&ygw,f? a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&; twGif; jrifawG@cJh=u&wJh (etz)&JŒ
tJ'v D yk f &yfawGxrJ mS awmfveS af &;+yD;aemuf
bkef;}uD;ausmif;awGudk=urf;=urf;wrf;wrf;
(etz)ud k 0ifa&muf pD;eif; &SmazGzrf;qD;r_awG/ awmfveS f
urB m ausmf o xuf a&;&JŒ OD;pD;OD;aqmif oHCmawmfawGudk zrf;
ausmf o G m ;apcJ h w J h qD;ESdyfpuf/ twif;tusyfvl0wfvJap+yD;
w&m;ol}uD;awGu &mZ0wfom;awGyrm
tajymif a jrmuf q H k ;
ac:a0:oHk;pGJum jyif;xef}uD;av;wJh axmif
vk y f & yf w ck u awmh
'%f toD;oD; csrw S cf w
hJ m awGtjyif (21)ESpf
(2007)puf w if b m wmumvwavsmuf jynfol@tusdK;udk &Gyf
a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;twGif; &Gycf |cH |H o,fy;kd cJ=h uwJh oHCmawmfawGtay:
oH C mawmf a wG t ay: (etz)tkyfcsKyfa&; ,E W&m;tqifhqifhu
jyKrljyvdkufwJh (etz)&JŒ yk*~dKvfawGu jyKrlqufqHcJh=uyHkawGudkyg xyf
tjyKtrl y gyJ ? aygif;xnfhvdkufwJhtcg uH uH. tusdK;udk
,Hk=unfr_u t&if;cHrlv y"mejzpfwJh Ak'<0g'
tppftrSefeJ@ rSwfausmuf wdkuf=unfhvdkuf
145
&if 'Dvlwodkuf[m tajccHtm;jzifhudk Ak'<bmom0ifawG r[kwfbl;qdkwJh
tcsufydkrdkay:vGifxif&Sm;vmygw,f?
Adv
k o
f ef;a&$O;D aqmifwhJ (etz)tpd;k &&JŒ aemufxyfajymifajrmuf
wJh vkyf&yfwckudk jrifawG@cJh=u&wmuawmh em*pfrkefwdkif; vGefumv
(txl;ojzifh rkew f ikd ;f wduk cf wf+yD; &ufyikd ;f twGi;f )yJ jzpfygw,f? uyfab;qk;d
u,fq,fr_tawG@t}uKH &ifhae=uwJh EdkifiH}uD;awGeJ@ EdkifiHwumtzGJ@
tpnf;awGu rkew f ikd ;f '%fcjH ynfoal wGqD tultnDawG tjrefq;kH a&muf
&dSavav/ tJ'DjynfolawG&JŒ touftE W&m,f vHkjcHKr_twGufydk+yD; pdwfcs&
avavqdkwmudk odxm;=uolrsm;yDyD jrefrm
EdkifiHxJ tjrefqHk; 0ifa&mufcGifhay;zkd@ awmif;
qdkcJh=uayr,fh (etz)u trsdK;om;vHk+cHKa&; trsd K ;om;vH k + cH K a&;
ta=umif;jycsuf (tJ'gudk (etz)ppftkyfpk&JŒ ta=umif ; jycsuf ( tJ ' gud k
tm%m vH+k cHKa&;vk@d jrefrmjynforl sm;ua&m/ (etz)ppf t k y f p k & J Œ tm%m
urBmh acgif;aqmifEdkifiHawGuyg odxm;=uyg vH k + cH K a&;vk d @
w,f?) eJ@ cGirhf jyKcJw h ma=umifh (w&m;0if ude;f jref r mjynf o l r sm;ua&m/
*%ef; awG ay:xGurf vmcJ)h ayr,fh (etz)&JŒ
urB m h a cgif ; aqmif E d k i f i H a wG u yg
tJ'Dvkyf&yfa=umihf rkefwdkif;'%fcHjynfolawG
od x m;=uygw,f ? )eJ @
“a&epfwJhol 0g;ulxkd;”cH&ovdkrsdK; ydk+yD;'kuQ
yif v ,f a 0cJ h = u&rS m aocsmw,f q d k w m cG i f h r jyKcJ h w ma=umif h (w&m;0if
a=umif; usKd ;qufpyfpOf;pm;=unf&h if odjrifEikd f ud e f ; *%ef ; awG
ygw,f? tJ'Dvkyf&yfxJrSm vma&mufulnDzkd@ ay:xG u f r vmcJ h ) ayr,f h
}udK;pm;wJo h al wGukd taESmift h ,Suf trsKd ;rsKd ; (etz)&J Œ tJ 'D v k yf &yf a=umih f
ay;cJhyHkawG/ a&SŒwef;u ulnDaeolwcsKdŒudk
ESpf&Snfaxmif'%f}uD;awG csrSwfcJhyHkawGeJ@
aygif;pyfvdkufwJhtcgrSmawmh Adkvfoef;a&$&JŒ (etz)[m &ufpufr_taygif;
o&zlaqmif;oGm;cJh+yDvkd@yJ ajym&ygawmhr,f?
tJ'Dawmh csdefcGifwzufrSm Adkvfoef;a&$OD;aqmifwJh (etz)&JŒ
EdkifiHwnfaqmufjyKjyifa&;qdkwJh vkyf&yfawGudkxnfh tjcm;wzufrSm
usaemf wifjycJhwJh trSefwu,fjzpfysufcJhwma=umifh Adkvfoef;a&$taeeJ@
b,fvdkrS jiif;vkd@&Edkifp&mr&dSwJh vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_ vkyf&yfawGudk
xnf+h yD; csed pf uf=unf&h if b,fbufu tav;omrvJ? ud, k uf , kd w
f ikd o
f m
qHk;jzwf=uygawmhvkd@yJ ajzcsifygw,f? Õ
146
ar; ? ? (90)a&G;aumufyGJ tEkdif&ygwDawGua&m/ a&SŒrDaemufrD 0g&ifh
rsdK;cspf EdkifiHa&;orm;}uD;awGua&m/ jrefrmjynfolawGua&m/ urBmhukv
or*~tzGJ@}uD;uyg pm;yGJ0dkif;rSm rsufESmcsif;qdkifxdkif+yD; awG@qkHaqG;aEG; tajz
&Sma&;udk awmif;qdkae=uayr,fh (etz)tpdk;&u wGifwGifjiif;aewm
bma=umifhvJ? olwkd@u olwkd@OD;pD;usif;ycJhwJh trsdK;om;nDvmcH[m
rsuEf mS csi;f qdik f awG@qaHk qG;aEG;yGyJ v
J @dk ajymaewm[ma&m vufcEH ikd zf ,
G &f w
Sd hJ
ajymqdkcsuf wckvm;? [kwfw,f 'grSr[kwf r[kwfbl; qdk&ifbma=umifhvJ?
ajz ? ? cifAsm;ar;cGef;&JŒ yxrtykdif;udk t&Sif;qHk;eJ@twdkqHk;ajz&r,fqdk&ifawmh ol

wyg;ydkif ypPnf;udkvk,l odrf;ydkufxm;ol[m ypPnf;&JŒrlvydkif&SifeJ@ rsufESmcsif;qdkif awG@
qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ b,fvkyf&JyghrvJqdkwJh OyrmudkyJ ay;&ygvdrfhr,f? ypPnf;&JŒrlvydkif&SifeJ@ tJ'D
ypPnf;udk vk,lodrf;ydkufxm;olwkd@[m vGwfvyfyGifhvif;+yD; w&m;r#wwJh 0ef;usifwckrSm
wef;wl&nfwl awG@qkHaqG;aEG;=u+yDqdkwmeJ@ olwkd@ESpfOD; yxrqHk; rvGJraoG aqG;aEG;&r,fh
udpP[m awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ&JŒ yifrta=umif;w&m;jzpfwJh vk,lodrf;ydkufcHxm;&wJh ypPnf;
udpPyJjzpfygw,f? 'ghxufydk+yD; wkduf±kdufususajym&&ifawmh tJ'DypPnf;udk vk,lodrf;ydkuf
xm;olu rlvydik &f iS x
f H b,fawmhb,fvjdk yefay;rvJqw kd u
hJ pd yP J jzpf&ygvrd rhf ,f? aqG;aEG;yGJ
jzpfay:vm+yDqw kd meJ@ 'Dtcsuu f kd a&Smifvv
J$ @dk r&ygb;l ? t"dyg` ,u f aqG;aEG;yGjJ zpfay: vm+yD
qdkwmeJ@ t"rRorm;[mol vk,lodrf;ydkufxm;wJh ypPnf;udk(100µ)xdef;csKyfxm; Edkif&mu
ae wckvHk; 'grSr[kwf wpdwfwykdif;udkawmh pGef@v$wf&awmhr,fqdkwm a&Smifv$Jvkd@ r&wJh
oabmygyJ?
,ae@acwf urBmrSm wGifus,fv$rf;rkd;aewJh EdkifiHa&;oabmw&m;&JŒ zGifhqdkcsuf
t& EdkifiHawmftm%m&JŒ rlvydkif&Sif[m jynfolawGjzpfygw,f? vuf&dSjrefrmEdkifiHrSm EdkifiH
awmftm%mudk (1990)ckESpfrSm usif;ywJh vGwfvyfw&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyGJrS wqifh
jynfoal wGu w&m;0iftyfEiS ;f jcif;cHxm;&wJh tzG@J tpnf;u (NLD) jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh
tm;vH;k od=uwJt h wdik ;f tJ'D a&G;aumufyu JG kd cHo
k rm"dv}l uD;tjzpf OD;pD;usi;f yay;ygr,fv@dk
ajymqdkchJwhJ (e0w)(etz)ppftkyfpku tm%mudk rlvydkif&SifjzpfwJh jrefrmjynfolawG&JŒ
w&m;0ifudk,fpm;vS,fjzpfwJh (NLD)udk v$Jay;zkd@ jyifqifwJh y%mrvkyfief;pOftjzpf jynf
ol@v$wfawmfudk ac:,lusif;yay;zkd@a0;pG? tEdkif&ygwDu tajctaeudk em;vnfr_&dS&dSeJ@
v$waf wmfac:,la&;a&SŒrSm wqifch +H yD; awG@qaHk qG;aEG;a&;vkyzf @dk awmif;qdak ewmudak wmif
rsufESmajymifwdkuf jiif;qefae±kHomru a&G;aumufyGJ tEdkif&ygwD}uD;awGeJ@ v$wfawmf
udk,fpm;vS,fawGudk ajymr,Hk}uKHzl;rSodr,hf enf;vrf;aygif;pHktoHk;jyK+yD; EdSyfuGyfn‡Of;yef;
aewm uef@vef@umaemufuG,frSm v#KdŒv#KdŒ0Suf0Sufvnf; r[kwfwmrkd@ tm;vHk; jrifae
=um;ae=u&wJhtwdkif;ygyJ?
147
'Dae&mrSm pum;pyfrdvkd@ jynfwGif;jynfyu 'Drdkua&pDbufawmf
om;wcsKdŒ&JŒ jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;udk eufeuf±_dif;±_dif; em;rvnfvkd@yJvm;? 'grSr[kwf
tawG;acgiv f eG ;f vk@d yv
J m; rod&wJh tawG;tac: tajymtqdw k csKŒd ta=umif;
aqG;aEG;csifygw,f?
olw@dk u jrefrmEdik if rH mS ppfreS w
f EhJ ikd if aH &;awG@qyHk JG ay:aygurf vmao;
wm&JŒ ta=umif;&if;udk &Sm=u&mrSm 'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pkawG/ 'ghxufykd+yD;
wdkuf±kdufususajym&&if 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawG&JŒ OD;aqmifygwD}uD;jzpfwJh
(NLD) 'ghxufydk+yD; wdkuf±kdufususajym&&if (NLD) acgif;aqmif a':atmif
qef;pk=unf&JŒ c|wf,Gif;csufa=umihf
jzpfw,fvkd@ ,lqae=uyHk&ygw,f?
olwkd@qdkvdkwJh c|wf,Gif;csufqdkwm avmavmq,f r S m
uawmh a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m (etz)ay;or#,l
awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJudk (etz),Hk=unf au|;or#pm;+yD ;
ouf 0 if v matmif azsmif ; zsqG J aemif t cgusrS
aqmifpnf;±kH;odrf;oGif;Ekdifjcif; r&dS tajctaeay;&if ay;ovd k
bl;? wenf;ajym&&if a':atmifqef; rdrdwkd@&JŒ 'Drdkua&pDe,fy,fudk
pk=unf[m awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&; pm;yGJ wvuf r csif ;
0kdif;qD(etz) a&mufvmapzkd@ t
csJŒxGif,loGm;&r,fvkd@
wGuf vHak vmufwt hJ av#mah y;r_ udk
olwkd@u qdkygw,f?
(etz)xH w&m;0ifvlod&Sif=um;
urf;vSrf;jcif; r&dScJhbl;qdkwm jzpfyg
w,f? wu,fvkd@ a':atmifqef;pk
=unfuom awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ jzpf
ay:vmwJt hJ cg rdrw d @dk bufu bmawGtav#mah y;r,fqw kd mudk }udKwif+yD; vlod
&Si=f um; wdwu d susurf;vSr;f r,fq&kd if (etz)[molw@dk &ŒJ tem*wfb0 vH+k cHK
a&;twGuf pdwcf svufcsjzpfomG ;+yDr@dk awG@qaHk qG;aEG;a&; pm;yG0J ikd ;f udk a&mufvm
vdrrhf ,f? pdwcf svufcsjzpfomG ;wm r&daS o;bl;qd&k ifawmifrS (NLD) urf;vSr;f
r_&ŒJ tvGew f &m aysmah ysmif;wJh tESpo f m&a=umifh (etz)[m tJ'u D rf;vSr;f r_
udk rjiif;qefomavmufwJh zdtm;atmufudka&muf&dSoGm;+yD; tenf;qHk;
pm;yGJ0dkif;&dS&mudkawmh pwdoabmjzpfjzpf a&muf&dSvmvdrfhr,f? tJ'DtcgusrS
'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmif/ wdkif;&if;om; acgif;aqmifawG[m (e0w)udk wjznf;
jznf;azsmif;zspnf;±kH;+yD; ppfrSefwJhawG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; ay:xGef;vmatmif
azmfaqmifjcif;jzifh &Spfq,fh&Spf ta&;awmfyHktwGif; jrefrmjynfolawG awmif;
qdkcJh=uwJh 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ vl@tcGifhta&; &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk +yD;ajrmuf
148
atmifjrifapvdrfhr,f? olwkd@u tJovdk awG;ac:,lqajymqdkae=uwmjzpfyg
w,f?
tJ'DtawG;tac:&JŒ ta=umif;&if; a&aomufjrpfubmvJ? tESpf ESpf
q,fv;kH vH;k jynfwiG ;f ua&m jynfyuyg zdtm;awG aygi;f pHak y;cJw
h =hJ um;u (etz)
[m aysmhaysmif;tm;enf;oGm;jcif;r&dSwJhtjyif ydkvkd@awmif wif;rmtm;aumif;
vmcJw h ,f? vuf&rSd mS taxGaxG Edik if wH umtajctaeuvnf; jrefrmh 'Dru kd a&
pD bufawmfom;awGtwGuf tcGio hf mapr,fh taetxm;rSm r&db S ;l ? 'ga=umifh
zdtm;qufay;r,fqdk&if (etz)[m EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;eJ@ykd+yD; a0;uGmo
xuf a0;uGmvmr,f? tJ'g&JŒ tusdK;quftjzpf jynfolawGtay: (etz)&JŒ
zdEdSyfr_[m jyif;xefoxufjyif;xefvm+yD; tqHk;wae@rSm wEdkifiHvHk; aygufuGJ
vGifhpif a=urGoGm;um jynfaxmifpkvnf; +yKduGJ/ jynfolawGvnf; tqHk; r&dSwJh
'kuQyifv,fatmuf epfjrKyfoGm;=u&vdrfhr,fqdkwJh awG;ac:qifjcifyHk enf;vrf;
(Way of Thinking) jzpfygw,f? tJovdkrjzpfzkd@twGuf vuf&dS tajc taerSm
taumif;qHk;enf;vrf;u 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGtaeeJ@ (etz)udk tpGrf;ukef
tav#mhay; vdkufavsm+yD; ajyvnfr_&,la&;rl0g' (Appeasement Policy)
jzpfygw,f? avmavmq,frSm (etz)ay;or#,l au|;or#pm;+yD; aemiftcgus
rS tajctaeay;&if ay;ovdk rdrdwkd@&JŒ 'Drdkua&pDe,fy,fudk wvufrcsif; csJŒ
xGif,loGm;&r,fvkd@ olwkd@u qdkygw,f? tJ'D tawG;tac:t& olwkd@ t"du
xm; &SmazGwmu b,fvdkajymqdk jyKrlvkyfudkif&if (etz)oabmusrvJ qdkwm
jzpfygw,f? (etz)[m olwkd@oabmruswJholawGudk EdkifiHa&;t& vHk;vHk;
vsm;vsm; &yfwnfv@dk r&atmif t+yD;tjywf acsre_ ;f ypfvrd rhf ,f? tJovdk acsre_ ;f
ypfEdkifwJh pGrf;yum;vnf;(etz)rSm &dSw,f? olwkd@oabmuswJh olawGudkawmh
olwkd@csKyfudkifxm;wJh tm%m&JŒtpdwftydkif;tcsKdŒudk cGJa0ay;vdrfhr,f? vuf&Sd
jynfwGif;jynfy tajctaeawGt& vufpwHk;acsr_ef; ypfwmudkcH&wmeJ@ pm&if
(etz)ray;rjzpfvkd@ay;&wJh ig;rwfom;/ ESpfusyfcGJom; 'Drdkua&pDudk ,lwmu
ydk+yD;vufawG@usw,f? vuf&dStajctaerSm (90)a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudkyJ tao
qkyfudkifxm;+yD; awG@qkHaqG;aEG;a&;udkyJ wpmpm awmif;qdkaewm[m vufawG@
rusbl;? pdwful;,Of qefvGef;w,f? b,fawmhrS taumiftxnf ay:rvm
r,fh tdyrf ufjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Dru dk a&pDacgi;f aqmifawG txl;ojzifh (NLD)/
txl;ojzifh a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m tdyrf ufu Ed;k x+yD;wu,fh vufawG@b0
rSm pwifaexdkif&r,fvkd@ tJ'DtawG;tac: *kd%f;0ifawGu olwkd@udk,fwdkifvnf;
,Hk=unfae=u+yD; tjcm;olawGudkvnf; ,Hk=unfvmatmif wdkufwGef;vSHKŒaqmf
ae=uygw,f?
149
tJ'DtawG;tac:*kd%f;u xufoefwufºuGr_vnf;ydk&dS/ tajctae
vnf; ydak y;jcif;cH&olawGq&kd if tJ't D awG;tac:udk vufawG@ taumiftxnf
azmfr_wcktjzpf (etz)tay: pD;yGm;a&;/ oHwrefa&;t& '%fcwfydwfqkd@ta&;
,lxm;r_awGukd jyefvnf±yk o f rd ;f ay;zk@d oufqidk &f mtpk;d &awGukd csO;f uyfpnf;±k;H
ae=uw,fqdkwm jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;udk pdwf0ifpm;+yD; pOfqufrjywf avhvmtuJ
cwfaeolwikd ;f odae=uwJh w&m;0if ra=unmwJh vlwidk ;f od owif;wyk'f (open
secret) jzpfygw,f?
(1993)rSm (etz)&JŒ trsdK;om;nDvmcHudkwufa&mufcJhwJh trSm;udk
usL;vGefcJh+yD;wJhaemuf aemufxyfvrf;pOfqdkif&m trSm;wckrS xyfrHusL;vGefjcif;
r&daS wmhwhJ vuf&Sd (NLD)acgi;f aqmifrsm;ua&m/ yifu, kd xf ufjrufx;l c|erf x
_ J
rSm q,fpEk pS f ESpcf w
k mumv tawG@t}uKHrsm; xyfraH ygi;f xnfx h m;r_t& jrefrm
ppftm%m&Sifpepf&JŒ obm0udk rkef@wD[if;vdk &Sif;&Sif; vif;vif; uGif;uGif;uGuf
uGuf jrifawG@omG ;cJ+h yDjzpfwhJ a':atmifqef;pk=unfuyg tJ't D awG;tac:*k% d ;f &JŒ
tajccHt&udk vGrJ mS ;aer_ukd aumif;aumif;em;vnf oabmaygu=f uyH&k ygw,f?
'gayr,fh 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pktwGif;nD!Gwfa&;udk txl;OD;pm;ay;wJh rdrdwkd@&JŒ
t&if;cH pdwx f m;vnf;ay:vGiaf p/ tJ'D tawG;tac:*k% d ;f om;rsm;vnf; auseyf
r_&/ EdkifiHwumtjrifrSm rdrdwkd@bufu twwfEdkifqHk; tav#mhay; vdkufavsm
urf;vSrf;cJhw,fqdkwJh tcsufvnf;ay:vGifapqdkwJhoabmeJ@ a':atmifqef;pk
=unfe@J (NLD)acgif;aqmifawG[m usaemftxufwae&mrSm wifjycJhovdkyJ
thHzG,fol&J vdkufavsmr_wckudk (etz)xH urf;vSrf;cJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh (etz)
&JŒ wHk@jyefr_u txufygtawG;tac: *kd%f;om;rsm; tygt0if tm;vHk; todyg
yJ?
jrefrmEdkifiHrSm ppftm%m&Sifpepf csKyf+idrf;a&;/ 'Drdkua&pDjyefvnf ay:
xGe;f a&;vkyif ef;[m ta&SŒtv,fyikd ;f u tpPa&; ygvufpwdik ;f jy\emavmuf
euf±_dif;}uD;rm;us,fjyef@jcif;r&dSbl;vkd@ usaemfa&SŒwae&mrSm qdkcJhygw,f? jrefrmh
jy\em[m tpPa&; ygvufpwdkif; jy\emvdk “urBmem”wckr[kwfbl;vkd@
usaemf qdkcJhygw,f? t"dy`g,fu ta&SŒtv,fydkif; jy\em[m ESpfoufwrf;
&maxmifcsD&dScJh+yDjzpf+yD; vHk;0ajyvnfoGm;zkd@uvnf; aemufESpfaygif; &maxmifcsD
r[kwfonfhwdkif q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tcsdef,l+yD; cufcufcJcJ ememusifusif
ajz&Si;f &r,fh jy\emwckjzpfayr,fh jrefrmjy\emuawmh tJoavmuf eufeJ
cufcJwJh jy\emwck r[kwfbl;vkd@ qdkvdkwm jzpfygw,f? vuf&dSrSm jrefrmh jy
\em Edik if w H umrD;armif;atmuf a&muf&aSd ejcif;[m jy\em&JŒ euf±id_ ;f odraf rG@
us,fjyef@}uD;rm;r_a=umifh r[kwfbJ tajrmftjrifenf;yg;+yD; b,folaoao
iawrm&if+yD;a&m pdwf"mwf&dSwJh jrefrmhwyfrawmfxdyfydkif;u ppfAdkvfwpk&JŒ
150
awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ jzpfay:rvmwm[m (NLD)a=umifh/ 'grSr[kwf

ESpfzufpvHk;a=umifhvkd@ ±_jrifw,fqdk&if tJ'DcsOf;uyfenf;uwqifh
b,fawmhrS tajzrSef&zkd@r&dSwJhtjyif æ
acgi;f rmr_a=umifo h m jzpfw,fqw kd t

hJ csu[ f m wae@wjcm; ydrk kd ay:vGix f if&mS ; vmvsu&f Sd
ygw,f?
jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDjy\em[m ta&SŒtv,fydkif;jy\emavmuf euf±_dif;us,f
jyef@jcif;r&dSbl;qdkayr,hf usefurBmhEdkifiHawGu txl;ojzifh tdrfeD;csif; ta&SŒawmif tm&S
EdkifiHawGu 'Drdkua&pDa&;jy\emawGavmufawmh vG,fulacsmarG@jcif; r&dSEdkifbl;qdkwJh
tcsufudk oabmaygufxm;zkd@vnf; vdktyfygw,f? 'Dvdkjzpf&wm[m jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒ yx0D
EdkifiHa&;t& ta&;ygr_/ EdkifiH&JŒ o,HZmw&if;jrpf aygºuG,f0r_eJ@ tJ'DtcsufawGudk aumif;
aumif;}uD; oabmaygufxm;+yD; olwkd@tkyfpktusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf u|rf;usifyg;eyfpGm
toHk;csae=uwJh jrefrmxdyfwef; ppfAdkvfwpka=umifhjzpfw,fqkdwJhtcsufudk eufeuf ±_dif;
±_dif; oabmaygufrSom jrefrmhjy\em ajyvnfa&;twGuf yxrqHk;eJ@ r&dSrjzpf ta&;
t}uD;qHk;tqifhjzpfwJh ppfrSefwJh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ ay:aygufvmEdkifapr,fh enf;vrf;rsm;udk
pOf;pm;}uHqEdkifrSm jzpfygw,f?
'Duae@ppfrSefwJh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJwck ay:aygufvma&;udk ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;jy
+yD; a&Smifv$Jaewm[m (etz)ppftkyfpk jzpfygw,f? 'Dtcsufudk OD;aESmufyHkrSef&dSolwdkif;u
od=uygw,f? ukeu f ek af jym&if (etz)ud, k w f ikd u
f awmif odygw,f? 'ga=umifh awG@qaHk qG;
aEG;yGJ jzpfay:rvmwm[m (NLD)a=umifh/ 'grSr[kwf ESpfzufpvHk;a=umifhvkd@ ±_jrifw,fqdk
&if tJ'DcsOf;uyfenf;uwqifh b,fawmhrS tajzrSef&zkd@r&dSwJhtjyif tajzrSefeJ@ =umav
a0;avawmif jzpfrSmaocsmygw,f? csOf;uyfenf; trSefu awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ ay:ayguf
rvmwm[m (etz)wzufwnf; (wzufwnf;)a=umifhom jzpfw,fvkd@ yxrqHk; ±_jrif&
ygr,f? +yD;awmhrS 'kw, d tqifh taeeJ@ (etz)[m awG@qaHk qG;aEG;yGu J kd bma=umifh jiif;qef
aeovJqw kd mudk pOf;pm;&r,f? tJ'v D pkd Of;pm;wJah e&mrSm (etz)&JŒ rlvZpfjrpf (origin)eJ@
ol@&ŒJ xl;jcm;wJh ud, k yf ikd pf ±ku
d v
f uQ%mawG (characteristics)udk qef;ppf oH;k oyf&ygr,f?
awG@qaHk qG;aEG;yGu J kd (etz)u jiif;qefae&wJh ta=umif;&if;udk od+yDqrkd S tJ'gawGukd b,fvkd
z,f&Sm;+yD; awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ ay:aygufvmatmif b,fvdkaqmif&Gufr,f qdkwmudk od&dSrSm
jzpfw,f? 'Dvdkjzpfygw,f?
usaemftxufrSm azmfjycJhwJh tawG;tac:*kd%f;&JŒ *kd%f;0ifawGu awG@qkHaqG;
aEG;yGJ jzpfrvmwm[m (etz)a=umifhawmif r[kwfwJhtjyif ESpfzufpvHk;a=umifhvnf;
r[kwb f J (NLD) wzufwnf;a=umifo h mjzpfw,fv@dk xkwrf ajymayr,fh tJovdk ,lqae
151
=uyHk&ygw,f? 'gudkolwkd@&JŒ vkyf&yfawGrSm jrifawG@Ekdifygw,f? tJ'guawmh
(etz) pGypf o JG vdk olw@dk uvnf; (NLD)[m tar&duefe@J taemufEikd if aH wGukd
(etz)tay: '%fcwfydwfqkd@ta&;,lr_awG csrSwfusifhoHk;zkd@ wkdufwGef;awmif;
qdkcJhw,fvkd@ ,lq+yD; tJ'Dta&;,lr_awG jyefvnf±kyfodrf;oGm;atmif olwkd@
enf;olw@dk [efe@J }udK;pm;yrf;pm; aqmif&u G af e=ujcif;yJ jzpfygw,f? tJ'D vky&f yf
awGtwGuf olwkd@xkwfazmfajymqdkwJh ta=umif;jycsufwcku '%fcwf ydwfqkd@
ta&;,lr_awG[m (etz)xuf jrefrmjynfolawGudk ydk+yD;txdemapvsuf&dS
w,f? 'ga=umifh olwkd@vkyf&yf&JŒ t"du&nfrSef;csufu jynfolawG cHpm; ae&wJh
'kuQa0'emawG avsmhyg;oufomapzkd@ jzpfw,fqdk
wm jzpfygw,f? olw@dk xw k af zmfajymqdjk cif; r&daS yr,fh
trsm;oabmaygufae=uwJh tcsufu '%fcwfydwf
qkd@ ta&;,lr_awG avsmhyg;oufomvmwmeJ@tr#
twdu k t
f cH'rD u kd a&pD tiftm;pkawG tay:rSm&daS ewJh
(etz)&JŒ cg;onf;em=unf;wJh cHpm;r_[mvnf;
wjznf;jznf; avsmhyg;ysufjy,fvm+yD; aemufqHk;rSm
ppfrSefwJh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ jzpfxGef;ay:ayguf vmEdkif
w,fqdkwJh ar#mfrSef;csuf olwkd@rSm&dSw,f qdkwmjzpfyg
w,f? tJ'DawG;ac:qifjcifyHkenf;vrf; (Way of
Thinking)t& olw@dk [m tJ'aD r#mrf eS ;f csuaf wGukd xd
cdkufapr,fh(wenf;) (etz) txiftjrif vGJrSm; pdwf
qd;k a'goxGuaf pr,fh tajymtqdk tjyKtrlrsKd ;awGukd
rajymrd/ rjyKrdatmif txl;owdxm; a&Smif=uOf+yD;
(etz)oabm b0ifckdufapr,fh tajymtqkd tjyK
trlawGudk pOf;pm;&Sm}uH ajymqdkjyKrl=uygw,f?
ppfreS wf hJ awG@qaHk qG;aEG;yGJ jzpfxeG ;f rvmwm (e0w)(etz) ppftyk pf k
a=umifhom jzpfw,fqdkwJh tcsuf[m (90)a&G;aumufyGJrwdkifrD tcsdefupvkd@
wae@wjcm;xif&Sm;ay:vGifvmcJhwm rSefayr,hf 'DbufwESpf ESpfESpftwGif;
rSmawmh v,fjyifrSm qifoGm;ovdkydk+yD; uGufuGufuGif;uGif; xif&Sm;vmcJh+yD;
ukvor*~ twGif;a&;r_;csKyf&JŒ txl;oHwref*rfbm&D&JŒ c&D;pOfawGtwGif;rSm
awmh 'Dtcsu[ f m b,fvrkd q S uf+yD;zH;k xm;vk@d r&awmhbJ yGiu hf s oGm;cJyh gw,f?
(etz)&JŒ jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD; Adkvfausmfqef;&JŒ “u|efawmfwkd@rSm (NLD)eJ@
awG@qaHk qG;aEG;zk@d tpDtpOfr&dyS gb;l ”qdw k hJ pum;udk rSwrf ad e=uolawGe@J awG@qHk
aqG;aEG;yGJ jzpfxGef;zkd@twGuf a':atmifqef;pk=unfbufu 'gawGvdkufavsm
&r,fqdk+yD; awmif;qkdcsuf(4)csufeJ@twl xkwfjyefvdkufwJh Adkvfoef;a&$&JŒ
152
a=unmcsuu f kd rarhEidk =f uao;olawGuawmh usaemfo h abmxm; udk vufcEH idk f
=urSmyg?
Adkvfausmfqef;&JŒ ajymifajymifwif;wif; ajymqkdcsufeJ@ Adkvfoef;a&$&JŒ
^m%feD^m%feufawGeJ@ jynfhESufaewJh a=unmcsufawGtjyif (e0w)(etz)
wkd@ olwkd@&JŒ oufwrf;wavsmufvHk; vkyfcJhwJhvkyf&yfawGu olwkd@[m ppfrSefwJh
awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ jzpfxGef;vmrSmudk vHk;0tvdkr&dSbl;qdkwm tcdkiftrmjyoae
ygw,f?
(NLD)tygt0if'rD u kd a&pD tiftm;pktm;vH;k u awG@qaHk qG;aEG;a&;
udk awmif;qdkvmcJhwm (e0w)pwif ay:aygufvmpuwnf;u jzpfygw,f?
tJ'Dwkef;u Adkvfapmarmifu b,fvdkwkH@jyefcJhovJ? “ygwDawGu trsm;}uD;/
usKyfu wa,mufwnf; b,fvdkjzpfEdkifrvJ”wJh? tJ'Dqifajcudk acszsufzkd@ ygwD
aygif;(200)ausmfu a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk wOD;wnf;aom udk,fpm;vS,f
tjzpf a&G;cs,fwm0efay;=ujyefwJhtcgusawmhvnf; (NLD)[m uvdef
uuspef nf;oH;k +yD; ygwaD wG&ŒJ vufrw S af wGukd &,lcw
hJ ,fv@dk (e0w)&JŒ a=u;pm;
uavmif&SifawGu a&;jyefygw,f? a&G;aumufyGJ+yD;wJhaemuf tEdkif& (NLD)
ygwDu awG@qkHaqG;aEG;zkd@ qufvufawmif;qdkwJhtcgusawmhvnf; (e0w)u
olwkd@ wufokwf ±kdufxkwfjyefvdkufwJh (1§90) a=unmcsufudkom ygwDawGudk
twif;tusyfvufrSwfxkd;ap+yD; awG@qkHaqG;aEG;a&;udk a&Smifv$JcJhjyefygw,f?
(1§90)udk vufrw S af &; xd;k cJ+h y;D wJh aemufrmS vnf; (NLD)u awG@qaHk qG;aEG;a&;
udk qufvufawmif;qdkwJhtcg trsdK;om;nDvmcHtwkudk zefwD;+yD; a&Smifwdrf;
cJjh yefygw,f? (2000)ckEpS x f rJ mS a':atmifqef;pk=unfe@J xdyw f ef;ppfAv
kd }f uD;wpk
wkd@ xrif;pm;yGJ ywfywfvnfrSm&yfae=uwJh "mwfyHkudk olwkd@ydkif owif;pmawG
xJrSm xkwfjy+yD; awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ jzpfaeoa,mifyHkrSm; ±kdufcJhayr,fh tJ'g[m
tusO;f om;eJ@ axmifrLS ; awG@qHk ajymqk=d uwJh tvGwo f abm pum;0dik ;f avmuf
yJ &dScJhw,fqdkwmudk aemufydkif;rSm ay:xGufvmwJh jzpf&yfawGuazmfjycJhygw,f?
rif'Jvm;eJ@ 'Duvyfwkd@vnf; rif'Jvm;axmifxJrSm &dSaewkef;uwnf;u
awG@qkHaqG;aEG;cJh=uwmyJ r[kwfbl;vm;vkd@ apm'u wufcsifolawG &dSaumif;
&dSEdkifygw,f? 'gayr,fh awmiftmz&duEdkifiHu tJ'D awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJeJ@ jrefrm
Edik if u
H awG@qaHk qG;aEG;yGJ tESpo f m&csi;f vH;k 0rwlb;l qdw k mukd aemufyikd ;f jzpf&yf
awGu txift&Sm;oufaojycJh+yD; jzpfygw,f? rif'Jvm;eJ@ 'Duvyfwkd@&JŒ tJ'D
aqG;aEG;yGJu awmiftmz&duEdkifiHopfudk rD;±SL;oef@pifzGm;jrifay;cJhayr,fh
a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ (etz)&JŒ tJ'DawG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJuawmh “'DyJ,if; vl
owfyGJ}uD;”udkom arG;xkwfay;cJhwm tm;vHk;todygyJ?
153
ppfrSefwJhawG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ jzpfxGef;ay:aygufvmapzkd@ (etz)rSm qENr&dSwJh
ta=umif;udk jyefqufygr,f? tJovdk awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJudk ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;jy+yD; jiif;
y,fvmcJh&mu (etz)[m aemufqHk; vSnfhywfa&Smif&Sm;p&m enf;vrf;ukefcef;oGm;wJh
tcgrSmawmh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ jzpfrvmatmif vkyfaewm[m olwkd@r[kwfbJ a':atmif
qef;pk=unfom jzpfygw,fqw kd hJ taetxm;rsKd ; a&mufomG ;apr,fh enfvrf;udk toH;k jyKcJh
ygawmhw,f? tJ'guawmh Adkvfoef;a&$&JŒ a=unmcsufygyJ? tJ'Da=unmcsuf&JŒ tESpfom
&uawmh oleJ@ awG@qkHaqG;aEG;csifw,fqdk&if a':atmifqef;pk=unftaeeJ@ olb,fwkef;
urS rvkyfcJhzl;wJh vkyf&yfawGudk aemifrvkyfawmhygbl;vkd@ uwday;&r,fqdkwmjzpfygw,f?
wcgrS rcdk;zl;wJholudk aemifrckd;awmhygbl;vkd@ uwday;cdkif;wJh oabmygyJ? a':atmifqef;pk
=unfudk qkwfvnf;pl;/ pm;vnf;±l;/ a&SŒwdk;xrf;ydk;/ aemufqkwfvSnf;wkwf tajctaersdK;
xJa&muf+yD; tusyftwnf;awG@atmif zefwD;vdkufwmjzpfygw,f? awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ
jzpfEdkifzkd@twGuf tJ'D¹cGif;csuf(4)ckudk a':atmifqef;pk=unfu b,fenf;eJ@rS vdkufavsm
oabmwlnrD mS r[kwb f ;l qdw
k mudk (etz)u aumif;aumif; odygw,f? tJovdk oabm
rwljcif;tm;jzifh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ rjzpfwm[m a':atmifqef;pk=unfa=umihfvkd@ olwkd@u
vufnd‡K;xdk;=urSm jzpfygw,f?
wu,fawmh usaemftxufrSm wifjycJhwJh (Appeasement Policy) 0g'DawG
yrm'avc+yD; rod=u&ifom&drS ,f jrefrmjynfow l &yfv;kH eJ@ ,Ofaus;wJEh ikd if wH um todik ;f
t0dkif;wckvHk;u odae=uwmwck&dSygw,f? tJ'guawmh (etz) trSefwu,f vdkcsifae
wmu awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ jzpfxGef;ay:aygufzkd@twGuf twdkuftcH 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawG
bufu wpHkwckaom twdkif;twmtxd tav#mh
ay;vdkufavsmr_awGvnf;r[kwf? awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJ
vnf; r[kwyf gb;l ? twdu k t f cH 'Drukd a&pDtiftm;
pkawGbufu vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; vufeufcst±_H;ay; rnf o nf h j y\emrsd K ;
a&;om jzpf y gw,f ? (etz)[m tJ ' guvG J + yD ; twGufrqdk a&&SnfcH
wjym;rS avsmhwmudk rvdkcsifygbl;? jynfolvlxk&JŒ
}uHhcdkif awmifhwif;wJh
axmufcHqENrJ(90µ)ausmfeJ@ twnfjyKvdkufw,f
(Sustainable)
qdwk hJ olw@dk &ŒJ tajccHOya'qdw k mudk aoaocsmcsm
av;av;eufeuf avhvm=unfh&if tJ'Dtcsufudk tajzwck &&dSzkd@qdk&if
jrifawG@Ekdifygw,f? ppfrSefwJh
twdkuftcH 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawG awG @ qk H a qG ; aEG ; yG J
bufu tºuGi;f rJv h ufeufcs t±_;H ay;zk@d qw
kd m b,f tqifhudk rvGJraoG
vdjk zpfEikd yf grh vJ? 'g[m usK;d a=umif; qDavsmrf v _ nf; jzwfoef;&r,fqdkwm
r&dS/ w&m;r#wr_vnf;r&SdwJh awmif;qdkr_yJ? 'Dvdk
awmif;qkdr_rsdK;udk (etz)u vkyfyghrvm;vkd@ ,kwdW
154
aA' ±_axmifhu =unfh+yD; apm'uwufcsifolawG &dSEdkifygw,f? ,kwdW&dS r&dS/
obm0us rusawmh rodb;l ? (etz)u olw@dk &ŒJ tajccHOya'qkw d hJ t&mtm;
jzifh tJ'aD wmif;qdrk a_ wG jyKvkyx f m;wmuawmh vufawG@ygy?J olw@dk u tm%m
&&dSaewJh tESpf(20)=umumvwavsmuf jynfwGif;u twdkuftcHawGudk (E_dif;
,SOcf sut f &) v_yrf &atmif zdEydS x f m;Edik cf w hJ hJ tawG@t}uKH/ vufeufuikd f awmf
vSefa&; tiftm;pk trsm;pkudk “wkwfeJ@rkefvmO”enf;vrf; toHk;jyK+yD; “udk,f
usyftusô” (Straight Jacket) 0wfay;xm;EdkifwJh tawG@t}uKHawGtjyif 'D
umvtwGi;f Ekid if w H um todik ;f t0dik ;f &JŒ tm;enf;aysmn h rHh a_ wGuykd g od&o
Sd mG ;
cJhwJh tawG@t}uKHawGt& olwkd@&JŒ (ppftm%m&Sifpepf&moufyef r[kwf&if
awmif tenf;qHk;aemufxyf q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm qufvufwnfwHha&;)
ar#mfrSef;csuf rkcsatmifjrifvdrfhr,fvkd@ (tcktxdawmh) ,Hk=unfae=uyHk&yg
w,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; todtrSwfjyK axmufcHa=umif; vlod&Sif=um; &J&J wif;
wif;ajymqdk0HhwJh av;pm;avmufwJh vlyk*~dKvfeJ@tzGJ@tpnf; jynfwGif;rSma&m/
jynfyrSmyg wa,muf wzGJ@rS r&dSwmawmif olwkd@&JŒ (2010)a&G;aumufyGJudk
rjzpf jzpfatmif vkyfaqmifoGm;r,fvkd@ [def;a[muf}uKH;0g;aewm jzpfygw,f?
jrefrmhorkdif;rSmomru urBmordkif;wavsmufrSmyg &&dScJhwJh tawG@
t}uKHawGt& rnfonfhjy\emrsdK;twGufrqdk a&&SnfcH }uHhcdkifawmifhwif;wJh
(Sustainable) tajzwck &&dSzkd@qdk&if ppfrSefwJh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJtqifhudk rvGJ
raoGjzwfoef;&r,fqdkwm EdkifiHa&;vdk odrfarG@eufeJwJh e,fy,frSm usifvnf
v_yf&Sm;aeolawG rqdkxm;eJ@ omrefvlawGawmif odxm;=uwJh udpPwckyg?
'ga=umifh 'gudk(etz)vnf; odxm;rSm aocsmygw,f? 'gqdk&if (etz)u
awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJudk bma=umifh auG@ywf a&Smifajy;ae&wmvJ?
wu,fhta=umif;&if;trSefu ta=umufw&m;eJ@ pGJvrf;wyfruf
r_wkd@yJjzpfygw,f? rdrdwkd@ udk,frdrdwkd@ 'Drdkua&pD bufawmfom;awGvkd@ ,Hk=unf
,lqolae=uawGtaeeJ@ 'Dtcsufudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; oabmaygufxm;zkd@vdk
ovdk (jynfya&muf tiftm;pkawGtaeeJ@) &J&J ajym=uzkd@vdkygw,f? (rqv)&JŒ
aemufqHk;orRw a'gufwmarmifarmif aemufqHk;ajymcJhwJh rdef@cGef;(5)ckxJrSm
rSefuefwJh oHk;oyfcsufwcsKdŒyg&dSygw,f? tJ'DxJu wckuawmh “tm%m[m
vludk zsufqD;wwfw,fæ tºuGif;rhJtm%m[m vludk tºuGif;rJh zsufqD;
wwfw,fæ”qdkwJh pum;jzpfygw,f? (etz)[m tckqdk&if tm%m&vmwm
ESpf(20)ausmfoGm;yg+yD? 'DumvtwGif; (etz)[m EdkifiHudk rm&S,favmeJ@ tkyf
csKyfcJhwmjzpfygw,f? (etz)&JŒ rm&S,favmqdkwm wjcm;EdkifiHawGu rm&S,f
avmawGeJ@ rwlygbl;? Adkvfapmarmif&JŒ zGifhqdkcsufu jrefrmEdkifiHu rm&S,favm
ud k tyD j yif q H k ; jzpf a tmif zG i f h q d k a y;cJ h y gw,f ? ol u rm&S , f a vmqd k w m
155
“Advk cf sKyf}uD;&JŒ qEN” (General's will) ygyw J ?hJ
wu,fvnf; (e0w) (etz)wkd@[m EdkifiHudk
tJ'Dtwdkif; tkyfcsKyfcJh=uwm jzpfygw,f? xdyf
qHk;u AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;&JŒ qEN[m wdkif;jynf&JŒ uH 'D r d k u a&pD
=urRmjzpfcJhygw,f? wenf;ajym&&if jrefrmEdkif Ed k i f i H a wG r S m
iH[m (1988)ckESpf pufwifbmv(18)&ufae@ umuG , f a &;
upvk d @ 'D u ae@txd (rqv)wk e f ; uxuf OD ; pD ; csKyf q d k w m
awmif trsm;}uD;ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;wJh tzHk;tumrJh tm%mwef ; pD Z ,m;rS m
ppftm%m&Sipf epf (naked military dictator-
eH y gwf ( 10)
ship) atmufrSm aecJh&wm jzpfygw,f? tJ'D
tjyifbufrSmom&dSwJh
awmh a'guw f marmifarmifajymcJo h vdyk J (etz)
&JŒ t}uD;tuJ Adv k o
f ef;a&$[m ol tJ'&D mxl;udk &mxl ; wck y J ?
&&dScJhwJh (1992)ckESpfupvkd@ tcktxd ESpfaygif;
(20)eD;yg;twGif; ol&,lcsKyf udkifcJhwJh tºuGif;rJh
tm%m&JŒ tºuGif;rhJzsufqD;r_udk cHxm;&wJh vl
wa,mufjzpfaeyg+yD? tjyifyef;tjrift& (etz)[m tzGJ@tpnf;wck jzpfaewmrkd@ EdkifiH
udkpkaygif;acgif;aqmifr_ yHko¿mefeJ@tkyfcsKyfaew,fvkd@ ,lqp&m&Sdayr,fh wu,fh vuf
awG@rSmawmh ol[m(etz) tzGJ@0if wjcm;b,fAdkvfcsKyfurS rsufarG;axmf armfvkd@awmif
r=unfh&JwJh ESpfq,hfwpf&mpk&JŒ vufwqkyfpmr#aom oufOD;qHydkif ya'o&mZfawGxJu
wyg;jzpfaewm tm;vHk;todyg yJ? 'Dtcsufudk (parade) r*~Zif;u jyKpkxkwfjyefavh&dSwJh
urBmt h qd;k &Gm;qH;k tm%m&Sif (10)OD;pm&if;&JŒ xdyq f ;kH em; w0ku
d rf mS Adv
k o f ef;a&$ ESppf Ofyg0if
aejcif;u rD;armif;xdk;jyaeygw,f?
tm%m&SifawGxJrSmrS xdyfqHk;wef;u tm%m&SifwOD;jzpfwJh Adkvfoef;a&$[m
tm%m&Sifwkd@&JŒ xHk;pHtwdkif; “ighjrif;igpdkif;/ ighavSigxdk;”cJhwm tm;vHk;todygyJ? tJ'Dvdk
vkyfcJhvkd@vnf; jrefrmEdkifiHrSm +Adwdo#udkvdkeDacwf/ zufqpf*syefacwf/ EdkifiHa&;tpdk;& acwf
awG rqdkxm;eJ@ (rqv)acwfrSmawmif ray:aygufcJhzl;wJh ausmfraumif; =um;raumif;
vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_}uD;awGay:xGufcJhwm tm;vHk;todygyJ? tJ'Djzpf&yfawGxJrSm
“'DyJ,if; vlowfr_}uD;”uawmh “o&zl”aqmif;oGm;wJh jzpf&yfygyJ?
vlqdkwm wjcm;olawGtm;vHk;udk vdrfvkd@&csif&r,f? udk,fhudk,fudkawmh b,f
awmhrSvdrfvkd@ r&bl;qdkwJh pum;&dSygw,f? Adkvfoef;a&$[m ol&,lxm;wJh tºuGif;rJh
tm%m&JŒ armif;ESirf a_ =umifh tJ'v D u
kd rBmausmf vl@tcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufr}_ uD;awGukd usL;
vGecf ahJ yr,fh olwjznf;jznf; a&muf&v Sd mwJh touft&G,af =umifah &m/ oleufeuf ±_id ;f ±_id ;f
em;vnfcH,lxm;r_ r&dSapOD;awmh tcsdefeJ@tr# =um;emawG@xd ,Ofyg;ae&wJh Ak'<bmom&JŒ
tqH;k tr=o0g'awGa=umifyh g olvyk af ewJv h yk &f yfawG rSm;,Gi;f ae+yDqw kd mudk wae@wjcm;
156
odrvmbJ aerSmr[kwfygbl;? tJovdk wjznf; jznf; odvmwmeJ@tr# ol@&if
xJrmS ta=umufw&m;(b,m)awG[m wa&GŒa&GŒ zG@J pnf;jzpfwnfvmrSm rvGJ
ygb;l ? aemifb0eJ@ oHo&mqdw k mawGux kd m;OD; tckvuf&Sd b0rSmudk tm%m
vufvw G jf zpfomG ;&if ol wljzpfwek ;f u ESx H m;wJ'h %fukd cHxm;&wJh jynfoal wG
u wlwvSnfhjyefjzpfwJhtcg ol@ukd jyefESHr,hf ta&;udk olt}uD;tus,f pdk;&drf
xdwfvef@aerSm aocsmygw,f? urBm}uD;udk =unfhvdkufawmhvnf; tm%m&dS
pOfu pdwfxifwdkif;jyKvkyfcJhwJh tm%m&SifawG[m ruG,fvGefrD tm%mvuf
vGwfjzpfoGm;=uwJhtcg 'kuQawGtrsdK;rsdK;awG@/ wcsKd@qdk&if toufygay;&
wJth xd jzpfcw hJ mawGta=umif; ol taotcsm awG;rdrmS jzpfygw,f? ±kad r;eD;
,m;u acsmifqufpul; tp/ csDvDu yDEdkacs;/ yem;rm;u Edk&D*g/ tD&wfu
quf'rf[lpdef/ ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;u rDvdkpDApf/ vdkufab;&D;,m;u csm;vfpf
awvm/ uarBm'D;,m;u ydkvfaygh/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;u ql[mwdk/ qm;bD;,m;u
&m'dAk efu&mZpf/ &0rf'gu tpd;k &tzG@J a[mif; xdyw f ef;acgi;f aqmifawG tv,f
ol@&JŒ uef@ulvufvSnfhq&m}uD; OD;ae0if; tqHk; tm%m&Sifa[mif;}uD;awG&JŒ
Zmwfodrf;rvSyHkawG[m ol=uyf=uyf oifcef;pm,lxm;wJh jzpf&yfawGjzpfyHk&
ygw,f? tJ'yD *k Kd~ vfawG&ŒJ Zmwford ;f awGu “Adv k of ef;a&$ cifAsm;vnf; tm%m
udk vufv$wfvdkufwmeJ@ usKyfwkd@oGm;&m vrf;udk vkduf&vdrfhr,f”vdk@ ol@ukd
=o0g'ay;aew,fvkd@ Adkvfoef;a&$ tcdkiftrm ,lqxm;wm aocsmygw,f?
'ga=umifhvnf; aemufqHk;wae@rSm ol tm%mvHk;0 vufvGwfoGm;&wJhtxd
OD;wnfoGm; apEdkifw,fvkd@ ol,lqxm;wJh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJudk Adkvfoef;a&$
ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;jy+yD; vSnfhywfa&Smif&Sm;aewm jzpfygw,f? 'gu (b,m)
udpP jzpfygw,f?
pGv
J rf;wyfrufr(_ w%Sm)a=umifh awG@qaHk qG;aEG;yGu J kd a&Smif&mS ;aewm
jzpfw,fqdkwJh tqdkuvnf;&Sif;ygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawGrSm umuG,fa&;
OD;pD;csKyfqw kd m tm%mwef;pDZ,m;rSm eHygw(f 10)tjyifbufrmS om&dw S hJ &mxl;
wckyg? ol@&ŒJ cHpm;cGiq hf w
kd muvnf; ol&ŒJ vpmeJ@ tJ'&D mxl;wm0ef xrf; aqmif
aecdu k rf mS Edik if aH wmfu axmufyx hH m;wJh taqmifta,mif (Facilities) tcsKŒd
om jzpfygw,f? ol@&JŒvkyfydkifcGifh tm%m[mvnf; ol@txuftqifhqifh&dS
t&m&dSawGu ppfaq;xdef;nd‡ (Check and Balance)rleJ@ cGJa0ay;xm;wJh
t&momjzpfwma=umifh rsm;ajrmifvSaom tuef@towfawGeJ@om jzpfyg
w,f?
vuf&jSd refrmEdik if rH mS awmh tm;vH;k od=uwJt h wdik ;f ygy?J umuG,af &;
OD;pD;csKyf Adv
k o f ef;a&$ txufrmS b,forl rS &dyS gb;l ? olu ol@uEdk ikd if aH wmf t}uD;
tuJv@dk jynfwiG ;f ua&m jynfyuyg ac:a0:ok;H E_e;f ±ko H mru cH,l oabmxm;
157
vmatmifyg }udK;yrf; vkyaf qmifaeygw,f? 'Duae@ vuf&aSd cwfrmS v$r;f rk;d wGiu f s,af ewJh
EdkifiHa&; oabmw&m;awGt& EdkifiHwEdkifiHrSm vlwa,mufwnf;u ppfwyft}uD;tuJ
&mxl;udak &m/ Edik if aH wmftm%m,E &W m;&JŒ xdyq f ;kH u &mxl;udyk g w+yKdief ufwnf; &,lxm;
jcif;[m tJ'ED ikd if t H wGuf tifrweftE &W m,frsm;ygw,f? tJ't D ajctae =um&Snaf v;jrifh
jzpfae+yDqdk&ifawmhtJ'D yk*~Kdvf[m jyefvrf;r&SdawmhwJh vl (doomed person)eJ@ tJ'DEdkifiH
[m “tvHk;pHk a=urGysufokOf;aewJhEkdifiH” (Failed State)jzpfawmhr,hf tE W&m,f acsmuf
urf;yg;pGef;ay: a&mufaewJh EkdifiHjzpfae+yDvkd@ qkdygw,f?
Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ ol@&JŒAdkvfcsKyfwpk tJ'DtE W&m,fudk rjrifEdkifatmif umxm;wJh
t&mwcku w%SmqdkwJh wyfrufpGJvrf;r_yg? olwkd@wawG[m 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHwckrSmom
qd&k if b,fvrkd S rar#mrf eS ;f Edik wf hJ vkyyf ikd cf iG hf tm%mawGe@J tJ'g&ŒJ tusKd ;qufjzpfwhJ pnf;pdrf
OpPmawGukd jrefrmjynfrmS &&dcS pH m;ae=u&ygw,f? olw@dk [m ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd arG;au|;
jyKpkysdK;axmifcJhwJh Adkvfae0if;wkd@ vlpkawmifr&,lrcHpm;&JwJh pnf;pdrfOpPmawGudk &,lcH
pm;ae=uygw,f? (etz)xdyfwef;u AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awG rqdkxm;eJ@ olwkd@tdrfu xrif;csuf
&JŒ om;}uD;jzpfol&JŒ oli,fcsif;&JŒarmifESpfr0rf;uGJ awmfpyfwJhvlrsdK;awGuawmif tHhrcef;
csrf;omºuG,f0ae=uwm vltrsm;od=uygw,f? 'gudk=unfh+yD; tJ'DAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awG udk,f
wdkifb,favmufcsrf;om ºuG,f0ae=ur,fqdkwm rSef;q=unfhvkd@ &ygw,f? (etz) Adkvf
csKyf}uD;awGu olwkd@&JŒ csrf;omºuG,f0r_udk jynfolawGrodapzkd@ wwfEdkifor# tpDtrH
awG jyKvkyf+yD; }udK;pm;zHk;uG,fxm;=uayr,fh olwkd@a&ay:qDtv$mxJuyJ pdrfhxGufvmwJh
owif;awGt& tJ'AD v kd cf sKyf}uD;awG&ŒJ csr;f omºuG,0f r_[m a=umufcref;vdvyd gy?J Edik if &H ŒJ
ukefxkwft&if;tESD;eJ@ ukefxkwfqufqHa&;pepf wckvHk;udk tjynfht0xdef;csKyfxm;+yD;
ukex f w k pf rG ;f tm;pktm;vH;k udk olw@dk pw d }f udKufcaJG 0ydik q
f ikd x
f m;=uwmrk@d wu,fh vufawG@
rSmawmh jrefrmjynfolw&yfvHk;[m olwkd@&JŒ “ol&if;iSm;”yrm jzpfaeygw,f?
'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawGrSm w&m;ol}uD;csKyf/ a&SŒaecsKyf/ pm&if;ppfcsKyfqdkwJh &mxl;
awG[m jynfol@v$wfawmf&JŒ oabmwlcsufeJ@ EdkifiHawmforRw 'grSr[kwf EdkifiHawmf
0ef}uD;csKyfu cef@tyf&wJh &mxl;awGjzpfygw,f? olw@dk &ŒJ t"duwm0efwcku Edik if aH wmfyikd f
pD;yGm;a&;,E &W m;awG rSerf eS u f efuef acsmacsmarG@arG@ w&m;Oya'eJ@ tnDvnfywf v_y&f mS ;
aejcif;&dS r&dS rjywfapmifh=unfhppfaq;aezkd@eJ@ atmufqHk;upvkd@ txufqHk;txd tqifh
toD;oD;rSm wm0efxrf;aqmifae=uwJh EdkifiH0efxrf;awG t*wdw&m;uif;&Sif;r_ &dS r&dS/
tusifhysufjcpm;r_ &dS r&dS apmifh=unfhppfaq;+yD; tusifhysufjcpm;a=umif; awG@&dSygu ±kH;wif
w&m;pGJqdk tjypfay;zkd@ jzpfygw,f?
(etz)acwfjrefrmEdkifiHrSmawmh tm;vHk;od=uwJhtwdkif;ygyJ? tJ'D&mxl;awGrSm
wm0efxrf;aqmif=ur,fholawGudk Adkvfoef;a&$u pdwf}udKufa&G;cs,f+yD; olwkd@udk pdppf
twnfjyKay;r,fh v$wfawmfrsm;vnf; (v$wfawmf taqmufttHk}uD;vnf;&dS/ w&m;0if
a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcHxm;=u&wJh v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;&dSygvsufeJ@) r&dSwJhtwGuf
158
Adv
k o f ef;a&$ a&G;cs,w f hJ olawG[m 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if aH wGrmS qd&k if t&nftcsi;f jrifrh m;zk@d txl;
vdktyf+yD; tifrwefrSvnf; *k%foduQm}uD;rm;vSwJh tJ'D&mxl;awGudk Adkvfoef;a&$ tay:
opPmcH,lqdkwJh t&nftaoG;wckwnf;&Sd±kHeJ@ vG,fvG,fulul &&dSoGm;=uygw,f? tJovdk
taetxm;rSm &dSaerSawmh tJ'D&mxl;&Sifyk*~dKvf}uD;(3)OD;[m Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ ol@&JŒopPmcH
AdkvfcsKyfwpk tusihfysufjcpm;r_ &dS r&dS apmifh=unfhppfaq; ta&;,lzkd@a0;pG? Adkvfoef;a&$
a&SŒa&muf&if toufawmifjyif;jyif;r±SL&JwJh tajctaerSm&dSae=uwm wwkdif;wjynfvHk;
odwJh udpPwckyg? tjcm;wzufrSmawmh tJ'Dw&m;ol}uD;csKyf/ a&SŒaecsKyf/ pm&if;ppfcsKyf
}uD;awG[m Adkvfoef;a&$tay: opPmcHwJhtwGuf aemifq,foufq,fb0 pm;rukefoHk;r
ukef jzKef;rukefatmif csrf;omºuG,f0ae=uawmhvnf; (jynfolawGudk rsufpdxJrxm;&if)
opPmcH&wm wefw,favvkd@qdk&r,fh taetxm;yg?
'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawGrSm tpdk;&tzGJ@0iftm;vHk;[m EkdifiHawmf&mxl;wm0efrsm;udk
pwifxrf;aqmifjcif; rjyKrDolwkd@&JŒ ydkifqdkifr_t&yf&yfudk w&m;0ifazmfjya=unm=u&yg
w,f? 'Dvdkvkyfzkd@ jyXmef;xm;wJh Oya'&JŒ &nf&G,fcsufu a&SŒaecsKyfu tJ'D tpdk;&tzGJ@0if
awG &mxl;uxGucf mG wJt h cg &daS ewJyh ikd qf ikd rf t
_ &yf&yfe@J &mxl;r,lcif&cSd whJ hJ ydik q
f ikd rf t
_ &yf&yf
udk csdefnd‡ppfaq;+yD; oHo,jzpfavmufzG,f uGm[r_udkawG@&dSygu ±kH;wifw&m;pGJqdkEdkifzkd@
jzpfygw,f? 'ghtjyiftpdk;& tzGJ@0ifawG[m olwkd@EdkifiHawmf&JŒ &mxl;wm0ef xrf;aqmifpOf
rSm Edik if aH wmfu axmufyx hH m;wJh tdr/f um;pwJh taqmifta,mifreS o f r#uv kd nf; &mxl;
u xGufcGmwJhtcg EdkifiHawmfudk jyefvnftyfESHcJh =u&ygw,f? 0g&Sifwef+rdKŒu tdrfjzLawmf/
vef'ef +rdKŒu a'gif;eif;vrf; trSwf(10)wkd@[m
b,f tar&dueforRw/ b,f+Adwdo#0ef}uD;csKyf
(etz)Ad k v f c sKyf a wG [ m &JŒ udk,fydkifypPnf;rS r[kwfygbl;?
olwkd@&JŒ t&nftcsif;/ 'DudpPeJ@ywfoufvkd@a&m (etz)
vk y f i ef ; wm0ef acwf jrefrmEdkifiHrSm b,fvdk&dSovJ? (etz)Adkvf
xrf ; aqmif r _ a wG e J @ csKyfawGudk tJ'DOya'ta=umif;oGm; ajym&if
E_dif;pmvdkuf&if tqaygif; uHoyd af umif;rS em;&if;tkycf &H ±kaH vmufe@J +yD;oGm;
rSmyg? tJ'DvdkrsdK;tajctae&JŒ xif[yfcsufwck
ajrmuf j rm;pG m
tjzpf (etz)AdkvfcsKyfawG tdrfb,fESvHk;/ um;
ydkrdk&&dSxm;wJh
b,fESpD;/ ajrb,fES{u/ aiGb,fESukaË/ a&$
tJ'DvkyfydkifcGifhawG/ b,fESyd\m ydkifqdkifw,fqdkwm b,folrS rod
pnf;pdrfOpPmawGudk =uygbl;? wpGef;wp v#HxGufpdrfhxGufvmwJh
bdef;pGJovdk owif;awGt&wif od&wmu Edik if &H ŒJ taumif;
wyfrufpGJvrf;ae=u+yD; qHk; aom t&mawGrSefor#[m (etz) AdkvfcsKyf
tJ'gawGudkpGef@v$wfzkd@qkdwm awG vufxJrSm wdkuf±kduf okd@r[kwf oG,f0dkuf
159
aomenf;vrf;tm;jzifh a&muf&aSd e=uwm tm;vH;k odwJh v#Kd@0Sufcsuf (open
secret) jzpfaeyg+yD?
tJ'Dawmh (etz)AdkvfcsKyfawG[m olwkd@&JŒ t&nftcsif;/ vkyfief;
wm0efxrf;aqmifra_ wGe@J E_id ;f pmvdu k &f if tqaygi;f ajrmufjrm;pGm ydrk &kd &dS xm;
wJh tJ'DvkyfydkifcGifhawG/ pnf;pdrfOpPmawGudk bdef;pGJovdk wyfrufpGJvrf;ae =u+yD;
tJ'gawGudk pGef@v$wfzkd@qkdwm tdyfrufxJrSmawmif rpOf;pm;wJh udpPjzpfaeyg
w,f? 'Dawmhvnf; tJ'gawGudkpGef@v$wf&r,fh taetxm;qDokd@ tqHk;wae@
rSm OD;wnfomG ;apEdik w f hJ “awG@qaHk qG;aEG;r_”qdw
k hJ pum;vH;k udk olw@dk “em;cg;”
ae=uwm bmrSrqef;ygbl;?
wu,f a wmh Ad k v f o ef ; a&$ OD ;
aqmifwhJ (etz)Adv k cf sKyfwpk awG@qaHk qG;aEG; buf + yKd i f a ewJ h
a&;udk jiif;qefae=uwm[m usaemftxuf tiftm;pkESpfck=um; ppfrSefwJh
rSm jynfjh ynfph pkH w
kH ifjycJo
h vdk b,meJ@ w%Sm awG @qk H aqG ;aEG ;yG J w ck
a=umifhuvGJ+yD; wjcm;bma=umifhrS r[kwfyg ay:ayguf v ma&;twG u f æ
bl;? 'gudkolwkd@u tcsKd@aom olawGudk
vSnfhpm;zkd@twGuf jynfaxmifpk r+yKduGJa&; tiftm;enf;wJhbufu
wkd@/ ol@u|eftjzpfEGHepfrcHa&;wkd@qdkwmawG
tiftm;}uD;wJhbufudk
[pf a ºuG ; ae=uwmjzpf y gw,f ? tJ ' D [ pf
wwfEdkifor# tpGrf;ukef
aºuG;oHawGbufu vSnfhywfukwf uyf+yD;
a&SŒaevdu k af y;aewm awG@jrif=um; odae=u vk d u f a vsmjznf h q nf ; ay;+yD ;
&ayr,fh tJ'Da&SŒaeawGxJu trSefwu,f acsmh a rmh E S p f o d r f h a &;rl 0 g'
±kd;om;olawG oabmaygufoifhwm wcku (Appeasement Policy)
(etz)taeeJ@ tJ'DtE W&m,fawGudk w r[k w f y gbl ;
u,fyJ ±kd;±kd;om;om; pdk;&drfylyefw,fqdk&if
olwkd@ vkyfp&m wckyJ&dSygw,f? tJ'guawmh
jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,fawGeJ@ ppfrSefwJh awG@qkH
aqG;aEG;yGJvkyfzkd@uvGJ+yD; wjcm;enf;vrf;r&dSbl;qdkwmygyJ?
wu,fawmh buf+yKdifaewJh tiftm;pkESpfck=um; ppfrSefwJh awG@qkH
aqG;aEG;yGJ wckay:aygufvma&;twGuf r&dSrjzpfvdktyfwJht&mu +Adwdo# 0ef
}uD;csKyfa[mif; csdefbmvdefupvkd@ vuf&dSjrefrmhEdkifiHa&;rSm yg0ifywfouf ae
=uwJh tcsKdŒtcsKdŒaom EdkifiHa&;orm;qdkolawGtqkH; ,lqajymqdkae=uovdk
tiftm;enf;wJhbufu tiftm;}uD;wJhbufudk wwfEdkifor# tpGrf;ukef vkduf
avsmjznfhqnf;ay;+yD; acsmharmhESpfodrfha&;rl0g' (Appeasement Policy)
r[kwyf gb;l ? urBmo h rdik ;f rSm b,ftiftm;aumif;wJh t"rR0g'w D OD;wa,mufrS
160
ppfrSefwJh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ ay:xGef;vmapcsifw,fqdk&if

'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawGbufu vkyf&rSmu
(t=urf;rzufa&;enf;vrf;udk usifhoHk;zkd@vnf;ykdif;jzwfxm;wma=umifh)
EdkifiHwum&JŒtm;/ jynfolvlxk&JŒtm;udk tjynfht0&,lEdkifa&;
pG e f @ v$ w f p G e f @ pm;r_ r sm;pG m &if ; ES D ; ay;qyf + yD ;
(etz)udk bufaygif;pHkrSm tusyftwnf;awG@atmif æ
tJ'Drl0g'a=umifh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ pum;0dkif;udk a&mufvmwmrsdK; r&dScJhygbl;?

emZD*smreD tm%m&Si[ f pfwvm[m txif&mS ; tjrifomqH;k Oyrmwck jzpfyg
w,f?
tJ'Dawmh tm;enf;wJh "rR0g'DawGeJ@ tm;aumif;wJh t"rR0g'DawG
t=um; ppfrSefwJhawG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ jzpfxGef;ay:aygufvmapzkd@twGuf t"duvdk
tyfcsufu bmvJ? tiftm;pkESpfcktm;csif; nDr#oGm;wJh tajctae (equili-
brium) w&yfqDa&mufoGm;atmif tiftm;enf;wJhbufu rjzpfrae }udK;pm;
zk@d ygy?J 'guvG+J yD; wjcm;enf;vrf;r&dyS gb;l ? pdwu f ;l ,Ofaevk@d r&ygb;l ? 'ga=umifh
usaemfwkd@ EdkifiHrSm ppfrSefwJh awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ ay:xGef;vmapcsifw,fqdk&if 'Drdk
ua&pDtiftm;pkawGbufu vkyf&rSmu (t=urf;rzufa&;enf;vrf;udk usifh
oHk; zkd@vnf;ykdif;jzwfxm;wma=umifh) EdkifiHwum&JŒtm;/ jynfolvlxk&JŒtm;udk
tjynft h 0&,lEikd af &; pGe@f vw
$ pf eG @f pm;r_rsm;pGm &if;ES;D ay;qyf+yD; (etz)udk buf
aygif;pHkrSm tusyftwnf;awG@atmif zdtm;ay;zkd@yJ jzpfygw,f? Õ
161
ar; ? ? jynfov l xl &k ŒJ tm;/ Edik if w

H um&JŒtm;vk@d qd&k mrSm jynfov l x
l k
&JŒtm; qdkwmuawmh &Sif;ygw,f? 'Drdkua&pD vdkvm;wJh jynfolvlxk}uD;
w&yfvHk;udk pkpnf;uspfvspf cdkifrm}uD;rm;us,fjyef@ jyif;xefwJhtiftm;}uD;
w&yf (Dynamic Power) jzpfvmatmif pnf;±kH;zGJ@pnf;+yD; &Spfq,fh
&Spfta&;awmfyHkwkef;uxuf ravsmhwJhv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;w&yf azmfaqmif&
r,fvkd@ qdkvdkwm r[kwfvm;? &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; r&dSwmu EdkifiHwumtm;
qdkwmyJ? cifAsm;vnf;odwJhtwdkif; EdkifiHwum qdkwJhtwdkif; EdkifiHawGu
trsm;}uD;/ tJ'DrSm EdkifiHwdkif;u udk,fhtrsdK;om; tusdK;pD;yGm;udkyJ t"du
xm;=uw,f? wcsKd@tkyfpkawG=um;rSmvnf; tusdK;pD;yGm;csif;u qef@usif
ae=uvkd@ 0da&m"dawGjzpfae=uw,f? urBmhEdkifiHtm;vHk;eD;yg; yg0ifaewJh
ukvor*~ tzG@J }uD;&JŒ tm%mykid , f E &W m;jzpfwhJ vk+H cHKa&; aumifprD mS vnf;
rsm;aomtm;jzifh tar&duef/ +Adwdef/ jyifopfwkd@u wzuf/ w±kwfeJ@ ±k&Sm;
wkd@uwzuf/ oabmxm;uGJvGJae=u+yD; ta&;}uD;whJ jy\em awmfawmf
rsm;rsm;rSm a0g[m& tokH;tE_ef;udpPrSmwif nd‡E_dif;r&=uvkd@ qHk;jzwfcsuf
rcsEikd f jzpfc&hJ wmawG txift&Sm;yJ r[kwv f m;? tJovdrk sKd ; tajctaerSm
jrefrmh'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkawG[m pkpnf;nD!GwfwJh EdkifiHwum&JŒtm;udk
&,lEikd rf ,fh tajctaea&m &d&S ŒJ vm;? &,lEikd cf w hJ ,f qd&k ifawmif (etz)u
tJ'DEdkifiHwumtm;udk *±kpdkufyghrvm;? usaemfh ar;cGef;awGudk tESpfcsKyf
vduk &f if wckwnf;yg? tJ'guawmh vuf&ESd ikd if w H um tajctae[m jrefrmh
'Drdkua&pD toGiful;ajymif;a&;tay: =oZmoufa&mufr_ b,favmuf
&dSovJ qdkwmygyJ?
162
ajz ? ? cifAsm;ajymwm rSeyf gw,f? awmif}uD;uawmh armh=unfv h u

dk w f meJ@ acgi;f aygi;f
u|wu f swmyJv@dk qd&k avmufatmif t&rf;udk jrifrh m;rwfapmuf vGe;f vSygw,f? 'gayr,fh
vd_if;}uD;avSatmuf/ awmif}uD; z0g;atmufqdkwJh pum;[m wu,fr&dSwJh vlom;awG&JŒ
*k%f&nfw&yfudk 0r&dSbJ 0dvkyf+yD; wrifoufouf tajcmufwdkuf ajr‡mufyifhaoG;xkd;xm;
wJh pum;r[kwfygbl;? urBmay:rSm &dSae=uwJh tjcm;tjcm;aom ouf&dSowW0gawGxuf
rsm;pGm ydkrdkxl;jcm;omvGefwJh vlom;qdkwJh rsdK;pdwfwck&JŒ thHzG,fpGrf;&nfwckudk yuwdt&dS
twdkif; azmfjyxm;wJh tokH;tE_ef;wckom jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifhcdkifrmwJh ydkif;jzwfcsuf
om&dSygap vlom;awG tEdkifr,l Ekdifavmufatmif jrifhrm;wJhawmifqdkwm urBmay:rSm
r&dSygbl;qdkwJh y%mrpum;eJ@ usaemfh&JŒ tajzudkpwifyg&ap?
cifAsm;&JŒar;cGef;udk wwfEdkifor# us,fus,fjyef@jyef@eJ@ jynfhjynfhpHkpHkjzpfatmif
}udK;yrf;ajz=um;oGm;zkd@ usaemf &nf&G,fxm;ygw,f? ta=umif;uawmh EdkifiHawG tuGJuGJ
tjym;jym; pkaygif;wnf&dSaewJh urBm}uD;wckrSm tjcm;EdkifiHawG&JŒ &yfwnfcsufeJ@ wEdkifiHeJ@
wEdkifiHt=um; qufqHr_ toD;oD;[m EkdifiH wEkdifiHtay: =oZmoufa&mufr_ &Sdovm;/
r&Sb d ;l vm;? &Sw d ,fq&kd if b,fv&kd o Sd vJ? b,favmuf twdik ;f twmxd &do S vJ pwJt h csuf
awG[m usaemfwkd@EdkifiH&JŒ tem*wftwGuf odyfudkta&;ygw,fvkd@ usaemf ,lqwJh
twGuf jzpfygw,f?
“jrefrmh'rD u
kd a&pD toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;tay: Edik if w
H um&JŒ=oZmoufa&mufr”_
qdkwJh acgif;pOfta=umif; aqG;aEG;&mrSm wwfEdkifor# us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ jynfhjynfhpHkpHk
jzpfatmif u¾awG cGJjcm;+yD; aqG;aEG;oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f? tJ'Du¾awGudk acgif;pOfi,f
awG tckvdk wyfxm;ygw,f? a,bk,s EdkifiH
wum tajctae/ jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDa&;
twG u f taxmuf t ul j zpf a ponf h &yf zlul,m;rm;&JŒ tJ'Dpmwrf;
wnfcsuf&dSaom EdkifiHrsm;ESifh EdkifiHtkyfpkrsm;/ xGufay:cJhwm tckqdk&if
jrefrmh'rD u dk a&pDa&;twGuf taxmuftul tES p f ( 20)0ef ; usif &d S c J h y g+yD ?
rjzpfaponfh &yfwnfcsu&f adS om Ekid if rH sm;ESihf 'D u mvtwG i f ;
Ekid if tH yk pf rk sm;/ tajctaeay: rlwnfI wuf
ol @ &J Œ t,l t qud k
csnfuscsnf &yfwnfcsuf&dSaom EdkifiHrsm;ESifh
bufpHkaxmifpHku
Edik if t H yk pf rk sm;/ jrefrmEdik if EH iS hf tajctaecsi;f
teD;pyfqHk; wlnDaomEdkifiHrsm;? a0zef q ef ; ppf o H k ; oyf + yD ;
tJ'Dvdk acgif;pOfi,fawGeJ@ u¾ axmufcH jznfhpGufcJh=uwmawG
cGJ+yD; aqG;aEG;&mrSm yifracgif;pOf}uD;awG &dSovdk a0zefacszsuf
twGuf &Sif;vif;yDjyifjrifomr_ &dSavmuf cJh=uwmawGvnf; &dScJhygw,f?
atmif us,fjyef@rSm jzpfayr,fh tJ'Dyifr
163
acgif;pOf&JŒ rlabmiftjyifbufudk ausmfvGefa&muf&dSoGm;apjcif; r&dSavmufatmifvnf;
uef@owf aqG;aEG;oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f?
yxrqHk; a,bk,s EdkifiHwum tajctaea=umif; aqG;aEG;ygr,f?
'Duae@urBm[m a,bk,stm;jzifh ppfat;vGefacwfrSm a&muf&dSaewJh urBm
jzpfygw,f? ppfat;acwf[m bmvifwHwdkif; +yKdvJr_/ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk +yKduGJr_ pwJh
jzpf&yfrsm;eJJ@twl &yfpJcsKyf+idrf;oGm;+yD jzpfwma=umifh ppfat;acwfrSm &dSaecJhwJh tiftm;
csed cf iG v
f #m[m ysu, f iG ;f oGm;+yD; urBmay:rSm tar&duef wEdik if w H nf;uom r[mtiftm;
&Sif Ekid if }H uD; tjzpfuse&f aSd eawmhwhJ 0if±;dk wckxJ urBm (Unipolar world) taetxm;vk@d
qdk&rSm jzpfygw,f? tar&duef OD;aqmifwJh taemufEdkifiHawG v$rf;rkd;wGifus,fwJh EdkifiH
wum qufqHa&;pepf[m vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pD/ aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;/ vl@tcGifhta&;wkd@
tay: tajcpdkufxm;wJhpepfjzpfwJhtwGuf ppfat;acwf +yD;qHk;oGm;wJh taetxm;udk
Edik if aH &;tawG;tac: ynm&Siw f pfO;D jzpfol z&efppfzu l ,l m;rm;u ordik ;f ed*;kH csKyfomG ;+yDv@dk
qdkcJh+yD; ol@&JŒ“ordkif;ed*Hk;”trnf&dS pmwrf;wapmifeJ@ zGifhqdk&Sif;vif; jyocJhygw,f? ol@pm
wrf;&JŒ tESpfcsKyfuawmh vlom;&JŒ EdkifiHa&; tawG;ac:orkdif;rSm vpfb&,f 'Drdkua&pD
0g'[m trsdK;om;a&;0g'/ zufqpf0g'/ emZD0g'/ uGefjrLepf0g'wkd@&JŒ wdkufzsufacsr_ef;zkd@
}udK;pm;r_ rSeo f r#u}kd uHŒ}uHŒcH &ifqikd w f eG ;f vSe&f if; aemufq;kH rSm atmifyJG cHomG ;+yD? jrifEikd w f hJ
tem*wfumvrSmawmh vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDudk pdefac:vmEdkifwJh t,l0g' oabmw&m;
&,fvkd@ rawG@&wJhtwGuf vuf&dStajctaeudk ordkif;ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;wJh tajctaevkd@ qdk&
r,fvkd@ jzpfygw,f?
zlu, l m;rm;&JŒ tJ'pD mwrf; xGuaf y:cJw h m tckq&kd if tESp(f 20)0ef;usif &dcS yhJ g+yD?
'DumvtwGif; ol@&JŒt,ltqudk bufpHkaxmifpHku a0zefqef;ppfoHk;oyf+yD; axmufcH
jznfhpGufcJh=uwmawG &dSovdk a0zefacszsufcJh=uwmawGvnf; &dScJhygw,f?
'DumvtwGif; zlul,m;rm;&JŒ vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pD[m t+yD;owf atmifyGJ
cHomG ;cJ+h yD? tJ'0D g'udk pdeaf c:Edik w f hJ t,l0g' oabmw&m; r&daS wmhb;l qdw k hJ tqdu k kd pdeaf c:
tuJprf;wJh tjzpftysufawGvnf; urBmhae&mwcsKdŒrSm ay:xGufvmcJhygw,f?
qdkAD,ufacwfvGefacwf ±k&Sm;[m orRw,Jhvfqif&JŒ OD;aqmifr_eJ@ 'Drdkua&pD
Edik if w
H ck yDyjD yifjyifjzpfxeG ;f vma&;qDo@dk OD;wnf av#mufvrS ;f cJah yr,fh wu,fv h ufawG@rmS
ay:xGufvmwJh &v'fawGu EdkifiHa&;rwnf+idrfr_/ qif;&JrGJawr_/ tusifhysufjcpm;r_eJ@
trsKd ;om; *k%o f u
d mQ usqif;r_w@dk yJ jzpfygw,f? au*sb D D t&m&daS [mif;wOD;jzpfol orRw
ylwifvufxuf a&mufwt hJ cg olu 'Dru kd a&pD/ vl@tcGit hf a&;eJ@ rD',
D mvGwv f yfciG w hf @dk ukd
jyif;jyif;xefxefvkd@ qdkEdkifavmufwJh twdkif;twmtxd EdSyfuGyfcJhayr,fh EdkifiH&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;/
EdkifiHa&;/ vHkjcHKa&;tajctaeawG[m jyefvnfjrifhwufvmcJh+yD; EdkifiHwum qufqHa&;
e,fy,frSmvnf; tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHqdkwJh t&dSeft0gudk EdkifiHom;awG jyefvnfjrifawG@&p
jyKvmcJh=uygw,f? (ylwifvufxufrSm urBmha&eHaps;E_ef;awG w[kefxdk; jrifhwufvmr_eJ@
164
twl "mwfaiG@a&mif; Edik if w H ckjzpfwhJ ±k&mS ;&JŒ pD;yGm;a&; w[kex f ;kd jrifw h ufvmwmjzpfw,f
qdkwJh tcsufudkawmh txl;rSwfom;xm;zkd@ vkdtyfygw,f?)
wcsdefu uGefjrLepfawmfvSefa&;awG +cdrfh+cdrfhoJoJ jzpfyGm;cJh&m e,fajrwckjzpfwJh
vufwiftar&duwdkuf&JŒ tiftm;}uD; EdkifiHwckjzpfwJh tm*sifwD;em;EdkifiH[m ppfat;
vGefpacwfrSm pD;yGm;a&; tusyftwnf;wcktwGif; r&SLEdkifru,fEdkif jzpfaewJhtcg
taemufA[djk yK Edik if w H um qufqaH &;pepfxu J aomhcsuf b¾ma&;tzG@J tpnf;wckjzpf
wJh EdkifiHwumaiGa=u; &efyHkaiGtzGJ@ (IMF)&JŒ !$ef=um;csufrsm;udk wdwdusus vdkufem+yD;
a0'emudu k ok zk@d }udK;pm;cJyh gw,f? 'gayr,fh a0'em roufombJ ydq k ;kd vmum aemufq;kH
rSm tpdk;&jyKwfus+yD; EdkifiHa&; rwnf+idrfr_awGudkyg qufvuf}uKHawG@cJh&ygw,f? tJ'D
tjzpftysufrSm awmiftar&du tygt0if urBmhjynfolawGu taemufEdkifiHawG }uD;pdk;
jc,fv, S af ewJh aiGa=u;,E &W m;awG&ŒJ pdw&f if;apwemeJ@ pGr;f aqmif&nfawGtay: oHo,
pdwaf wG wd;k yGm;vm&muwqifh vpfb&,f'rD u kd a&pDpepf&ŒJ ,H=k unftm;xm; Edik af vmuf
r_ (Credibility) tay: r,HkouFm jzpfvmcJh=uygw,f?
tJ'aD emuf vufwiftar&duwv$m;rSm ol@u, dk of cl ikd rf mwJh qd&k , S v f pf0g'w D OD;
tjzpf [pfaºuG;avh&+Sd yD; tar&duefukd qef@usi&f mrSm tD&eforRw tmrm'De*D suef @J t+yKdif
pum;vHk; ajymifEdkifor# ajymifapzkd@ }udK;pm;ajymqdkwwfwJh [l*dkcsmAufwkd@ vlpk tm%m&
vm=uwJh tcsufuvnf; tJ'Da'orSm vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pD Zmwfodrf;awmhrSmvm;vkd@
tawG;yGg;p&m jzpfvmapcJhygw,f? bdkvD;AD;,m;rSm tufAdkrdka&;vfpf/ Edkifu&m*GgrSm atmf
aw*gpwJh ay: jyLvmqdk&S,fvpf0g'DawG 'Drdkua&pD a&G;aumufyGJawGuwqifh tm%m&
vm=uwJhtjyif usL;bm;rSmvnf; tar&dueforRw (7)quf/ (8)qufavmufu pD;yGm;
a&; '%fcwfyw d q f @dk ta&;,lwhJ rl0g'udk onf;onf;rnf;rnf; qufwu kd uf sio hf ;kH ae=uwJh
=um;u uGefjrLepfuyfpx±kdtpdk;&udk z,f&Sm;Edkifjcif; r&dScJhwmawGu urBmh jynfolawG
t=um; vpfb&,f'rD u kd a&pD0g'&JŒ tm;enf;csuaf wGukd rD;armifx;dk jywJh tjzpftysuaf wG
yrm jzpfvmcJhygw,f?
tm&Swdkufu ukvor*~ vHkjcHKa&;aumifpD t+rJwrf;tzGJ@0ifEdkifiH w±kwfEdkifiH&JŒ
tjzpftysufuawmh vpfb&,f 'Drdkua&pD 0g'twGuf t}uD;qHk;aom urBmvHk;csD pdefac:
tuJprf;r_}uD;ygy?J (1949)ckEpS rf mS uGejf rLepftm%m&Sipf epfukd xlaxmifcw hJ hJ tJ'ED ikd if [ H m
wdefa&Smifyif&JŒ t,ltq v$rf;rkd;wGifus,f vmcJhcsdefupvkd@ EdkifiHa&;rSm uGefjrLepfygwD
wygww D nf;u tm%mudk wif;wif;usyu f syf xde;f csKyfxm;wJph epfukd qufvufusio hf ;kH cJh
wJh=um;u EdkifiH&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;uawmh tHhrcef;wdk;wufvmcJhygw,f? (1989)ckESpf ZGefv
twGi;f ausmif;om;awG OD;aqmif+yD; yDuif;+rdKŒu wdet f efrif&ifjyifrmS tajcpdu k u f m 'Dru kd
a&pDa&; awmif;qdv k y_ &f mS ;r_}uD; jyKvkycf yhJ gw,f? tJ'v D y_ &f mS ;r_rmS jynfow l csKŒd yg0ify;l aygi;f
cJh=u+yD; EdkifiHw0Srf;rSm tJ'Dv_yf&Sm;r_udk pdwf"mwfa&;&mt& axmufcHa=umif;jyor_awG
wae@xufwae@ ydkrdkxGufay:vmcJh+yD;aemuf tm%mydkifawGu wdeftefrifu tHkºuGr_udk
165
tiftm;oHk; EdSyfuGyf +zdKcGif;cJhygw,f? w±kwf uGefjrLepftpkd;&[m tm%m&vm
csdefupvkd@ rdrdeJ@ oabmxm; &yfwnfcsufcsif; rwluGJjym;jcm;em;olawGxJu
wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olawGudk wavsmufvHk; ESdyfuGyfcJh+yD; owif;rD'D,mawGtay:
vnf; wif;wif;usyfusyf xdef;csKyfxm;cJhygw,f? w±kwftpdk;&&JŒ tJ'Dvkyf&yfawG
udk Edik if w
H um vl@tcGit hf a&; tzG@J awGe@J 'Dru dk a&pDtpd;k &awGu jyif;jyif;xefxef
a0zefuef@uGuf ±_wfcscJh=uygw,f? w±kwftpdk;&uawmh tJ'D a0zefuef@uGuf
±_wcf sra_ wGukd tpOfwpdu k f y,fcs+yD; olav#muf+rJvrf;twdik ;f rauG@rcsKd ;bJ quf
av#mufcJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh yHkpHus vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pD0g'D (Typical Liberal
Democrat)awGtwGuf rsufpdvnfp&mjzpfaewmu w±kwftpdk;&u vl@tcGifh
ta&;/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;awGudk 'Davmuf ESdyfuGyfaewJh=um;u w±kwfEdkifiH&JŒ pD;yGm;
a&;u thzH , G o f &l t J &deS Ef e_ ;f (wESp1f 0µ0ef;usi)f eJ@ tqufrjywf wd;k wufaejcif;
ygy?J 'Dtajctaea=umifh 'Dru kd a&pD[m pD;yGm;a&; zG+H zdK;wd;k wufrt _ wGuf tajccH
jzpfw,fqdkwJh vpfb&,f0g'DawG&JŒ yHkaoenf;[m w±kwfykp>mrSm oHk;vkd@r&wJhyHk
aygufaecJhygw,f? w±kwfazmfjrLvmudk=unfh+yD; 'Drdkua&pDr&dSvnf; pD;yGm;a&;
zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufEdkifw,fqdkwJh ajymoHqdkoHawG urBmrSm tawmfav; us,favmif
vmcJhygw,f?
tckwifjycJhwmawGuawmh vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pD0g'&JŒ ,Hk=unftm;
xm;avmufru _ kd tm;enf;apcJw h hJ urBmwv$m;u tjzpftysuf tjcif;t&mawG
xJu xif&Sm;wJh OyrmwcsKdŒjzpfygw,f?
vGev f eG u f sL;usL; ajymavhqakd vh &d=S uolawGu tJ'OD yrmudk ud;k um;
+yD; 'gawG[m “ordkif;ed*Hk;&JŒ ed*Hk;” jzpfEdkifw,fqdkwJh tajymrsdK;awG ajymvm=u
ygw,f? qdv k wkd mu aemufq;kH rSmawmh vpfb&,f'rD u kd a&pD0g'[m +yKdib f uf0g'
tm;vH;k udk wdu k cf u kd af csre_ ;f +yD; atmifycJG w
H cH eG f pdu
k of mG ;cJ+h yD? tcktcsed rf mS vpfb
&,f'Drdkua&pD0g'udk wlwlwefwef pdefac:EdkifwJh 0g'qkdvkd@ wck rSr&dSawmhbl;qdkwJh
z&efppfzlul,m;rm;&JŒ t,ltq[m rSm;,Gif;+yD; ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;+yD? 'Duae@ vuf
awG@jzpfysufaewJh ta&;ygwJh tjzpftysufwcsKdŒ&JŒ wdrf;!¸wfr_ (tendency)
t& vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pD[m vlom;&JŒ EdkifiHa&; tawG;tac:wkdufyGJrSm t+yD;
owf atmifyGJ&oGm;+yDjzpfwJh 0g'pepfr[kwfbl;? ol@xufomwJh (wenf;)ol@ukd
tEdkif,lEdkifwJh 0g'pepf tenf;qHk;wck &dSw,fvkd@ jzpfygw,f?
'Dae&mrSm usaemfh&J t,ltqudk ajymzkd@vdktyfvm+yD jzpfygw,f?
usaemfuawmh zlul,m;rm;&JŒ “ordkif;ed*Hk;” pmwrf;xJu t,ltqudk tck
tcsed t f xd vufc, H =kH unfaeqJjzpfygw,f? (zlu, l m;rm;[m tJ'pD mwrf;aemuf
ykdif; tJ'Dpmwrf;yg t,ltqeJ@ ywfouf+yD; aqmif;yg;awGa&;cJhwm/ awG@qHk ar;
jref;cef;awG vkyfcJhwmawG &dScJhygw,f? tJ'gawGudk usaemfhtaeeJ@ tukefrzwf
166
&ayr,fh zwf&rSwf&oa&GŒrSmawmh tJ'Da&;om;csuf/ ajymqdkcsufawGxJrSm tJ'D “ordkif;
ed*Hk;” t,ltqudk rSm;w,fvkd@ 0efcHwmrsdK; wckrS rygbl;vkd@ usaemfem;vnf cHpm;&yg
w,f) usaemfhtjrift& ordkif;ed*Hk;t,ltqudk rSm;w,fvkd@ ,lqolawG[m olwkd@ t,l
tqudk taxmuftul jzpfapr,fh tcsufrsm;udkom &SmazGudk;um; Oyrmay;+yD; olwkd@
t,ltq rSefuefcdkifrma=umif; wnfaqmufjy=uolawG jzpfcJhwJhtjyif e*dkuwnf;u
vpfb&,f0g'tay: t&om rawG@=uyHk&wJh tJ'DvlawG&JŒ vpfb&,f0g' usqHk;cef;eJ@
ywfoufwhJ awG;ac:qifjcifyakH wG[m vd&k mqGaJ wG;yHak wG;enf; (wishful thinking) buf
ukd,drf; olwkd@cswJhaumufcsuf ed*kH;awG[mvnf; tvsifpvdk ed*Hk; (hasty conclusion)
qefw,fvkd@ usaemf ,lqygw,f?
usaemfh tjrifudk &Sif;jyygr,f? yxrqHk;±k&Sm;eJ@ p=u&atmifyg? ±k&Sm;[m ylwif
acwfrmS pD;yGm;a&; wd;k wufvmw,f? Edik if H
wum pifjrifhrSm =oZmt&dSeft0g wpHkw
&m jyefwufvmw,f? tJ'gawG&JŒ tusdK;
urB m h a&eH e J @ obm0"mwf a iG @ quftjzpf Edik if v
H +kH cHK wnf+idrv
f m+yD; ylwif
aps;E_ e f ; pH c sd e f w if a tmif tay: ±k&Sm;jynfolvlxk&JŒ axmufcHr_ jrifh
jrif h w uf c J h r _ t ay: wufvmw,f? 'gawGtm;vHk; rSefygw,f?
tajccH w ,f q d k w m 'gayr,fh tJ'gawGtm;vH;k [m urBmah &eHe@J
rarh o if h y gbl ; ? obm0"mwfaiG@ aps;E_ef; pHcsdefwifatmif
ylwifu 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ jrifw
h ufcrhJ t
_ ay: tajccHw,fqw kd m rarh
oifhygbl;? ylwifu 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ vl@tcGifh
vl @ tcG i f h t a&;ud k
ta&;udk ESdyfuGyfxm;vkd@ ±k&Sm;pD;yGm;a&;
ESdyfuGyfxm;vkd@
wdk;wufvmwm r[kwfygbl;? ±k&Sm;jynf
±k & S m ;pD ; yG m ;a&; olawG[m avmavmq,frSm pD;yGm;a&;
wdk;wufvmwm r[kwfygbl; tajctae aumif;ae=uvkd@ 'Drdkua&pD
a&;eJ@ vl@tcGifhta&; tajctaeawG ,dk
,Gif;aewmudk onf;cHpdwf&dSae=uwmjzpf
ygw,f? wenf;ajym&&if ±k&Sm;jyZmwf
[m vpfb&,f 'Drdkua&pD&JŒ usqHk;cef;ta=umif; r[kwfygbl;? tuef@towfr&dS r[kwf
wJh a&eHeJ@ obm0"mwfaiG@ &if;jrpftay: tajcjyKxm;wJh pD;yGm;a&; qyfjymylazmif; ayguf
uGJoGm;+yD;aemuf r=umcif±k&Sm;rSm vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pD vd_if;wHydk; jyefvnfxºuGvmrSm
rkcsjzpfygw,f?
vufwiftar&durSm avmavmq,f [l*ckd smAufw@dk vpl k bke;f rD;aev awmuf
yae=uwm rSefygw,f? csmAuf[m 'Drdkua&pD a&G;aumufyGJuae tm%m&vmoljzpfay
r,fh qd&k , S vf pfaºuG;a=umfou H kd [pfaºuG;+yD; &moufyeftm%m wnf+rJa&;twGuf tajccH
167
Oya'udk vdkovkd jyifqifzkd@ }udK;yrf;cJhyg
w,f? 'gayr,fh ol@&JŒ}udK;yrf;r_udk qENcH,l
yGeJ @J ppfaq;rSwaf usmuf wku d =f unfw h t hJ cg 'D r d k u a&pD & J Œ
yxr w}udrfrSm jynfolawGu y,fcscJh=u tjcm;t*F g&yf w ck j zpf w J h
ygw,f? tJ'D tajccHOya'udk ajymif;vJ jyif yG i f h v if ; jrif o mr_
qifra_ wGjyKvky+f yD; aemufw}udrf vlxq k EN (Transparency) r&dSwJh
cH , l y G J v k y f w J h tcgusrS jynf o l a wG u twGuf w±kwfEdkifiH
axmufccH =hJ uygw,f? wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsKd ;pk }uKH a wG @ ae&wJ h
xJu yxrqHk; orRwjzpfvmwJh bdkvD;AD;
aemuf x yf
,m;u tufArkd akd &;vfp&f ŒJ Edik if jH cm;om;ydik f
jy\em}uD; wckuawm æ
a&eHukr`%D}uD;awGudk jynfolydkifodrf;zkd@
}ud K ;yrf ; aewJ h tpD t rH a wG [ mvnf ;
tcuftcJ twm;tqD; tajrmuftjrm;
eJ@ }uKHawG@&ifqdkifae&ygw,f? tJovdkyJ
'Drdkua&pD a&G;aumufyGJuwqifh wausmhjyef orRw jzpfvmwJh Edkufu&m*Gg
Edik if u
H qef'eD pPwm vuf0o J yl ek af cgi;f aqmifa[mif; 'ife,D ,fatmfaw*g qd&k if
vnf; wcsed u f vuf0pJ eG ;f vky&f yfawGa=umifh tm%mvufvw G f jzpfc&hJ wmudk
oifcef;pm,l+yD; tv,ftvwfvrf;a=umif;udkyJ vdkufawmhr,fh t&dyf
ta,mifawG jyoaeygw,f?
'ghtjyif vufwiftar&dua'o&JŒ tiftm;}uD; EdkifiHawGjzpf=uwJh
tm*sifwD;em;/ b&mZD;/ ruUqDudk/ udkvHbD,mEdkifiHawG[m 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ aps;
uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk tcdkiftrm usifhoHk;&if; zGH+zdK;wkd;wufr_ vrf;pay:udk
a&muf&dSae=u+yD jzpfygw,f? 'ghtjyif a'owGif;u tjcm;EdkifiHi,fawG[m
vnf; [l*dkcsmAufwkd@&JŒ wausmhjyef qdk&S,fvpfvrf;a=umif;xuf 'Drdkua&pDeJ@
aps;uGuf pD;yGm;a&;pepf vrf;a=umif;udk ydk+yD; wdrf;!$wfyHk&ae=uwJh tcsufudk
txift&Sm; jrifawG@ae&ygw,f?
usL;bm;rSmvnf; 'Dru kd a&pDbufukd vSnahf jymif;r,fh t&dyt f a,mif
awG jrifawG@ae&yg+yD? ored&n S =f um uGejf rLepf acgi;f aqmif}uD; zD',fuyfpx±kd
&J@ =oZmt&deS t f 0g }uD;vGe;f vSv@dk om ol@nD a&mvfuyfpx±ku d Edik if aH &; jyKjyif
ajymif;vJr_awG rvkyf0hHao;wmyg? 'gawmif tajymif;tvJ ajcvSrf;wcsKd@ p
+yD;vSrf;aeyg+yD? zD',fuyfpx±kd uG,fvGefoGm;+yD;aemufrSmawmh usL;bm;rSm
'Drdkua&pDudk OD;wnfwJh EdkifiHa&; jyKjyifajymif;vJr_awG ay:xGufvmrSm tao
tcsmygyJ?
168
w±kwEf ikd if eH @J ywfoufv@dk uawmh tawmfav; csichf sichf sed cf sed f ajym&
rSm jzpfygw,f? w±kwf[m ±k&Sm;vdk urBmha&eHaps; wufvmwJhtay: ±kwfw
&uf ºuG,0f csr;f omvmwm r[kwyf gb;l ? wcsed u f 'wfcsw f @dk / ay:wl*w D @dk / +Adwed f
wkd@vdk rzGH+zdK;ao;wJh e,fajrawGudk udkvdkeDodrf;ydkuf u|efjyKjcif;uae ºuG,f0
csrf;omvmwmvnf; r[kwfygbl;? 'kwd,urBmppf+yD;p *syefEdkifiHvdk tar
&duef&JŒ t%kjrL xD;&dyfatmufrSm cdkv_H+yD; pdwfat;vufat; pD;yGm;&Sm&if;
csrf;omºuG,f0vmwmvnf; r[kwfygbl;? wzufrSm EdkifiHa&;t& wygwD
wnf;u tkyfpkd;wJhpepfudk tcdkiftrmusifhoHk;/ 'Drdkua&pD/ vl@tcGifhta&;eJ@
rD'D,mawGudk wif;wif;usyfusyf xdef;csKyfESdyfuGyf tjcm;wzufrSmawmh pD;yGm;
a&;t& wpHw k ckaom twdik ;f twmtxd vGwv f yfwhJ aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;pepf
udk usifhoHk;&if; orm;±kd;us pD;yGm;a&; ynm&SifawG rsufpdvnfoGm;&wJhtxd
pD;yGm;a&; w[kefxdk; wdk;wufvmcJhwm jzpfygw,f? puFmylwkd@/ rav;&Sm;wkd@/
awmifu&kd ;D ,m;wk@d [mvnf; tJovdek nf;vrf;rsKd ;qefqef usio hf ;kH +yD; csr;f om
ºuG,0f vmcJ=h uwmyJ jzpfygw,f? w±kwEf ikd if &H ŒJ vlO;D a& yrm%/ ESppf Of&&daS ewJh
pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufE_ef;awG&JŒ ±_axmifhu =unfhr,fqdk&ifawmh w±kwfEdkifiH&JŒ
Zmwfvrf;[m “thHzG,fol&J” (miracle) wckvkd@ qdkEdkifavmufwm trSefygyJ?
'gayr,fh w±kwfEdkifiHrSmvnf; jy\em trsm;tjym; &dSaeygw,f?
tJ'gawGteuf jy\emwcku yifv,furf;ajca'oeJ@ ukef;wGif;ydwf a'o
awG=um; pD;yGm;a&; zGH@+zKd;wdk;wufr_ tvGeftrif; uGm[aejcif;ygyJ? 'Dtajc
taea=umifh ukef;wGif;ydwf a'oawGu jynfolawG&JŒ rauseyfr_u wae@
wjcm; ydkrdk}uD;xGm;vm vsuf&dSaeygw,f?
aemufwcku ajrodr;f cH&wJh v,form;awG&ŒJ jy\emyg? pD;yGm;a&;
zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufwmeJ@tr# wnfaqmufa&; vkyfief;awG wdk;csJŒvm&wJhtwGuf
ukr% ` }D u;D awG[m v,form;awG bk;d pOfabmifquf ydik q f ikd vf mcJ=h uwJh ajr,m
awGukd yHo k ¿meftrsKd ;rsKd ;eJ@ odr;f ,lvm=uygw,f? 'DtcgrmS v,form;awGe@J
xdyfwdkufawG@+yD; jy\emawG jzpfyGm;vmwm jzpfygw,f? w±kwftpdk;&u
rD'D,m vGwfvyfcGifhudk xdef;csKyfxm;wma=umifh us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ rod=u&
ao;ayr,fh w±kwfEdkifiHwv$m;rSm v,ftodrf;cH&wJh v,form;awG&JŒ qENjy
yGJi,fav;awG ae@pOf axmifeJ@csD &dSaew,fvkd@ =um;od&ygw,f?
aemufxyfta&;}uD;wJh jy\emwckuawmh w±kwfpD;yGm;a&;
ukr`%DawG&JŒ pnf;urf;rJhwJh jy\emygyJ? wygwD tm%m&Sif pepfatmufrSm
'Dru kd a&pDpepf&ŒJ tajccH vky[ f efwckjzpfwhJ “ppfaq;xde;f ndr‡ ”_ (Check and
Balance) r&dSoavmuf tm;enf;vSwJhtwGuf w±kwfpD;yGm;a&; ukr`%DawG
[m tpd;k & csrw S jf yXmef;xm;wJh Oya'pnfrsO;f pnf;urf;awGukd rsuu f ,G jf yK+yD;
169
aiGa=u;tjrwftpGef; &&if+yD;a&mqdkwJh oabmxm;eJ@ vkyfief;vkyfudkif vm=uwmudk w
ae@wjcm; txift&Sm; awG@jrifvmae=u&ygw,f? w±kwftpdk;&&JŒ AsL±kdua&pD }udK;eDpepf
uvnf; tJ'Dvkyf[efudk tm;ay;ovdk jzpfapcJhygw,f? vGefcJhwJh (2)ESpf (3)ESpfavmufu
w±kwfEdkifiHxkwf uav;upm;p&mawGrSm tqdyfoifh ypPnf;awG ygaewJhjy\em/ rESpfu
ay:aygucf w hJ hJ w±kwEf ikd if x
H w
k f Ek@d e@J Ek@d xu
G yf pPn;f awGrmS r,fvrif;awG yg0ifaewJh jy\em
awG[m xif&Sm;wJh OyrmwcsKd@jzpfygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDr&dSr_&JŒ tusdK;qufjzpfwJh tJ'D
jy\emawGa=umifh w±kwfpD;yGm;a&;[m wpHkwckaom twdkif;twmtxd txdemcJh&+yD;
tJ'Dc|wf,Gif;csufudk rjyKjyifEdkifcJh&if a&SŒrSmvnf; quf+yD; txdemzkd@ &dSaeygw,f?
'Drukd a&pD&ŒJ tjcm;t*F g&yfwckjzpfwhJ yGiv hf if;jrifomr_ (Transparency) r&dw S hJ
twGuf w±kwfEdkifiH }uKHawG@ae&wJh aemufxyf jy\em}uD; wckuawmh uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@
tpdk;&t&m&dS}uD;awG&JŒ tusifhysufjcpm;r_ jzpfygw,f? w±kwftpdk;&[m xdyfwef; t&m&dS
}uD;wOD;udk r=umao;rDu ao'%fpD&ifvdkufjcif; tygt0if tJ'Djy\emudk wif;wif;
rmrm udkifwG,fajz&Sif;r_awG jyKvkyfcJhayr,fh w±kwfEdkifiHwv$m;rSm a&rsufESmjyifatmuf
ikyaf ewJh tusiyhf suf jcpm;r_jy\emawG tajrmuftjrm; &daS eao;w,fqw kd hJ owif;awG
xGufay:aeygw,f? 'Djy\em[mvnf; 'Drdkua&pDpepf atmufrSmom ajz&Sif;vkd@&EdkifwJh
jy\emrsdK;jzpfwJhtwGuf w±kwfEdkifiHrSm 'Drdkua&pD rxGef;um;ao;oa&GŒ 'Djy\em[m
qufvuf tjrpfwG,f+yD; cdkifrmtm;aumif;aerSm jzpfygw,f?
wygwt D m%m&Sif uGejf rLepftpk;d &tkypf ;kd wJh w±kwEf ikd if H &ifqikd af e&wJh t}uD;qH;k
jy\emuawmh “yHk&dyf”jy\emyJ jzpfygw,f? ukvor*~ ay:xGufvmr_eJ@twl trsdK;
om;a&;0g'D ulrifweftpd;k &u wygwnf;&&dcS w hJ hJ vHjk cHKa&;aumifpD t+rJwrf;tzG@J 0if ae&m
udk tvdktavsmuf v$Jajymif;&,loGm;EkdifcJhwJh w±kwfuGefjrLepfEdkifiH[m “a=umifjzLjzL
rnf;rnf; ºuGufckwfEdkifzkd@ ta&;}uD;w,f”qdkwJh wdefa&Smufyif&JŒ t,ltqudk odrf;jref;
vdu k +f yD;aemufrmS pD;yGm;a&; w[kex f ;kd wd;k wufvmwJt h cg urBmt
h a&;t&mawGrmS ta&;
yg t&ma&mufvmovdk urBmhtzGJ@tpnf;awGrSmvnf; 0ifqHhvdkpdwf jyif;jyvmygw,f?
'gayr,fh 'Duae@ vuf&dSurBmrSm v$rf;rkd;wGifus,faewhJ EdkifiHwum qufqHa&;pepfu
'Drdkua&pD/ vl@tcGifhta&;eJ@ aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfwkd@udk t"duxm;wJh tar&duefeJ@
taemufOa&myEdik if }H uD;awGu OD;aqmifwhJ qufqaH &;pepf jzpfwma=umifh vuf&u Sd rBmrSm
&dSaewJh xif&Sm;ta&;ygwJh EdkifiHwum tzGJ@tpnf; (txl;ojzifh b¾ma&;tzGJ@tpnf;)
rSefor#[m tJ'DEdkifiHawG&JŒ xdef;csKyfr_atmufrSm &dSaewm jzpfygw,f? 'DtajctaerSm
w±kwfEdkifiHtaeeJ@ tJ'DtzGJ@tpnf;awGrSm 0ifqHhcsifw,fqdk&if (ol@&JŒ cGeftm;eJ@ =oZm
t&dSeft0g yrm%a=umifh tºuGif;rJh EdkifiHa&; jyKjyifajymif;vJr_vkyfzkd@ taemuftkyfpku r
awmif;qdak o;onfh wdik af tmif) 'Dru kd a&pDbufukd OD;wnfwhJ jyKjyifajymif;vJra_ wG jyKvkyf
jyzkd@ vdktyfygw,f? 'gayr,fh w±kwftpdk;&&JŒ jynfwGif; jynfy &yfwnfcsuf ESpfckpvHk;rSm
tJ'Dtcsufudk tm;ay;wJh taxmuftxm; rawG@&oavmuf jzpfygw,f? jynfwGif;rSm
170
pD;yGm;a&; twdkif;twm wcktxd wkd;wufvmr_a=umifh avmavmq,frSm jynfolawG&JŒ
cHpm;csufawG pl;pl;&S&S (acute) rjzpfao;ayr,fh 'Drdkua&pD/ vl@tcGifhta&;eJ@ rD'D,m vGwf
vyfcGifh qdwfokOf;aewJh vuQ%mawGudkawmh txift&Sm; jrifawG@ae&ygw,f?
jynfya&;&m rl0g'ydkif;rSmvnf; tvm;wlygyJ? pD;yGm;a&;w[kefxdk; zGH@+zdK;vm
wma=umifh w±kwfjynfwGif; pufr_ukefxkwf vkyfief;awG[m ukef=urf; o,HZmweJ@ pGrf;
tifudk tonf;toef vdktyfvmygw,f? tJ'D vdktyfcsufudk jynfwGif;u vHkavmuf
atmif rjznfhqnf; ay;EdkifwJhtwGuf jynfyrSm &SmazG&ygw,f? 'Dtcg w±kwfvkdtyfaewJh
t&mawG[m vl@tcGit hf a&;csKd ;azmuf&mrSm emrnfq;kd eJ@ ausm=f um;wJEh ikd if aH wGrmS &daS ewJh
tcg jy\emwufawmhygyJ? tJ'DEdkifiHawG[m EdkifiHqdk; (Rogue State)awG jzpfw,fqw kd hJ
tcsuu f kd w±kwt f pd;k &taeeJ@ jiif;qdEk ikd pf rG ;f r&daS yr,fh tJ'ED ikd if aH wGrmS &daS ewJh o,HZmweJ@
pGrf;tift&if;tjrpfawGa=umifh “igh0rf;ylqm raeom” &awmhwmygyJ? yHk&dyfjy\em[m
tJ'DrSm ay:vmwmyg? urBmhvlom;xk w&yfvHk;&JŒ rdbozG,f &yfwnfay;zkd@ wm0ef&dSwJh
vkH+cKHa&;aumifpD t+rJwrf;tzGJ@0if (5)EdkifiHxJu wEdkifiHu “b,folaoao iawrm&if
+yD;a&m” pdwf"mwfeJ@ “oduQmxuf &duQmudk wefzdk;xm;aew,f”qdkwm t&yf&yf aejynf
awmf =um;vkd@rS ravsmfwJhudpP jzpfaewmyg? w±kwf[m wzufrSm urBmhb%f/ EdkifiHwum
aiGa=u; &efyHkaiGtzGJ@pwJh tzGJ@tpnf;awGrSm wGifus,fvdk+yD; urBmha&;&mawGrSm ta&;yg
t&ma&mufol (VIP)wOD;jzpfvdkae+yD; tjcm;wzufrSmawmh yHk&dyfraumif;wJh EdkifiHwck
tjzpf ±_jrifjcif;cHae&ygw,f? tJ'ED pS cf k ,SOw f aJG evk@d rjzpfb;l qdw k hJ tcsuu f vkd nf; taemuf
tkyfpk EdkifiHawGu }uKHwJhtcgwdkif; axmufjya0zef ae=uygw,f?
'ga=umifh vuf&dStajctaerSm w±kwfEdkifiH[m 'Drdkua&pDrygbJ pD;yGm;a&;/ zGH@+zdK;
wdk;wufr_ &&dSatmif vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf; &dSaewm rSefayr,fh 'Dtajctaetwdkif; a&SŒc&D;udk
b,favmufa0;a0; qufEikd rf vJqw kd m cef@reS ;f &cufygw,f? w±kw&f xm;}uD;&JŒ a&SŒc&D;rSm
usaemftxufrSm azmfjycJhwJh csdefudkufAHk;awGtjyif wdAuf/ xdkif0rfpwJh AHk;awGvnf; &dSaeyg
w,f? tJ'DAHk;awG ol@tvdktavsmufyJ pGrf;tm;ukefoGm;rvm;? 'grSr[kwf b,ftcsdef
b,fae&mrSmx+yD; aygufuGJrvJ qdkwmawGuawmh b,folrS }udKwiftajzrxkwfEdkifwJh
ykp>mawG jzpfaeygw,f?
taemufA[dkjyK EdkifiHwum qufqHa&;pepf&JŒ A[dkcsufjzpfwJh tar&duef jynf
axmifp/k taemufOa&mya'orSmawmh 'Dru kd a&pDpepf[m qufvuf&iS o f ef tm;aumif;
vsuf &dSygw,f? 'Drdkua&pD/ vl@tcGifhta&;eJ@ aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfwkd@udk r¾KdifjyK+yD;
wnfaqmufxm;wJh Oa&myor*~[m rlvu (9)EdkifiHeJ@ pwifzGJ@pnf;cJhwm jzpfayr,fh
tckqdk&if (25)EdkifiH yg0ifvmwJhtxd tiftm;}uD;rm; vmcJhyg+yD? 'ghtjyif tzGJ@0ifopf
jzpfvmzkd@ qENjyif;jyaewJh EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;vnf; &dSaeygw,f? urBmh'Drdkua&pD a&pD;
a=umif;twGuf ta&;ygwJh 'Da'o[m tjcm;urBmha'orsm;enf;wl jy\emawG &dSae
ao;wm rSefayr,fh tJ'Djy\emawG[m 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk +cdrf;ajcmuftE W&m,f jyKvm
171
Edkifr,fh jy\emawG r[kwfwma=umifh 'D
a'orSm 'Drdkua&pD a&pD;a=umif;[m
yHkrSeftwdkif; t&dSefaumif;aumif;eJ@ pD;
Ed k i f i H w um&J Œ qif;aew,fvkd@ qdkEdkifygw,f? usaemf t
a,bk , stajctae[m xufwae&mrSm wifjycJw h hJ ta&mif awmf
'D r d k u a&pD a &; vSefa&;awG ay:aygufcJhwJh EdkifiHawG[m
wdkufyGJ0ifae=uwJh vnf; 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;& ay:aygufvm+yD;
jrefrmjynfolawGtwGuf aemufrSm trsdK;om;pnf;vHk; nD!Gwfa&;
eJ@/ EdkifiHzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;wkd@ qdkif&mjy\
tcG i f h o mapwJ h taetxm;
emwcsKd@eJ@ &ifqdkifae&w,fqdkayr,fh tJ'D
(favourable situation)rSm
Edik if aH wGrmS tm%m&Sipf epfqD OD;jyef vSnhf
quf&dSae+yD; æ oGm;r,fh t&dyv f uQ%mawGuakd wmh vH;k 0
rawG@&ygbl;? tJ'D EdkifiHawG[m vuf&dSrSm
zG H @ +zd K ;+yD ; Ed k i f i H a wG jzpf a e=u+yD jzpf w J h
taemufOa&my EdkifiH}uD;awG tysHoifp
'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHb0rSm }uKHawG@cJh =u&wJh
yHkpHus jy\emawGudkom &ifqdkif }uKHawG@ ae=u&wmjzpfygw,f?
urBm'h rD u
kd a&pD wyfaygi;f pk&ŒJ OD; aqmifov l @dk qEkd ikd w f hJ tar&duefjynfaxmifp&k ŒJ
tajctae[mvnf; orRwbk&fS&JŒ &mxl; oufwrf; aemufqHk;umvawGrSm xdwfvef@
wkefv_yfavmufp&m pD;yGm;a&; tusyftwnf;}uD;eJ@ &ifqdkif}uKHawG@cJh&onfhwdkif orRw
opf tdkAm;rm; vufxufokd@ ul;ajymif;p umvuav;rSmwif OD;jyefarmhvmawmhr,fh
taetxm;awGudk jrifawG@ae=u&yg+yD? tar&duef pD;yGm;a&;udk u,fwifEdkifa&;twGuf
orRwopf awmif;cHxm;wJh a':vm bDvsHaygif; (800)avmufudk uGef*&uf v$wfawmfu
vufcHoabmwl twnfjyKay;vdkufr_eJ@twl jynfwGif;rSma&m jynfyrSmyg ar#mfvifhcsuf
a&mifjcnfawG jyefvnfawmufy vif;vufp jyKvmae+yD jzpfygw,f? urBmwv$m; 'Drdk
ua&pD xGef;um;ysHŒESH@a&;twGuf orRwbk&fS&JŒ vkyfaqmifcsufwcsKd@[m tjiif;yGm;zG,f&m
jzpfcJhwm rSefayr,fh tqdk;xJu taumif;qdkovdk 'DurBmhacgif;aqmifEdkifiH}uD;[m urBm
ay:rSm 'Drdkua&pD xGef;um;wnfwhHjyef@yGm;a&;twGuf cdkifcdkifrmrm oEMdXmefcs vkyfaqmif
aew,fqdkwmudk tJ'Dtjiif;yGm;zG,f&m vkyf&yfawGxJuyJ awG@&dScJh=u&wJhtwGuf urBmh
'Drdkua&pD bufawmfom;awGtwGuf tm;wuf0rf;ajrmufp&m jzpfygw,f? orRw
tdAk m;rm; vufxufrmS orRwbk&w Sf ek ;f ueJ@ rwlujJG ym;jcm;em;wJh csO;f uyfykH enf;vrf;awG
jrifawG@=u&zG,f &dSayr,fh 'Drdkua&pDudk 0if±kd;jyKwnfaqmufxm;wJh 'DEdkifiH}uD;[m urBmh
'Drukd a&pD bufawmfom;awGbufu qufvuf+yD; cdik +f rJwnf=unfpmG &yfwnfaevdrrhf ,f
qdkwJhtcsufuawmh oHo,&dSp&m rvdkygbl;?
172
tJ'aD wmh tckwifjycJw h mawGtm;vH;k udk tESpcf sKyfvukd &f if 'Duae@ Edik if w
H um&JŒ
a,bk,stajctae[m 'Drdkua&pDa&; wdkufyGJ0ifae=uwJh jrefrmjynfolawGtwGuf
tcGifhomapwJh taetxm; (favourable situation)rSm quf&dSae+yD; jrefrmjynfu ppf
tm%m&Sif pepftygt0if urBmwv$m;u yHko¿meftrsdK;rsdK;aom tm%m&Sif pepfrsm;
[m tjrift& xdk;ppftoGif &Sdaumif; &dSEdkifayr,fh vufawG@tESpfom&t& cHppftae
txm;rSmom &dSaewmjzpfa=umif; aumufcsufqGJEdkifygw,f?
tck jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDa&;twGuf taxmuftuljzpfapwJh &yfwnfcsuf&Sd=uwJh
Edik if rH sm;eJ@ Edik if t
H yk pf rk sm;/ Edik if w
H um tzG@J tpnf;rsm;&JŒ taetxm;ta=umif; aqG;aEG;wif
jyoGm;ygr,f? 'Dae&mrSm 'Drdkua&pDqdkwm[m 'Duae@acwfrSm ysdKwdkif;}udKufwJh ESif;qDcdkif
r[kwo f nfw h ikd f qd;k &Gm;wJh t&mwckv@dk b,fvrkd S ajymvk@d r&wma=umifh vlwikd ;f Edik if H tpk;d &
wdkif; (etz awmifrusef)u 'Drdkua&pDudk rvdkvm;bl;vkd@ rajym0hH=uygbl;? 'gayr,fh
tajymxuf vky&f yfu ydt k a&;}uD;wmrk@d 'Du¾rSmvnf; jrefrmh'rD u kd a&pDa&;udk axmufcH
ygw,fv@dk ajymaewJh Edik if aH wGxuf jrefrmh'rD u kd a&pDa&;twGuf wu,fxx d ad &mufa&muf
yHhydk;ulnDvkyfaqmifay;ae=uwJh EdkifiHawG/ tzGJ@tpnf;awGta=umif;udkyJ aqG;aEG;oGm;rSm
jzpfygw,f?
jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDa&;twGuf &Spfq,fh&Spf ta&;awmfyHk}uD;twGif;upvkd@
'Duae@txd xdyfqkH;uae+yD; jywfjywf
om;om; cdik cf ikd f rmrm &yfwnfaqmif&u G f
ay;aewmuawmh tm;vH k ; od = uwJ h
twd k i f ; tar&d u ef j ynf a xmif p k y gyJ ? 'Drdkua&pDqdkwm[m
&Spfav;vHk;u pwGuf&if jrefrmh 'Drdkua&pD 'D u ae@acwf r S m
ta&;awmfyHk}uD;[m tar&duef orRw
ysdKwdkif;}udKufwJh
(3)OD;udk jzwfoef;cJh+yDjzpf+yD; vuf&dSrSm
ESif;qDcdkif r[kwfonfhwdkif
pwk w ˆ a jrmuf orR w vuf x uf u d k
a&muf&dS aeygw,f? a&SŒu orRw(3)OD; qdk;&Gm;wJh t&mwckvkd@
(pDeD,m bk&fS/ uvifwef/ *sLeD,mbk&fS) b,fvdkrS
wkd@[m jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDa&;ukd jywfjywf ajymvk d @ r&wma=umif h vl w d k i f ;
om;om; axmufccH =hJ u+yD; 'guv kd nf; vkyf EdkifiHtpkd;&wdkif;
&yfrsm;jzifh oufaojycJh=uygw,f? pDeD (etz awmif r usef ) u
,mbk&fSvufxufrSm jrefrmEdkifiHtay: 'Drdkua&pDudk
oHwrefqufqHa&;tqifh av#mhcscJh+yD; rvdkvm;bl;vkd@
uvifwefvufxufrSm jrefrmtpdk;& t rajym0h H = uygbl ;
ay: '%fcwfydwfqkd@ ta&;,lr_awG pwif
vkyfaqmifcJhum *sLeD,mbk&fS vufxuf
173
rSmawmh tJ'D ta&;,lr_awGudk ydk+yD; jyif;jyif;xefxef wif;usyfcJhygw,f? tar&duef
tpd;k &awG&ŒJ &yfwnfcsuaf wG[m jrefrmppftpd;k &tay: xda&mufr_ &do S vm;/ r&db
S ;l vm;/
xda&muf&if b,favmuftwdkif;twmtxd xda&mufovJqdkwJh tcsufawGudk tck
tcsdefrSm taumiftxnfeJ@ wdwdusus ajymzkd@cufcJwm rSefayr,fh tJ'D&yfwnfcsufawG
[m jrefrmh'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pkawGtwGufawmh tm;wuf &$ifvef;p&m ar#mfvifhcsuf
a&mifjcnfwef; wcsKdŒjzpfaecJhwm trSefygyJ?
'gayr,fh tar&duefEdkifiH&JŒ yHk&dyf[m orRwa*smh'AvsLbk&fS vufxufrSm wpHk
wckaom twdkif;twmtxd azsmhrSdef nd‡K;EGrf;cJh&ygw,f? 'DtwGuf t"du ta=umif;&if;
uawmh tD&wfppfyGJ jzpfygw,f? (9§11) jzpf&yfrSm urBm}uD;&JŒ u±k%mudk &&dScJh+yD; EdkifiH
wum&JŒ axmufcHr_eJ@twl (2001)rSm atmifjrifwJh tmz*efppfyGJudk qifE$JcJhwJh tar&d
uefEdkifiH[m aemuf(3)ESpft=um tD&wfppfyGJudk qifE$J&mrSmawmh urBmhEdkifiHtrsm;pk&JŒ
+idKjiifru_ kd cHc&hJ ygawmhw,f? tar&duef[m tD&wfEikd if t H ay: t=urf;zsi;f tm;jzifh tajccH
ta=umif;w&m;(4)ckt& ppfyGJqifE$JcJhwm jzpfygw,f? yxrta=umif;u ukvor*~
qHk;jzwfcsufawGeJ@twl rdrduJhokd@aom r[mtiftm;}uD; EdkifiH}uD;udk tmcHzDqefaewJh
quf'rf[lpdefudk qHk;rvdkwm jzpfygw,f? 'kwd,ta=umif;u tD&wf[m tar&duefEdkifiH
a&eH&&m&a=umif; t"dut&if;tjrpfjzpfwJh ta&S@tv,fydkif;a'orSm wnf&dSaewJh
twGuf quf'rf[lpdef tD&wfrSm tm%m&aeoa&G@ tar&dueftwGuf tJ'Da&eHt&if;
tjrpf[m vkH+cKHr_r&dSygbl;? wwd,tcsufu tD&wfup+yD; ta&SŒtv,fydkif;a'orSm
'Dru kd a&pD jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;awG wnfaqmufomG ;zk@d jzpfygw,f? pwkwt ˆ csuuf tD&wf
rSm zsuftm;jyif;vufeuf (WMD)awG &dSw,fqdkwJh tar&duef axmufvSrf;a&;&JŒ
rSm;,Gif;wJh owif;ay;ykd@csufjzpfygw,f?
'DbufESpfydkif;awGrSm tar&duefjynfaxmifpk 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;t+yD; oludk,f
wdik f OD;aqmifwnfaqmuf xlaxmifcw hJ hJ Edik if w
H um qufqaH &;pepftwGi;f u tzG@J tpnf;
,E W&m;pepfawG (txl;ojzifh ukvor*~)&JŒ aES;auG;av;vHr_eJ@ pGrf;aqmif&nf nhHzsif;r_
wkd@ tay: wae@wjcm; ydkydk+yD; tm;rvdktm;r& jzpfvmwJh vuQ%mawGudk awG@vm&yg
w,f? ukvor*~ vufatmufcHtzGJ@tpnf; tcsKdŒu E_wfxGufwmawG/ EdkifiHpHk pmcsKyf
tcsKŒd rSmyg0if vufrw S af &;xd;k jcif; r&dw
S mawG[m xif&mS ;wJh OyrmwcsK@d jzpfygw,f? tar
&duef&JŒ tJ'DoGifjyif vuQ%mudk urBmu txif&Sm;qHk; jrifawG@cJh=u&wJh jzpf&yfuawmh
orRwa*sm'h AvsKbk&Sf vufxufrmS qifEcJ$ w hJ hJ tD&wfppfyJG jzpfygw,f? (1991)rSm qifEcJ$ w
hJ hJ
uE Wm&rkefwdkif; ppfqifa&; (Operation Desert Storm) upvkd@ wae@wjcm; ydkykd+yD;
waZmif;ap;eJ@rsufacs; jzpfvmcJh=uwJh 'DESpfEkdifiH&JŒ qufqHa&;[m (9§11)jzpf&yf
aemufykdif;rSm (txl;ojzifh tar&duefbufu) “olaoudk,fao ajz&Sif;rS &awmhr,fh
taetxm;rsKd;” txda&muf&SdvmcJh=uygw,f? 'gayr,fh (2001)ckESpfrSm ukvor*~&JŒ
cGifhjyKcsufeJ@ tmz*efppfyGJudk atmifjrifpGmqifE$JEkdifcJhwJh tar&duef jynfaxmifpk[m
174
tD&wfuv kd nf; ukvor*~ qk;H jzwfcsurf sm;udk tok;H jyK+yD; rdrad v#mufapcsiw f hJ vrf;twkid ;f
av#mufapzkd@ tjyif;txef }uKd;yrf;cJhygao;w,f? tD&wfppfyGJqDokd@ OD;wnfaewJh umv
awGudk okH;oyfavhvm=unfh&if tar&duef&JŒ tJh'D}uKd;yrf;r_udk awG@=u&rSmyg? 'gayr,fh
ukvor*~tzGJ@}uD;&JŒ pGrf;aqmif&nf csKdŒwJhr_udk aumif;aumif;odxm;wJh quf'rf[lpdefu
ukvor*~eJ@ EkdifiHwumrdom;pk&JŒ tm;enf;csufawGudk tokH;cs+yD; EkdifiHwum&JŒ qEN
oabmxm;awGudk vufwvkH;jcm;vSnfhpm; a&SmifxGufaewma=umifh tar&duef[m
tD&wfukd ukvor*~ rlabmifxJu xdef;[ef@ (contain) xm;zkd@ aemufqkH; b,fvkdrS
rjzpfEkdifawmhwJhtqkH; ukvor*~udk ausmckdif;+yD; tD&wfEkdifiHudk usL;ausmf 0ifa&muf
wku d cf u
dk cf ahJ wmhwm jzpfygw,f? quf'rf[pl ed v f ufxrJ mS zsut f m;jyif;vufeuf (WMD)
awG &Sad e+yDqw dk hJ owif;uvnf; tJ'pD pfyq JG ifEzJ$ @dk orRwbk&t fS wGuf ckid rf mtm; aumif;wJh
v_H@aqmfr_w&yfjzpfcJhwm trSefygyJ? tJ'Dowif;[m tar&duefEkdifiH&JŒ trsKd;om; tusKd;pD;
yGm;twGuf orRwbk&Sf tD&wfEkdifiHukd vufOD;r_,lppfyGJ(preemptive war)qifE$Jzkd@ tifr
wefaumif;wJh ta=umif;jycsuf wckjzpfcJhayr,fh tD&wfEkdifiHxJ tar&duefwyfawG usL;
ausmf 0ifa&mufcv hJ @dk wESp=f umwJh txdvnf; tJ'h D (WMD)awGu&kd mS rawG@/ ESpEf pS =f umwJh
txdvnf; rawG@/ okH;ESpf=umwJhtxdvnf; rawG@wJhtcgrSmawmh urBmh a&;&mawGrSm
tar&duefEkdifiH&JŒ ,kH=unftm;xm; av;pm;avmufzG,f&Sdr_ (Credibility) [m wp
wpavsmhyg;azsmhrSdef vmcJhygw,f?
ukvor*~&ŒJ oabmwlnrD r_ ygbJ tcsKyftjcmtm%mykid f Ekid if w H ckukd rckid v
f w
Hk hJ
ta=umif;jycsufwckeJ@ 0ifa&muf usL;ausmf wkdufckdufcJhvkd@ ysuf,Gif;cJh&wJh tar&duef&JŒ
ykH&dyf[m tbl*g&pf/ *GrfwmemrkdeJ@ pDtkdifat&JŒ v#Kd@0SuftusOf;axmifawG tygt0if
“t=urf;zuf 0g'wkdufzsufa&; urBmvkH;csDppfyGJ”xJu rawmfwavsmf vkyf&yfawGyg ay:
xGufvmwJh tcgrSmawmh tar&dueftay: urBmhjynfolawG&JŒ tjrifoabmxm;[m
(9§11)jzpf&yf jzpf+yD;pwkef;ueJ@ tawmfav;udk uGJjym;jcm;em; oGm;cJhygawmhw,f?
OD;aqmif 'Dru dk a&pDEidk if }H uD;&JŒ yk&H yd n
f K‡ ;d EGr;f r_a=umifh urBm'h rD u dk a&pD a&pD;a=umif;
wcsKd@ae&mawGrSm t&SdefaES; oGm;cJh&wm taotcsmygyJ? tD&wfppfyGJeJ@ tJ'Daemufykdif;
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&JŒ EkdifiHjcm;a&; rl0g'qkdif&m vkyf&yfwcsKd@tay: EkdifiHwum tjrif
r=unfvifr_awG[m w±kwfeJ@ ±k&Sm;trSL;jyKwJh 'Drkdua&pDudk qef@usifwJh EkdifiHawGtzkd@
olwkd@&JŒ 'Drkdua&pD qef@usifa&; vkyf&yfawGtwGuf tzkd;rjzwfEkdifwJh tumtuG,f
aumif;awG jzpfc+hJ yD; jrefrmjynfoal wG tygt0ifurBmt&yf&yfu 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pkawG
twGufawmh rsufESmylp&mawG jzpfcJhygw,f?
'gayr,fh 'Drkdua&pDa&;/ vl@tcGifhta&;udpPawGeJ@ ywfouf+yD; tJovkd tjiif;
yGm;zG,&f m vky&f yfawGa=umifh urBm'h rD u dk a&pD OD;aqmifEidk if }H uD;&JŒ *k%o f u d mQ wpkw H ckaom
twkdif;twmtxd n‡Kd;EGrf;cJh&onfhwkdifatmif tJ'Dvkyf&yfawGudk olwkd@&JŒ 'Drkdua&pD qef@
usifa&; vkyf&yfawGeJ@ nDr#jcif;xkd;jyzkd@ }udK;yrf;cJh=uwJh tm%m&SifeJ@ tm%m&Sifwykdif;
175
EkdifiHawG&JŒ *k%foduQm taetxm;uawmh EkdifiHwumtjrifrSm ododomom jrifhwuf
vmcJhjcif; r&Sdygbl;?
vl@tcGifhta&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; emrnfqkd;eJ@ ausmf=um;wJhEkdifiHawGeJ@ w±kwfu
oHwrefa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ ppfa&;t& euf±id_ ;f wJh qufqrH a_ wG jyKvkyaf ewmudk tar&duefu
axmufjya0zefwJhtcg w±kwfu tar&duef[mvnf; aqmf'D/ ul0dwfpwJh ta&SŒ tv,f
ykid ;f u tm%m&Sif wykid ;f Ekid if aH wGe@J qufqaH ewmyJ r[kwb f ;l vm;vk@d cHyufavh&ydS gw,f?
±kwfw&uf=unfh&if w±kwf&JŒ tJ'D apm'u[m usKd;a=umif;qDavsmfr_ &Sdoa,mif xif&yg
w,f? 'gayr,fh aoaocsmcsm qef;ppf=unfh&if w±kwf&JŒ tJ'Dpum;[m rkd;}uKd;ypfwmudk
xef;vufe@J umwm oufoufomom jzpfw,fqw dk mukd awG@=u&rSmyg? avmurSm b,f
vlyk*~Kdvfrqkd/ b,fEkdifiHrqkd ajcmuf
jypfuif;oJvpJ if tºuGi;f rJt h aumif;
csnf; rjzpfEkdifbl;qkdwm tm;vkH; od
vl @ tcG i f h t a&; csKd ; azmuf r _ a wG
=uygw,f? 'gayr,fh tqkd;yJjzpfjzpf/
tay: oufqkdif&m tpdk;&awGu
taumif;yJjzpfjzpf twkdif;twm
yrm% ok d @ r[k w f 'D * &D q k d w m ta&;,l tjypfay;r_ &Sdr&SdqkdwJh
&Sdygw,f? avmurSm &mE_ef;jynfh tcsuf y J j zpf y gw,f ?
aumif;wJh vlwa,mufxJawmif tm;vkH;od=uwJhtwkdif;
&SmawG@zkd@ cufvSwm &mE_ef;jynfh tbl * g&pf a xmif u vl @ tcG i f h t a&;
aumif;wJh EkdifiHqkdwm b,fvkdrS r&Sd csKd ; azmuf w J h tJ ' D t ar&d u ef
Ekdifwm trsm;odxm;=uwJh udpPyg? Ek d i f i H o m;
&mck d i f E _ e f ; trsm;pk a umif ; &if vl axmif 0 ef x rf ; awG t m;vk H ; [m
aumif;/ EkdifiHaumif;/ &mckdifE_ef; olwkd@ usL;vGefcJhwJhjypfr_eJ@
trsm;pkqkd;&if vlqkd;/ EkdifiHqkd;vkd@ xkdufwefwJh jypf'%f toD;oD;udk
a,bk,s owfrSwfxm;=uwmyJ uscH o G m ;cJ h & =uygw,f
jzpfygw,f? vlqkdwm tzGJ@tpnf;eJ@
aeavh&SdwJhowW0grsKd;rkd@ wOD;eJ@wOD;
rjzpfrae aygif;oif;qufqHr_awG
vkyf=u&ayr,fh rdrdukd,frdrd ±kdao
av;pm;ol (wenf;) udk,fusifhoduQmw&m;udk tav;xm;ol wa,muf[m vlawG&JŒ
taumif;tqkd; twkdif;twm yrm%udk csifhwGuf+yD; rdrd&JŒ qufqHr_ twkd;tav#mhudk
jyKvkyfrSm taotcsm jzpfygw,f? tJovkdrS r[kwfbJ vlaumif;eJ@ vlqkd;ukd oabmxm;
wrsK;d wnf;xm;+yD; wykpH w H nf; qufqrH ,f qk&d ifawmh tJ'v D [ l m ynm&Sd olawmfaumif;
rsm;&JŒ uJh&JŒ jypfwif±_wfcsr_udk cHxkdufoljzpfygw,f?
176
EkdifiHtcsif;csif; qufqH&mrSmvnf; 'Dtwkdif;ygyJ? urBmwv$m;u 'Drkdua&pDa&;
tajctaersm;udk rjywfapmifh=unfh tuJcwf+yD; tpD&ifcHpmawG ESpfpOfxkwfjyefavh&SdwJh
(Freedom House) tzGJ@&JŒ (2007)tpD&ifcHpmrSm urBmay:rSm EkdifiHom;awG&JŒ vGwfvyf
cGifheJ@ EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;awG ±_axmifhu=unfh&if vGwfvyfw,fvkd@ qkdEkdifwJh EkdifiHta&
twGufu (90)/ wpdwfwykdif; vGwfvyfw,fvkd@qkdEkdifwJh EkdifiHta&twGufu (58)/ vGwf
vyfr_r&Sdbl;vkd@ qkdEkdifwJh EkdifiHta&twGufu (45)vkd@azmfjyxm;ygw,f? tD&ef/ ajrmuf
udk&D;,m;/ jrefrm/ OZbufupPwef/ b,fvm&yfpf/ ql'ef/ ZifbmabGwkd@[m vGwfvyfr_
r&Sb d ;l vk@d azmfjyxm;wJEh idk if H (45)ckpm&if;&JŒ xdyq
f ;Hk w0ku
d rf mS &Sad ewJh Ekid if aH wGjzpf=uygw,f?
w±kwfudk tar&duefu a0zefaewm[m tm%m&Sifpepfudk tqkd;&Gm;qkH; usifhokH;+yD; vl@
tcGifhta&;awGudk tqkd;&Gm;qkH; csKd;azmufaewJh tJ'DEkdifiHawGeJ@ bufaygif;pkH w&if;wESD;
eufeuf±_dif;±_dif;/ ywfouf qufqHaevkd@ jzpfygw,f? tJ'DEkdifiHawGrSm qkd;&Gm;wJh vl@tcGifh
ta&; csKd;azmufr_awG &Sdaew,fqkdwmudk olukd,fwkdifawmif w&m;0if ajymifajymifwif;
wif; rjiif;&JwJh w±kwfEkdifiHtaeeJ@ tJ'DEkdifiHawGeJ@ &if;&if;ESD;ESD; ywfouf qufqHaewmudk
b,fvkd vl=um;aumif;wJh ta=umif;jycsufurS ckcHumuG,fEkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;? b,fol
aoao iawrm&if+yD;a&mvkd@ t"dy`g,f&wJh ukd,fusKd;pD;yGm;oufouf/ (ukd,fusKd;pDyGm;
oufouf) twGufuvGJ+yD; bmrS r[kwfbl;qkdwm tqifhtwef;&Sd+yD; ,Ofaus;wJh EkdifiH
wkdif;/ vlom;wkdif;u od=uygw,f? (2001)ckESpf ESpfukefykdif;wkef;u ZifbmabGrSm orRw
rl*gbDu twkduftcHawGudk jyif;jyif;xefxef ESdyfuGyfacsr_ef;aewma=umifh wurBmvkH;u
0kdif;0ef;a0zef uef@uGuf±_wfcs ae=ucsdefrSm tJ'Dtpdk;&xH wifykd@a&mif;cscJhwJh w±kwf vuf
eufwif oabFm}uD; urf;uyf r&bJ yifv,fxrJ mS wvnfvnf jzpfaecJ&h wJh &S,zf , G v
f v
d d
jzpf&yfudk w±kwftpkd;&ocFef;pm ,loifhygw,f?
w±kwfavoHudkvkduf+yD; jrefrmpwJh tm%m&SifEkdifiHawGuvnf; tbl*g&pfu
jzpf&yfawGudk vkdufaxmufjy+yD; tar&duef EkdifiHom;awGvnf; vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmuf
wmyJ r[kwfbl;vm;vkd@ vkH;okwfvkyf axmufjy=uygw,f? rSefygw,f? tJ'DtusOf;axmif
u jzpf&yfawG[m tar&duefEkdifiHom;awG&JŒ vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_jzpfygw,f?
'Dtcsufudk b,ftar&duef vkdvm;olurS rjiif;oifhygbl;? tar&duef tpkd;&uvnf;
rjiif;oifhygbl; jiif;vnf; rjiif;=uygbl;? 'gayr,fh tm%m&SifEkdifiHawGu vl@tcGifhta&;
csKd;azmufr_awGeJ@ tar&duefEkdifiHom;awG&JŒ tJ'Dvl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_awG=um;rSm
t"du rwljcm;em;r_}uD; wck &Sdygw,f? tJ'guawmh tJ'Dvkd vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_
awGtay: oufqkdif&m tpdk;&awGu ta&;,l tjypfay;r_ &Sdr&SdqkdwJh tcsufyJjzpfygw,f?
tm;vkH;od=uwJhtwkdif; tbl*g&pfaxmifu vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufwJh tJ'Dtar&duef
EkdifiHom; axmif0efxrf;awGtm;vkH;[m olwkd@ usL;vGefcJhwJhjypfr_eJ@ xkdufwefwJh jypf'%f
toD;oD;udk uscHoGm;cJh&=uygw,f? wjcm; tm%m&SifEkdifiHawGrSmawmh rajymwwfbl;?
usaemfwkd@ EkdifiHrSmawmh (e0w)(etz)vufxufESpf (20)ausmf umvtwGif; ykHo¿mef
177
trsKd;rsKd;aom vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_awG taxmiftaomif; &SdcJhayr,fh b,fvl@
tcGit hf a&; csK;d azmufol wOD;wa,mufrS jypf'%fcsrw S jf cif; cH&wmudk usaemf r=um;rdcyhJ g
bl;? &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; aumhrLS ;+rKd@e,fu t"rRcidk ;f apolwcsKŒd axmif'%f vtenf;i,fpD csrw S f
jcif;cHc&hJ wJh jzpf&yfrmS awmif aemufq;Hk awmh tJ't D r_rmS w&m;vkt d jzpf (ILO)ukd wkid =f um;cJh
ol rpkpkaEG;[m tckawmh wjcm;tr_wckeJ@ pGJcsufwifcH&+yD; axmif'%f ESpf&Snf csrSwfjcif;
cHxm;&wm tm;vkH;todyJ jzpfygw,f?
tJ'gawGuawmh urBmh'Drkdua&pD OD;aqmifEkdifiH}uD;&JŒ ykH&dyfn‡Kd;EGrf;cJh&r_/ tJ'gudk
tm%m&SifEkdifiHawGu tcGifhaumif; r,lom ,lom ,lcJhr_awGta=umif; jzpfygw,f?
b,fvkdyJjzpfjzpf tar&duef&JŒ EkdifiHwumykH&dyf[m tD&wfppfyGJaemufykdif;rSm
tenf;eJ@ trsm; txdemcJh&wmawmh trSefygyJ? tJ'Dtjrif[m tar&duefjynfolawG
twGif;rSmvnf; wpwp ykdrkdus,fjyef@ vmcJhwm aocsmygw,f? (2008)orRw a&G;
aumufyGJrSm tD&ufppfyGJudk qifE$JwJh orRwbk&Sf&JŒ &DywfbvDuefygwD0if AD,uferfppf
ol&Jaumif; 0g&ifhEkdifiHa&;orm;}uD; *|efrufudef;udk y,fcs+yD; toufvnf;i,f EkdifiHa&;0g
vnf; tifrwefEkol wa,mufr#omjzpfwJh 'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD0if tkdAm;rm;udk a&G;cs,f
vkdufjcif;u tJ'Dtcsufukdjyoaeygw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh tJ'DorRw a&G;aumufyGJ
&v'fu jynfwGif;jynfya&;&m (txl;ojzifh jynfya&;&m)awGrSm tar&duefEkdifiH ukdif
wG,f aqmif&GufykHeJ@ ywfouf+yD; tar&duefjynfolawGu tajymif;tvJ wpkHw&mukd
ar#mfvifhaeykH&w,fqkdwJhtcsufudk xif[yfaeygw,f? tJ'D tajymif;tvJawGxJrSm
jrefrmh'Drkdua&pDa&; tygt0if urBmwv$m;rSm 'Drkdua&pDxGef;um; jyef@yGm;a&; udpPtay:
tar&duef&JŒ csOf;uyfukdifwG,fykHenf;vrf; tajymif;tvJrsm; yg0ifEkdifygw,f? tJ'D
tajymif;tvJ &SdEkdifykHudk orRwopf tkdAm;rm;tpkd;&&JŒ EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; [Dvm&D
uvifwefu olr&JŒ yxrqkH; tm&Sav;EkdifiH c&D;pOftwGif; ajymqkdcJhwJh pum;wcGef;rSm
awG@&SdEkdifygw,f? jrefrmppftpdk;& 'Drkdua&pD jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;awG jyKvkyfvmatmif
xdawG@qufqw H ehJ nf; (engagement)uvnf; rwwfEkdif/ '%fcwfydwfqkd@ ta&;,lwJh
enf; (Sanction) uvnf; tvkyfrjzpfbl;vkd@ oluajymqkdcJhwm jzpfygw,f? 'Dpum;t&
tkdAm;rm;tpkd;&[m jrefrmEdkifiHta&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; ol@a&SŒu tpdk;&(3)ck t"duxm;
usifhokH;cJh=uwJh enf;vrf;awGeJ@ rwluGJjym;jcm;em;wJh enf;vrf;wckukd zefwD;wDxGif tokH;
jyKvmEkdifp&m &Sdw,fvkd@ tuJcwfawGu okH;oyfajymqkdae=uayr,fh tJ'g[m b,fvkd
enf;vrf;rsKd;jzpfr,fqkdwmudkawmh olwkd@vnf; rSef;qvkd@r&Ekdif=uao;ygbl;?
rpPpfuvifwef&JŒpum;rSm ay:vGifaewJh tcsufwckuawmh tar&duef tpdk;&
opf[m jrefrmhta&; ukdifwG,foifhwJh enf;vrf;eJ@ywfouf+yD; wdwdusus rqkH;jzwfEkdif
ao;bJ Za0Z0gjzpfaeykH&wJh tcsufygyJ? 'DtajctaerSm (etz)eJ@wuG e*kduwnf;u
(Sanction) enf;vrf;udk r,kH=unf=uwJh 'grSr[kwf umvwcktxd oabmuscJh=u
ayr,fh aemufykdif;rSm tJ'Denf;vrf;&JŒ pGrf;aqmif&nftay: oHo,jzpfvmcJh=uwJh 'Drkd
178
ua&pD bufawmfom;awGu (engagement) enf;vrf;bufu tompD;&atmif tjyif;
txef }uKd;yrf;=uygvdrfhr,f?
tar&dueftckvkd Za0Z0gjzpfaecsdefrSm usefjrefrmh'Drkdua&pDa&; wufºuGv_yf
&Sm;olawG bmvkyfoifhovJ? yxrqkH; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; &Sdoifhwmu tar&dueftay:
oabmxm; jzpfygw,f? 'Dru dk a&pDa&;twGuf jrefrmjynfoal wG OpPm&ifvdk OpPm&ifc&J r,f?
ukd,fhtm;ukd,f udk;&r,fqkdwJh tcsuftay: usaemfvkH;0 oabmwlygw,f? 'gayr,fh
wae@xufwae@ ykdydk+yD; (Globalized) jzpfvmaewJh 'Duae@urBmrSm tar&duefvkd urBmh
OD;aqmif 'Dru dk a&pDEidk if }H uD;&JŒ axmufcrH [ _ m jrefrmh'rD udk a&pD tiftm;pkawGtwGuf r&S&d if
rjzpfwhJ xl;jcm;ta&;ygr_ (Significance)
wckjzpfw,fqkdwJh tcsufudk eufeuf ±_dif;
±_dif;oabmaygufzkd@ vkdtyfygw,f? 'D o
abmxm;[m tar&duefu,frS igwkd@
jref r mEk d i f i H r S m
vGwfajrmufr,fqkdwJh “ausm±kd;rJh wefckd;
ppfrSefwJh 'Drkdua&pD
&Siaf r#m”f oabmxm;eJ@ bmrS rywfouf
jyKjyif a jymif ; vJ r _ a wG ygbl;? j'yfwck&JŒ tppftrSef wefzkd;udk
ray:xG e f ; vmao;oa&G Œ em;vnf oabmaygufr_om jzpfygw,f?
jref r mEd k i f i H t wG i f ; rS m tJovkd rdrdwkd@ta&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD;
vkyfr,fh pD;yGm;a&; tar&duefEkdifiH&JŒ tcef;u¾ukd oabm
&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ ayguf+yDqkd&if tar&duefu rdrdwkd@ta&;
rSefor#[m (EU)twGuf tay: yxrtqifh rSefrSefuefuef o
“tE W&m,fukd zdwfac:aer_” abmayguf em;vnfvmapatmif/ 'kw, d
(potential danger) tqif h tJ ' D e m;vnf oabmayguf r_
wckom jzpfw,f aemufrmS rSeu f efwv hJ yk &f yf wqufwnf;
vkdufygvmapatmif 'Drkdua&pD tiftm;
pkrsm; }uKd;yrf;tm;xkwf =u&rSm jzpfyg
w,f?
'Drudk a&pD bufawmfom; wa,muf
taeeJ@ usaemfhtjrifudk ajym&r,fqkd&if
awmh tkdAm;rm;tpkd;&opfu (etz)tay: wkd;jr‡ifh zdtm;ay;a&; vkyfaqmifvmatmif
'Drudk a&pD tiftm;pkrsm;u }uKd;yrf;pnf;±k;H oifyh gw,f? urBmay:rSm b,ftm%m&Sif tpk;d
&rS jynfwGif;jynfy&JŒ bufaygif;pkH zdtm;ay;r_rygbJ ol@tvkdtavsmuf tm%mpGef@cJhwm
r&Sdbl;qkdwJh yuwdt&Sdw&m;udk axmufjy+yD; “wkwfeJ@ rkefvm”rl0g'udk rv$wfwrf; quf
vufuidk pf JG usio hf ;Hk oGm;zk@d tar&duefudk wku
d wf eG ;f &ygr,f? jrefrmppftpk;d &tay: wurBm
vkH;u jyif;xefwJh zdtm;awG wcJeuf 0kdif;ay;vm=uapzkd@ pnf;±kH;OD;aqmif vkyfukdif&if;
179
tar&dueftpdk;&taeeJ@ jrefrmh'Drkdua&pD bufawmfom;awGudk pdwf"gwfa&;&m axmuf
ulyyhH ;dk r_ (Spiritual Support)omru ±ky0f wWKa&;&m axmufuyl yhH ;dk r_ (material support)
awGudkyg ay;tyfvmatmif wkdufwGef;=u&ygr,f?
jrefrmh'Drkdua&pDa&;twGuf taxmuftul jzpfapwJh &yfwnfcsuf&SdwJh EkdifiH
tkypf w k ckuawmh Oa&myor*~ (EU)yJ jzpfygw,f? tar&duefvydk J 'Dru dk a&pDa&;/ vl@tcGihf
ta&;eJ@ vGwfvyfwJh aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfwkd@tay: r¾KdifjyK wnfaqmufxm;wm
jzpfwJh 'DtzGJ@&JŒ jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ ywfoufwJh oabmxm;uawmh a,bk,stm;jzifh tar&d
uef&ŒJ oabmxm;eJ@ wlnyD gw,f? 'gayr,fh tar&duefvdk r[kwb f J Ekid if t
H awmfrsm;rsm;
yg0if zGJ@pnf;xm;wJhtkyfpkwck jzpfwmeJ@tnD wcsKd@aom qkH;jzwfcsufawG csrSwf&mrSm
tzGJ@0if EkdifiHtm;vkH; oabmwlnDEkdifatmif n‡d,l&wJh taetxm;a=umifh tar&duef
avmuf wif;wif;rmrm jywfjywfom;om; r&yfwnfEkdifwmawG &Sdygw,f? 'D=um;xJ
(etz)&JŒ pdrfh0ifxkd;azmufzkd@ }uKd;yrf;r_uvnf; trsm;}uD; r[kwfonfhwkdif twkdif;twm
wcktxd atmifjrifwmawGvnf; &Scd w hJ ma=umifh '%fcwfyw d qf @dk ta&;,la&; enf;vrf;eJ@
ywfouf+yD; av#mhav#mhayghayghyJ vkyfvkdwJh oabmxm;awG tzGJ@xJrSm &Sdwefoavmuf
&Sdaeygw,f? (EU)[m jrefrmh'Drkdua&pDa&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; a,bk,stm;jzifh &yfwnfcsuf
rSefuef aumif;rGefayr,fh (tifrwefenf;yg;wJh) wcgw&HrSm (etz)bufukd tcGifhom
oGm;apwJh tajymtqkd/ tjyKtrlrsKd;awG
ajymwwfvkyfwwfwmudk owdjyK=u&yg
urB m }uD ; vk H + cKH a &;/ r,f? 'gayr,fh (EU)[m tar&duef&JŒ
+id r f ; csrf ; a&;eJ @ urB mywfvrf;a=umif;xJrSm vnfywfae
zGH@+zKd;wkd;wufa&; wkd@twGuf wJh tzGJ@tpnf; wckomjzpfwma=umifh
jrefrmhta&;tygt0if b,fudpPrSmrqkd
&nf p l ; +yD ;
tar&duefeJ@ ajzmifhajzmifh}uD;qef@usifwJh
zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifcJhwmjzpfwJh
bufrSm &yfwnfr,fh tvm;tvmawmh
'D t zG J @ tpnf ; }uD ; &J Œ r&Syd gb;l ? jrefrmh'rD udk a&pD bufawmfom;
ausm±k d ; r¾Kd i f awG (EU)ukd av;eufcidk rf mpGm ay;yk@d &r,fh
&yfwnfcsuf wcku trSmpum;u jrefrmEkdifiHrSm ppfrSefwJh 'Drkd
“wavmuvkH;qkdif&m ua&pD jyKjyifajymif;vJr_awG ray:xGef;
vl @ tcG i f h t a&; vmao;oa&GŒ jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;rSm vkyf
a=unmpmwrf ; ” (The r,fh pD;yGm;a&; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ rSefor#[m
Universal Declaration of (EU)twGu“ f tE &W m,fudk zdwaf c:aer_”
Human Rights) (potential danger) wckom jzpfw,f?
jzpf y gw,f 'ga=umifh vuf&SdrSm (EU) &JŒ jrefrmEkdifiH
qkdif&m rl0g'udk 'Dtwkdif; qufxm;+yD;
180
a&SŒtem*wfrSm ay:xGufvmr,fh 'Drkdua&pDa&; tajctaersm;t& (etz)eJ@ qufqHa&;
udk twkd;tav#mh jyKvkyfoifhw,fqkdwmyJ jzpfygw,f?
jrefrmh'Drkdua&pDa&; &yfwnfwJh aemufxyf EkdifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;}uD; wcku
awmh ukvor*~yJ jzpfygw,f? vloef;aygif; rsm;pGm aoa=uysufpD;cJh=u&wJh urBmppf
}uD;ESpfckudk jzwfoef;cJh&+yD;wJhaemuf urBm}uD;vkH+cKHa&;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;eJ@ zGH@+zKd; wkd;wufa&;
wkd@twGuf &nfpl;+yD; zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifcJhwmjzpfwJh 'DtzGJ@tpnf;}uD;&JŒ ausm±kd;r¾Kdif
&yfwnfcsuf wcku “wavmuvkH;qkdif&m vl@tcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf;” (The
Universal Declaration of Human Rights) jzpfygw,f? tJ'aD =unmpmwrf;yg azmfjy
csurf sm;t& ukvor*~tzG@J }uD;u (1990)a&G;aumufyrJG mS azmfjycJw h hJ jrefrmjynfoal wG&ŒJ
qENukd todtrSwfjyK+yD; tJ'DqENudk av;pm;vkdufem taumiftxnfazmfay;zkd@ jrefrm
ppftpdk;&udk wcJeufawmif;qkdcJhwm tJ'Da&G;aumufyGJ +yD;pD;oGm;csdefupvkd@ tcktxd jzpf
wma=umifh tcsdeftm;jzifh q,fpkESpf ESpfckeD;yg; =umjrifhcJh+yD jzpfygw,f?
'gayr,fh rwluGJjym;jcm;em;wJh oabmxm;&yfwnfcsuf/ tusdK;pD;yGm;/ tusifh
p±kduf ponfjzifh&Sd=uwJh EkdifiHaygif; (200)eD;yg; yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm;wJh tzGJ@tpnf;}uD;jzpf
wmeJ@tnD 'DtzGJ@tpnf;}uD;[m ‚if;&JŒ vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfaqmif&mrSm tvGefw&m aES;
auG; av;vH+yD; wcsKd@jzpf&yfawGrSm pGrf;aqmif&nf nHhzsif;vSw,fqkdwJh a0zefr_eJ@ xkdufwef
avmufatmif rsufESmi,fcJh&wmudk ordkif; wavsmuf jrifawG@cJh=u&ygw,f?
yxrurBmppft+yD;rSm zGJ@pnf;cJhwJh “EkdifiHaygif;csKyftoif;}uD;” (League of
Nations)xuf ukvor*~u omw,fvkd@ ckdifckdifrmrm jywfjywfom;om; ajymEkdifwm
wckyJ&Sdygw,f? tJ'guawmh wwd,urBmppf}uD; rjzpfatmif wm;qD;EkdifcJhjcif;ygyJ? ('D
tcsuf[m odyfudkta&;}uD;w,f qkdwmukdawmh b,folrS rjiif;Ekdifygbl;) +idrf;csrf;wJh
umv ykdrkd&Snf=umwmeJ@tr# zGH@+zKd;wkd;wufa&; vkyfief;awGudk ykdrkd vkyfaqmif EkdifcJhwmu
awmh obm0rkd@ xl;+yD;csD;usL;p&m r&Sdygbl;?
tJ't D csuu f kd z,f+yD; ajymr,fq&dk ifawmh ukvor*~ tzG@J }uD;&JŒ pGr;f aqmif&nf
[m xufjrufoifhoavmuf rxufjrufbJ wcsKdŒ udpPawGrSm tifrwefudk pdwfysufp&m
aumif;cJyh gw,f? 'gukd ukvor*~ twGi;f a&;rSL;csKyfawG tygt0if urBmah cgi;f aqmifawGu
oabmayguf em;vnf=uwma=umifh ukvor*~ (txl;ojzifh vkH+cKHa&;aumifpD) jyKjyif
ajymif;vJa&;udk OD;wnf}uKd;yrf;cJh=uayr,fh tcktxdawmh bmwckrS taumiftxnf
ay:rvmao;ygbl;?
ukvor*~rmS tm;enf;csuaf wG&w dS mudk tzG@J 0ifEidk if w
H idk ;f u oabmayguf em;
vnf=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh trsm;pku trsm;aumif;usLd;twGuf ukvor*~jyKjyifajymif;
vJa&;udk jzpfay:apcsif=uygw,f? 'gayr,fh jynfolawG&JŒ qENoabmxm;ukd qef@usif+yD;
Ekid if u
H dk w&m;r0if tkycf sKyfaewJh tpk;d &wcsKŒd &JŒ ukvor*~ jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; &nfreS ;f csuf
uawmh wrsKd;jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dtpdk;&awGu ukvor*~udk olwkd@&JŒ tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;udk
181
tumtuG,fay;wJh tzGJ@tpnf;wcktjzpfokd@ ajymif;vJapcsif=uwm jzpfygw,f? tJ'D
rwkid cf if pyf=um;rSm olw@dk [m ukvor*~&ŒJ tm;enf;csuaf wGukd tok;H cs+yD; Ekid if w H um&JŒ
ta&;,lr_uae (tenf;qkH; EkdifiHwum&JŒ tm±kHpl;pkdufr_uae) vGwfajrmufatmif a&Smif
&Sm;aeEkid zf @dk }uKd;pm;=uygw,f? 'Dv}dk uKd;pm;&mrSm olw@dk u, kd o f w l @dk um&Hxm;wJh wHwidk ;f u
“tcsKyftjcm tm%m” qkdwmjzpfygw,f? tm%m&Siftpdk;&awG tJ'DwHwkdif;ukd tum
tuG,f,l+yD; udk,fhEdkifiHom;awGtay: &uf&ufpufpuf ESdyfuGyf acsr_ef;cJhwJh jzpf&yfawGudk
urBmo h rkid ;f wavsmufrmS trsm;tjym;awG@c=hJ u&ygw,f? tJ'jD zpf&yfawG jzpfysuaf epOfrmS
ukvor*~tzGJ@}uD;u vufykduf =unfhaecJh&wmawGudkvnf; rarhwwfolawG trSwf&
ae=uOD;rSmyg?
0rf;enf;p&maumif;wmwcku tJovkjd zpf&yfrsK;d awG tcktxdvnf; qufvuf
jzpfyGm;aewmjzpfygw,f? &0rf'gu/ uarBm'D;,m;u/ abmhpeD;,m;u/ ta&SŒwDarmu
jzpf&yfrsKd;awGudk (2003)ckESpfu 'DyJ,if;rSm/ (2007) a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;twGif;
&efukef+rKdŒ&JŒ vrf;rawGay:rSm wpfausmhjyefjrifawG@cJh&wJh tajctaeu enf;ynm&JŒ
armif;ESiftm;eJ@ twl wae@xufwae@ ykdykd+yD; ,Ofaus; (civilize) jzpfvmaeyg+yDqkdwJh
urBm}uD;udk oa&mfavSmifajymifaeygw,f?
jrefrm/ ql'ef/ ajrmufukd&D;,m;/ tD&ef/ ZifbmabGpwJh xdyfoD;tm%m&Sif
Edik if aH wGu tpd;k &awG[m tcsKyftjcmtm%mqkw d mudk tumtuG,, f +l yD; uk,d jhf ynfol
awGtay: tEkid u f siAhf v
dk u
f s tkypf ;dk aewmukd ukvor*~taeeJ@ bmrS rwwfEidk o f avmuf
jzpfaewm tm;vkH;jrifawG@Ekdif=uwJh t&mwckjzpfygw,f?
jrefrmEkdifiH udpPrSmvnf; twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf(3)OD; &SdvmwJhtxd jrefrmppftpdk;&
[m ukvor*~udk vSnfhpm; (rn‡mwrf;ajym&&if t±l;vkyf) EkdifaeqJjzpfygw,f? twGif;
a&;rSL;csKyfawG wOD;+yD;wOD; ajymif;oGm;cJhayr,fh jrefrmppftkyfpkuawmh eef;yv†ifxufrSm
yef;yefvsufyg oDcsif;ukdqkdaeEkdifqJygyJ? (etz)[m EkdifiHa&;wufºuG vSKyf&Sm;olawGudk
xifovkdzrf;qD;vkduf/ rcsdrqef@ axmif'%f}uD;awG csrSwfvkduf/ ukvoHwref vmcgeD;rSm
tJ'DvlawGxJu wcsKdŒ&JŒ axmif'%fudk enf;enf;yg;yg; av#mhay;vkduf (tifrwef enf;yg;
wJh) wcsKdŒudk jyefv$wfay;vkdufeJ@ ukvor*~&JŒ EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG jyefv$wfay;a&;
awmif;qkcd suu f kd vku
d af vsm oa,mifa,mif/ ukvor*~e@J yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf _ &So
d a,mif
a,mif vkyjf yvmcJw h m ESpaf ygi;f ESpq f ,f ausmv
f mcJyh g+yD? Ekid if aH &; tusO;f om;awGudk v$wf
ay;ygw,fqkdwJhtcsufukd oufaoxlzkd@ }uKd;pm;&if; tJ'DumvtwGif; EkdifiHa&;tusOf;
om; ta&twGuf wkd;vm vkdufwmuvnf; tckqkd&if (2000)ausmfawmif &Sdaeyg+yD?
'DumvtwGi;f axmifxrJ mS 'grrS [kwf axmifuvGw+f yD; r=umrDrmS aoqk;H oGm;cJ=h u&wJh
EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG&JŒ ta&twGuf[mvnf; tenf;qkH; ta&SŒawmiftm&S a'o
wGif;rSmawmh trsm;qkH;qkdwJh pHcsdefukd csdK;EkdifcJhwm taotcsmygyJ?
182
wu,fawmh twGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf trSL;jyKwJh ukvor*~ oHwrefawG[m (etz)
&JŒ vSnfhjzm;r_udk rodavmufatmifawmh xkHxkdif; EkHtolawG b,fwkef;urS r[kwfcJh=uyg
bl;? 'gayr,fh usaemftxufrmS ajymcJw h hJ tzG@J }uD;&JŒtm;enf;csuf taxGaxGa=umifh jrefrmh
ta&;udk xdxda&mufa&muf ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;EkdifpGrf; r&Sdjzpfaewmom jzpfygw,f? txl;
ojzifh ukvor*~&JŒ tjrifhqkH; tm%mykdif tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfwJh vkH+cKHa&;aumifpDrSm w±kwfeJ@
±k&Sm;wkd@u tumtuG,f ay;xm;=uwJhtwGuf ukvor*~[m jrefrmppftpdk;&&JŒ enf;
y&d,m,f toG,o f , G u f kd odyifojd im;aomfvnf; bmrS r,fr,f&& rvkyEf idk b f J rcsod mG ;+zJ
vkyfae&wm jzpfygw,f?
'gayr,fh jrefrmh'rD u dk a&pD tiftm;pkawG[m ukvor*~ tay:rSmvnf; tar&d
ueftygt0if tjcm;tjcm;aom EkdifiHrsm;eJ@ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; tay:rSmvkdyJ rSefrSefuefuef
oabmayguf em;vnfzkd@vkdtyfygw,f? ukvor*~udk u,fwif&SifwOD;vkd ,kHykH+yD;
ar#mfvifhapmifhpm;aewmrsKd; rjzpfoifhovkd pmzwfy&dowftay: =oZmtawmfuav;&Sd
wJh owif;pmq&m EkdifiHa&;orm;wpfOD;&JŒ “ukvor*~ u,fwifvkd@ vGwfajrmufoGm;wJh
EkdifiHqkdvkd@ urBmay:rSm wckrSr&Sdbl;”qkdwJh pum;[mvnf; taumuft,lvGJ&if ukv
or*~udk vk;H 0qef@usiw f hJ &yfwnfcsurf sK;d txd a&mufomG ;Ekid wf hJ tE &W m,f&adS ewma=umifh
vlxktay: wpkHw&m =oZm&SdolawG pum;ukd owdxm;+yD; xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf; ajymoifh
w,fvkd@,lqygw,f? jrefrmh'Drkdua&pD
tiftm;pkawGtaeeJ@ udk,fwkdif n‡pfzkd@vkd
tyfovkd vufonf vnf;r&Sdrjzpfvkd
tyfygw,f? ukd,fukd,fwkdifuvnf; }udK;
pm; ukd,fhtay: pmemr_&SdolawGxHu ukd,fukd,fwkdifuvnf;
vnf; pdwfykdif;/ ±kyfykdif;axmufcH yHhykd;r_awG
}udK;pm; ukd,fhtay:
&&Sdatmif pnf;±kH;&rSmyg? tJ'g[m u,f
pmemr_&SdolawGxHuvnf;
wif&Sifar#mfwJh 0g'r[kwfygbl;?
jref r mh ' D r k d u a&pD a &;twG u f pdwfykdif;/ ±kyfykdif;
taxmuftul jzpfapaom &yfwnfcsuf axmufcHyHhykd;r_awG &&Sdatmif
&Sdonhf EkdifiHrsm;ESifh EdkifiHtkyfpkrsm;qkdwJh pnf ; ±k H ; &rS m yg?
u¾u 'Davmufqdk vkaH vmufyg+yD? tck tJ ' g[m
taxmuftul rjzpfapaom Ekid if rH sm;ESihf u,f w if & S i far#mfwJh
EkdifiHtkyfpkrsm;u¾udk qufvuf aqG; 0g'r[k w f y gbl ; ?
aEG;ygr,f?
'D u ¾rS m acgif ; pOf t &om
jynfhpkHatmif wyfxm;&ayr,fh wu,fh
vufawG@rSmawmh jrefrmh'Drkdua&pDa&;udk
183
qef@usif &yfwnfwhJ Ekid if t H yk pf &k ,fv@dk r&Sd
ygbl;? wEkdifiHcsif;om &Sdygw,f? wEkdifiH
jref r mh u d p P csif;rSmrS txif&Sm;tay:vGifqkH;u ±k&Sm;
vk H + cKH a &;aumif p D eJ@ w±kwfwkd@yJ jzpfygw,f? tck ±k&Sm; t
e,f e d r d w f e m;txd a=umif;udk aqG;aEG;ygr,f?
a&muf v mwJ h qkdAD,ufjynfaxmifpktjzpfuae
tcsd e f u srS o m b0a[mif ;udk jyefa&mufvmcJh&wJh ±k&Sm;
±k & S m ;Ek d i f i H [ m [m wu,fawmh jrefrmEkid if eH @J ta0;}uD;
rSm wnf&SdwJh EkdifiHwckomjzpf+yD; ESpf EkdifiH
jref r mh ' D r k d u a&pD a &;eJ @
=um; tusK;d pD;yGm;csi;f ywfoufqufE, G f
ywfowf+yD;
aer_vnf; ajymavmufqadk vmuf atmif
Ek d i f i H w um&J Œ &SdvSwm r[kwfygbl;? 'ga=umifhvnf; jref
rD ; armif ; atmuf u d k rmhudpP vkH+cKHa&;aumifpD e,fedrdwfem;
a&muf & S d v mcJ h w mjzpf y gw,f ? txd a&mufvmwJh tcsdefusrSom ±k&Sm;
EkdifiH[m jrefrmh 'Drkdua&pDa&;eJ@ ywf
owf+yD; Ekid if w H um&JŒ rD;armif;atmufukd
a&muf&SdvmcJhwm jzpfygw,f?
ppfat;wkdufyGJrSm tar&duefudk ±_H;edrfh+yD; qkdAD,ufjynfaxmifpk +yKduGJcJh&wmudk
vufa[mif;uGefjrLepf}uD;awG trSL;jyKwJh qkdAD,uftifyg,mwacwfudk vGrf;woo
(nostalgia) jzpfae=uwJholawGeJ@ qkdAD,ufacwf&JŒ zdESdyfr_tykdif;ukd r}uKHzl;cJh=ubJ tar&d
uefeJ@ ykckH;csif;,SOfEkdifcJhwJh tykdif;ukdom rpm;&0cref; jzpfae=uwJh ppfat;acwfvGef (post
cold war) vli,fawGu wuf wacgufacguf jzpfaecJh=uygw,f? ,JhvfqifvufxufrSm
“aeao;oy csKHxJu csKdaoG;oy wjrjr” vkyfaecJh=uwJh tJ'Dtiftm;pkawG[m au*sDbD
t&m&Sda[mif; ylwif tm%m&vm+yD; r=umrDrSmyJ urBmha&eHaps;E_ef; r}uKHpzl; w[kefxkd;
jrifhwufr_}uD;eJ@ }uKH}uKdufvkdufwJh tcgrSmawmh olwkd@&JŒ tifyg,mpdwful;awGudk jyefvnf
toufoGif;zkd@qkdwJh ar#mfrSef;csuf[m “wkdif;&ufonfh yuUvm rkd;&GmonfESihf toifh”
qko d vkjd zpfomG ;cJyh gw,f? a&eHu&wJh aiGawG zifcx k idk &f if; Ekid if w
H um pifjrifrh mS wae@wjcm;
jyefvnfawmufyvmwJh ±k&Sm;[m qkdAD,ufacwfu ol&&SdcJhwJh “r[mtiftm;}uD;EkdifiH”
qkdwJh tqifhukdjyefvnf&&Sdzkd@ enf;o¿mefaygif;pkHeJ@ }uKd;yrf;vmygawmhw,f? tJh'D enf;
o¿mefawGxrJ mS txif&mS ; tay:vGiq f ;Hk wckuawmh ppfat;acwfwek ;f uvkd tar&duef
eJ@ qef@usifbufrSm &yfwnfjcif;ygyJ?
tm%myg0gjyvkrd e_ @J ppfat;acwfu ±_;H aºuG;udk qyfvrdk _ a&maxG;aewJh ±k&mS ;Ekid if H
&JŒ tJ'&D yfwnfcsurf mS jrefrmh'rD u dk a&pDa&;[m paw;cHae&wm jzpfygw,f? wqufwnf;
ajym&&ifawmh ol@jynfwiG ;f rSmvnf; jynfoal wG&ŒJ vGwv f yfciG ahf wGukd ydwyf ifwm;qD;aewJh
184
±k&Sm;tpdk;&tzkd@ jrefrmppftpdk;&bufu &yfwnfwm[m “olawmfcsif;csif; owif; avG@
avG@aygif;zufawG@”wmjzpfovkd ol@twGuf tjyifpnf;±kd;wck um&Haewmvnf;jzpfyg
w,f?
±k&Sm;tpkd;&eJ@ ywfoufvkd@awmh jrefrmh'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkawGrSm vkyfEkdifwm
rsm;rsm;pm;pm; r&Sdygbl;? EkdifiHcsif;uvnf; a0;uGmvSrf;/ tusKd;pD;yGm;csif;uvnf; quf
pyfr_r&SdvSwJhtjyif olukd,fwkdifuyg tm%m&Sifpepfbufudk OD;jyefvSnfhaewJh EdkifiHwck
jzpfaewma=umifh ±k&Sm;EkdifiH jrefrmh'Drkdua&pDa&;bufu &yfwnfvmzkd@uawmh vuf&Sd
EkdifiHwum qufqHa&;pepfukd OD;aqmifae=uwJh EdkifiHawG&JŒ yg;eyfu|rf;usif vdrRmr_tay:
rSmyJ ykHtyfxm;&awmhrSmyJvkd@ qkdcsifygw,f?
jrefrmh 'Drkdua&pDvrf;a=umif;rSm twm;tqD; tjzpf&SdaewJh aemufEdkifiHwcku
awmh w±kwfjzpfygw,f? w±kwf[m jrefrmEdkifiHeJ@ e,fedrdwfcsif; xdpyfaewJh EkdifiHwckjzpf+yD;
ESpEf idk if =H um; orkid ;f a=umif;t& ywfoufqufE, G rf a_ wG eufeuf±id_ ;f ±_id ;f &Scd w
hJ hJ tjyif vuf
&SdtajctaerSmvnf; tpkd;&ESpfckt=um; tusKd;pD;yGm;csif;u ckdifckdif+rJ+rJ zGJ@aESmifaewm
a=umifh w±kwfEkdifiHta=umif;ukd jzpfEkdifor# tjynfhpkHqkH;jzpfatmif tEkvkHyËdvkH qef;ppf
okH;oyf=unfhzkd@ vkdtyfygw,f?
jyifopfppfbk&if eykdvD,Hu w±kwfEkdifiH Ekd;xvmrSmukd pkd;&drfcJhayr,fh w±kwf
e*g;}uD;[m a'guw f mqGe, f ufqif&ŒJ ^m%fynm tajrmftjrif }uD;rm;r_e@J twlE;dk xvm
cJh+yD; OuUX}uD;armfpDwkH;OD;aqmifwJh uGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ yJhukdifvrf;!¸efr_atmufrSm tiftm;
}uD;EdkifiHwcktjzpf EdkifiHwum pifjrifhxufudk wufa&mufvmEkdifcJhygw,f? ,efpDjrpfukd
vufypfu;l jzwfjyvku d w
f hJ OuUXarmf&ŒJ “XmecsKyfudk tajrmufe@J ypf=u”qkw d hJ aºuG;a=umfoH
'Da&v_dif;udk pD;cJh=uwJh vuf0JpGef;0g'D av;OD;*kd%f;a=umifh 0JuawmhrdcJh&ao;ayr,fh aemuf
qkH; wdefa&Smufyif&JŒ “a=umifjzLwmrnf;wmu ta&;r}uD;bl; ºuGufckwfzkd@om ta&;
}uD;w,f”qkdwJh tawG;tac:u tEdkif&oGm;cJhcsdefrSmawmh w±kwfpD;yGm;a&;[m tHhrcef;
t&SdefE_ef;eJ@ wkd;wufvmcJhygawmhw,f?
'Duae@rSm urBmhvlOD;a&&JŒ ig;ykHwykH&Sd+yD; urBmhvlOD;a& trsm;qkH;EdkifiHjzpfaewJh
w±kwfEkdifiH[m wcsdefu 'kuQaygif;pkHudk cg;pnf;cHpm;cJh&wJh EkdifiHjzpfygw,f? trsKd;om; pnf;
vk;H nD!w G rf u
_ kd rwnfaqmufEikd cf w
hJ thJ xJ jyif;xefq;dk &Gm;wJh &moDOwka=umifh tpma&pm
iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;uyf qkduf+yD; jynfolawG oef;eJ@csD aoqkH;cJh=u&wm yuwd t&Sdw&m;
jzpfygw,f? 'gt h jyif zufqpf*syef&ŒJ odr;f yku
d rf u
_ kd cHxm;&wJh tcsed rf mS vnf; w±kwjf ynfol
awG[m u|efEkdifiHom;rsm;tjzpf cg;oD;em=unf;zG,f b0tawG@t}uKHaygif; rsm;pGmudk
rsufarSmuf jyKcJh=u&ygw,f?
'gayr,fh tcktcsdefrSmawmh tJh'gawGtm;vkH; &mZ0ifxJrSm usef&pfcJhyg+yD?
wESpfudk (10µ)ausmf q,fpkESpfeJ@ csD+yD; rSefrSef}uD; wkd;wufaewJh pD;yGm;a&;u w±kwfEdkifiH&JŒ
toGiftjyifudk vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm;eD;yg; ajymif;vJypfvkduf+yD jzpfygw,f? pD;yGm;a&; jrifhwuf
185
vmr_eJ@twl EkdifiHwumpifjrifhrSm w±kwf
EkdifiH&JŒ ta&;ygr_[mvnf; u|Jul;a&yg
vuf & S d t ajctaerS m jrifhwufvmcJhwma=umifh tJ'Dtaet
w±k w f a cgif ; aqmif r sm;[m xm;tay: rlwnf+yD; w±kwftpkd;&[m
tJ ' D a r;cG e f ; twG u f ol@&JŒ EkdifiHjcm;a&; rl0g'udk csrSwfusifhokH;
taumif ; qk H ; tajz[m vmcJhygw,f?
bmjzpfoifhovJqkdwJhtcsufukd tJ'DrSm vuf&SdwnfqJ EkdifiHwum
buf a ygif ; pk H u qufqHa&;pepfeJ@ xdyfwkdufwkd;r_awG jzpf
ay:vmygawmhw,f? 'Dae&mrSm wnfqJ
tao;pdwf avhvmokH;oyf+yD;
EdkifiHwum qufqHa&;pepfta=umif;
rdrdwkd@EkdifiH&JŒ
tusOf;r# &Sif;jyzkd@ vkdtyfr,fxifygw,f?
Ek d i f i H j cm;a&;rl 0 g'uk d vuf&Sd EkdifiHwum qufqHa&;pepf[m
a&;qGJcsrSwfEkdifzkd@ (19)&mpktwGif; +Adwdefu OD;aqmifcJhwJh
}uKd ; pm;ae=uwm Ekid if w
H um qufqaH &;pepfvydk J 'Dru dk a&pD
jzpf y gw,f ? tay: tajccHxm;wJh EdkifiHa&;pepf jzpf
wma=umifh tif;tm;}uD;Ekid if H ta[mif;eJ@
topfwkd@[m yÉdyuQ rjzpf =uwJhtjyif
+Adwdefu ol@xuftiftm; ykdrkd}uD;rm;
vmwJh tar&dueftwGuf ol@&JŒ urBmh
eHygwfwpf ae&mudkawmif tomw=unfz,fay;cJhwJhpepf jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh ESpfq,f
&mpk[m tar&duef&ŒJ &mpkjzpfcyhJ gw,f? 'D&mpktwGi;f wnfqpJ epfukd tefwb k uf+yKdiv
f w
dk hJ
tiftm;}uD;EkdifiHokH;ck (qkdAD,uf/ *smreD/ *syef) ay:xGef;vmcJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh *smreDeJ@
*syefu 'kwd,urBmppfeJ@ qkdAD,ufu ppfat;ukd toD;oD;±_H;edrfh+yD; pdefac:oltqifhu
avsmusoGm;cJh=uygw,f? 'kwd, urBmppfaemufykdif;rSm *smreDeJ@ *syef wkd@[m 'kwd,
w}udrf jyefvnfjrifhwuf vmcJh=uao;ayr,fh 'Dw}udrfrSmawmh wnfqJ EkdifiHwum quf
qHa&;pepfxJudk tvG,fwulaygif;pnf;aysmf0ifoGm;cJh=uygw,f?
tJh'DaemufrSm tar&duefeJ@ taemufurBmu OD;aqmifwJh EdkifiHwum qufqH
a&;pepfukd bufaygi;f pku H tckid tf rm pdeaf c: vmcJw h muawmh qkAd , D ufjynfaxmifpyk gy?J
'gayr,fh tJ'Dpdefac:r_[mvnf; q,fpkESpfckepfck ausmf=um+yD;wJhaemufrSm csKyf+idrf;oGm;cJh
ygw,f?
tckwcg wnfqJEdkifiHwum qufqHa&;pepfeJ@ t+yKdifvkd jrifawG@ae=u&wmu
awmh w±kwyf gy?J ESpq f ,fw h pf&mpk[m w±kw&f mpk jzpfvmvdrrhf ,fqw dk hJ xifa=u;ay;r_awG
us,fus,favmifavmif xGufay:aecsdefrSm 'Duae@ w±kwfEkdifiHajzzkd@ }uKd;pm;ae&wJh
tcufcJqkH; ar;cGef;u vuf&SdwnfqJ EkdifiHwumqufqHa&; pepfxJ 0ifa&mufaygif;pnf;
186
oGm;rvm;? 'grSr[kwf tJ'Dpepfudk zDqefqef@usif+yD; rdrdu oD;jcm;OD;aqmifwJh pepfopf
w&yfukd zefwD;azmfaqmifrvm;qkdwmyJjzpfygw,f?
vuf&t dS ajctaerSm w±kwaf cgi;f aqmifrsm;[m tJ'aD r;cGe;f twGuf taumif;
qkH;tajz[m bmjzpfoifhovJqkdwJh tcsufukd bufaygif;pkHu tao;pdwf avhvmokH;oyf
+yD; rdrw d @dk Eidk if &H ŒJ Ekid if jH cm;a&;rl0g'ukd a&;qGcJ srwS Ef idk zf @dk }uKd;pm;ae=uwm jzpfygw,f? w±kwf
Ekid if [H m jynfwiG ;f rSm vuf&u dS sio
hf ;Hk aewJh wygwpD epfu OD;aqmifwhJ Edik if aH &;pepf (wenf;
ajym&&if tm%m&Sifpepf ykHo¿mef wrsKd;)a=umifh 'kwd,urBmppf+yD;aemuf *smreDeJ@
*syefwkd@vkd tar&duefeJ@ taemufurBmA[kdjyK EkdifiHwum qufqHa&;pepfxJukdvnf;
0ifa&muf aygif;pnf;oGm;zkd@ (tenf;qkH; avmavmq,frSmawmh) rjzpfEkdif/ vuf&Sdpepfudk
zDqeftefwk qef@usif&if; +yKduGJoGm;cJh&wJh qkdAD,ufjynfaxmifpk&JŒ tjzpfrsKd;eJ@vnf; r}uKH
awG@vkd jzpfaewma=umifh (vufawG@tm;
jzifh) EdkifiHjcm;a&;rl0g' vrf;qkHvrf;cGrSm
a&mufaew,fvkd@ qkd&rSmyg?
ref r mEk d i f i H r S m
jref
vuf&Sd w±kwfEkdifiHrSm tkyfcsKyfa&;
tJ'D pGrf;tifudk pepfu uGefjrLepf0g'&JŒ ausm±kd;wckjzpf
xkwf,lEkdifwJh wJh wygwDtm%m&Sif pepfukd usifhokH;ae
t&if ; tjrpf w ck j zpf w J h ayr,f h pD ; yG m ;a&;pepf t aeeJ @ awmh
obm0"mwf a iG @ (tawmf u av;rsm;wJ h twk d i f ; twm
tv#Hy,f xGufygw,f? wcktxd) vGwfvyfwJh aps;uGufpD;yGm;
'gu jref r mEd k i f i H [ m a&;pepf usifhokH;aewmudk awG@=u&rSmyg?
w±kwfEkdifiH&JŒ orm;±kd;ustjrift& tJ'DESpfck[m ,SOf
trsKd ; om; wG+J yD; tvkyjf zpfp&m ta=umif;r&Sad yr,fh
tusKd ; pD ; yG m ;twG u f vufawG@rSmawmh tvkyfjzpfaeygw,f?
tvG e f u d k ta&;yga=umif ; 'D tajctae&JŒ tusKd;qufwcktjzpf
w±kwftpdk;&[m uGefjrLepftpkd;& trnf
jyoaewJ h tcsuf
udk qufvufcH,lxm;ayr,fh jynfwGif;
wcsuf jzpfygw,f?
a&;&mawGrSma&m jynfya&;&mawGrSmyg
uGefjrLepfoabm w&m;awGudk cH,lusifh
okH;wm rawG@&oavmufjzpf+yD; EkdifiH&JŒ
pD;yGm;a&; zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_uom tc&m
jzpfaeygw,f? w±kwftpkd;&[m qkdAD,ufjynfaxmifpk +yKduGJoGm;+yD;aemufrSm ol@ukd,fol
Ekid if w H um uGejf rLepfvy_ &f mS ;r_}uD;&JŒ acgi;f aqmif wOD;tjzpf cH,x l m;ykH r&ovkd uGejf rLepf
0g' urBmwv$m; xGef;um;jyef@yGm;a&;twGuf wm0eft&SdqkH; EkdifiHtjzpfvnf; cH,lxm;ykH
r&ygbl;? wcsdefu &SdcJhzl;wJh ygwDcsif;qufqHa&;eJ@ tpdk;&csif; qufqHa&;qkd+yD; qufqHa&;
187
ESpfrsKd; xm;&SdwJhpepfvnf; w±kwftm%m ,E W&m;twGif;rSm &SdykHr&awmhygbl;?
w±kwfacgif;aqmifawG acgif;xJrSm vuf&SdpD;yGm;a&; zGH@+zKd;wkd;wufr_E_ef;udk tyl
avmif aysmfusoGm;wJhtxd rjzpfatmif xdef;csKyfxm;&if; jrifhEkdifor# jrifhoGm;ap
a&; }uKd;pm;tm;xkwfzkd@om &SdykH&ygw,f? 'g[mvnf; twdwfrSm }uD;pGmaom
tiwfab;awGudk t}udrf}udrf}uKHcJh&wJh wkdif;jynf wjynfvuf&SdrSmvnf; a=umuf
cref;vdvrd sm;jym;vSwhJ oef;aygi;f (1300)aom yg;pyfayguaf wGukd tm[m& tvkH
tavmuf jznfhwif;ay;Ekdifzkd@u ta&;t}uD;qkH; jzpfaewJh wkdif;jynfwjynf&JŒ
acgif;aqmifawGtwGuf odyfudk obm0uswJh qENwckyJjzpfygw,f?
tJ'Dawmh EkdifiHwumzkd&rfawGrSm bmawGyJajymajym/ uGefjrLepfygwD nD
vmcHawGrSm bmawGyJajymajym/ rl0g'vrf; n$efpmtkyfawGrSm bmawGyJa&;xm;
a&;xm;/ vufawG@rmS pD;yGm;a&; pOfqufrjywf zG@H +zKd;wk;d wufaezk@d u yxr/ 'kw, d /
wwd,jzpfaewJh w±kwEf idk if t H zk@d “ig0h rf; ylqmraeom”t,ltq[m ol@Eidk if jH cm;
a&;rl0g'&JŒ ta&;ygwJh axmufwkdifwwkdif jzpfvmcJhwm qef;vSwJh udpPwckawmh
r[kwfygbl;?
jrefrmEkdifiHqkdif&m w±kwftpkd;&&JŒ oabmxm;[m tJ'Dtaetxm;&JŒ
xif[yfcsuf wckr#om jzpfygw,f?
w±kwEf idk if [ H m ol@&ŒJ tHrh cef;t&Sed tf [keef @J avmifu|r;f aewJh pD;yGm;a&;
rD;ykH}uD; +idrf;roGm;apzkd@twGuf avmifpmawG trsm;}uD; vkdtyfygw,f? tJ'D
avmifpmawGxrJ mS t"dutusq;Hk uawmh pGr;f tifjzpfygw,f? jrefrmEkid if rH mS tJ'D
pGrf;tifudk xkwf,lEkdifwJh t&if;tjrpfwckjzpfwJh obm0"mwfaiG@ tv#Hy,f xGuf
ygw,f? 'gu jrefrmEdkifiH[m w±kwfEkdifiH&JŒ trsKd;om; tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf tvGef
udk ta&;yga=umif; jyoaewJh tcsufwcsuf jzpfygw,f? 'ghtjyif w±kwfEdkifiHeJ@
e,fedrdwfcsif;xdpyfaewJh jrefrmEdkifiH[m ta&SŒawmiftm&Sa'orSm wnf&Sd+yD;
tmqD,H tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHwck jzpfygw,f? 'Da'o[m vuf&SdrSm urBmrSm pD;yGm;a&;
t&Sed t f [keef @J zG@H +zdK; wd;k wufaewJh a'oawGteuf wckjzpfwma=umifh w±kw[ f m
'Da'ou EkdifiHawGeJ@ pD;yGm;a&;qufqHr_ukd tckdiftrm wnfaqmufvkdygw,f?
'DtajctaerSm jrefrmEkdifiH[m w±kwf-tmqD,H qufqHa&;twGuf ta&;tyg
qk;H aom wHwm;jzpfygw,f? wenf;ajym&&if yx0DEidk if aH &;t& w±kw[ f m jrefrm
EkdifiHuwqifh tjcm; tmqD,HEkdifiHrsm;qD vrf;aygufEkdifwm jzpfygw,f? 'gu
aemufwcsuf jzpfygw,f? jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ e,fedrdwfcsif; xdpyfaewJh ,leefjynfe,f
[m w±kwEf idk if t H aeeJ@=unf&h if uke;f wGi;f ydwf e,fajrwck jzpfygw,f? w±kwEf idk if H
[m pD;yGm;a&; w[kefxkd; zGH@+zKd;wkd;wufvmcJhw,fqkdayr,fh yifv,furf;ajca'o
rsm;eJ@ ukef;wGif;ydwfa'orsm;t=um; zGH@+zKd;wkd;wufr_ t&Sdeft[kefjcif;u
tawmfav; uGm[aeygao;w,f? 'gukd w±kwftpkd;&uvnf; odygw,f?
188
'ga=umifh ukef;wGif;ydwf a'oawG pD;yGm;a&; zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufvmzkd@udkvnf; oD;jcm;
pDrHudef;awG csrSwfvkyfaqmifaeygw,f? 'Dtykdif;rSm ,leefjynfe,f zGH@+zdK; wkd;wuf
a&;twGuf jrefrmEkdifiHu &&SdwJh o,HZw t&if;tjrpfawG[m odyfukd ta&;ygvS
ygw,f? 'gu aemufwcsufjzpfygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiH[m tdENd,ork'N&meJ@ a&jyif
wpyfwnf;jzpfaewJh b*Fvm;yifv,fatmfrmS ar;wifxm;wJh Ekid if w H ckjzpfygw,f?
'Duae@ oleJ@ pD;yGm;a&;t&vnf; yckH;csif;,SOf+yD; wkd;wufvmae+yDjzpfwJh tdENd,
Ekid if eH @J r=umao;cifu ppfyEJG pS }f udrjf zpfczhJ ;l ovkd 'Duae@txdvnf; tJ'ED idk if t H ay:
oHo,awG &SdaeqJjzpfwJh w±kwfEkdifiH[m tJ'DEkdifiHukd a&jyifuaevSrf;+yD; xdef;
[ef@xm;Ekdifzkd@ tygt0if tjcm;aom &nf&G,fcsuf trsKd;rsKd;wkd@twGuf tdENd,
ork'&N mrSm ppfa&;t& wnf&rdS w _ ckukd wnfaqmufxm;vkyd gw,f? 'D&nf&, G cf suf
twGuf wckwnf;aom vrf;a=umif;uawmh jrefrmEdkifiHjzpfygw,f? 'gu aemuf
wcsuf jzpfygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiH[m urBmhzGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ tenf;qkH;EkdifiH (LDC)
wckjzpfwJhtavsmuf jrefrmjynfolawG[m taemufEdkifiHawGeJ@ ta&SŒtm&Su
pufrz_ @HG +zdK;+yD; Ekid if aH wGu xkwv f yk w
f hJ aps;}uD;wJh vlo;Hk ukeyf pPn;f awGudk 0,f,o l ;Hk
pGEJ idk jf cif; r&S=d uygb;l ? olw@dk twGuf olw@dk &ŒJ 0ifaiGe@J tqiftajyqk;H u w±kwEf idk if H
u xkwfvkyfwJh t&nftaoG;a&m aps;E_ef;yg rjrifhwJh ukefypPnf;awGom jzpfyg
w,f? 'gu aemufwcsufjzpfygw,f? “rdom;wpk uav;wa,mufrl” csrSwf+yD;
wif;wif;usyfusyf usifhokH;aewJh=um;u w±kwfEkdifiH&J@ vlOD;a&[m twkdif;twm
wck txd qufvufaygufuGJ aeqJyJjzpfygw,f? EkdifiH&JŒ pD;yGm;a&; w[kefxkd; zGH@
+zdK;wkd;wuf vmwmrSefayr,fh w±kwfvlrsKd;rsm; (txl;ojzifh zGH@+zdK;r_ aES;auG;wJh
ukef;wGif;ydwfa'ou w±kwfvlrsKd;rsm;)[m a&=unf&mjrufEk&m EkdifiHrsm;okd@ a&$Œ
ajymif;xGucf gG ae=uqJjzpfygw,f? w±kwEf idk if eH @J e,fajrcsi;f xdpyfaewJh jrefrmEkid if H
e,fpyfa'orsm;rSm (tckaemufykdif;rSm rE Wav;avmuftxdrSm) jrefrmEdkifiHom;
rSwyf w Hk if ukid af qmifxm;+yD; jrefrmtrnfe@J jzpfayr,fh jrefrmpum; vk;H 0rwwfwhJ
tom;eDpyfpyf? rsufaygufusOf;usOf;/ rsuf&pfrygwJh vlawG wpwpeJ@ ykdrdkrsm;jym;
vmwm[m tJ'Da&$Œajymif;xGufcGmr_&JŒ xif[yfcsufwck jzpfygw,f? 'guaemuf
wcsufjzpfygw,f?
tJ'DtcsufawGtjyif tjcm;tjcm;aomtcsufaygif;rsm;pGmeJ@ twl
jrefrmEkdifiH[m w±kwfEkdifiH&JŒ trsKd;om; tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf tawmfuav;
ta&;ygwJh taetxm;rSm a&muf&Sdaewmjzpfygw,f? jrefrmEkdifiHrSm (1990)a&G;
aumufyGJ&v'fawGudk (e0w) tpkd;&u w&m;0if a=unmay;cJh+yD; tJ'D&v'fawG
t& awmif+yKdurf;+yKd tEkdif&&SdcJhwJh ygwD[m (NLD)jzpfa=umif; tckdiftrm
xGuaf y: vmwJt h cg (NLD) XmecsKyfukd yxrqk;H vm+y;D (NLD)acgi;f aqmifawGukd
*k%fjyKpum; ajym=um;cJhwm jrefrmEdkifiHqkdif&m w±kwfoHtrwf}uD; jzpfygw,f?
189
'Dtcsufu w±kwftpdk;&[m ol@EkdifiH&JŒ trsKd;om;tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf jrefrmvkd
tifrwef ta&;ygwJh tdrfeD;csif; EkdifiHwcku w&m;0iftpkd;&eJ@ cspf=unf&if;ESD;wJh
qufqHa&;udk tckdiftrm xlaxmifcsifwJh qEN&Sda=umif; jyoaeygw,f? 'gayr,fh
tm;vkH;od=uwJh twkdif; (e0w)u oludk,fwkdif }uD;rSL;usif;y jyKvkyfay;cJhwJh a&G;
aumufyGJu xGufay:vmwJh&v'fudk oludk,fwkdif zsufqD;ypfawmhr,fh t&dyfvuQ
%mawG wkd;wkd;+yD; jyovmcsdefrSmawmh w±kwftpdk;&&JŒ &nfwnfcsufvnf; ajymif;
vJoGm;cJh ygawmhw,f? a&&Snfukd=unfh+yD; w&m;0if (NLD)tpdk;&eJ@ qufqHr,fh
&yfwnfcsuu f ae a&wkt d usK;d uko d m=unf+h yD; vufawG@wnf&adS ewJh (e0w) tpd;k &
eJ@yJ qufqHr,fqkdwJh &nfwnfcsufokd@ ajymif;vJoGm;cJhwm jzpfygw,f? w±kwfvkd
rdrEd idk if &H ŒJ trsK;d om; tusK;d pD;yGm;ukd a&SŒwef;wifveG ;f wJh Ekid if aH wGomru trsK;d om;
tusK;d pD;yGm;eJ@ trsK;d om;*k%o f ud mQ t=um;rSm r#r#ww &yfwnfv=dk uwJh Ekid if w H csKŒd
yg aemufykdif;rSm (etz)udk rcspfaomfvnf; atmifhumerf;&wJh tajctaeokd@
a&muf&v dS mapatmif (etz)&JŒ rl0g'wckuvnf; wGe;f yk@d Eidk cf yhJ gw,f? tJ'guawmh
jynfwiG ;f u twku d t
f cHrsm;udk tpGr;f ukezf Ed ydS /f vufeufuidk f awmfveS af &; tiftm;
pk trsKd;rsKd;ukdvnf; acsmhwcg ajcmufwvSnfhenf; tokH;jyKpnf;±kH;+yD; EkdifiH&JŒ a'o
trsm;pkrmS “+idr;f 0yfyjd ym;”aeatmif vkyx f m;jcif;jzifh “usKyfw@dk tpd;k &[m cifAsm;wk@d
qufqcH siw f hJ w&m;Oya'eJ@ avsmn f w
D hJ (dejure) tpd;k &awmh [kwcf sirf S [kwrf ,f?
'gayr,fh usKyfwkd@[m EdkifiHudk wnf+idrfvkH+cKHatmif tkyfcsKyfxm;EkdifpGrf;&SdwJh tpdk;&
awmhjzpfw,f”qkdwJh owif;pum;yg;wJh rl0g'jzpfygw,f? tJ'D rl0g'[m tar&duef
jynfaxmifpek @J taemufOa&my Ekid if }H uD;awGvdk trsK;d om;*k%o f u
d mQ ukd tav;xm;
wJh EkdifiHawGtay: oufa&mufr_ r&Sdayr,fh “oduQmxuf &duQmukd” tav;xm;wJh
EkdifiHawGudkawmh jzm;a,mif;odrf;oGif; EkdifcJhygw,f? tJ'DEkdifiHawGxJrSm ol@&JŒ trsKd;
om; tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf jrefrmEkdifiHu
t&rf;ukd ta&;ygaewJh w±kwfEkdifiHu
xdyq f ;Hk rSm &Sad er,fqw dk muawmh txl; uk v or*~ twG i f ; a&;rS L ;csKyf u
ajymp&mrvkdwJh tcsufyJjzpfygw,f? uruxjyK zGJ@pnf;wnfxm;wJh
'ghtjyif w±kwfEkdifiHrSm tjcm; jref r mh rd w f a qG r sm;toif ; rS m
ta&;ygwJh jy\em}uD;ESpfckvnf; &Sdyg w±kwfEkdifiH yg0ifvmjcif;u
ao;w,f tJ'guawmh wdbufjy\em jrefrmudpP[m jynfwGif;a&;udpP
eJ@ wdeftefrifta&;tcif; jy\emwkd@ oufoufr#omjzpfw,fvkd@
jzpf y gw,f ? jynf w G i f ; eJ @ Ek d i f i H w um (etz)u i,f o H y gatmif
tpdwftykdif;wcsKdŒ&JŒ rsufpdxJrSm w±kwf
atmf [ pf a ewJ h = um;u
tpdk;&ukd wdbufjy\ema=umifh r[m
jrefrmhudpP[m EkdifiHwumu æ
vlrsKd;}uD;0g'D (chauvinist)awGtjzpf
190
vnf;aumif;/ wdet f efrifta&;tcif; jy\ema=umifh 'Dru dk a&pDqef@usiaf &;orm;
(anti-democracy)tjzpfvnf; aumif; jrifae=uygw,f? tJ'D oGifjyifvuQ%m
ESpfck[mvnf; jrefrmppftpkd;&eJ@ oGm;wlaeygw,f? 'DvkdrsKd; tajctaerSm jrefrm
EkdifiHrSm 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkawG tom&oGm;jcif;u wdbufu trsKd;om;a&;0g'D
awGe@J Ekid if wH 0Sr;f u 'Dru dk a&pD vkv d m;olawGudk &$iv f ef;tm;wuf oGm;apvdrrhf ,f
vkd@ w±kwftpdk;&u wGufrSmrvGJygbl;?
tckazmfjycJw h hJ tcsuaf wGukd +cKHio Hk ;Hk oyf=unfv h u dk rf ,fq&dk if w±kwEf idk if H
[m vkH+cKHa&;aumifpD t+rJwrf;tzGJ@0ifqkdwJh urBmh&yfrd&yfz wOD;&JŒ *k%foduQmudk
tqift h wef;eJ@ avsmn f pD mG &yfwnfjcif; r&Sb d ;l qkw d hJ oabmxm;tjrif ,Ofaus;wJh
EkdifiHwum tokdif;t0kdif;twGif; pGJxifaewJhtcsufeJ@ jrefrmjynfolawG &ifxJ
w±kwu f dk rke;f wD;wJh cHpm;csuaf wG wk;d wk;d +yD; tku H si;f zG@J wnfvmaewJh tcsuaf wGukd
xnfrh wGub f ;l qk&d if w±kwt f pd;k &[m ol@&ŒJ jrefrmEkid if q H idk &f m rl0g'uae pD;yGm;a&;
t&a&m EkdifiHa&;t&yg tusKd;tjrwf rsm;pGm&&Sdaew,fvkd@ qkdEkdifygw,f?
'DtajctaerSm jrefrmh'Drkdua&pD tiftm;pkawG[m w±kwfEkdifiHeJ@
ywfouf+yD; vufr_difcs ae=u&awmhrSmvm;? 'Dvkdawmhvnf; r[kwfao;ygbl;?
rSdefysys tvif;a&mifuav;uawmh trSefwu,f &Sdaeygao;w,f?
(etz)[m olcsrSwfxm;wJh rl0g'vrf;pOft& obm0uspGmyJJ jynfwGif;
rSm twkduftcHawGudk txdef;tuGyf rxm;awmhoavmufeD;yg; twkdif;twmeJ@
ESdyfuGyfacsr_ef; vm&wmeJ@tr#(etz)udk EdkifiHwumpifjrifhrSm tumtuG,f ay;
&wJh tvkyf[mvnf; w±kwftwGuf wae@wjcm; ykdydk+yD;cufcJvmygw,f? w±kwf
tzkd@ jrefrmjynfudpP[m ol@EkdifiHjcm;a&;rl0g'&JŒ tpdwftykdif;w&yfr#omjzpfwJh
twGuf wckvkH;&JŒ tusKd;pD;yGm;eJ@ tpdwftydkif;wckcsif;&JŒ tusKd;pD;yGm; [efcsufnD
aewJhtcg raxmif;omvSayr,fh [efcsufysuf,Gif;vmwJh tcgrSmawmh obm0
uspmG yJ wckv;Hk &JŒ tusK;d pD;yGm;ukd OD;pm;ay;&rSmygy?J tckaemufyidk ;f jrefrmEkid if u H pd eP @J
ywfouf+yD; vkH+cKHa&;aumifpDu ukdifwG,faqmif&Gufvmr_awGrSm w±kwftpkd;&
yl;aygif;yg0ifvmwm[m tJ'Dtaetxm;&JŒ xif[yfcsufw&yf jzpfygw,f?
'ghtjyif ukvor*~ twGif;a&;rSL;csKyfu uruxjyK zGJ@pnf;wnfxm;wJh jrefrmh
rdwaf qGrsm;toif;rSm w±kwEf idk if H yg0ifvmjcif;u jrefrmudp[ P m jynfwiG ;f a&;udpP
oufoufr#omjzpfw,fvkd@ (etz)u i,foHygatmif atmf[pfaewJh=um;u
jrefrmhudpP[m EkdifiHwumu yg0ifywfoufae&wJh udpPw&yfjzpfvmae+yDqkdwJh
tcsufukd (etz)&JŒ a&SŒaeEkdifiH}uD;uyg rjzpfrae todtrSwf jyKvm&wJh tajc
taeukd azmfjyaeygw,f?
aemuf+yD; urBmhork'N&ma&jyif awGrSm yifv,f"g;jyawG&JŒ tE W&m,fwkd;
jrifhvmaewma=umifh w±kwfEkdifiH[m ta&SŒtv,fykdif;a'ou a&eHawGudk
191
yku
d v f idk ;f vrf;a=umif;uwqifh ol@Eidk if q H D
o,f,lzkd@ pDpOfaeygw,f? tJ'DtpDtpOf w±kwf[m a&eHydkufvkdif;
twGuf yku d v f idk ;f wck wnfaqmuf&mrSm vk H + cKH a &;tygt0if o l @ &J Œ
tJ'Dydkufvkdif;&JŒ tpdwftykdif;wck[m trsKd ; om;tusKd ; pD ; yG m ;
jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif; uDvkdrDwm axmifeJ@csD w&yfvkH;twGuf (etz)
+yD; jzwfoef;oGm;rSmjzpfygw,f? tJ'D ZGwftwif; xif&mpdkif;aevkd@
pDru H ed ;f [m tar&duefa':vmoef;aygi;f xayguf a wmh r ,f h
aomif;eJ@csD ukefusr,fh pDrHudef;jzpfwm AkH;wvkH;vkdjzpfaewJh
a=umifh w±kwftpkd;&[m ykdufvkdif; w
tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHwckxuf
avsmufu EkdifiHawG&JŒvkH+cKHwnf+idrfr_
jynfolwkd@&JŒ qENukd
tajctaeudk taotcsm csichf sed w f u
G q f
aeygw,f? (etz)[m vwfwavmrSm udk,fpm;jyKwJh æ
twk d u f t cH a wG u d k tjyif ; txef q k H ;
zdESdyf+yD; EkdifiHukd ,m,Dtm;jzifh wnf+idrf
atmif xdef;csKyfxm;Ekdifayr,fh tJ'Denf;
[m a&&Snrf mS tE &W m,frsm;w,fqw dk mudk w±kwu f aumif;aumif; odygw,f? 'ga=umifh
w±kwf[m a&eHydkufvkdif; vkH+cKHa&;tygt0ifol@&JŒ trsKd;om;tusKd;pD;yGm;w&yfvkH;twGuf
(etz) ZGwt f wif; xif&mpdik ;f aevk@d xayguaf wmhr,fh Ak;H wvk;H vkjd zpfaewJh tdref ;D csi;f Ekid if H
wckxuf jynfolwkd@&JŒ qENukd udk,fpm;jyKwJh w&m;Oya'eJ@ avsmfnDwJh tpkd;&w&yf tkyf
csKyfwJh vkH+cKHwnf+idrfat;csrf;wJh tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHwckudk ykd+yD;tvkd&Sdvdrfhr,fvkd@ cef@rSef;Edkif
ygw,f?
'ga=umifh tar&duefjynfaxmifpkeJ@ taemufEdkifiH}uD;awGu w±kwfEkdifiHukd 'Drkd
ua&pDeJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;udk tav;xm;wJh vuf&Sd EkdifiHwum qufqHa&;pepfudk qef@usif
tmcHwJh tE_wfvuQ%maqmif xGef;opfptiftm;}uD; EkdifiHwckjzpfrvmbJ tJ'D pepf
twGi;f ok@d aygi;f pnf;0ifa&mufomG ;wJh taygi;f vuQ%maqmif Ekid if w H ckjzpfvmatmif pnf;
±kH;azsmif;jz odrf;oGif;ae=uwJh tcsdefrSm jrefrmh 'Drkdua&pD tiftm;pkrsm;taeeJ@ w±kwfeJ@
ywfouf+yD; t"duxm;vkyfaqmif&r,fh vkyfief;uawmh (etz)eJ@ ol@&JŒ vrf;jy ajrykHudk
axmufcHaejcif;[m w±kwfEkdifiH&JŒ a&&SnftrsKd;om;tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf tusKd;r&SdrSm
aocsmwJhtjyif tE W&m,fawmif &SdEkdifwJh vkyf&yfwckjzpfa=umif; w±kwftpkd;& rl0g'a&;qGJ
olawG oabmayguf em;vnfvmatmif wwfEkdifor# enf;vrf;aygif;pkH tokH;jyK+yD; &Sif;jy
=uzkd@yJ jzpfw,fvkd@ qkdcsifygw,f?
“tckjrefrmh'rD u dk a&pDa&;ESihf ywfouf+yD;wufcsnu f scsnf &yfwnfcsu&f adS om
(wenf;)oabmxm; wnf+ird rf r_ &Sad om Ekid if rH sm;ESihf Ekid if t
H yk pf rk sm;”u¾ukd aqG;aEG;oGm;ygr,f?
192
'Du¾rSm txif&Sm;qkH;EkdifiHu tdENd,jzpf+yD; EkdifiHtkyfpku tmqD,Hjzpfygw,f?
tdE, dN Ekid if [
H m ol@&ŒJ orkid ;f wavsmufrmS urBmv h Ol ;D a&trsm;qk;H 'Dru dk a&pDEidk if q H w
dk hJ *k%f
j'yfe@J tnD aexkid Ef idk cf w hJ mrsm;ygw,f? jrefrmEkid if rH mS &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD; ay:ayguf
vmwJh tcgrSmvnf; 'Drkdua&pDawmif;qkdwJh jynfolawGbufu pdwfykdif;qkdif&mt&
tcdkiftrm axmufcHcJhygw,f? tdENd,tpdk;&&JŒ toHv$ifhXmejzpfwJh (All India Radio)
qk&d if &Spaf v;vk;H ta&;awmfy}Hk uD;twGi;f eJ@ ta&;awmfy}Hk uD; ESyd u f yG af csre_ ;f cHc&hJ +yD;aemuf
tcsdeftwef=umtxd jrefrmh'Drkdua&pD bufawmfom;awGbufu jywfjywfom;om;
axmufcHwJh owif;/ aqmif;yg;/ awG@qkHar;jref;cef;awGukd xkwfv$ifhay;cJhygw,f?
'gayr,fh (90)a&G;aumufyGJ+yD;wJhaemuf (etz)tpkd;&&JŒ rlrrSefykHawG wae@
wjcm; ykdrkdxif&Sm;ay:vGifvmcsdefrSmawmh tdENd, tpdk;&u ol@EkdifiH&JŒ tajccHOya'&JŒ
&nfn$ef;csufrsm;eJ@ avsmfnDpGm jrefrmh'Drkdua&pD tiftm;pkawGudk qufvufaxmufcH
&r,ft h pm; (e0w) +idKjiifr,fh vky&f yfawGukd a&Smif&mS ;vmcJyh gawmhw,f? b,fvydk jJ zpfjzpf
'Drkdua&pDpepf tajcus+yD;jzpfwJh EkdifiH}uD;wckjzpfwJh tm;avsmfpGm jrefrmh'Drkdua&pD tif
tm;pkrsm;[m tENd,EkdifiHtwGif; tajccs+yD; wpkHwckaom twkdif;twmtxd vGwfvGwf
vyfvyf v_yf&Sm;cGifh &&SdcJh=uygw,f? umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; a*smhzmeef'ufpfwkd@vkd 'Drkdua&pD
ukd ESpfESpfumum ,kH=unfouf0ifwJh tdENd,tpdk;& t&m&Sd}uD;awGa=umifhvnf; jrefrmh'Drkd
ua&pDrsKd;aph[m tdENd,EkdifiHrSm qufvuf &SifoefaygufzGm; EkdifcJhwmjzpfygw,f? (2004)
a&G;aumufyJGrSm uGef*&uf(tkdif)ygwDu vuf&Sdtm%m& [dENLtrsKd;om;a&;0g'D (bDa*syD)
ygwu D kd tEkid &f +yD; tpd;k &jzpfvmwJth cg jrefrmh 'Dru dk a&pD tiftm;pkrsm;[m 0rf;ajrmuf&i$ f
vef; tm;wufcJh=uygw,f? uGef*&uf(tkdif)ygwD[m +Adwdo#ukdvkdeD xrf;ykd;atmufu
vGwfajrmufatmif ±kef;x&mrSm jrefrmEkdifiHu (zqyv)tzGJ@}uD;eJ@ vufwGJ}udK;yrf;cJhwJh
ygwDjzpf+yD; uGef*&uftkdifygwDacgif;aqmif r[wWr*END/ *s0g[mvmvfae±l;/ tif'D&m*E<D
wk@d [mvnf; Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;/ OD;Ekpolw@dk e@J tvGeyf if cifrif&if;ES;D cJoh al wGjzpfwma=umifh
uGef*&uf(tkdif)ygwD tm%m&vmjcif;[m rdrdwkd@twGuf tcGifhomapr,fh tajctae
w&yfjzpfw,fvkd@ jrefrmh'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkawGu ,lqcJh=uwmjzpfygw,f?
'gayr,fh wu,fhvufawG@rSmawmh rSef;csufeJ@ ESrf;xGufrukdufcJhygbl;? refrkd
[efqif;OD;aqmifwJh uGef*&uf (tkdif)ygwDtpkd;&[m Amh*sfyg,DOD;aqmifwJh (bDa*syD)ygwD
tpkd;&xufawmif ykd+yD; tENd,a&muf jrefrmh'Drkdua&pD tiftm;pkawG&JŒ v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk
uef@owfvmcJhygw,f? ykdqkd;wmu ukvor*~ vkH+cKHa&;aumifpDrSm jrefrmppftpkd;&tay:
jypfwif±w _ cf swhJ tqkad wGukd wifoiG ;f zk@d 'Dru
dk a&pD Ekid if }H uD;awGu }uKd;yrf;wJt h cg ppftpk;d &
tcGifhomapr,fh &nfwnfcsufrsKd;awGudk tENd,u xm;&SdvmcJhwmygyJ?
'Dvkd bma=umifh jzpf&wmvJqkdwmudk qef;ppf=unfhwJhtcg t"dutm;jzifh
tcsuf(3)csuf oGm;awG@ygw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh jrefrmEkdifiH w±kwf&ifcGifxJokd@ wpwp
wkd;wkd;+yD; 0ifa&mufoGm;aejcif;ukd [ef@wm;vkdr_/ jrefrmEkdifiHrS obm0"gwfaiG@rsm;
193
&,lvkdr_eJ@ tmoHeJ@ r%dyl&jynfe,fwkd@rS cGJxGufa&;v_yf&Sm;aeaom olykefrsm;
udpPwkd@ jzpf=uygw,f?
urBmhb%f/ EkdifiHwum aiGa=u;&efykHaiGtzGJ@/ tm&SzGH@+zdK;a&;b%fpwJh zGH@
+zdK;qJEkdifiHawGtwGuf taxmuftyHheJ@ acs;aiGt"du &&m&a=umif; aiGa=u;tzGJ@
tpnf;}uD;awGudk xdef;csKyfxm;wJh tar&duefjynfaxmifpkeJ@ taemufOa&my
EkdifiH}uD;awG OD;aqmifzGJ@pnf;xm;wJh Oa&myor*~(tD;,l)wkd@&JŒ '%fcwfydwfqkd@
ta&;,lru _ dk cHxm;&wJh jrefrmppftyk pf t
k zk@d ol@&ŒJ pD;yGm;a&;/ ppfa&;/ oHwrefa&;&m
tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;twGuf w±kwf/ tENd,eJ@ tmpD,HtzGJ@wkd@[m t"dutm;udk;
tm;xm;jyK&m jzpfvmcJh&ygw,f? tJ'DxJrSmrS txl;ojzifh vkH+cKHa&;aumifpD t+rJ
wrf;tzGJ@0ifEkdifiHvnf;jzpf+yD; avmavmq,f
rSm pD;yGm;a&;t& w[kefxkd; aygufuGJwkd;wuf
aewJh EkdifiHvnf;jzpf/ orkdif;wavsmuf aoe*F
AsL[mt& tvGefta&;ygwJh tdrfeD;csif; tif 'D r k d u a&pD t if t m;pk a wG
tm;}uD;Ekid if v H nf;jzpfwhJ w±kw[ f m t"rR&,l
rvk y f r jzpf
xm;wJh Ekid if aH wmf tm%m vufxrJ mS &Sad ewm
uvGJ+yD; bufaygif;pkHrSm tm;enf;csKdŒwJhaewJh
vk y f a qmif & rS m u
jrefrmppftkyfpktwGuf u,fwif&Sifyrm jzpf tEN d , acgif ; aqmif a wG & J Œ
vmcJhygw,f? ppftkyfpk[m tjcm;EkdifiHawG&JŒ tawG ; tac:rS m
0kdif;y,fjcif;ukdcH&avav w±kwf&ifcGifxJ wkd; pG e f ; xif ; ayusH a ewJ h
0ifavavjzpfr,fvkd@ tENd,u,lqygw,f? tJ ' D t *wd w &m;awG
'ga=umifh tJ'Dtajctaeudk wwfEkdifor# [ef@ uif ; pif o G m ;atmif
wm;Ekdifzkd@qkdwJh &nf&G,fcsufwckeJ@ tENd, vkyfzkd@jzpfygw,f
tpkd;&u jrefrmppftkyfpkeJ@ qufqHa&;udk ,kd
,Gif;ysufjym; roGm;atmif xdef;xm;wm
jzpfygw,f?
aemufwcsuu f awmh tEN, d Ekid if t
H aeeJ@ jrefrmEkid if u H xGuw f hJ obm0
o,HZmw/ txl;ojzifh obm0"mwfaiG@ukd &,lvrdk _ jzpfygw,f? 'Dbuf q,fpEk pS f
rSm w±kwfeJ@ t+yKdifpD;yGm;a&; aygufuGJwkd;wufvmwJh tENd,EkdifiH[mvnf; w±kwf
vkdyJ pGrf;tift&if;tjrpf wckjzpfwJh obm0"mwfaiG@udk tonf;toef vkdtyfae
ygw,f? jrefrmEkid if rH mS u obm0"mwfaiG@ tv#yH ,f xGuw f mrk@d tEN, d Ekid if t
H ae
eJ@ tJ'D"mwfaiG@udk vkdcsif&if (etz)eJ@ wnfhatmifaygif;zkd@ vkdtyfygw,f? tENd,
[m &duQmeJ@ oduQmukd nDwlr#wl tav;xm;wJh 'Drkdua&pDpepfudk ausm±kd;xm;
wnfaqmufxm;wJh EkdifiHwckjzpfayr,fhvnf; vwfwavmrSmawmh olvnf;
w±kwv f ydk J “ig0h rf;ylqmraeom”jzpfaeygw,f? tEN, d bufu tJovk&d adS ecsed rf mS
194
jrefrmppftkyfpkbufuvnf; wpdwfwykdif;t& w±kwfudk EkdifiHa&; upm;csifwJh
&nf&G,fcsufeJ@ tENd,eJ@vnf; rdrdwkd@&if;&if;ESD;ESD;&Sd aew,fqkdwmudk jyocsifaeyg
w,f? tJ'D&nf&G,fcsuftwGuf tENd,vkdcsifwJh obm0"mwfaiG@ukd (etz)u
a&mif;ygw,f? 'DvkdeJ@ tENd,[m jrefrmppftkyfpkeJ@ tqifajyatmif aejcif;jzifh
ol tonf;toef vkdtyfaewJh obm0"mwfaiG@ukd &&Sdaeygw,f?
aemufqkH;wcsufuawmh jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ e,fajrcsif;xdpyfaewJh tENd,
EkdifiHta&SŒajrmufykdif;u cGJxGufa&; olykefawGudpPyJ jzpfygw,f? (e0w)tm%m
odrf;+yD; wufvmumprSm tENd,tpdk;&[m (e0w)eJ@ cyfrSefrSefyJ qufqHcJhwm
a=umifh ESpfEkdifiHe,fpyfudk cG+yD; v_yf&Sm;ae=uwJh tENd,EkdifiH tmoHeJ@ r%dyl&jynf
e,fwkd@u cGJxGufa&;olykefawGudk (e0w)ppfwyfu xdxda&mufa&muf ESdrfeif;wm
rsKd; rvkyfcJhygbl;? 'ga=umifh (bDa*syD)ygwD tm%m&aewJh oufwrf;wavsmufrSm
tEN, d tpk;d &[m tJ'aD 'ou olyek af wG ta&;ukd xdxad &mufa&muf udik w f , G af jz
&Sif;Ekdifjcif; r&SdcJhygbl;? uGef*&uf(tkdif)ygwD wufvmwJhtcgrSmawmh tENd,tpkd;&
[m tJ'D olykefawGukd xdxda&mufa&muf xdef;csKyfEkdifzkd@twGuf (etz)eJ@ &if;&if;
ES;D ES;D vufwyJG ;l aygi;f aqmif&u G vf mcJyh gw,f? tJ'v D yk &f yfuae tEN, d Ekid if &H ŒJ trsK;d
om; vkH+cKHa&;twGuf tusKd;&v'f tawmftwef&&SdcJhygw,f?
'DtajctaerSm jrefrmh'Drkdua&pD tiftm;pkawGtaeeJ@ tENd,EkdifiHeJ@
ywfouf+yD; bmawGvkyfoifhovJ?
(etz)[m jrefrmEkid if u H kd w&m;r0iftyk cf sKyfaewJh ppftm%m&Sit f pk;d &
jzpfwt hJ jyif ppftm%m&Sipf epf &moufyef wnfwchH idk +f rJa&;twGuf tm;xkw}f udK;
yrf; vkyaf qmifaew,fqw dk mudk vuf&dS tm%m&aeolawG tygt0if tEN, d Ekid if H
a&; acgif;aqmifawG tm;vkH;u aumif;aumif;oabmayguf em;vnfxm;=uyg
w,f? vuf&t dS EN,
d acgi;f aqmifawGu jrefrmppfacgi;f aqmifawGukd qufqH aewm
[m wcsdefu *E<D/ ae±l;/ tif'D&m*E<DpwJh tENd,acgif;aqmifawGu AkdvfcsKyfatmif
qef;/ OD;EkpwJh jrefrmhacgi;f aqmifawGukd qufqcH =hJ uovkd v_u d vf u
d_ vf v
JS JS cspcf ifEpS f
vkd =unfndKav;pm;r_eJ@ qufqHae=uwm r[kwfygbl;? olwkd@EkdifiH&JŒ trsKd;om;
tusK;d pD;yGm;oufouftwGuo f m qufqaH e=uwm jzpfygw,f? wenf;ajym&&if
jrefrmEkdifiHqDu obm0"mwfaiG@ &,lvkdr_qkdwJh qENm*wd/ jrefrmEkdifiH w±kwf &if
cGix f J a&mufomG ;rSmukd pk;d &dryf yl efrq_ w dk hJ b,m*wdw@dk e@J tEN,
d acgi;f aqmif awGu
jrefrmppfacgif;aqmifawGudk qufqHae=uwm jzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifh vkyfaqmif&rSm tifrwef cufcJyifyef;rSm aocsmayr,fh 'Drkd
ua&pDtiftm;pkawG rvkyfrjzpf vkyfaqmif&rSmu tENd, acgif;aqmifawG&JŒ
tawG;tac:rSm pGe;f xif;ayusaH ewJh tJ't D *wdw&m;awG uif;pifomG ;atmif vkyf
zkd@jzpfygw,f? jrefrmppftkyfpkeJ@ qufqH+yD; olwkd@ZGwfwGef;aewJh vrf;jyajrykH
195
qkdwmudk axmufcHjcif; 'grSr[kwf tJ'geJ@ywfouf+yD; bmrSrajymbJ qdwfqdwf aejcif;jzifh
a&&SnfrSm tENd,EkdifiHtwGuf tusKd;r&SdwJhtjyif tE W&m,fawmif rvGJraoG &Sdvmr,f
qkdwmudk tENd,jynfolawGeJ@ EkdifiHa&; acgif;aqmifawG eufeuf±_dif;±_dif; oabmayguf
em;vnfvmatmif }udK;pm;vkyaf qmif=u&rSm jzpfygw,f? tEN, d Ekid if H taeeJ@ urBmvlO;D a&
trsm;qkH; 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHqkdwJh *k%fj'yfeJ@tnD usif}uHaexkdif+yD; urBmhvlxkw&yfvkH; 'Drkd
ua&pDeJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;rsm; jynfhjynfh00 cHpm;cGifh &&Sda&;vkyfief;rSm wufwufºuGºuG OD;
aqmifyg0ifoifhw,fqkdwJh tcsufudk jrefrmh'Drkdua&pD tiftm;pkawGu tcGifh}uKHvmwkdif;
wkdufwGef;=u&rSmjzpfygw,f?
jrefrmh'Drkdua&pDa&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; wnf+idrfwJh &yfwnfr_r&SdwJh EkdifiHtkyfpku
awmh tmpD,HyJ jzpfygw,f? (1967)ckESpfrSm EkdifiH(5)ckeJ@ pwifzGJ@pnf;cJh+yD; tcktcsdefrSm
ta&SŒwDarmrSwyg; a'owGif;u usefEkdifiHtm;vkH;yg0ifae+yDjzpfwJh 'DtzGJ@[m tjcm;
tjcm;aom EkdifiHpkHtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;vkdyJ cspf=unf&if;ESD;a&;/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;/ zGH@+zdK;wkd;
wufa&;/ vkH+cHKa&;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;pwJh &nf&G,fcsufrsm;eJ@ zGJ@pnf;xm;wJh tzGJ@jzpfwmrkd@ &nf
&G,cf su/f tajccHr0l g' vkyif ef;vrf;pOf pwmawGtydik ;f rSm wjcm;tzG@J awGxuf bmrS ydrk xl;
jcm;bl;vkd@ ajym&rSmjzpfygw,f? xl;jcm;wmwcku 'DtzGJ@&JŒ tzGJ@0ifEkdifiHtrsm;pk (txl;
ojzifh yif&if;tzGJ@0if EkdifiHrsm;)[m tzGJ@oufwrf; q,fpkESpf(3)ckausmf umvtwGif;
pD;yGm;a&; w[kex f ;dk wk;d wufvmjcif;jzpfygw,f? aemufx;l jcm;csuf wckuawmh tzG@J xo J @dk
jrefrmEkid if H 0ifa&mufvm+yD; aemufyidk ;f rSm tmpD,t H zG@J e@J ‚if;&JŒ t"du ukeo f , G b
f ufEidk if H
tkyfpkjzpfwJh tD;,lwkd@t=um; qufqHa&;rSm r=umc%qkdovkd tzktxpfawG ay:aygufcJh
+yD; tmpD,HtzGJ@udk,fE_duf twGif;rSmvnf; jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ ywfouf+yD; pdwfuoduatmifh
taESmifht,Suf jzpfp&mawGeJ@ r=umc%}uKHawG@ae&jcif;jzpfygw,f?
tmpD,H[m rlvzGJ@pnf;pu csmwm (yÉd^mOfpmwrf;)awmif r&SdcJhwJh tzGJ@yg?
pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;&,fvkd@ wdwdususr&SdbJ rdwfjzpfaqGjzpf o[m,tzGJ@tpnf;qefqef
zGJ@pnf;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh tzGJ@0ifEkdifiHrsm;&JŒ pD;yGm;a&; w[kefxkd; wkd;wuf jrifhrm;
vm+yD; EkdifiHwum ukefoG,fa&;pifjrifhrSm wae@wjcm; wkd;wkd;+yD; ta&;ygvmwmeJ@tr#
tmpD,H[m rdrdukd,frdrd ayrDa'gufrD EkdifiHpkH tzGJ@tpnf;wckykHpHrsKd; jzpfvmatmif jyKjyif
ajymif;vJ&wmawG &SdvmcJhygw,f? txl;ojzifh 'Duae@vuf&Sd wnfqJEkdifiHwum qufqH
a&;pepfrmS toufaoG;a=umyrm tvGet f a&;ygwhJ 'Drudk a&pDa&;eJ@ vl@tcGit hf a&;awGukd
tav;xm;wJh jyKjyifajymif;vJ zG@J pnf;r_awG vkyv f mcJ&h ygw,f? 'ga=umifh tckq&dk if tmpD,H
csmwm/ tmpD,Hvl@tcGifhta&; aumfr&SifqkdwmawG ay:xGufvmcJh+yD; jzpfygw,f?
tmpD,Hu wzGJ@vkH;taeeJ@ rdrdukd,frdrd EkdifiHwum pHcsdefpH!¸ef;rsm;eJ@ ukdufnDwJh
tzGJ@tpnf;wck jzpfvmatmif jyKjyifajymif;vJ wkd;csJ@jyifqifr_awG vkyfaecsdefrSm rdrdtzGJ@
twGif; t+rJwrf; ckd;vkd;ckvkjzpfae&wJh udpPwckuawmh jrefrmEkdifiHudpPygyJ? tzGJ@twGif;
okd;rnf;waumifvkd jzpfaewJh jrefrmEkdifiH[m ,Ofaus;wJh EkdifiHwum tokdif;t0kdif;eJ@
196
rjzpfrae tquftqH jyKae&wJh tmpD,H EkdifiHacgif;aqmiftrsm;pkudk acgif;cJapcJhwm
tzGJ@twGif;okd@ jrefrmEkdifiH 0ifa&mufvmpuwnf;u jzpfygw,f? ,Ofaus;wJh urBmeJ@
tquftqH enf;yg;jcif;eJ@twl &ifhoD;armufrm cufxef=urf;=uKwfwJh jrefrm ppfacgif;
aqmifawGudk tzGJ@twGif;okd@ qGJxnfhjcif;rSwqihf wjznf;jznf; ,Ofaus;aysmhaysmif;
vmatmif vkyfr,fqkdwJh &nf&G,fcsufeJ@ tar&duefeJ@ taemufEkdifiHawGu twefwef
wm;aewJ=h um;u jrefrmEkid if u H kd tzG@J twGi;f ok@d xnfo h iG ;f cJ=h uwJh tmpD,aH cgi;f aqmifawG
[m tckawmh “udk,fazmfwJhaq; ukd,frpm;0Hh” tjzpfrsKd;eJ@ }uKHawG@ae=u&yg+yD? bmrqkd
wkwfxkd;tkd;ayguf ajymifajymifajymavh&SdwJh rav;&Sm;0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; r[moD,mrkd
[mruf wa,mufom jrefrmEkid if eH @J ywfowfwhJ ol@trSm;ukd 0efc&H ma&mufwhJ pum;awG
ajymcJhayr,fh jrefrmEkdifiHukd tzGJ@xJqGJoGif;cJhwJh usef tmpD,H acgif;aqmifawG[mvnf;
tck t csd e f r S m awmh ol w k d @ trS m ;twG u f
}udwf+yD; aemifw&ae=uzG,f&Sdygw,f?
tmpD,H acgif;aqmifawGudk,fwkdif
'gayr,f h azmfpyfcJh+yD; tckolwkd@rpm;0Hh jzpfae=uwJh
jref r mjy\emuawmh aq;uawmh “wEkid if jH ynfwiG ;f a&;wGif tjcm;
“q&mrEk d i f ES p f a qmif + yKd i f ” wEkdifiHu 0ifa&mufpGufzufcGifh r&Sd”qkdwJh
jy\em jzpf v maew,f aq;yJjzpfygw,f? ukvor*~ yÉd^mOfpmwrf;
qkdwJhtcsufukd rSmvnf; xnfhoGif;xm;wJh tJ'Dpmom;[m
tmpD , H a cgif ; aqmif a wG yif&if;rlv oabmtm;jzifh &nf&G,fcsuf
aumif;rGef+yD; teuft"dy`g,ftm;jzifh euf
wae@wjcm;
±_dif;/ tESpfom&tm;jzifh jynfh0ayr,fh wcsKd@
wkd;wkd;+yD; odvm?
aom tm%m&Sif tpkd;&awGu tJ'Dpmom;
0ef c H v mae =u&ygw,f ? u azmf!¸ef;xm;wJh tcsKyftjcmtm%m
qkdwmudk wvGJtokH;cs+yD; rdrdjynfolawGudk
xifovkd zrf;qD;ESdyfpuf n‡Of;yef;owfjzwf
tEkid u
f siAhf v
dk u
f sciG t
hf jzpf rSw,f v l yk af qmif vmwJt h cgrmS awmh tJ'ED idk if aH wGu jynfoal wG
udk axmufxm;n‡mwmpdwef @J ulnv D w dk hJ ,Ofaus;wJh Edik if w H umtokid ;f t0kid ;f tzk@d rsm;pGm
tcuftcJ awG@&ygw,f? tmpD,H tzGJ@[mvnf; jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ ywfouf+yD; tJovkd
}uKHawG@ae&wm jzpfygw,f?
tmpD,H[m ta&SŒurBmu tzGJ@tpnf;wckjzpfwmeJ@tnD tzGJ@twGif;
ay:aygufvmwJh jy\emawGudk ta&SŒenf;eJ@om ajz&Sif;vkdygw,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh jy\
em&SdaewJh EkdifiHukd vlod&Sif=um; a0zefaxmufjywmrsKd; rvkyfbJ ESpfudk,f=um; wkd;wkd;
wdwfwdwf azsmif;jzajymqkdwmrsKd; jzpfygw,f? ESpfEkdifiH=um; jy\em&Sd&ifvnf; &yfausmf
&Gmausmf tqift h xd a&mufroGm;atmif n‡n d Ed‡ id_ ;f E_id ;f tay;t,l tav#mt h wif;vky+f yD;
197
ajz&Sif;avh&Sd=uygw,f? tmpD,H[mvnf; EkdifiHaygif;pkHyg0ifwJh tzGJ@wckjzpf
wmeJ@tnD tzG@J 0if Ekid if w
H cke@J wck=um;rSm jy\emav; awG&ydS gw,f? AD,uferf
eJ@ uarBm'D;,m;=um;rSm e,fajrjy\em/ uarBm'D;,m;eJ@ xkdif; =um;rSm bk&m;
ausmif;jy\em/ xkdif;eJ@rav;&Sm;=um;rSm xkdif;EkdifiHawmifykdif;u rlpvifcGJxGuf
a&;orm;awGukd ta=umif;jyK+yD;ay:ayguaf ewJh jy\em/ rav;&Sm;eJ@ puFmyl=um;
rSm a&jy\em pwmawGtjyif tmpD,HtzGJ@0if EkdifiHwcsKdŒ yg0if ywfoufaewJh
py&ufwavu|ef;pk jy\emvnf; &Sdaeygw,f? tmpD,H[m tJ'Djy\emawG
udk Ekid if w
H um jy\emtqift h xd a&mufroGm;atmif “ta&SŒ enf;” (wenf;)
“tm&Senf;”eJ@ xdef;xm;EkdifcJhygw,f?
'gayr,fh jrefrmjy\emuawmh “q&mrEkdif ESpfaqmif+yKdif”jy\em
jzpfvmaew,fqkdwJhtcsufukd tmpD,Hacgif;aqmifawG wae@wjcm; wkd;wkd;+yD;
odvm? 0efcHvmae =u&ygw,f? jrefrmEkdifiHu qkd;&Gm;jyif;xef av;eufwJh vl@
tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_ jy\em[m olwkd@t&ifu }uKHawG@zl; ajz&Sif;zl;wJh jy\
emawGe@J tvsm;teH teufcsi;f vk;H 0rwlb;l qkw d m tmpD,aH cgi;f aqmifawG tod
trSwf rjyKrjzpf jyKvmae=u&yg+yD? 'ga=umifhvnf; olwkd@[m 'DbufESpfykdif;rSm
(etz)vkd tpdk;&rsKd;awGudk xdef;csKyfEkdifr,fh tmpD,HcsmwmeJ@ tmpD,H vl@tcGifh
ta&;aumfr&Sif pwmawG ay:xGef;vmzkd@ wGef;tm;ay; vkyfaqmifvmcJh=uwm
jzpfygw,f? tckqkd&if tJ'D &nf&G,fcsufeJ@ }udK;yrf;r_awG taumiftxnfay:
p jyKvmaewmudk jrifawG@ae=u&ygw,f?
'gayr,f h r=umao;cif ES p f r sm;twG i f ; rS m awmh jref r mh t a&;
eJ@ywfouf+yD; tmpD,HwckvkH; taeeJ@yJ=unfh=unfh tzGJ@0if wEkdifiHcsif; taeeJ@yJ
=unfh=unfh &yfwnfcsuf oabmxm;awG[m “ckpmuav;a=umf ckqDxrif;”
qkdovkd rwnfr+idrfeJ@ tawmfhudk udk;±kdŒum;,m; EkdifcJhygw,f?
tJ'Dvkd jzpf&wm&JŒta=umif;&if;uawmh tmpD,H&JŒ rl&if;tzGJ@0ifEkdifiH
awG&JŒ yifukd,fobm0a=umifh jzpfygw,f? tmpD,Hudk pwifzGJ@pnf;cJhwJh rl&if;EkdifiH
(5)cku xkdif;/ zdvpfykdif/ puFmyl/ rav;&Sm;eJ@ tif'kdeD;&Sm;wkd@jzpf=uygw,f? tzGJ@
pwif ay:aygufcJhcsdefwkef;u tJ'DEdkifiH(5)ck&JŒ taetxm;udk avhvm=unfh&if
xkdif;wEkdifiHrSmom tawmftwef yDjyifwJh 'Drkdua&pDpepf&Sd+yD; usefwJh EkdifiHawGu
awmh tm%m&Sief @J tm%m&Siw f ydik ;f Ekid if aH wGcsn;f jzpf=uygw,f? 'ga=umifv
h nf;
tmpD,HtzGJ@&JŒ ausm±kd;tajccHrlrsm;xJrSm tD;,lvkd 'Drkdua&pDa&;/ vl@tcGifhta&;
awG ryg0ifcJhwm jzpfygw,f? 'ghtjyifaemufykdif;rSm tzGJ@0ifjzpfvm=uwJh b±lEkdif;/
AD,uferf/ vmtkd/ uarBm'D;,m;/ jrefrmEkdifiHawGxJrSmvnf; 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiH wckrS
rygcJhygbl;?
198
aemufykdif;rSm tmpD,HtzGJ@ tusyf
wzufrSm u rdrdwkd@udk,fwkdif ±kdufvmwmu wzufrSm rdrdwkd@tzGJ@u
'Drkdua&pDpepf&JŒ 'Drkdua&pDeJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;udk tajcrjyK
tusKd ; w&m;rsm;ud k wJh (rn‡mwrf; ajym&&if vk;H vk;H vsm;vsm;
yk d r k d o abmayguf tav;rxm;wJh) tzGJ@tpnf;wck jzpfae
em;vnf v mr_ e J @ ayr,f h tjcm;wzuf r S m awmh rd r d & J @
rdwf&if; aqG&if; t"du pD;yGm;zufawG (tar&duefeJ@ tD;
pD ; yG m ;zuf E k d i f i H r sm;&J Œ zd t m;/ ,l)u 'Drkdua&pDeJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;udk
tav;xm;wJh Ekid if aH wGjzpfaewma=umifh
wzufrSmu wae@xufwae@
tJ'D pD;yGm;zufawG&ŒJ w&m; enf;vrf;us
ykdykd+yD; ighjrif; igpdkif;
wJh a0zefaxmufjyr_awGudk av;pm;or_
ighavSigxkd;vkyfvmwJh a=umifheJ@yJjzpfjzpf/ rdrd&JŒ tusKd;pD;yGm;
tzGJ@0ifEkdifiHwcku tpkd;& æ oufoufa=umifhyJjzpfjzpf tjyKoabm
wkH@jyefzkd@ wae@wjcm; wkd;wkd;+yD; vkdtyf
vmjcif;yJ jzpfygw,f? rlvtmpD,HEkdifiH
trsm;pku acgif;aqmifawG[m rdrdwkd@
ukd,fwkdifu tm%m&SifeJ@ tm%m&Sifwykdif; (ql[mwkd/ rm;udk@pf/ r[moD,m/ vDuGrf;,l
ponf)awG jzpfae=uwma=umifh a&SŒykid ;f rSm pD;yGm;zuf 'Dru dk a&pDEidk if aH wG&ŒJ vl@tcGit
hf a&;
eJ@ 'Dru dk a&pDa&;qkid &f m axmufjya0zefra_ wGtay: odyt f av;xm; wk@H jyefc=hJ uwm r[kwf
ygbl;? rdrdwkd@udk,fwkdifu 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHawG r[kwfwJhtwGuf a'owGif;u tjcm;'Drkd
ua&pDr&Sw d hJ Ekid if aH wGuv kd nf; taemuf'rD udk a&pDEidk if aH wGu owday;aewh=J um;u pk;d &dryf l
yefr_ wpkHw&mr&SdbJ tzGJ@0ifopfawGtjzpf v_dufv_dufvSJvSJ }udKqkdvufcHcJh=uwm jzpfyg
w,f?
'gayr,fh tajctaeawGu worwfwnf; &yfwef@aewm r[kwfygbl;? tcsdef
umvawG a&G@vsm;ukev f eG f oGm;wmeJ@ tr# rl&if;tzG@J 0if Ekid if t
H m;vk;H vkv d [ dk m wa&GŒa&GŒ
wjznf;jznf;eJ@ 'Drkdua&pDpepfbufudk ykdrkdwdrf;!Gwf vmcJh=uygw,f? 'DtcsdefrSm tzGJ@0if
opf tm%m&Sifwykdif; EkdifiHawGjzpf=uwJh b±lEkdif;/ AD,uferf/ vmtkdeJ@ uarBm'D;,m;
Ekid if w
H @dk u vl@tcGit hf a&;eJ@ 'Drudk a&pDa&; tajctaeawGu wk;d wufrvmbl;qk&d ifawmif
odyf+yD; qkd;qkd;&Gm;&Gm; jzpfrvmcJhayr,fh tar&duefeJ@ tD;,l&JŒ owday;csufawGudk vkH;vkH;
vsm;vsm; vspfvsL±_ypfy,f+yD; tzGJ@twGif;okd@ 0ifcGifhjyKcJhwJh jrefrmEkdifiHu tajctaeawG
uawmh wae@wjcm; ykyd +dk yD; qk;d vmaewmudk olw@dk rsuaf rSmuf jyKcJ=h u&ygw,f? wzufrmS
u rdrw d @dk u,kd wf idk f 'Dru dk a&pDpepf&ŒJ tusK;d w&m;rsm;udk ykrd o dk abmayguf em;vnfvmr_e@J
rdwf&if; aqG&if; pD;yGm;zufEkdifiHrsm;&JŒ zdtm;/ wzufrSmu wae@xufwae@ ykdykd+yD; ighjrif;
igpdkif; ighavSigxkd;vkyfvmwJh tzGJ@0ifEkdifiHwcku tpkd;&/ tJ'DrSmwif tmpD,HtzGJ@[m tck
199
wrsKd; awmf=umwrsKd; rsufESm ESpfckxm;wJh tzGJ@wckjzpf vmawmhwmygyJ? tJ'D
oGijf yif vuQ%m[m 'Dy, J if;ta&;tcif;eJ@ a&$0ga&mif awmfveS af &;wk@d rmS yk+d yD;ay:
vGifxif&Sm; vmcJhygw,f? tmpD,HtzGJ@[m tJ'Dta&; tcif;awG jzpfaecsdefeJ@
jzpf+yD;prSm wrsKd;ajym/ aoG;at;oGm;csdefrSm wrsKd;ajymeJ@ EkdifiHwumtv,frSm
&yfwnfcsuf a&SŒaemufrnDwJh tzGJ@tpnf; wcktjzpf rsufESmysuf t&Suf&p&m
jzpfcJh&ygw,f? tmpD,H[m rdrdwkd@eJ@ pD;yGm;zuf tD;,ltzGJ@t=um; qufqHa&;awG
r}uKHzl;avmufatmif r=umc% tzktxpfawG jzpfcJh&wmawGudkvnf; jrefrm
Ekid if uH kd tzG@J 0iftjzpfvufc+H yD;aemufrmS rS }uKHawG@vmcJ&h ygw,f? 'gt h jyif tmpD,H
[m rdrdwkd@ukd,fwkdifvnf; jrefrmppftpkd;&&JŒ apmfum;r_ukd t}udrf}udrf cHvmcJh&
ygw,f?
'Dvkd tajctersKd;awGeJ@ }uKHcJh/ }uKHae&qJjzpfayr,fh tmpD,H[m tck
tcsdeftxd jrefrmEkdifiHeJ@ ywfoufwJh rdrdwkd@&JŒ rl0g'trSm;eJ@ rdrdwkd@&JŒ t±_H;ukd
0efrcHao;bJ “[efukd,fhzkd@” vkyfaeqJjzpfygw,f? wm0efodwwfr_/ wm0ef,lr_eJ@
yGifhvif;r_ tm;enf;wJha'ou tzGJ@tpnf; wckyDyD tmpD,H[m tJ'DtrSm;eJ@ tJ'D
t±_;H ukd b,fawmhrS 0efcrH mS vnf; r[kwyf gb;l ? jrefrmppftpk;d &[m olw@dk ajym&if
tckr&ayr,fh aemif&r,fhykHrsKd;ukd qufzrf;aeygw,f?
jynfwGif;rSm EkdifiHa&;t& vrf;qkH;a&mufae+yDjzpfwJh jrefrmppftpkd;&
twGufuawmh tmpD,H[m EkdifiHwum zdtm;awG'%fu uif;vGwfatmif 0if
a&mufykef;atmif; ckdv_Hp&m OcGHwckom jzpfygw,f? (etz)[m tJ'D&nf&G,fcsuf
twGufom tmpD,HtzGJ@twGif;okd@ 0ifa&mufcJhwm jzpfygw,f? (etz)&JŒ tJ'D
&nf&, G cf su[ f m wpkw H ckaom twkid ;f twmtxd
atmifjrifjynfhajrmufcJhw,fvkd@vnf; qkdEkdifyg
w,f? (etz)[m tmpD,OH cGH twGi;f ok@d 0ifa&muf
wm0efodwwfr_/
ckv
d cH_ iG hf &&Sad ejcif;jzifh Ekid if w
H um&JŒ a0zef±w
_ cf sra_ wG
wm0ef , l r _ e J @ uae tawmftwef oufom&m &aewJhtjyif
yGifhvif;r_ tar&duefeJ@ tD;,l&JŒ pD;yGm;a&; '%fcwfydwfqkd@r_
tm;enf ; wJ h a 'ou awG&JŒ oufa&mufr_ukdvnf; tmpD,HtzGJ@&JŒ tul
tzG J @ tpnf ; wck y D y D tnDeJ@ wpkHw&m av#mhcsEkdifaewmjzpfvkd@ (etz)
tmpD , H [ m twGuf tmpD,HtzGJ@0ifjzpfjcif;[m tusKd;tjrwf
tJ'DtrSm;eJ@ tJ'D rsm;pGm jzpfxGef;aeayr,fh tmpD,HtwGufuawmh
t±_H;ukd b,fawmhrS tzGJ@0ifEkdifiHta&twGuf wkd;vmwm wckuvGJ+yD;
0ef c H r S m vnf ; t±_H;csnf;yJvkd@ qkd&rSmjzpfygw,f?
r[k w f y gbl ; b,fvkdyJjzpfjzpf tmpD,HtzGJ@eJ@ ywf
ouf+yD; jrefrmh'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkawG vkyfEkdif
200
wmawG tawmfrsm;rsm;&Sad eygw,f? tJ'x D rJ mS tck&+dS yD;om;jzpfwhJ (Alternative
Asean)tzGJ@[m tm;taumif;qkH; pifjrifhjzpfEkdifygw,f? 'ghtjyifvuf&Sd &Sdae
+yD;om; aemufxyf tzGJ@tpnf;wckjzpfwJh “jrefrmEkdifiHqkdif&m tmpD,H ygvDref
trwfrsm;tzGJ@”[mvnf; jrefrmh'Drkdua&pDa&;twGuf tifrwef tzkd;wefwJh
tzG@J tpnf;jzpfwmrk@d 'DtzG@J ukd ykrd }dk uD;xGm; tm;aumif;vmatmif jrefrmh'rD u dk a&
pD tiftm;pkrsm;u tm;oGef}udK;yrf; oifh=uygw,f? wcsdefwnf;rSm a'owGif;
Ekid if aH wGu jrefrmh'rD u dk a&pDa&;vkv d m;wJh yk*K~ vd af wGyg0ifwhJ pma&;q&m tzG@J awG/
q&m0eftzGJ@awG/ tif*sifeD,mtzGJ@awG/ tEkynm&SiftzGJ@awG pojzifh zGJ@Ekdifor#
zGJ@+yD; oufqkdif&mtpkd;&awGeJ@ tmpD,HtzGJ@wckvkH; jrefrmh'Drkdua&pDa&; ykdrkdvkyf
aqmifvmatmif 0kdif;wGef;=uzkd@vkdtyfygw,f? tmpD,HEkdifiHtrsm;pk 'Drkdua&pD
bufy+dk yD; wdr;f !Gwv f m=uwmeJ@tr# olw@dk Eidk if aH wGrmS jrefrmh'rD u dk a&pD tiftm;
pkawGudk tajcpkdufv_yf&Sm;cGifh ykdrkday;vmwJh tcsufukd tcGifhaumif;w&yftjzpf
t&,l+yD; jrefrmh'Drkdua&pD tiftm;pkawGtaeeJ@ raerem; nDnD!Gwf!Gwf
tm;pkdufcGefpkduf vkyfaqmif=uzkd@ txl;yifvkdtyfae+yDjzpfygw,f?
cifAsm;ar;cGef;twGuf usaemfykdif;xm;wJh aemufqkH;tydkif;uawmh
“jrefrmEkdifiHESifh tajctaecsif;qifwlaom EkdifiHrsm;” jzpfygw,f? 'Dtykdif;udk
xnfo h iG ;f aqG;aEG;xm;wmu tJ'ED idk if aH wGu 'Dru dk a&pDa&;eJ@ vl@tcGit hf a&; tajc
taeawGudk jrefrmEdkifiHu tajctaeawGeJ@ E_dif;,SOfokH;oyf+yD; jrefrmh'Drkdua&pD
tiftm;pkawGtaeeJ@ rdrw d @dk wu
dk yf &JG ŒJ atmifjrifEidk rf _ tvm;tvmawGukd cef@reS ;f
wGufcsufEkdifzkd@jzpfygw,f?
urBmay:rSm tm%m&SifeJ@ tm%m&Sifwykdif;EkdifiHawG tawmftwef&Sd
aeygao;w,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'DtxJrSm ,Ofaus;wJh EdkifiHwum tokdif;t0kdif;u
tpkd;&qkd;awG tkyfcsKyfaevkd@ “EkdifiHqkd;awG (Rogue States)vkd@ owfrSwfxm;wJh
EkdifiHuawmh odyf rsm;rsm;pm;pm; r&Sdygbl;? pHE_ef;trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ qefcgwkdufcsvkdufwJh
tcgaemufq;Hk usecf w hJ hJ tqk;d qk;H tm%m&SiEf idk if H ta&twGuu f vufwzufu
vufacsmif;av;awG ta&twGuf avmufyJ&SdrSmyg? tJ'DEkdifiHawGuawmh ql'ef/
ajrmufu&dk ;D ,m;/ ZifbmabGe@J jrefrmwk@d jzpfr,fxifygw,f/ tckjrefrmudx k m;+yD;
usefwJh (3)EkdifiH&J@ tajctaeeJ@ 'Drkdua&pDtvm;tvmawGudk tusOf;r# okH;oyf
azmfjyyghr,f?
ql'ef EkdifiHqkd;pm&if;xJ 0ifae&wmu tm%m&aewJh tm&yfEG,fzGm;
tpdk;&u 'gzm;a'ou tmz&duEG,fzGm; jynfolawGukd *sef*sm0dac: tm&yfEG,f
zGm; jrif;pD;aoewfudkif vl&rf;um;awG tokH;jyK+yD; vlrqefpGm ESdyfpufn‡Of;yef;
aewma=umifh jzpfygw,f? 'gzm;a'ou vlom;csif; pmemr_qkdif&m tusyf
twnf; (Humanitaran Crsis)u }uD;rm;jyif;xef euf±_dif;vGef;vSavawmh
201
usefwJh a'ou jynfolawGtay: ql'eftpkd;& b,fvkdqufqHjyKrlovJqkdwJh udpP[m
rD'D,mawGay: a&mufrvmawmhygbl;? 'ga=umifh ql'eftpkd;&[m ol@jynfoltm;vkH;
tay: w&m;eJ@tnD tkyfpkd;r_&Sd r&SdqkdwJh tcsufudk urBmu rodoavmuf jzpfae&ygw,f?
'gayr,fh 'gzm;u vkyf&yfudk =unfhjcif;tm;jzifhawmh ql'eftpkd;&&JŒ tESpfom&udk cef@rSef;
Ekdifygw,f? aocsmwmwckuawmh ql'eftpdk;&[m tm%m&Sif tpkd;&rsm;&JŒ xkH;pHtwkdif;
EkdifiHwum tokdif;t0kdif; txl;ojzifh ukvor*~udk rxDrJhjyifjyKvkd@ &&ifjyK/ jyKvkd@r&&if
trsKd;rsKd;vSnfhpm; aew,fqkdwmygyJ? 'gzm;a'orSm vuf&Sd&SdaewJh tmz&duor*~&JŒ rjzpf
pavmuf +idr;f csr;f a&;xde;f wyfz@JG uav;ae&mrSm trSew f u,f xdxd a&mufa&muf wm0ef
,lEkdifr,fh ukvor*~wyfzGJ@csxm;a&;udpPudk trsKd;rsKd; vSnfhywfa&Smif&Sm;ae+yD; aemufqkH;
rwwfomvkd@ oabmwlvkduf&+yD;wJh aemufrSmawmifrS vufawG@ taumiftxnfazmf
vk@d r&atmif taESmift h ,Suaf wG trsK;d rsK;d ay;aeygw,f? ol@ukd vufeufa&mif;/ ol@qu D
a&eH0,faewJh w±kwfudk,fwkdif yg0ifoabmwlxm;wJh vkH+cHKa&;aumifpD qkH;jzwfcsufudk
awmif ql'eftpk;d &u (tcktxd) vSnyhf wfa&Smifajy; aeEkid af o;wmud=k unf&h if ukvor*~
&JŒ pGrf;aqmif&nftm;enf;r_udk jrefrmh'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkawG xyfrHjrifawG@Ekdif=urSm
jzpfygw,f?
wukd,fawmf {upmusifhokH;wJh &aohEkdifiHtjzpf &nf!¸ef;avh&Sd=uwJh ajrmuf
ukd&D;,m;uawmh urBmay:rSm tv#Kd@0SufqkH; tod&tcufqkH; a&S;a[mif; uGefjrLepf0g'D
tm%m&SiEf idk if w H ck jzpfygw,f? w±kwjf ynfu armfpw D ;Hk eJ@ acwf+yKdif uiftq D eG ;f [m ajrmuf
ukd&D;,m;EkdifiHudk uGefjrLepf0g'&JŒ tajccHrljzpfwJh ypPnf;rJhtm%m&SifpepfeJ@ tkyfcsKyfcJhwm
a=umifh ol@vufxufrSm twkduftcHawG&JŒ v_yf&Sm;r_&,fvkd@ rawG@cJh&oavmufygyJ? tJ'D
tajctae[m om;jzpfol uif*sKHtD;vufxufrSm ydkqkd;vmcJhygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'DEdkifiHu
'Drkdua&pDa&;eJ@ vl@tcGifhta&; tajctaeta=umif; ajym&&ifawmh qkd;ovm;/ aumif;
ovm;vkd@awmif rajymEkdifavmufatmif arSmifrkdufaeygw,f? tusKd;qufwck uawmh
{&mrppfwyf}uD;&Sd+yD; t%kjrLAkH; xkwfvkyfwJhenf;ynmudk ykdifqkdifxm;ayr,fh jynfolawG
uawmh EdkifiHwum&JŒ ulnDaxmufyHhr_awG tay:rSmom vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm; rSDckdae&wJh
tjzpfygyJ? wwkdif;jynfvkH;udk tarSmifwkdufxJ xnfhxm;+yD; t%kjrLaomhcavmufeJ@ ydwf
xm;wJh 'DEkdifiHudk ukvor*~vnf; bmrSrwwfEkdifjzpfaeygw,f? 'ghtjyif +yKH,rf;u tpdk;&
udk 0kdif;n‡yfazsmif;jzzkd@ }udK;yrf;aewJh (6)EdkifiHtpnf;ta0; qkdwmuvnf; uif*sKHtD;
tpdk;&&JŒ wD;vkH;eJ@ tnDom vkdufuae&wJh ,drf;tzGJ@wckxuf bmrSrykdygbl;?
jrefrmEkdifiHvkdyJ o,HZmw aygºuG,f0ayr,fh jrefrmEkdifiHvkdyJ (LDC) pm&if;xJ
a&mufaewJh us±;H_ Ekid if H (Failed State) wckuawmh ZifbmabGjzpfygw,f? aiGa=u;azmif;yG
r_Ee_ ;f eJ@ ywfouf+yD; aemifEpS &f meJ@ rcsaD wmif q,fe@J cs+D yD; tjcm;b,fEidk if rH S vku d v
f @dk rrDEidk f
avmufatmif pHcsdefopfawG wif+yD;&if;wifaewJh tJ'DEkdifiHtckvkd vkH;0,kd,Gif;ysufpD;aewJh
EkdifiHwcktjzpfokd@ usa&mufae&wm[m tm%m&Sifqkd;wkd@&JŒ xkH;pHtwkdif; tm%mukd
202
&moufyef udkifpGJxm;vkdwJh orRwa&mbwfrl*gbDa=umifh jzpfygw,f? olpdwf±l;aygufwkdif;
xvkyfcJhwJh (2000)ckESpfu vljzLawGqDu ajr,mawGudk odrf;,l+yD; vlrnf;awGukd a0iSwJh
pDru H ed ;f tygt0if vGrJ mS ;wJh pD;yGm;a&; pDrcH ef@crJG a_ wGa=umifh wkid ;f jynf tckavmuf c|w+f cKHus
oGm;cJh&wm jzpfw,fvkd@ wpdwfwykdif; qkdEkdifayr,fh t"duta=umif;uawmh tm%mukd
&moufyef pGJudkifxm;vkdwJh rl*gbD&JŒ acwfpepfeJ@vnf; ravsmfnD/ w&m;Oya'eJ@vnf;
rnD/ avmued,mreJ@vnf; rnDwJh qENyJjzpfygw,f? twkduftcHawGudk enf;rsKd;pkHokH;+yD;
n‡O;f qJEydS u f yG w f ahJ e&m/ wkid ;f jynftajctae qk;d aewmtwGuf ukv d edk v D ufopfEikd if q
H w
dk m
awGudk vufn‡dK;aigufaigufxkd;+yD; &efawG@wJh ae&mawGrSm rl*gbDeJ@ jrefrmjynfu ppfAkdvf
csKyfawG wxyfwnf; wlnDayr,fh rl*gbDu ukdvkdeDawmfvSefa&; olykefacgif;aqmif jzpfcJhzl;
wm? ol@&JŒ EkdifiHa&; vkyfaqmifr_awGa=umifh +Adwdo#wkd@&JŒ axmifoGif; tusOf;csjcif;ukd
cHc&hJ zl;wmpwJh Ekid if aH &;t&if;tES;D (political capital)awG &Scd w hJ ma=umifh 'Dae&mrSmawmh
olu (etz)AkdvfcsKyfawGxuf omao;w,fvkd@ qkd&ygvdrfhr,f? 'gayr,fh jrefrmh EkdifiHa&;
orkdif;rSm b}uD;bazvkd@ todrsm;=uwJh OD;baz[m vkyfaqmifcsufawG rSefuefaewJh
wcsdefrSm “azyk&Sdef t*Fvefeef;ajr toGm;rSmjzifh/ oajyEkcsdefwif&ef yef;awGuvnf;
rsm;ygbo d eJ@”vk@d *k%jf yKwifpm;jcif;cHc&hJ ayr,fh vkyaf qmifcsuaf wG rrSeu f efawmhwhJ tcsed f
rSmawmh “awmifusa& EGm;ESpfaumif r0ovkdy/ armifbaz ig;axmifr&wma=umifh”
&,fvkd@ ESdyfuGyfacsc|wfjcif;cHcJh&ovkdyJ trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;umvrSm ukd,fusKd;pGef@
wku d yf 0JG ifcvhJ @dk ol&aJ umif; jzpfcw hJ hJ rl*gb[
D m tcktcsed rf mS awmh rdrt d m%m wnf+rJa&;udk
wkid ;f jynfaumif;pm;a&;&JŒ a&SŒrSmxm;wJh uk, d u
f sK;d &SmtwWorm;}uD;jzpfae+yDr@dk jynfwiG ;f rSm
vnf; jynfolvlxk}uD;&JŒ rkef;wD;jcif;cHae&+yD; jynfyrSmvnf; ,Ofaus;wJh EkdifiHwum
tokdif;t0kdif;&JŒ txifao; tjrifao;eJ@ qef@usifuef@uGuf ±_wfcsr_awGudk cH,lae&yg
w,f? vuf&Sd tajctaerSm rwwfomawmhvkd@ twkduftcH acgif;aqmif armf*ifqAif
*D&mtDukd 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;ay;+yD; Ekid if w H umzdtm; awG wpkw H ckaom twkid ;f twmtxd
avsmo h mG ;atmif vkyx f m;ayr,fh rl*gbD OD;aqmifwhJ w&m;Oya'eJ@ rnDwhJ tm%m,E &W m;
}uD;uom tay:pD;rSm&Sad eqJr@dk tJ't D m%m,E &W m;}uD; ed*;Hk csKyfomG ;rSomv#if ZifbmabG
EkdifiH&JŒ euf±_dif;vSwJh jy\emawGudk t&if;cHusus ajz&Sif;EkdifrSmjzpfygw,f? tckvuf&SdrSm
ZifbmabG Ekid if &H ŒJ twku d t f cH tiftm;pkawG[mvnf; ckid u f sn&f 0J phH mG &yfwnfcrhJ a_ =umifh
tESdyfuGyfcHae&wJh =um;uyJ wpwp tiftm;aumif; vmae+yDjzpfwJhtjyif ZifbmabG
jy\emtay: EkdifiHwum&JŒ tm±kHpl;pkdufr_uvnf; wae@wjcm; wkd;jrifhvmaewma=umifh
ZifbmabGEkdifiHrSm ajrmufukd&D;,m;eJ@ rwlbJ odyfr=umawmhr,fh ESpftenf;i,ftwGif;
'Drkdua&pD &SifoefzGH@+zdK;vmvdrfhr,fvkd@ ar#mfvifhEkdifygw,f? Õ
203
ar;? ? (2010)ckEpS rf mS usi;f yr,fv@dk (etz)u a=unmxm;wJh
a&G;aumufyGJeJ@ywfouf+yD; jrefrmhEkdifiHa&; tiftm;pkawGtwGif;
oabmxm;awG trsKd;rsKd; xGufay:aewm =um;ae&w,f? tJ'D
a&G;aumufyGJeJ@ ywfouf+yD; 'Drkdua&pD tiftm;pkawGu b,fvkd
oabmxm;oifhw,fvkd@ cifAsm;,lqygovJ?
ajz? ? oabmxm;trsKd;rsKd;qkdwJh ae&mrSm t"dutm;jzifh okH;rsKd;yJ&Sdw,fvkd@ usaemf
xifygw,f? yxrqkH;wrsKd;u (wpn)/ &Spfq,fh&SpfrsKd;qufausmif;om;tzGJ@eJ@ (NLD)
wk@d udk ykrH mS ;±ku
d x f m;wJt h zG@J awGe@J (etz)&JŒ aemufq;Hk trsK;d om;nDvmcHudk wufa&mufchJ
=uwJ/h (NLD)&JŒ yifrtajccHrlrsm;ukd ausmckdif;oGm;cJh=uwJh v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f wpk
wk@d &ŒJ oabmxm;jzpfygw,f? a&mufwwf&m&mawGukd av#mufajymae=uayr,fh olw@dk &ŒJ
tajccH&yfwnfcsufoabmxm;u (etz)ajymor# vkyfor#udk rsufpdrSdwf axmufcHzkd@yJ
jzpfygw,f? (wpn)udk z,fxm;vkduf&if usefwJholawG[m &Spfav;vkH; ta&;awmfykHrSm
wenf;enf;eJ@ yg0ifqifE$JcJh=uolawG jzpfygw,f? tckolwkd@rSm&SdaewJh oabmxm;[m
ta&;awmfyt Hk wGi;f u &Scd w hJ hJ oabmxm;yJv@dk ow l @dk ,lqae=uovm;? 'grrS [kwf ajymif;
oGm;+yDvm;? ajymif;oGm;w,fqkd&if tJ'Dajymif;oGm;wJh oabmxm;twGuf aphaqmfr_
(motive) tppftrSeu f bmvJqw dk mawGuakd wmh olw@dk u, kd w f idk ef @J bk&m;ocifyJ odygvrd hf
r,f? usaemfuawmh olwkd@tm;vkH;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; wcgu a&'D,kdaqG;aEG;cef;wckrSm ajym
cJw
h hJ jynfya&muf 'Dru dk a&pDbufawmfom;wOD;jzpfol udak tmif'if&ŒJ “tajccH&yfwnfcsuf
oabmxm;csi;f ajzmifah jzmif}h uD; qef@usiaf ewJh olawGe@J aqG;aEG;vnf; bmtusK;d rS &Srd mS
r[kwfvkd@ raqG;aEG;csifygbl;”qkdwJh pum;ukdyJ c%iSm;+yD; ajymcsifygw,f?
'kw, d oabmxm;wrsK;d uawmh jrefrmEkid if t H wGi;f u vlo&d iS =f um; yk*K~ v d w f csKŒd
uyg yg0ifaxmufcHajymqkdae=uwJh (2010)a&G;aumufyJGrSm yg0ifqifE$Ja&; jzpfygw,f?
olwkd@&JŒ t,ltqu 'Dvkdyg? (2010)a&G;aumufyGJ pwifjrpfzsm;cH&mjzpfwJh trsKd;om;nD
vmcH qkdwm[m twkta,mifjzpfw,f qkdwmudk ol@wkd@odygw,f? tJ'DnDvmcHu xGuf
ay:vmwJh tajccHOya'qkw d mudk jynfov l x
l t k rsm;pk qENreJ @J twnfjyKcJw h ,fqw dk hJ vlxk
qENcH,lyGJ qkdwm[mvnf; twkta,mifjzpfw,fqkdwmudk olwkd@odygw,f? tJovkdyJ
tJ'D twkta,mif ESpfck&JŒ tusKd;quf&v'fjzpfwJh (2010)a&G;aumufyGJ qkdwm[mvnf;
twkta,mifyJ jzpfw,fqkdwmudk olwkd@odygw,f? 'gayr,fh (etz)u b,fol ajymwm
udkrS *±krpkdufbJ tJ'Da&G;aumufyGJudk rjzpfjzpfatmif usif;yoGm;zkd@ ykdif;jzwfxm;+yD; jzpf
w,f? 'ga=umifh tajctae[m (90)a&G;aumufyGJ&v'f ouf&Sdxif&Sm; (valid) jzpfae
wJh tajctaeuae t&nftaoG;t&udk ajymif;vJoGm;+yD jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Drkdua&
pDtiftm;pkawGtaeeJ@ txkid af [mif;u &yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;ykH ta[mif;ukd pGe@f vw $ +f yD; txdik f
opfrmS &yfwnf v_y&f mS ;ykt H opfe@J pcef;oGm;&r,f? tajctaet& wjcm; 'gx h uf aumif;
204
wJh a&G;p&mvrf; r&Sdawmhbl;? 'DvkdrSenf;y&d,m,frajymif;&if rdrdwkd@rSm v_yf&Sm;p&m ae&m
vGwf (space)aysmufoGm;r,f? tJovkd raysmufcsif&if tJ'Da&G;aumufyGJudk rjzpfrae0if
&r,f? 'Dvkdjzpfygw,f?
'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkawG (2010)a&G;aumufyGJ0ifzkd@ vkdtyfw,fqkdwJh oabm
xm;rSmyJ tkyfpkESpfpk uGJaewmudk avhvmawG@&Sd&ygw,f? wpku b,fyk*~Kdvf/ b,fygwD
&,fvkd@ rcGJjcm;bJ 'Drkdua&pDa&; wufºuGv_yf&Sm;aeol rSefor# tJ'Da&G;aumufyGJrSm yg0if
qifE$Ja&; (vlwkdif; a&G;aumufyGJ0ifa&; r[kwfyg) jzpfygw,f? olwkd@&JŒ aºuG;a=umfoHu
“etz ay;xm;wJh wHcg;ayguu f 0if &oavmuf ae&m rsm;rsm;,l+yD;rS 'Dru dk a&pD pnf;0dik ;f
udk csJŒ,l=u”qkdwmjzpfygw,f?
aemuftkyfpkwck&JŒ oabmxm;uawmh (2010)a&G;aumufyGJudk (NLD) r0if
oifb h ;l ? (90)a&G;aumufyrJG mS a&G;cs,cf x H m;&wJh v$waf wmfu, dk pf m;vS,af wG r0ifoihb f ;l ?
'gayr,fh tjcm;'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkawG (wenf;)wwd,tiftm;pkawGuawmh 0ifoihf
w,f qkdwmjzpfygw,f? 'Dtkyfpk&JŒ ta=umif;jycsufu 'Drkdua&pD bufawmfom;awG
wa,mufrS a&G;aumufyJG r0ifb;l qk&d if a&G;aumufyaJG e@rmS 'Dru dk a&pDvv dk m;wJh jynfoal wG
[m xnfhp&mrJykH; r&SdjzpfoGm;vdrfhr,f? tusKd;quftjzpf (etz)&JŒ bufawmfom; ygwD
awGuom a&G;aumufyu JG kd tkypf ;D rdomG ;+yD; tJ'aD &G;aumufyu JG ay:ayguv f mayr,fh v$wf
awmfuvnf; (etz)uom vk;H vk;H vsm;vsm;csKyfuidk x f m;wJh v$waf wmfjzpfomG ;vdrrfh ,f?
tJovkq d &dk if jynfovl x
l rk mS ajyma&;qkcd iG &hf ,fv@dk vk;H vk;H r&Sw d hJ tajctaeukd a&mufomG ;
vdrfhr,f qkdwmjzpfygw,f?
wwd,eJ@ aemufqkH; oabm
xm;uawmh w&m;0if a =unmcsuf
tjzpf xkwfjyef+yD; wdwdusus a=unm
ajymqkdjcif; r&Sdao;ayr,fh tjcm;aom 'Drkdua&pDudk
ta=umif;tm;avsmfpGm xkwfjyefcJhwJh ES d y f u G y f a csr_ e f ; &mrS m
a=unmcsufawGuwqifh/ a&'D,kd awG@ urB m h b ,f a e&mrS m rS
qkHar;jref; cef;awGuwqifh (NLD)u b,fwkef;urS
xkwfazmfjyoaewJh oabmxm;jzpfyg
ray:cJ h z l ; avmuf a tmif
w,f ? tJ ' guawmh rd r d w k d @ taeeJ @
qkd;&Gm;wJh
(1990) a&G;aumuf yGJ&v'fudk wenf;
enf;eJ@ taumiftxnf razmfrcsif;
tajccH O ya'rsKd ;
wjcm; b,fa&G;aumufyu JG rkd S xnfo h iG ;f jzpfw,fqkdwmudkvnf;
pOf;pm;rSm r[kwfbl;qkdwJh oabmxm; ol w k d @ aocsmayguf od = urS m yg?
jzpfygw,f?
205
'Drkdua&pD tiftm;pkawGtwGif; tajccHtm;jzifh tJovkd oabmxm;
ESprf sK;d uGjJ ym;aewhaJ e&mrSm usaemh&f ŒJ &yfwnfcsuu f awmh (NLD)&JŒ &yfwnfcsuf
eJ@ wxyfwnf;wlygw,f?
(2010)a&G;aumufyu JG kd 0ifoifw
h ,fqw dk hJ 'Dru
dk a&pD bufawmfom;awG
&JŒ apwemeJ@ &nf&G,fcsufudk av;pm;ayr,fh olwkd@&JŒ awG;ac:ajrmfjrifykHenf;vrf;
(way of thinking)eJ@ ywfoufvkd@awmh ar;cGef;xkwfp&m wcsKdŒ usaemfhrSm &Sdae
wmtrSefygyJ?
pmayeJ@ EkdifiHa&;e,fy,f
rSm tawmftwef jrifhrm;wJhae&meJ@
*k%fj'yfukd &&Sdxm;olawGyg yg0ifwJh
tJ'Dtkyfpk[m rJqEN&Sif jynfolvlxk
&JŒ axmufcHrJ(90µ)ausmfeJ@ twnf Adkvfoef;a&$wkd@[m
jyKxm;wmjzpfw,fvkd@qkdwJh (etz) (1974)wk e f ; u
&JŒtajccHOya'qkw d mudk tEkvyHk ÉdvHk Ad k v f a e0if ;
zwf±_ avhvm+yD; jzpf=urSm aocsmyg
wifqufcJhzl;wJh
w,f ? tJ o vk d a vh v m+yD ; jzpf w J h
rsufvSnfhjyuGufrsdK;udkyJ
tavsmuf tJ'D tajccHOya'[m
(jynfytajcpkduf jrefrmEdkifiH a&S@ae
xyfrHwifqufjyozkd@
rsm; aumifpDtwGif;a&;rSL; OD;atmif }ud K ;pm;ae=ujyef + yD æ
xl; ajymovkd) 'Drkdua&pDudk ESdyfuGyf
acsr_ef;&mrSm urBmhb,fae&mrSmrS
b,f w k e f ; urS ray:cJ h z l ; avmuf
atmif qk;d &Gm;wJh tajccHOya'rsK;d jzpf
w,fqkdwmudkvnf; olwkd@ aocsm
ayguf od=urSmyg? (etz)[m ol@
b0 tawG@t}uKHt& ol@ab;ol@tE &W m,fudk aumif;aumif;odygw,f? 'ga=umifh
tESpf(20)vkH;vkH; aoaocsmcsm tcsdef,ljyifqif+yD; ol@&JŒ vkH+cKHa&;twGuf tjynfh
t0tmrcHcsu&f rdS ,fh (wenf;) ppftm%m&Sipf epf &moufyef wnfw h chH idk f +rJapr,fh
tajccHOya'udk ZGwfa&;qGJ/ ZGwftwnfjyK+yD; a&G;aumufyGJukd ZGwfvkyfzkd@
pDpOfaewmjzpfygw,f? tJ't D ajccHOya'[m 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pkawG&ŒJ twGi;f u
0ifzsufr,fh tE W&m,fudkvnf; aumif;aumif;odxm;wJh (etz)u tJovkd 0if
zsufvkd@ r&Ekdifatmifvnf; aoaocsmcsm tuGufaphapheJ@ [muGufr&Sdatmif
ydwfqkd@xm;wJh tajccHOya'jzpfw,fqkdwJhtcsuf[m EkdifiHa&; avhvmolwdkif;
twGuf v,fjyifrmS qifomG ;ovkd xif&mS ;ay:vGiaf eygw,f? tJovdk tajccHOya'
206
rsKd;atmufudk acgif;v#Kd0ifa&muf+yD; 'Drkdua&pDpnf;0kdif;ukd b,fvkdcsJŒxGifrvJqkd
wm ^m%f}uD;&Siw f @dk tawG;udk vku d rf rDEidk af wmhv@dk usaemfawmh b,fvrdk S pOf;pm;
vkd@r&wm trSefygyJ?
(2010)a&G;aumufyu JG ay:ayguv f mr,fh v$waf wmfudk ppfAv dk f wrwf
om; v$waf wmfv@dk ac:ae=uwJh olawG/ tJ'D v$waf wmfrmS ppfwyfu (25µ)yJyg+yD;
jynfolvlxku (75µ)awmif ygrSmqkdawmh tJ'D(75µ)xJu &mckdifE_ef;tawmf
rsm;rsm;udk &atmif,El idk &f if ppfwyfukd vkycf siw f m vkyv f @dk r&atmif xde;f csKyfxm;
Ekdifvdrfhr,fvkd@ ajymqkdae=uwJh olawG&JŒ EkdifiHa&;todynm twdrfteufukd
usaemf ar;cGef;rxkwfvkdayr,fh rxkwf&ifb,fvkdrSrjzpfvkd@ tm;emyg;emeJ@yJ tJ'D
vly*k K~ v d af wGukd usaemfxw k cf siw f hJ ar;cGe;f wckawmh&ydS gw,f? tJ'guawmh vl}uD;
rif;wk@d [m (2010)a&G;aumufyu JG rdrw d @dk &&Srd ,fh tjrwfawG(usaemfuawmh tJ'D
tjrwfqkdwmukdvnf; wHv#yfwckvkd@yJ ,lqygw,f?)udkyJ wGufcsufae=uayr,fh
udk,fhbufu ay;vdkuf&r,fh t±_H;&JŒ wefzdk;udka&m wGufcsufrd=u&JŒvm; qdkwmyJ
jzpfygw,f?
'Dae&mrSm usaemf Oyrmwckudk wifjycsifygw,f? tJ'DOyrmeJ@ (2010)
a&G;aumufyGJ udkufnDqDavsmfr_ &dSr&dSqdkwmukdawmh rdrdqENtwdkif; qHk;jzwfEdkif
ygw,f?
cifAsm;rSm aiGwaxmif&dSw,f? tJ'DaiGwaxmifukd vlwa,mufu vk
,lomG ;w,f? +yD;awmh tESpEf pS q f ,fv;kH tJ'aD iGukd olyidk o f zG,f olxifovdk oH;k pGJ
w,f? ywf0ef;usifu vlawGtm;vHk;u tJ'DaiG&JŒ ydkif&Siftppf b,folqdkwm/
"m;jywdkufoGm;wJh ol b,fol qdkwmudk od=uw,f? wcsKdŒu "m;jy&JŒ vkyf&yfudk
us,fus,f a0zef=uw,f? wcsKdŒu wdk;wdk; a0zef=uw,f? wcsKdŒuawmh udk,f
usdK; =unfh+yD; bmrSrajym=ubl;? 'gayr,fh "m;jy[m "m;jyyJvkd@awmh tm;vHk;u
odae=uw,f? rwwfomvkd@ qufqHae=uwJh olawGuawmif ol@ukdrcspfaomf
vnf; atmihfumerf;ae=u&wm jzpfw,fqdkwmudk "m;jyuodw,f? "m;jy[m
vk,x l m;wJah iGukd jyefray;csiaf yr,fh ywf0ef;usiu f vl tm;vH;k uol@tay: "m;jy
vkd@jrifaewm cHae&wJh tjzpfudkvnf; ajymif;vJypfcsifw,f? 'Dvdk ajymif;vJypf
EdkifrSvnf; ol@b0 tem*wftwGuf vkH+cKHa&; tmrcHcsuf&dSEdkifr,f? tenf;qHk;
awmh t+rJpdk;wxdwfxdwf aeae&wJhtajctaeuae wpHkw&m oufom&m&
Edik rf mS jzpfw,f? 'Dawmhou l tJ'aD iGwaxmif&ŒJ rlvydik &f iS jf zpfwhJ cifAsm;eJ@ vmnd‡
w,f? olvk,lxm;wJh aiGwaxmifxJu wusyfudk jyefay;r,f? tJovdk jyefay;
wJhtwGuf olawmif;qdkwmu cifAsm;u aus;Zl;wkH@jyefwJh taeeJ@ cifAsm;qDu
vGecf w hJ hJ tESpEf pS qf ,fu olv, k o l mG ;cJw
h hJ aiGwaxmifusypf vH;k udk jyefvnf&&d+S yD;
jzpfwJhta=umif; 'grSr[kwf usefaiG (999)usyfudk cifAsm;u ol@udk aususeyfeyf
207
=unf=unfjzLjzL ay;tyfvkduf+yDjzpfa=umif;/ 'grSr[kwf vGefcJhwJh tESpfESpfq,fu

tJ'D aiGwaxmifukd cifAsm;u ol@ukd ausauseyfeyf =unf=unfjzLjzL ay;tyfcw hJ m
omjzpfa=umif; vlod&Sif=um; a=unmay;&r,f? usaemhf Oyrmuawmh 'gygyJ?
(2010)a&G;aumufyGJ[m usm;pum;eJ@ ajymr,fqdk&if waumifau|;
oHk;aumifpm;+yD; uif;aygufzkd@ }uHpnfaewJh (etz)&JŒ axmifacsmufjzpfw,fqdk
wm tifrwef ±kd;om;EHktygw,fqdkwJh jrefrmEdkifiHom;awGawmif odae=uwmrkd@
+rdKŒawmfr[m&efuek rf mS ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm tajcpdu
k af exdik v
f mcJ=h uwJh Edik if aH &;yka&m
[dwf}uD;awG rodbJaerSm r[kwfygbl;? “igwkd@u odw,fæ (etz)ukd yl;owfzkd@
}uHaewmuG”vdk@ ajym=urvm;awmh rodygbl;? tJovdkqdk&ifawmh (rqv)
acwfwkef;u Adkvfae0if;&ifcGifxJ 0if+yD; Adkvfae0if;udk udk,fav#mufapcsifwJh vrf;
twdkif; vdkufygav#mufvSrf;vmatmif pnf;±kH;odrf;oGif;zkd@ }udK;pm;cJh=uzl;wJh
a&SŒrDaemufrD EdkifiHa&; orm;}uD;wcsKdŒ&JŒ tawG@t}uKHudk em;axmif=unfh=uygOD;
vkd@ t}uHay;yg&ap? (tJ'DEdkifiHa&;orm;}uD;awGu olwkd@&JŒ tawG@t}uKHeJ@ trSm;
trSefqdkif&m aumufcsufawGudk ±kd;±kd;om;om; rSefrSefuefuef ajymjy=ur,f
qdk&ifayghav?)
jrefrmordkif;/ urBmhordkif;wavsmufrSm wcsKdŒaom trSm;awG[m
wcsKdŒqdk&if wausmhESpfausmh/ wcsKdŒqdk&if t}udrf}udrf jyefvnf ay:aygufwwf
w,fvkd@ zwfcJhrSwfcJh &zl;ygw,f? tESpfESpfq,fvHk;vkH; Adkvfoef;a&$wkd@ tkyfpk[m
vnf; Adkvfae0if;wkd@tkyfpk rSm;cJhzl;wJh trSm;awGudkyJ xyf+yD; usL;vGefcJh=uygw,f?
tckvnf; Adkvfoef;a&$wkd@[m (1974)wkef;u Adkvfae0if; wifqufcJhzl;wJh rsuf
vSnfh jyuGufrsdK;udkyJ xyfrHwifquf jyozkd@ }udK;pm;ae=ujyef+yD jzpfygw,f?
(74)wkef;u rsufvSnfhjyyGJrSm Adkvfae0if;eJ@twl yl;aygif;yg0if wifqufcJh=uwJh
tpOftvm&dS EdkifiHa&;orm;awGtwGuf tJ'Dwkef;u yxrqHk;t}udrfrkd@ tawG@
t}uKHr&daS o;vk@d tidu k rf o
d mG ;cJ=h uwmvk@d qifajcay;&if vufcEH ikd zf ,
G f jzpfayr,fh
aemifESpfaygif; (30)ausmf=um+yD;aemuf wyHkpHwnf;eD;yg; xyf+yD;ay:vmwJh rsuf
vSnfhyGJrSm yg0ifyl;aygif; wifquf=uOD;r,fqdk&ifawmh tJ'DEkdifiHa&;orm;qkdolawG
[m jynfol@w&m;cGif&JŒ av#mhayghoufn‡mr_udk &&dSEdkifzG,f r&dSawmhbl;vkd@yJ owd
ay;vdkufyg&ap? Õ
208
ar; ? ? ar;cGef;awGvnf; tawmfav;pHkoGm;+yD tckaemufqHk;
taeeJ@ usaemfta&;t}uD;qH;k vk@d ,lqwJah r;cGe;f udk ar;ygr,f? tJ'gu
awmh jrefrmjynfolawG&JŒ 'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;wJh qEN[m jynfh0Edkifr,fh
tvm;tvm&dS&JŒvm;? wenf;ajym&&if jrefrmh 'Drdkua&pD wdkufyGJ[m
atmifycJG EH ikd rf mS vm;? atmifycJG EH ikd w
f ,fq&kd if b,fvt
kd csuaf wG tay:
tajccH+yD; tJovdkajymEdkifwmvJ? 'Drdkua&pD&&dSa&;twGuf jrefrm
jynf o l a wG taeeJ @ b,f y H k b ,f e nf ; }ud K ;yrf ; aqmif & G u f o if h = u
ovJqdkwJh ar;cGef;jzpfygw,f?
ajz ? ? cifAsm;ar;cGe;f ukad jzqkEd idk zf @dk jrefrmh'rD u
kd a&pDacgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf
&JŒ pum;wcGef;udkt&if qkH;udk;um;yg&ap? tJ'Dpum;u EdkifiHjcm;owif;axmufwOD;eJ@
jyKvkyw f ahJ wG@qaHk r;jref;cef;wckrmS ajymcJw h phJ um;vk@d usaemftrSwf &aeayr,fh tJ't D csuf
uawmh rSm;&ifvnf;rSm; Edkifygw,f? tJ'DtifwmAsL;rSm owif;axmufu (usaemfpum;
vHk; twdtusawmh rrSwfrdawmhygbl;? 'gayr,fh tESpfom& rvGJbl;qkdwmudkawmh tmr
cHEdkifygw,f?) a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk “jrefrmjynfrSm 'Drdkua&pD&rSmvm; æ &r,fqdk&if
bma=umifh tJovdk ajymEdkifwmvJ”vdk@ ar;ygw,f? a':pku “taotcsmudk &rSmyg æ
bma=umifhvJqdkawmholwkd@ (etz)u aoewfawGudkifxm;=uw,fav”vdk@ jyefajzcJh
ygw,f?
a':pk&JŒtajzudk usaemfem;vnfvdkufwmu “jrefrmjynfrSm tm%m&Sifpepf
&daS ew,fæ 'ga=umifh tm%m&Sipf epfukd rvdv k m;wJh vlom;&JŒ yifu, kd o
f bm0t& jrefrm
jynfoal wG[m tJ't D m%m&Sipf epf atmufuvGwaf jrmufatmif rv$rJ aoG ±ke;f uefwu kd f
yGJ0if=urSmjzpfw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ b,favmufyJ=umonfjzpfap tqHk;wae@rSm jynfolawG
rvdkvm;wJhpepf[m csKyf+idrf;aysmufuG,f&rSmjzpfw,f? wenf;ajym&&if jrefrmhajrrSm 'Drdk
ua&pDopfyif}uD;[m rkcsraoG ajr}uD;vufcwfrv$J &Sifoef yGm;pnf;cdkif+zD; vmrSmjzpf
w,f”qdkwmjzpfygw,f?
rlrSefwJh vlom;&JŒobm0eJ@ tm%m&Sifpepf[m jy'g;wvrf;oHwvrf; "rRm
aomu tif;0&mZm jzpfygw,f? b,fvdkrS qDavsmftyfpyfr_r&dSygbl;? tJ'DtcsufxJrSm
“'Drdkua&pDpepfom vGwfvyfa&;eJ@ qDavsmfw,f”qdkwJh jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;zcif}uD;
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JŒ tqdktrdef@udk aygif;xnfhvdkufwJhtcg jrefrmEdkifiHrSm 'Drdkua&pDpepf
[m rv$JraoGatmifyGJcHrSm jzpfygw,f?
'ghtjyif udpPwdkif;twGuf twuf&dS&if tus&dSw,fqdkwJh avmued,mrt&
jrefrmppftm%m&Sifpepf[mvnf; aexGufcsdef&dSovdkae0ifcsdef&dSygw,f? usaemf txuf
wae&mrSm wifjycJhovdk vuf&dStcsdef[m jrefrmppftm%m&SifpepftwGuf aexGufcsdef
209
“'D r d k u a&pD p epf o m

vG w f v yf a &;eJ @
qDavsmfw,f”qdkwJh
jref r mh v G w f v yf a &;zcif } uD ;
Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; &J Œ
tqd k t rd e f @ ud k
aygif;xnfhvdkufwJhtcg æ
aewufcsdefr[kwfawmhwmodyfudk aocsmvSygw,f? 'ghtjyif jrefrmvlrsdK;awGeJ@vnf;

&if;EDS;+yD;om;jzpf/ aA'if,Hk=unfwJh jrefrmvlrsdK;awG tav;xm;wJh tajccHaA'if enf;pepf
wckvnf;jzpfwJh “wnf/ xGuf/ ysuf”tpcsD r[mZeuU oabFmysufudef;t& =unfhr,f
qd&k ifvnf; jrefrmEdik if [
H m ppftm%m&Sif ork'&N mxJ t+rJu;l ae&zk@d qw kd m b,fvrkd S rjzpf
Edkifygbl;? tcktcsdefrSm ausmufzsmay:a&mufae+yDvkd@ rqdkEdkifao;&ifawmif oabFm p
ysufwJhtcsdef r[kwfwmuawmh odyfudk aocsmvSygw,f? 'ga=umifh tajctae t&yf&yf
udk ok;H oyfqifjcif+yD; av#mah v#mah ygah ygh ajym&r,fq&kd ifawmif jrefrmjynf[m ausmufzsm
ay: a&mufzkd@eD;ae+yDvkd@ qdk&mrSmyg?
tJ'gawGuawmh jrefrmjynfrSm 'Drdkua&pDpepfrv$JraoG atmifyGJcHr,fqdkwJh
tqdkeJ@ ywfouf+yD; oabmw&m;±_axmifhu csOf;uyfajymqdkcJhwm jzpfygw,f? uJætck
usaemfwkd@ vufawG@±_axmifhu csOf;uyf=unfh=u&atmif?
vufawG@±a_ xmifu h csO;f uyf=unfrh ,fq&kd ifvnf; jrefrmEdik if rH mS 'Dru
kd a&pDpepf
ajr}uD;vufcwfrv$J wausmhjyef &SifoefyGm;pnf; cdkif+zD;pnfyifvdrfhr,fqdkwJh tcsufudk
t!¸e;f jyKaewJh tcsut f vuftaxmuftxm;aygi;f rsm;pGm &daS ewmudk Edik if aH &;A[kow k
tweftoif&h ±Sd eHk @J awG@jrifEidk =f urSm jzpfygw,f? tJ't D csut f vuf taxmuftxm;awG
udk usaemf wckcsif; wifjyaqG;aEG;oGm;yghr,f?
yxrqHk;wcsufu a&SŒutajzwcsKdŒrSm pum;pyfrdwdkif; usaemf tweftoifh
azmfjycJh+yD;jzpfwJh “urBmvHk;qdkif&m wdrf;!Gwfr_” (Global Trend) jzpfygw,f? 'Duae@
vuf&Sd urBm}uD;[m cdik rf mwJh oabmw&m;a&;qdik &f m ausm±k;d uif;rJ+h yD; ypfrw S w f w
d ud sus
rcGrJ jcm; &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfpmG wdu k cf u
kd rf u
_ o
kd m t"dueJ@wckwnf;aom vufeuftjzpf
toH;k jyKaewJh “t=urf;zuf0g'”eJ@ vH;k axG;owfyw k af e&ayr,fh oabmw&m; wdu k yf eJG ,f
210
y,frmS vpfb&,f'rD u kd a&pD0g'udk yck;H csi;f ,SOzf @dk }udK;pm;vmwJ0h g' rSeo f r# ±_;H edr+hf yKduo
JG mG ;
cJ=h u&+yD; 'Dru kd a&pD0g'omv#if vlom;awGtwGuf toifah vsmf taumif;rGeq f ;kH 0g'tjzpf
qufvufwnfwHhcdkifrm tm;aumif;vsuf&dSaewmudk jrifawG@=u&ygvdrfhr,f? 'ga=umifh
'Dru kd a&pDvv kd m;wJh jrefrmjynfol vlx}k uD;&JŒqEN[m 'Duae@vwfwavm tajctaerSm
tydwftqkd@ twm;tqD; taESmifht,Suf trsdK;rsdK;eJ@}uKHawG@ae&onfhwdkif r=um
awmhr,fh wae@rSmawmh rkcsraoG jynfh0taumiftxnf ay:vmrSmjzpfw,fvkd@ ajym&
wm jzpfygw,f?
tJ'Dtcsufudk EdkifiHwum tcif;tusif;}uD;wckvHk;&JŒ jrefrmEdkifiHtay: ouf
a&mufcsuv f @dk t!¸e;f jyKr,fq&kd if tJ't D csuef @J vnf; qufpyfaew,fv@dk qEkd ikd w f hJ tckajym
r,fh tcsuu f kd Edik if w
H umpifjrifx h ufrmS jrefrmEdik if &H ŒJ xif&mS ; ta&;ygvmr_v@dk acgi;f pOfwyf
EdkifrSm jzpfygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiH[m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ OD;oef@pwJh xl;jcm;xif&Sm;wJh yk*~dKvf
}uD;awGukd ta=umif;jyK+yD; Edik if w H umpifjrifrh mS vlot d wefrsm;cJw h m rSeaf yr,fh &Spaf v;vH;k
ta&;awmfyHk}uD; rwdkifcifrSm jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒtrnf t*FvdyfpmvHk;aygif; (Burma)udk twW
vE Wdwfork'N&mxJu (Bahama)qdkwJh u|ef;aygufpeuav;wckeJ@ a&m+yD; Za0Z0gjzpfae
wJhol tawmfrsm;rsm; urBmrSm &dSaecJh=uwmyg? tcsKdŒaomEdkifiHjcm; oabmFom; jrefrm
vlrsKd ;awGq&kd if ud, k b f ,fEidk if u
H jzpfw,fqw kd mudk ajymjy&wJt h cgrsKd ;awGrmS (Burma)uvk@d
ajym±kHeJ@ rvHkavmufvkd@ urBmhajryHk}uD;yg qGJ,lvm+yD; ajryHkay:rSm udk,fhEdkifiHwnfae&mudk
axmufjycJh=u&w,fqdkwJh tajymawG =um;zl;cJhygw,f? tJ'D taetxm;eJ@ avsmfnDpGmyJ
jrefrmEdkifiH[m EdkifiHwumtm±kHpl;pdkufr_&JŒ tjyifbuf(wenf;) EdkifiHwum rD'D,mawG&JŒ
rD;armif;pufuGif;vGwf&m tarSmif&dyfxJrSm ao;ao;EkyfEkyf odrfodrfi,fi,feJ@ &dSaecJhwm
jzpfygw,f? (62)tm%modrf;r_eJ@ (74/ 75/ 76)ckESpfawGw0kdufrSm ay:aygufcJhwJh tvkyf
orm;eJ@ausmif;om;awGOD;aqmifwJh tHkºuGr_a=umifh yvHkpDuav;awG xcJhayr,fh EdkifiHw
um&JŒ a,bk,stjrifrmS awmh jrefrmEdik if [ H m wnf+idrw f rhJ xifr&Sm; a&jyifwcktjzpf wnf
&dSaecJhwm jzpfygw,f?
jrefrmjynfov l x l t k rsm;pk}uD;u olw@dk &ŒJ b0 tajctaeeJ@ywfouf+yD; auseyf
ESpfoufae=uvkd@om tJovdk wnf+idrfat;csrf;aewmjzpfw,fvkd@ rSwf,lxm;=uwJh EdkifiH
wum todik ;f t0dik ;f [m &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH uD;twGi;f ode;f aygi;f rsm;pGmaom jrefrm
jynfolawG EdkifiHweHwvsm;u +rdKŒ}uD;/ +rdKŒi,fawG&JŒ vrf;awGay:xGufvm=u+yD; 'Drdku
a&pDawmif;qdk qENjy=uwJh jrifuiG ;f udk ±kww f &ufjrifawG@ vku d =f u&wJt h cg tH=h orifoufrd
oGm;cJh=uygw,f? =o*kwfv (8/ 9/ 10)&ufawGeJ@ pufwifbmv(18)&ufae@rSm (rqv)
eJ@ ol@&JŒrsdK;qufopf ppftm%m&SifawGu qENjyjynfolawGudk axmifeJ@csD+yD; &uf&ufpuf
puf owfjzwfEdSyfuGyf jyvdkuf+yD;wJh aemufrSmawmh urBmhjynfolwdkif;twGuf jrefrmEdkifiH
qdw k m ajryHek @J wuGjyrSo&d wJh Edik if t H ao;tr$m;uav; wcktjzpfuae urBmrh ;D td;k topf
wvHk; tjzpfokd@ csufcsif;a&muf&dSoGm;cJhygawmhw,f?
211
tckvuf&dStcsdefrSmawmh jrefrmEdkifiH[m urBm}uD;&JŒ +idrf;csrf;vkH+cKH wnf+idrfa&;
udk +cdrf;ajcmufaewJh (wcsKdŒtwGuf tJ'DtokH;tE_ef;[m enf;enf;ydkuJvGef;vSw,fvkd@
ajymr,fq&kd if ajymEdik w f ma=umifh av#mah v#mah ygah ygh ajym&&if)+cdr;f ajcmufz@dk tvm;tvm
&dSaewJh jy\emwcktjzpfokd@ a&muf&dSaewma=umifh w±kwfeJ@±k&Sm;wkd@u enf;trsdK;rsdK;eJ@
[ef@wm;aESmif, h uS f ydwq f @dk ae=uwJh =um;xJuyJ aemufq;kH awmh jrefrmhta&;[m vk+H cKHa&;
aumifpD&JŒ aqG;aEG;yGJacgif;pOfawGxJrSm yg0ifvmcJh+yD jzpfygw,f? tJ'D tcsufu jrefrmh'Drdk
ua&pDwdkufyGJ[m EdkifiHwumrD'D,mawG&JŒ rD;armif;atmuf a&muf&dSae+yDjzpfw,f?
(wenf;) urBmjh ynfoal wG&ŒJ tm±kpH ;l pdu k rf u
_ kd &&dx
S m;+yDjzpfw,fqw kd t
hJ csuu
f kd xif[yfae
wm jzpfygw,f?
'gayr,fh vuf&t Sd csed rf mS jrefrmjynfoal wG[m awmfveS af &;aumifpeD @J (rqv)
acwfwkef;uvdkyJ vl@tcGifhta&;awG qHk;±_H;aeqJyJ r[kwfvm;? e,fy,f trsm;tjym;rSm
qd&k if jrefrmjynfoal wG[m tJ'aD cwfawGu xufawmify+dk yD; qd;k qd;k &Gm;&Gm; vl@tcGit hf a&;
csKd ;azmufra_ wGukd cHpm;ae=u&w,fr[kwv f m;? urBmu jrefrmudk odvmvk@d a&m bmrsm;
ydkxl;vmvkd@vJvkd@ apm'uwufEdkifygw,f? rSefygw,f? (62)eJ@ (88)=um;rSmvnf; jrefrm
jynfolawG[m ppftm%m&SifawG&JŒ ESdyfpufn‡Of;yef;r_udk cHcJh=u&w,f? (88)u tcktxd
vnf; EdyS pf ufnO‡ ;f yef;cHae&wmyJ qdw k mrSeyf gw,f? 'gayr,fh rwlwmu (62)eJ@ (88)=um;
umvu jrefrmjynfoal wG[m aomhcwf wHcg;ydwf tarSmifcsxm;wJh tcef;xJrmS ±ku d Ef uS f
xdk;}udwfowfjzwfwm cHcJh=u&wmrsdK;jzpf+yD; (88)&JŒ 'DbufrSmawmh +rdKŒv,facgif vlpnf
um;&m vrf;qHkvrf;cGrSm ESdyfpufn‡Of;yef;wm cHae=u&wmrsdK; jzpfygw,f? w%Sm/ rmeeJ@
'd[ G qdw k hJ w&m;qd;k (3)yg;&JŒ aphaqmfra_ =umifh (etz)ppfAv kd cf sKyfawG[m owif;enf;ynm
tHhrcef;aygufuGJ wdk;wufaewJh 'Dae@vdkacwfrsdK;}uD;rSm udk,fhjynfolawGtay: EdSyfpufn‡if;
yef; ESdyfuGyfacsr_ef;wJh rl0g'udk rsufuef;wap>ra=umuf usifhoHk;ae=uayr,fh owif;enf;
ynm&JŒ aus;Zl;a=umifh olw@dk &ŒJ vky&f yfwikd ;f vky&f yfwikd ;f [m puUe@f / rdepf/ em&D/ &ufpeJG @J wuG
oufaocHckdifrmwJh taxmuftxm;rSwfwrf; rSwf&mrsm;tjzpf wnf&dSaeawmhrSm jzpfyg
w,f? od=um;rif;&JŒ acG;a&yk&ydkuf[m vlwa,muf b0ul;oGm;csdefrSm ol b,fbHkoGm;&
rvJqw kd mudk qH;k jzwfEikd af &;twGuf oufaocHjzpfovdyk J tJ'D taxmuftxm; rSww f rf;
rSwf&mawG[mvnf; (e0w)(etz)ppfAdkvfcsKyfawG tm%myv†ifu qif;&wJhwae@rSm
olwkd@&JŒ uH=urRmudk pD&ifr,fh w&m;ol}uD;awG jzpfvm=urSm jzpfygw,f?
&Spq
f ,f&h pS t
f a&;awmfy}kH uD;a=umifh jrefrmjynfukd urBmu odvmcJw h ,f? jrefrm
ppftm%m&Sipf epf&ŒJ EGm;tdak emufusom;jzpfwhJ (e0w)(etz)tkypf ak wGu ta&;awmfykH
}uD;udk aoG;xGuo f ,H kd acsre_ ;f +yD; tcktxdvnf; jynfoal wGukd &uf&ufpufpuf qufvuf
ESyd uf yG af ewJt h wGuf jrefrmh'rD u kd a&pDtiftm;pkawG[m urBmEh ikd if H trsm;tjym;udk a&muf
&dSoGm;cJh=uw,f? urBmhordkif;rSm b,fEdkifiH&JŒ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrS tJoavmuftiftm;
rsm;rsm;eJ@ EdkifiHrsm;rsm;udk a&muf&dSoGm;cJhwmrsdK; r&dScJhzl;bl;? jynfwGif;rSm ppftkyfpk&JŒ r}uKH
212
bl;r=um;bl;avmufwJh ESdyfuGyfr_awGeJ@ jynfyrSm'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawG&JŒ xufxuf
oefoef wufwufºuGºuG qufvufvy_ &f mS ;r_awGa=umifh urBmjh ynfoal wG&ŒJ jrefrmjynfol
awGtay: pmemr_eJ@u±k%m[m wdk;+yD;&if;omwkd;vmcJhw,f? tJ'g&JŒ tusdK;quftjzpf
jrefrmjynfoal wG[m vwfwavm tcsed rf mS vrdu k n f xJrmS aeae=u&ayr,fh Edik if wH um
rdom;pk&JŒ arwWmu±k%m oauFwawGjzpf=uwJh aumif;uifu =u,fyGifhawGa=umifh tm;
wuf&i$ v f ef;=u&w,f? “OpPm&ifvkd OpPm&ifc”J qdw k phJ um;[m b,facwf b,ftcsed f b,f
ae&m b,fa'otwGurf qdk rSeu f efwhJ tqdt
k rde@f wck jzpfayr,fh &Gm}uD;w&GmeJ@ wae@w
jcm; ydkydk+yD;wlvmaewJh 'Dae@urBm}uD;rSm urBmhjynfolawG&JŒ pmemaxmufcHr_[m 'kuQyif
v,fa0aewJh jynfolw&yftwGuf t&ifb,fwkef;uxufrqdkydk+yD; cGeftm;jzpfapvsuf
&dw
S muawmh trSeyf gy?J urBmay:rSm tqd;k &Gm;qH;k tm%m&Siaf wGxu J wckjzpfwhJ (etz)
u 'DavmufEydS u f yG zf Ed ySd af ewJ=h um;u jrefrmjynfoal wG tnhrH cHtvHrvSb J q
J uf+yD; wdu
k f
yGJ0ifae=uwmudk=unfh&if 'Dtcsufudk txift&Sm;jrif awG@Ekdifygw,f? (2007)a&$0ga&mif
awmfvSefa&;uawmh taumif;qHk; OyrmygyJ? 'ga=umifh EdkifiHwumpifjrifhrSm jrefrmEdkifiH
wae@wjcm; ydkydk+yD;xif&Sm; ta&;ygvmaejcif;uvnf; jrefrmh'Drdkua&pD atmifyGJtwGuf
tifrwefta&;}uD;wJh tultyhHwck jzpfw,fvkd@ usaemfqdkcsifygw,f?
jref r mjynf [ m
tmZmenf
awGaewJhwdkif;jynf
jzpfw,fqdk&if
'Dtqdkudk b,fol
jiif ; 0h H y govJ ?
aemufwcsufuawmh jrefrmjynfolawG&JŒ owWdAswWdeJ@ ZGJvkH@v0d&d, jzpfyg

w,f? &Spqf ,f&h pS f ta&;awmfy}kH uD;eJ@twl arG;zGm;vmcJw
h hJ “ urBmra=ubl;” oDcsi;f xJrmS
pmom;wckygygw,f? tJ'Dpmom;u “tmZmenfawGaewJhwdkif;jynf”qdkwm jzpfygw,f?
jrefrmjynf[m tmZmenfawGaewJhwdkif;jynf jzpfw,fqdk&if 'Dtqdkudk b,foljiif;0hHygo
vJ? jrefrmEdkifiH[m tjcm;e,fy,fawGrSmqkd&if tv,ftvwfwef; wae&mrSmom &dSae
213
ayr,fh ordik ;f wavsmuf trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmufa&;/ 'Dru kd a&pDa&;/ +idr;f csr;f a&;qdw k hJ tvH
awmf oHk;ckatmufrSm rdrdwkd@&JŒb0eJ@ toufrsm;udk paw;ay;qyfpGef@v$wfoGm;cJh=uwJh
tmZmenfawG&ŒJ ta&twGuq f wkd hJ e,fy,frmS qk&d ifawmh xdyq f ;kH em;w0du k rf mS wae&m&
xdkufwJh EdkifiHjzpfw,fvkd@ qdkcsifygw,f? rdrdxufvufeuf tiftm;tqrwef omwJh
+Adwdo#wyfawGudk &&mvufeufpGJudkifawmfvSefcJhwJh q&mpH&JŒ*VKefwyfzGJ@awGutp zuf
qpfawmfveS af &;orm;awGtv,f 'Duae@txd qufvufqifEaJ$ e&qJjzpfwhJ 'Dru kd a&pDe@J
+idrf;csrf;a&;ta&;awmfyHk wyfom;awGtqHk; wdkufyGJtqifhqifhrSm toufpaw; ay;qyf
oGm;cJh=u&wJh ol&Jaumif; tmZmenfawG&JŒ ta&twGuf[m renf;ygbl;?
w&m;r#wr_twGuf wdkufyGJ0if&mrSm tajccHtm;jzifh enf;vrf;ESpfckyJ &dSygw,f?
wcku vufeufudk toHk;jyK+yD; rw&m;zdESdyfaewJh tiftm;pkudkol@vdkyJ vufeufpGJudkif+yD;
ckcHwGef;vSefwJhenf; jzpfygw,f? aemufwenf;uawmh vufeufpGJudkif+yD; t=urf;zuf
zdESdyfwJh tiftm;pkudk vufeufrJh t=urf;rzufenf;eJ@ ckcHwGef;vSefwJhenf;jzpfygw,f? tJ'D
enf;vrf;ESpfckrSm 'kwd,enf;vrf;[m ydk+yD;cufcJwmeJ@tr#ydk+yD;awmhvnf; }uD;us,fcrf;
em; *k%fa&mifajymifwmudk txl;&Sif;jyp&mvdkr,frxifygbl;? vufeufpGJudkif+yD; &rf;um;
aewJh t"rR0g'DawGudk "rRqdkwJhtrSefw&m;wckudkom vufeuftjzpf +rJ+rJpGJudkif+yD; rqkwf
repfwhJ ZGeJ @J atmify&JG onftxd wdu k yf 0JG ifomG ;zk@d qw kd m awmf±o Hk wWrd sKd ;/ wef±ZHk rJG sKd ;eJ@ qd&k if
pOf;pm;vkd@awmif jzpfwmr[kwfygbl;?
jrefrmjynfolawG[m t"rRudk vufeufpGJudkif t=urf;zufwJh enf;vrf;eJ@ ckcH
wGef;vSef&mrSm ordkif;a=umif;rnhHcJhwJh jynfolawGjzpfovdk w&m;eJ@rnDwJh tiftm;udk
t=urf;rzufwJhenf;eJ@ qef@usifawmfvSefwJhae&mrSmvnf; *k%fj'yfrao;vSwJholawG jzpf
ygw,f? 'DtwGuf taumif;qHk;eJ@ yxrqHk;Oyrmuawmh q&mawmf OD;0dpm&ygyJ? axmif
xJrmS (116)&ufv;kH vH;k tpmudk jiif;y,fc+hJ yD;wJah emuf ,H=k unfcsuu f kd toufe@J vJ oGm;cJh
wJh q&mawmf[m jrefrmjynfolawGtwGuf urBmwnfoa&GŒ vrf;jyay;aer,fh "l0H=u,f
}uD;yJ jzpfygw,f?
jrefrmjynfot l rsm;pk}uD; rod=uayr,fh q&mawmf OD;0dpm&&JŒ wdu k yf v JG ykd J ajymif
ajrmuf }uD;us,fcrf;em;wJh t=urf;rzuf awmfvSefa&;}uD; wckay:aygufcJhwJh ae&mu
awmh udu k ;kd u|e;f jzpf+yD; tcsed u f mvu Adv k af e0if;&JŒ awmfveS af &;aumifpD trnfcH ppftyk f
pku wdik ;f jynfut kd yk cf sKyfaewJh (1970)ckEpS f 0ef;usirf mS jzpfygw,f? uku d ;dk u|e;f [m +Adwo d #
udkvdkeDacwfu tqdk;&Gm;qHk;aom &mZ0wfaumifawGudk ao'%frSwyg; t}uD;qHk;aom
jypf'%fay;wJhtaeeJ@ykd@+yD; acsc|wfESdyfuGyfcJhwJh ae&mjzpfcJhayr,f “tm%mqdkwm aoewf
ajymif;0u xGufw,f”qdkwJh t,ltqudk udk;uG,fol Adkvfae0if;u wdk;wufwJh EdkifiHa&;
orm;awG&ŒJ ,H=k unfcsuu f kd uduk ;kd u|e;f yk@d +yD; csKd ;EdrS zf suqf ;D ypfz@dk }udK;yrf;&muae tJ'w D ukd f
yGJ ay:aygufcJhwm jzpfygw,f?
214
tJ'DwdkufyGJrSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDudk vdkvm;wJh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om; (30)
wkd@[m EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;rsm;udk wu|ef;okd@ykd@wJhpepf vHk;0zsufodrf;a&;qdkwJh awmif;qdk
csuu f kd udik pf +JG yD; tpmiwfcw H u
kd yf 0JG ifc=hJ uygw,f? q&mawmf OD;0dpm&u tpmiwfcH wdu k yf JG
0ifpOfrmS EGm;Ek@d ukd rD0S cJ ahJ yr,fh tJ'ED ikd if aH &;tusO;f om;awGuawmh a&rSwyg; usew f mtm;
vHk;udk jiif;y,fcJh=uwmrkd@ (39)&ufajrmufwJhae@rSmyJ tusOf;om;wOD;pwif usqHk;oGm;
cJyh gw,f? aemuf&ufawGrmS usq;kH r_[m ydpk yd v f mcJ+h yD; Adv
k af e0if;u olw@dk &ŒJ awmif;qdck suf
udk vdkufavsmygawmhr,fqdkwJh uwdudk
ay;vdu k wf hJ (53)&uf ajrmufae@rmS awmh
usqHk;ol ta&twGuf pkpkaygif;[m (8)
a,muf&dSoGm;cJh+yD jzpfygw,f?
“atmif y G J e D ; av/ rw&m;r_udk t=urf;rzufwJh enf;
eJ@ ckcq H ef@usiw f eG ;f vSewf hJ enf;vrf;awG
tcuf t cJ } uD ; av/
xJrSmrS rdrdtoufudk vufeufozG,f
tcuf t cJ } uD ; av/
toHk;jyK+yD; wdkufyGJ0ifwJh enf;vrf;[m
t&nftaoG;wufav”qdkwJh t&J & if h tajymif a jrmuf t }uD ; us,f
jzpf p Of t wd k i f ; tcrf;em;qHk; enf;vrf;jzpfygw,f? tJ'D
tJ ' D o l & J a umif ; awG & J Œ enf;vrf;udk udkifpGJ+yD; aoonftxd
pG e f @ v$ w f p G e f @ pm; wdkufyGJ0ifoGm;zkd@qdkwm omrefvlrsm;pk
xufjrufydkifEdkifwJh }uD;tzkd@ pOf;pm;=unfhvkd@awmif r&
vk y f a qmif c suf a wG a =umif h avmuf atmif c uf c J w J h t &mjzpf y g
w,f? tJoavmufcufcJwJh obm0
a=umifv h nf; tJ'v D ekd nf;vrf;rsKd ;udk udik f
pGJ+yD; tmZmenftjzpfcH,loGm;EdkifwJh
vlqdkwm tifrwef&Sm;yg;wm jzpfyg
w,f? 'gayr,fh udu k ;kd u|e;f u tJ'w D ukd yf rJG mS awmh tJ'v D kd tmZmenfrsKd ;(8)a,mufawmif
ay:xGef;cJhwJhtjyif usefwJh(22)a,mufomru usefwJh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om; trsm;pk[m
vnf; tJ'Denf;eJ@wdkufyGJ0if&if; taocHoGm;=uawmhr,fhyHk&dSaewma=umifh tm%m&Sifwkd@
xHk;pH tifrwef pdwf"mwf }uHhcdkifvSygw,fqdkwJh (t*Fvdyfbmompum;eJ@ tm%m&SifawG
udk &Hzef&Hcg (Strong Man)vk@d o;Hk E_e;f avh&w Sd mudk &nf!e¸ ;f jyygw,f?) Adv k af e0if;awmifrS
ol@rlvtpDtpOfudk pGef@v$wf+yD; EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;awGudk t&_H;ay;cJh&wm jzpfygw,f?
(e0w)(etz)acwfrSmawmh zdEdSyfr_[m awmfvSefa&;aumifpDeJ@ (rqv) acwf
awGrmS wke;f uxuf yd+k yD; worwfwnf; qk;d &Gm;aecJw h ma=umifh udu k ;kd u|e;f u yHpk rH sKd ;r[kwf
ayr,fh tmZmenfawG&JŒ ta&twGuf[m wdk;yGm;+yD;&if; wdk;yGm;aecJhygw,f? (e0w)
(etz)acwf tESpf (20)twGi;f tusO;f axmifrsm;twGi;f usq;kH cJ=h u&wJh tmZmenfaygi;f
215
tck txdrmS yJ (100)ausmo f mG ;cJ+h yDqw
kd t hJ csuu f tJ'tD qdk rSeu f efa=umif; oufaojyae
ygw,f?
tckacwfrmS xl;jcm;wmwcku 'Dru kd a&pDa&; wufºuGvy_ &f mS ;olrsm;&JŒ ,H=k unf
cH,lcsufawG[m (62)eJ@ (88) =um;umvu wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olrsm;&JŒ ,Hk=unfcH,lcsuf
xuf ydkrdkcdkifrm&J0Hh jywfom;vmwmyJ jzpfygw,f? Adkvfae0if;acwfwkef;u wdk;wufwJh
Edik if aH &;tjrif&oSd al wG[m rdrw d @dk &ifxu J ,H=k unfcsu&f ŒJ wGe;f aqmfrt _ & Edik if aH &;udk rvkyf
rjzpfvkyf=u&ayr,fh v#dK@0Sufr_tydkif;udk txl;tav;xm;+yD; vkyfudkif=uwmrkd@ olwkd@
twGut f zrf;rcH&zk@d e@J tzrf;cH&+yD;axmif'%f usc&H zk@d qw kd mu &mckid Ef e_ ;f (50)pD om&dw S m
jzpfygw,f? wwfEdkifor# tzrf;rcH&atmifaer,fqkdwJh vkH+cKHa&;qdkif&m tajccHoabm
xm;udk udik pf +JG yD; vkyu f ikd =f uwmjzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh vuf&(Sd etz)acwfrmS awmh tm;vH;k
od=uwJhtwdkif; tajctaeuajymif;vJoGm;+yD jzpfygw,f? 'Duae@acwf jrefrmh 'Drdkua&pD
a&; wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olawG[m aocsmayguf tzrf;cH&r,fqdkwmudk odod}uD;eJ@ rdrdwkd@
vkyfoifhvkyfxdkufw,fvkd@ ,lqwJhtvkyfudk ra=umufr&GH@aemufrwGef@bJ &GH&GHc|Hc|H vkyf
aqmif=uwm jzpfygw,f? Adkvfae0if;acwfrSm EdkifiHa&;r_awGtwGuf ysrf;r#axmif'%f[m
(5)ESpf (7)ESpf0ef;usifjzpfayr,fh vuf&dSacwfrSm tJ'Daxmif'%f[m uav;upm;p&mjzpf
aeyg+yD? 'gt h jyif 'Dae@umvrSm Edik if aH &;orm;awG&ŒJ axmif'%f[m av#m&h ufr&dw S hJ tjyif
wcsKdŒqdk&if csrSwfxm;wJh axmif'%fxufawmif trsm;}uD; ydk+yD; aecJh=u&wmyg?
tJ'gawG[m jrefrmjynfrSm yHkjyifawGr[kwfygbl;? wu,fhjzpf&yfrSefawG jzpfyg
w,f? 'gawGudk odod}uD;eJ@ trsm;jynfol tusdK;twGuf rdrdwkd@vkyfoifhvkyfxkdufw,fvkd@
,Hk=unf,lqwJh EdkifiHa&;tvkyfawGudk &J0hHajymifajrmufwJhowWd rqkwfrepfwJh ZGJvHk@v
0d&d,eJ@ vkyfaqmifae=uolawGudk tmZmenfawGvkd@ usaemfwkd@ac:=u&rSmyJ jzpfygw,f?
“tarSmifacwfrmS axmifqw kd m ol&aJ umif; jywdu k jf zpfw,f”qdw k hJ emrnfausmf
uAsmpmom;wck rSefw,f rrSefbl;qdkwmudk jrefrmjynfolawGuawmh pdk;pOf;r# oHo,
r&Sd=uygbl;? pdwf"mwfeJ@ ,Hk=unfcsufukd csdK;EdSrfzsufqD;zkd@qdkwJh &nf&G,fcsufeJ@ (e0w)
(etz)ppftkyfpk&JŒ ESpf&Snfaxmif'%fcsrSwfjcif;cHcJh=u&wJh EdkifiHa&;wufºuGv_yf&Sm;olawG
xJu trsm;pk[m olwkd@&JŒpdwf"mwfeJ@,Hk=unfcsufudk axmifxJrSmxnfh+yD; xyfrHaq;
om;wifay;vdkufovdkyJ axmifxJrSm q,fpkESpfwck/ ESpfck eD;yg;=umatmifae+yD; jyefxGuf
vm=uwJh tcgrSmvnf; rdrdwkd@&JŒ rlvEdkifiHa&;wm0efrsm;udk &Gyf&Gyfc|Hc|H jyefvnfxrf;aqmif
cJh=uwm tm;vHk;tjrift=um;yJ jzpfygw,f? axmifxJrSm ESpf&Snfvrsm;aecJh+yD; aemuf
jyefvGwfvmvmcsif; jynfol@rD'D,mawGeJ@ jyKvkyfwJh awG@qkHar;jref;cef;rSm “usaemf/ usr
EdkifiHa&; qufvkyfrSmyg”qdkwJh tajzudk =um;&wJhtcg =uufoD;zsef;zsef;xatmif thH=o
csD;usL; av;pm;=unfndK=u&ygw,f? tJovdk EdkifiHa&;orm;rsdK;awG trsm;tjym;&dSwJh
jrefrmjynfvdk wdkif;jynfrsKd; urBmay:rSm b,favmufrsm;rsm; &dSygovJ? twdtus rod&
ayr,fh odyftrsm;}uD;&dSrSmawmh r[kwfygbl;? usaemfwkd@EdkifiHrSmawmif tJovdkrsdK; ol&J
216
aumif; tmZmenfawG[m acwfwdkif;rSm aygrsm;cJhwm r[kwfygbl;? acwfopf jrefrmh
ordik ;f wavsmuf zdEySd rf t _ jyif;xefq;kH jzpfwhJ tckvuf&t Sd pd;k & acwfrmS om tmZmenfawG
tckavmuftrsm;tjym; ay:xGufcJhwm jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dol&Jaumif;awG bma=umifh
tckavmufcdkifrm&J&ifh jywfom;ae=uwmvJqdkwJh ar;cGef;&JŒtajzudk qef;ppf=unfhwJhtcg
olwkd@udkifpGJxm;wJh ,Hk=unfcsuf&JŒw&m;eJ@ avsmfnDr_qdkwJhtcsufa=umifh omru olwkd@
twGufatmifyGJ[m wa&GŒa&GŒydkrdk eD;uyfvmae+yDvkd@ olwkd@cHpm;rdaewma=umifhvnf; jzpf
r,fqdkwmudk awG;qcef@rSef;=unfhEdkifygw,f? “atmifyGJeD;av/ tcuftcJ}uD;av/
tcuftcJ}uD;av/ t&nftaoG;wufav”qdkwJh jzpfpOftwdkif; tJ'Dol&Jaumif;awG&JŒ
pGe@f vw $ pf eG @f pm; xufjrufyikd Ef ikd w
f hJ vkyaf qmifcsuaf wGa=umifh (etz)ppftyk pf k Edik if w H um
tv,frSm emvefrxlEdkif jzpfaewmudk awG@=u&rSm jzpfygw,f? ,Hk=unfcsufcdkifrm jywf
om;+yD; vkyf&nfudkif&nf xl;c|efxufjrufwJh ol&Jaumif;tmZmenfawG rsm;jym;wJh EdkifiH
wck[m tm%m&SifpepfqdkwJh EGHxJrSm t+rJwrf; b,fvdk epfaeEdkifrSmvJ? 'ga=umifh jrefrm
EdkifiHrSm 'Drdkua&pDpepf[m rkcsraoG jyefvnf&Sifoef zGH@+zdK;vmrSm jzpfygw,f?
aemufwcsuu f jrefrmh'rD udk a&pDacgi;f aqmifawG(txl;ojzifh a':atmifqef;pk
=unf/ rif;udkEdkif/ OD;0if;wifwkd@vdk urBmodacgif;aqmifawG)&JŒ tcef;u¾jzpfygw,f?
tm;vH;k od=uwJt h wdik ;f a':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ yH&k yd [ f m ppftyk pf u k enf;vrf;rsKd ;pHk oH;k +yD;
azsmufzsux f m;vk@d om jynfwiG ;f rSm twefi,farS;rdeS af e&ayr,fh Edik if w H umrSmawmh a':
atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ =oZmt&dSeft0g[m tvGef}uD;rm;ygw,f? urBmay:rSm tusOf;cs
cHxm;&wJh wOD;wnf;aom +idrf;csrf;a&;Edkb,fqk&SifjzpfwJh a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk urBmh
acgi;f aqmifawGu jrefrmEdik if &H ŒJ acgi;f aqmif/ ta&SŒawmiftm&Se@J tm&Sa'o&JŒacgi;f aqmif
tjzpfomru urBmah cgi;f aqmifwOD;tjzpfyg oabmxm;=uwm jzpfygw,f? ,Ofaus;wJh
EdkifiHwum todkif;t0dkif;uay;wJh vl@tcGifhta&;/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ vGwfvyfa&;eJ@ +idrf;csrf;
a&;qkawG tm;vHk;udk odrf;usHK;&&dSxm;wJhtcsuf/ olrvGwfajrmufa&;twGuf +idrf;csrf;a&;
Edkb,fqk&Siftm;vkH; tygt0ifurBmhacgif;aqmifeJ@ tzGJ@tpnf;aygif;rsm;pGmwkd@u awmif;
qdkv_H@aqmfae=uwJh tcsufawGudk=unfh&if a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ EdkifiHwum yHk&dyfudk
rSef;q=unfhEdkifygw,f?
rif;ukdEdkifqdk&ifvnf; 'Dtwdkif;ygyJ? jrefrmppftm%m&Sifpepf&JŒ rsufESmzHk;wck
jzpfwJh (rqv)udk c|wfcGmypfcJhwJh wdkufyGJudk &J&J0hH0hHOD;aqmifcJhr_a=umifh axmifxJrSmtESpf
ESpfq,feD;yg;aecJh&+yD; axmifuvGwfvmwJhtcgrSmvnf; jrefrmjynfolawG ppfzdeyf
atmufu vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf qufvuf+yD; &Gyf&Gyfc|Hc|H wdkufyGJ0ifcJhwma=umifh tck
vuf&t Sd csed rf mS vnf; axmif'%f(65)ESpu f scH ae&jyef+yDjzpfwhJ rif;udEk ikd uf kd rodwo
Jh l urBmh
vli,fx/k ausmif;om;xk=um;rSm tvGe&f mS ;yg;rSm aocsmvSygw,f? rif;udEk ikd &f ŒJ cE<mud, k f
[m tusOf;axmifxJrSm &dSaeayr,fhol@&JŒemrnf *k%fowif;uawmh urBmhavxktwGif;
pD;arsmar$;ysHŒaewmjzpf+yD; ol@ukdurBmwv$m;u wkd;wufwJhtjrif&dSwJh ausmif;om;awGeJ@
217
vli,fawGu olwkd@&JŒpdwf"mwfa&;&m acgif;aqmif (Spiritual Leader) tjzpf rSwf
,lxm;=urSm rvGJygbl;?
tcktcsdefrSm touf(80)eD;yg; &dSae+yDjzpf+yD; olvnf;axmifxJrSm tESpf
ESpq f ,fe;D yg;yJaecJ&h wJh OD;0if;wifuawmh jynfov l x
l ek @J trSew
f &m;bufu &yfwnf
wJh pme,fZif;orm;awGtwGuf vGwfvyfr_eJ@ +idrf;csrf;r_aumif;uifjyifrSm wnf&dS
vrf;jyaer,fh "l0H=u,f}uD;yJ jzpfygw,f? ppftkyfpku ol@pdwf"mwfeJ@,Hk=unfcsufudk
±kdufcsdK;zkd@trsKd;rsKd; t}udrf}udrf}udK;pm;cJhayr,fh r&wJhtqHk; rwwfomvkd@ v$wfay;
vku d &f wmjzpfwhJ OD;0if;wif&ŒJ tusO;f uscu H mvrsm;twGi;f &yfwnfcyhJ akH wGe@J axmif
rS vGwfajrmufvmcJh+yD;aemuf ol@&JŒcH,lajymqdk vkyfaqmifyHkawG[m urBmwv$m;u
+idr;f csr;f a&;/ vGwv f yfa&;udk vdv k m;=uwJjh ynfoal wG txl;ojzifh pme,fZif; avmu
u yk*~dKvfawGtwGufawmh wu,fhudk thH=obeef; av;pm;=unfndKavmufp&myJ
jzpfygw,f?
olwkd@(3)OD;tjyif q&m}uD;qvdkif;xGef;oef;wkd@vdk/ rpkpkaEG;wkd@vdk urBmod
jrefrmh 'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmifawGvnf; trsm;tjym;&dSygao;w,f? usaemf txuf
wae&mrSm wifjycJhwJh jrefrmEdkifiHeJ@ tajctaecsif; cyfqifqifwlnDae=uwJh tjcm;
tm%m&SiEf ikd if aH wGe@J E_id ;f ,SO=f unf&h if Edik if w
H umtqift h xd ausm=f um; xif&mS ;wJh
'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmif ta&twGufrSma&m/ EdkifiHwumtqifhtxd ausmf=um; xif
&Sm;r_ twdkif;twmrSma&m jrefrmEdkifiHutrsm;}uD;omaewmudk awG@=u&rSmyg? 'D
tcsufu jrefrmudk urBmu ydkod/ ydktm±kH pdkufvmatmif ulnDyHhykd;ay;aewmjzpf+yD;
tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh urBmujrefrmudk ydkodydktm±kHpdkufvmjcif;u jrefrmEdkifiHrSm 'Drdk
ua&pDpepf jyefvnf&Sifoefxajrmufvmapa&;twGuf }uD;pGmtaxmuf tuljyK
rSm jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Dtcsu[ f mvnf; jrefrmh'rD u kd a&pDwu kd yf JG rvGrJ aoG atmif
yGJcHapr,fh a&cHajrcHwckjzpfw,fvkd@ qdkcsifygw,f?
aemufwcsuu f (e0w)(etz) acwfrmS jrefrmEdik if }H uKHawGŒae&wJh r±SLEdik f
ru,fEdkif jy\emawGyJ jzpfygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ vGwfvyfcGifh qHk;±H_;aer_wkd@vkd yifr
ausm±kd; EdkifiHa&;jy\emawGta=umif; xnfhrajymbl; qdk&ifawmif jrefrmEdkifiHrSm
a'owGif; vkH+cKHa&;/ wnf+idrfa&; tajctaersm;udk +cdrf;ajcmufaewJh tjcm;jy\em
tawmfrsm;rsm; &dSaewmjzpfygw,f? tJ'DxJurS xif&Sm;jrifomwJh jy\emwcsKd@u
awmh rl;,pfaq;0g;jy\em/ a&$Œajymif;tvkyform;jy\em/ (AIDS) jy\em/ ±kd
[if*sm jy\emwkd@ jzpfygw,f?
vuf&dStajctaerSm jrefrmEdkifiH[m urBmay:rSm tmz*efepPwef+yD;&if
bdef;trsm;qHk; pdkufysdK;xkwfvkyfwJh EdkifiHjzpfae+yD; rufomzufwrif;vkd@ac:wJh pdwfºuG
aq;jym;awG xkwfvkyfwJhtydkif;rSmawmh urBmhyxrae&mudk ,lxm;ygw,f? 'g[m
ukvor*~ tygt0if ,Hk=unfav;pm; tm;xm;avmufwJh oufqdkif&m EdkifiHwum
218
tzGJ@tpnf;awG&JŒ xkwfjyefa=unmcsufawGrSmygaeus owif;jzpfwma=umifh ppftkyfpk
taeeJ@ jiif;qef@y,fcsvkd@ r&ygbl;? (etz)t&m&dSawGu t}udrf}udrf rD;±_dŒzsufqD;aewJh
=um;u rl;,pfaq;0g;xGu&f rSd _ odoo d mom avsmeh nf;usqif;oGm;jcif; r&dw S mu (etz)
udk t"du tumtuG,af y;aewJh w±kwEf ikd if t H ygt0if Edik if w
H um todik ;f t0dik ;f udk acgi;f
udkufap vsuf&dSygw,f?
aemufjy\emwckuawmh jrefrmEdik if o H m;awG tvH;k t&if;eJ@ jynfyEdik if H rsm;rSm
oGm;a&muftvkyf vkyfudkifae=uwhJ jy\emjzpfygw,f? wcsdefu ta&SŒawmiftm&Sa'
o&JŒ wd;k wufz@HG +zKd;zk@d tvm;tvmtaumif;qH;k Edik if t H jzpf urBmu owfrw S xf m;wmcHc&hJ
wJh jrefrmEdik if [ H m Advk af e0if; ppftm%m&Sipf epf }uD;pd;k wGiu f s,cf whJ hJ (26)ESpwf m umvrSm
urBmh zGH@+zKd;wdk;wufr_ tenf;qHk;EdkifiH (LDC) tqifh udk usqif;a&muf&dSoGm;cJh&wJh tjyif
Adkvfapmarmif/ Adkvfoef;a&$wkd@&JŒ (e0w)(etz) acwfawGwavsmufrSmvnf; tajccH
jynfolawGtwGuf pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeu ydkykd+yD;awmhawmif qdk;vmwJhtjyif qdk;&Gm;wJh
vl@tcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufra_ wGuykd g }uKHawG@cpH m;vmcJ=h u&wma=umifh jrefrmjynfoal wG[m
tdref ;D csi;f Edik if aH wGqD oGm;a&muf+yD; rdrw d @dk &ŒJ vkyt f m;udk rwefwqaps;eJ@ a&mif;cs touf
arG;cJh=u&ygw,f?
xdkif;EdkifiHrSm jrefrmvlrsdK;ESpfoef;avmuf&dSaew,fvkd@ =um;od&+yD;tjcm;aom
a'owGif;pD;yGm;a&; zGH+zdK;wJhEdkifiHawGjzpf=uwJh rav;&Sm;eJ@ puFmylEdkifiHawGrSmqdk&ifvnf;
t&G,faumif;/ ynmwwfjrefrmvlrsdK; axmifaygif;rsm;pGmwkd@[m aus;ydkifu|efydkifacwf
aus;u|efomom tqifhrsdK;eJ@ &yfwnf&Sifoefvsuf&dSae=u&ygw,f? EdkifiHjcm;oGm; tvkyf
vkyfwmudk {&mr trsKd;om;a&; &mZ0wfr_}uD; wckozG,f (etz)u tEkynm&SifawG
toHk;jyK+yD; t}uD;tus,f±_wfcsa0zef v_H@aqmfaewJh=um;uyJ jynfyxGuftvkyfvkyfwJh
jrefrmtvkyform; ta&twGuf ESpfpOfwdk;jrifhvmaewmudk=unfh&if jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;u
tajctaeawGudk cef@rSef;Edkifygw,f? (etz)[m jynfolvlxkudk umuG,fapmifha&SmufwJh
vkyfief;eJ@ywfouf+yD; bmyJvkyfvkyf 0g'jzef@csda&; tusdK;twGufom (only for the
sake of propaganda)vkyfwmjzpf+yD; ppfrSefwJhapwem r&dSwmrkd@ ±kd;om;wJhjrefrmvlrsdK;
awG (txl;ojzifh rde;f uav;i,fawG) vluek u f ;l olawG&ŒJ om;aumifb0usa&muf=u&wJh
jzpf&yfrSefZmwfvrf;awG[m avsmhenf;oGm;w,fvkd@ r&dSjzpfaeygw,f?
tJ't D ajctae&JŒ tusKd ;qufwcktjzpf jrefrmEdik if x H rJ mS (HIV) yd;k pGu
J yfaeol
awG&ŒJ ta&twGuf xdwv f ef@p&m aumif;avmufatmif jrifw h ufvmcJ+h yD; (AIDS) jy\
em[m aygufuGJawmhr,fh taetxm;w&yfqDokd@ csOf;uyfvmaeygw,f? urBmhusef;rm
a&;tzGJ@ (WHO)&JŒ tpD&ifcHpmwckt& pm&if;aumuf,ljyKpkcJhwJh EdkifiH(192)ckteuf
tpdk;&u jynfolawGudk usef;rma&; apmifha&Smufr_ay;wJhtydkif;rSm tqifh(191)rSm a&muf
&daS ewJh jrefrmEdik if rH mS (AIDS)a0'em&Sif trsm;pk[m tpd;k &qDu jyKpkapmifah &Smufuo k r_ukd
vHk;0r&(okd@r[kwf)tenf;tusOf; rqdkpavmufom&ae=u+yD; vl@b0xJu xGufcGm&
219
r,fh&ufudkom vufcsdK;a&wGuf ae=u&ygw,f? a0'em&SifawG&JŒtjzpfudk r=unfh&ufEkdif
vkd@ arwWmapwemoufoufeJ@ ulnDapmifha&Smuf ay;aeolawGudkvnf; (etz)u EdkifiH
a&;orm;awGjzpfw,fqw kd hJ ta=umif;jycsuef @J trsKd ;rsKd ;taESmift h ,Suf ay;aewma=umifh
(AIDS)a0'em&SifawG[m wjznf;jznf;csif;ulu,folrJh taetxm;qDokd@ a&GŒvsm;
vmvsuf&dSaeygw,f?
aemufjy\emwckuawmh ±kd[if*sm jy\emjzpfygw,f? (etz)u ±kd[if*sm
qdw k hJ vlrsKd ; jrefrmwdik ;f &if;om; pm&if;xJrmS b,fwek ;f urS r&dcS zJh ;l bl;? 'ga=umifh olw@dk [m
jrefrmEkdifiHom;r[kwfbl;vkd@ wGifwGifajym+yD; ±kd[if*sm jy\emudk a&Smifv$Jzkd@ }udK;pm;aeyg
w,f? ±kd[if*smawG[m jrefrmwdkif;&if;om; vlrdsK;pk wckr[kwfwm rSefaumif;rSefygvdrfh
r,f? (vGwfvyfwJh jrefrmEkdifiH&JŒ yxrqkH;
orRw}uD; pyfa&$okdufuawmh ±kd[if*smawG
[m jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;awGjzpfw,fvkd@ 'D u ae@ord k i f ; acwf e J @
tckid t f rm ajymcJzh ;l ygw,f?) ±k[ d if*smawGukd udkufnDr_r&dSawmhbJ
acwftqufqufb,ftpdk;&urS jrefrm jy\emaygif ; rsm;pG m ud k o m
wkdif;&if;om;awGtjzpf oabmrxm;cJh=u qifhuJqifhuJ arG;xkwfay;aewJh
bl;qdkwmvnf; rSefaumif;rSefygvdrfhr,f? ppf t m%m&S i f p epf [ m
aemufqHk; ±kd[if*smawG[m (etz) ajymae jrefrmEdkifiHrSm rvGJraoG
ovdk e,fajrydik ef ufu usO;f / vlO;D a&ursm;/ csKyf + id r f ; +yD ;
ESpfpOfvnf; jyif;xefwJh obm0ab; tE W 'D r d k u a&pD p epf o m
&m,fawG}uKHae&wJh tdref ;D csi;f b*Fvm;a'h&fS
jyef v nf & S i f o ef z G H @ +zd K ;vmrS m
Edik if u
H ae a&=unf&mjrufE&k m jrefrmEdik if u H kd
{uef j zpf y gw,f ?
a&$Œajymif;0ifa&muf vmolawG jzpfw,fqdk
wmvnf; rSefaumif;rSefygvdrfhr,f? 'gay
r,fholwkd@[m vlom;rsdK;EG,fawG jzpf=uyg
w,f? olw@dk ukd wdik ;f &if;om;vd/k Edik if o H m;vdk rqufqEH ikd &f ifawmif vlom;awGvkd jyKrlquf
qH&rSm jzpfygw,f? aemuf+yD; ±kd[if*sm jy\em[m usKyfwkd@eJ@rqdkifbl;qdk+yD; acgif;a&Smif
aevkd@&wJh jy\em r[kwfygbl;? oabmwlonfjzpfap/ rwlonfjzpfap trSefwu,f
vufawG@ wnf&aSd ewJh (defacto)jy\emwck jzpfygw,f? 'gt h jyif ±k[ d if*sm jy\em[m
acwfopf jrefrmEkdifiHordkif; wavsmufvkH;rSmwnf&dSvmcJhwm jzpfayr,fh (e0w)(etz)
vufxufrSm ydk+yD;pl;&S (acute)jzpfvmwmjzpfw,fqdkwmudk (etz)u b,fawmhrS 0efcH
rSm r[kwfayr,fh tm;vHk;od=uygw,f? (1990)jynfhESpf tvGefawGwkef;u wcg ±kd[if*sm
awG[m odef;eJ@csD+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHxJu xGufajy;cJh=u&+yD; tckwcgvnf; 'grsdK; xyfjzpfae
jyefyg+yD? 'Dtaetxm;u (etz)a'ocH tm%mydik f tqifq h ifw h @dk [m ±k[ d if*smawGtay:
xl;xl;jcm;jcm; ESdyfuGyfacsr_ef;r_awG jyKvkyfae=uw,fqdkwJhtcsufudk xif[yfaeygw,f?
220
tJ'jD y\emawGa=umifh (e0w)(etz)vufxufrmS jrefrmEdik if H &ifqikd }f uKHawG@
ae&wJh }uD;rm;wJhtcuftcJ wckuawmh tar&duefeJ@ taemufEdkifiHawG&JŒ ydwfqkd@'%f
cwfta&;,lr_&JŒ tusdK;qufwcktjzpf jrefrmEdkifiH[m urBmhb%f/ (IMF)eJ@ (ADB)pwJh
urBmOh ;D aqmif b¾ma&;tzG@J tpnf;}uD;awGqu D zG@H +zKd;a&;qdik &f m acs;aiGa&m axmufyahH iG
yg r&wJh tjzpfygyJ? 'D tcsufu ppftm%m&Sifpepfvufatmufu zGH@+zKd;qJEdkifiH wEdkifiHudk
El&m0JpGJ vJ&molcdk;axmif;jzpfapygw,f?
tckwifjycJw h hJ jy\emtcuftcJawG tm;vH;k [m jrefrmEdik if rH mS ppftm%m&Sif
pepf}uD;pdk; v$rf;rkd;aer_eJ@ wdkuf±kdufywfouf qufEG,faewmrkd@ ppftm%m&Sifpepf tESpf
om&t& csKyf+idrf;roGm;rcsif; tJ'Djy\emawGvnf; aysmufuG,foGm;rSm r[kwfygbl;?
urBm}uD;&JŒ ordkif;wavsmufrSm tajctaetcsdeftcgeJ@ vdkufavsmnDaxGr_r&dSwJh b,f
t&mrS qufvufwnfwEhH ikd cf jhJ cif; r&dw S mudk (Oyrm 'dik Ef akd qmuho J @dk aom {&mr owW0g}uD;
rsm;)jrifawG@cJh=u&+yD;jzpfwmrkd@ 'Duae@ordkif;acwfeJ@ udkufnDr_r&dSawmhbJ jy\emaygif;
rsm;pGmudkom qifhuJqifhuJ arG;xkwfay;aewJh ppftm%m&Sifpepf[m jrefrmEdkifiHrSm rvGJ
raoGcsKyf+idrf;+yD; 'Drdkua&pDpepfom jyefvnf&SifoefzGH@+zdK;vmrSm {uefjzpfygw,f?
'gawGuawmh “jrefrmjynfrmS 'Dru kd a&pDwu kd yf [
JG m atmifycJG EH ikd rf mS vm;”qdw
k hJ
cifAsm;ar;cGef;&JŒ yxrtydkif;udk ajzcJhqdkcJhwmjzpfw,fvkd@ ,laomf&Edkifygw,f? 'ga=umifh
tckcifAsm;ar;cGef;&JŒ 'kwd,ydkif;jzpfwJh 'Drdkua&pD&zdk@jynfolawGu bmawGvkyf=u&rSmvJ
qdkwmeJ@ ywfouf+yD; wifjyaqG;aEG;oGm;ygr,f?
vlom;[m trd0rf;u u|wfvmwmeJ@ jy\emESpfckeJ@ &ifqdkif}uKHawG@&awmh
wmygyJ? wcku qmavmifr_jzpf+yD; wcku &moDOwk'%fjzpfygw,f? pdwfydkif; ±kyfydkif;yHkrSef
usef;rma&;&dSwJh vlom;[m tJ'Djy\emESpfckudk “idkaºuG;jcif;”eJ@ wkH@jyefygw,f? tJ'D
wkH@jyefr_&JŒ &v'ftjzpf Ekd@eJ@+cHKp&m t0wfwck &&dSygw,f? wu,fvkd@om tJ'DESpfckpvHk;
r&cJh&if 'grSr[kwf wckwnf;om &&dScJhr,fqdk&if tJ'Dvlom;uav;i,f[mol@&JŒ obm0
tavsmuf awmif;qdkr_jzpfwJh idkaºuG;jcif;udk qufvkyfrSmyJ jzpfygw,f? ol@&JŒ awmif;qkdr_
twGuf xGufay:vmr,fh tusKd;qufESpfckyJ&Sdygw,f? wcku olawmif;qdkwmudk &&dSr_jzpf
+yD; aemufwckuawmh awmif;qdkwmr&wJhtwGuf awmif;qdk&if; aoqHk;oGm;r_ (wenf;)
aoqHk;wJh txdawmif;qdkoGm;r_ jzpfygw,f? tpmeJ@ t0wf[m arG;puav;i,ftwGuf
ol@&JŒqENeJ@ uif;+yD;ay:aygufvmwJh r&rjzpfwJh “ZD0aA'qdkif&m vkdtyfcsuf” (Vital
Biological Need)jzpfwma=umifh uav;twGuf tJ'D vdt k yfcsuEf pS cf u
k kd &atmifawmif;
qdrk vm;? 'grrS [kwf taocHrvm;qdw k hJ vrf;ESpv
f rf;uvG+J yD; wjcm;a&G;p&mvrf;r&dyS gb;l ?
&Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHk}uD;twGif;eJ@ (90)a&G;aumufyGJrSm jrefrmjynfol
awG[m olwkd@bmudkvdkcsifw,fqdkwmudk &Sif;vif;jywfom; ckdifrmpGmazmfjycJh=u+yD; jzpfyg
w,f? olwkd@vdkcsifwm/ olwkd@awmif;qdkcJh=uwmu +idrf;csrf;a&;eJ@ zGH@+zKd;wdk;wufr_udk rD;±SL;
oef@pifzGm;jrifay;Edkifvdrfhr,fvkd@ olwkd@tcdkiftrm,Hk=unfxm;=uwJh 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ vl@tcGifh
221
ta&;jzpfygw,f? Adkvfae0if; ppftm%m&Sif tpdk;&vufatmuf (26)ESpfwmumvrSm
+idr;f csr;f a&;eJ@ zG@H +zdK;wd;k wufr_ aysmufq;kH aecJ=h u&wJh jrefrmjynfoal wG twGuf 'Dru kd a&pDe@J
vl@tcGit hf a&;[m (Vital Biological Need) jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifv h nf; tJ'aD wmif;qdk
csufudk &&dSzkd@twGuf jrefrmjynfolawG[m &Spfav;vHk; ta&;awmfyHk}uD;twGif;u vrf;r
awGay:rSm/ (90)a&G;aumufyGJwkef;u rJ±kHawGrSm wcJeuf wnDw!Gwfwnf; awmif;qdk
wdkufyGJ0ifcJh=uwm jzpfygw,f? ppftkyfpku jynfolawG&JŒ tJ'Dawmif;qdkr_ yHko¿mefawGudk
EdSyfuGyfacsr_ef;cJhayr,fh jynfolawG&JŒawmif;qdkwkdufyGJ0ifr_[m a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ
pnf;±k;H a&;c&D;pOfawGe@J a[majymyGaJ wGrmS (96)ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_rmS / (2007)a&$0ga&mif
awmfvSefa&;twGif;rSm/ em*pf'%foifh jynfolawGudk ulnDwJhae&mrSmeJ@ tjcm;tjcm;
aom ae&mawGrSm rwljcm;em;wJh yHko¿mefawGeJ@ qufvuf&SifoefcJhygw,f? ppftkyfpk
u enf;vrf; aygif;pHkoHk;+yD; ESdyfuGyfacsr_ef;zkd@ tjyif;txef }udK;pm;aewJh=um;u jrefrm
jynfolawG&JŒ 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;awmif;qdkr_[m 'Duae@txd bma=umifh quf
vuf &Sifoefae&wmvJ? ta=umif;&if;uawmh tJ'Dt&mawG[m jrefrmjynfolawG
twGuf r&dSrjzpfwJh “ZD0aA'qdkif&m vdktyfcsuf”jzpfaevkd@ygyJ? arG;uif;puav;i,f
wa,muftwGuf tJ'Dawmif;qdkcsufudk &&dSzkd@eJ@ awmif;qdk&if; r&bJ aoqHk;oGm;zkd@qdk+yD;
jzpfEdkifajcESpfck&dSayr,fh jynfolqdkwmuawmh jynfolw&yfvHk; aoqHk;oGm;w,fqdkwm
r&dw S t hJ wGuf jzpfEikd af jcr[kwb f J aocsmayguf jzpfrmS wcky&J ySd gw,f? tJ'guawmh awmif;
qdkcsuf &&dSjcif;ygyJ?
jrefrmjynfol trsm;pk}uD; (txl;ojzifh olwkd@&JŒwyfOD;rSm &dSae=uwJh EdkifiHa&;
wufºuG v_yf&Sm;olrsm;)[m tckusaemf wifjycJhovdk wckeJ@wck a=umif;usdK;qufpyf+yD;
awG;qqifjcif oabmayguw f mrsKd ; &dcS sirf &S =dS urSm jzpfayr,fh &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH uD;
twGif; olwkd@awmif;qdkcJh=uwJht&mudk wae@rSmrvGJraoG ydkifydkifEdkifEdkif&&dSr,fqdkwmudk
awmh tESpfESpfq,f umvwavsmuf olwkd@jzwfoef;&&dScJhwJh tawG@t}uKHawGt& tcdkif
trm odjrifxm;=uw,fvkd@ usaemf,Hk=unfygw,f?
ppftm%m&Sifpepf wae@rSm rvGJraoG jrefrmhajray:uae csKyf+idrf;aysmufuG,f
oGm;&r,fqdkwJh ,Hk=unfcsuf jrefrmjynfolawG &ifxJrSm cdkifcdkif+rJ+rJ &dSaew,fqdkwmudk
odwJhtwGufvnf; (etz)[m jrefrmjynfolawGtay: olwkd@odrf;ydkufxm;wJh &efolEdkifiH
wcku jynfolawGtay: jyKrlqufqHovdk jyKrlqufqHaewm jzpfygw,f? olwkd@&JŒ0g'
jzef@csdr_awGudk z,f&Sm;+yD;=unfhEdkifr,fqdk&if tJ'Dtcsufudk jrifawG@rSmjzpfygw,f? txl;
ojzifh em*pfudpPrSm 'Dtcsuf[m odyfudkxif&Sm;ygw,f? tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh (etz)&JŒ
rdrdwkd@tay: oabmxm; tppftrSefudk odxm;wJhtwGufvnf; jrefrmjynfolawG&JŒ
&Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfyt kH wGi;f u awmif;qdck w hJ hJ qENawG/ ar#mrf eS ;f csuaf wG[m q,fpEk pS f
ESpcf ak usmu f mv vGeaf jrmufc+hJ yD;onfw h ikd af tmif avsmyh g;,d, k iG ;f oGm;jcif;r&db
S J e*dt k wdik ;f
(Intact)&dSaewm jzpfygw,f? aemiftem*wfumvrSmvnf; ESpfawGb,favmuf=um
222
onfjzpfap tJ'DatmifyGJr&ao;oa&GŒ tJ'DqENawG ar#mfrSef;csufawG avsmhenf;ysufjy,f
oGm;zkd@r&dSwJhtcsuf[m oHo,&dSp&m rvdkygbl;?
tJ'v
D kd ,H=k unfcsucf ikd rf mjywfom;wJh jynfoal wG[m olw@dk &ŒJ qENawG taumif
txnfay:vmapzkd@ bmvkyf&r,fqdkwmudk a,bk,stm;jzifh odxm;=urSmjzpfygw,f?
tJ'Dtod&vnf; jynfolawG[m 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJtwGif; olwkd@yg0ifEdkifwJh tqifha&muf
wdik ;f yg0ifvm=uwmudk awG@jrifEidk yf gw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ pnf;±k;H a&;c&D;pOfawGe@J
+cHa&SŒa[majymyGJawGu tJ'Dtcsufudk xif[yfae+yD; (2007)a&$0ga&mifawmfvSef
a&;rSmqdk&if (etz)u (EkdifiHa&;t&)trsm;}uD; paw;ay;qyfpGef@pm;+yD; vufjrefajcjref
&uf&ufpufpuf EdyS u f yG af csre_ ;f vdu
k vf @dk om awmfveS af &;&JŒ tqifw
h ck &yfwef@omG ;cJ&h wm
jzpfygw,f? wu,fvkd@rsm; aemufxyf oHk;av;&ufavmufom tcsdef&vdkuf&if jrefrm
jynftES@H u +rdKŒ}uD;+rdKŒi,fawGrmS jynfoal wGoed ;f oef;ukaËcs+D yD; vrf;rawGay: a&mufvm
=urSmjzpf+yD; tJ'Dus&if (etz)udk a=umufwJh ta=umufw&m;uvGJ+yD; cspfcifav;pm;wJh
cHpm;csufewˆdeJ@ wavsmufvHk; }udwfrSdwfatmifhtD; onf;cHvmcJh=u&wJh tv$maygif;pHku
emrnfausmfyk*~dKvfawG[mvnf; oHCmawmfawG/ jynfolawGeJ@twl aygif;pnf;yg0ifvm
=urSm {uefjzpfygw,f? 'gudkodvkd@vnf; (etz)u olwkd@twGuf }uD;rm;wJh EdkifiHa&;t±_H;
ay:r,fqdkwmudk odod}uD;eJ@ tJ'DawmfvSefa&;udk acsr_ef;ypfcJh&wm jzpfygw,f?
tJ'aD wmh (e0w)(etz)vufxuf tESpEf pS q f ,f jzwfoef;r_u=kd unf&h if jrefrm
jynfolvlxktrsm;pk}uD;[m t+rJEdk;Edk;=um;=um; &dSae=u+yD; tcsdefusa&mufvmwdkif;rSm
olwkd@&JŒwm0efudk olwkd@ausyGefpGm xrf;aqmifcJh=uwmcsnf; jzpfygw,f? tm;remwrf;/
raxmufrn‡mwrf; ajym&&if ppftm%m&Sifacwfwavsmuf (txl;ojzifh e0w/ etz
acwfwavsmuf) 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJrSm jynfolvlxkeJ@ acgif;aqmifykdif;qdk+yD; tydkif;ESpfydkif;cGJ
=unfhvdkufwJhtcg tcsdefawmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm jynfolvlxku acgif;aqmifykdif;&JŒ a&SŒudk
a&muf+yD; acgif;aqmifykdif;u jynfolvlxk&JŒ aemufudka&mufaewJh obm0ruswJh ajymif;
jyefaZmufxkd; taetxm; (wenf;ajym&&if) jrefrmh'Drdkua&pD acgif;aqmifydkif;awG&JŒ
tm;enf;r_udk txift&Sm; jrifawG@=u&rSm jzpfygw,f? xif&Sm;wJh EdkifiHa&; tawG;tac:
ynm&Sif}uD;wpfOD;u “vlxkacgif;aqmifqdkwm vlxkwdkufyGJu rD;±SL;oef@pif zGm;jrifay;
vdkufwm jzpfw,fqdkwJhtcsufuawmh rSefw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'Dvlxkacgif;aqmifawGuyJ
vlxkudk yef;wdkifa&mufatmifOD;aqmif ac:,loGm;=u&rSm jzpfw,f”vdk@ ajymqdkcJhygw,f?
oabmuawmh vlxkacgif;aqmif[m rlvu omrefvlwOD;om jzpfayr,fh vlxkacgif;
aqmifjzpfvmwJh tcsed u f p+yD; vlxu k akd cgi;f aqmifra_ y;&r,f? vlx&k ŒJ aemuf+rD;qGJ rjzpf&
bl;vk@d qdv k w
kd m jzpfygw,f? wenf;ajym&&if vlxak cgi;f aqmifawG[m qEN&o Sd nf jzpfap/
qENr&dSbJjzpfap vlxkacgif;aqmifae&mudk a&muf&dSvm+yD;wJhaemufrSm tajccHtm;jzifh
t+rJwrf; OD;aqmifr_ay;&r,f (Initiative)/ wDxGifzefwD;r_&dS&r,f (Creative) qdkwmyJ
jzpfygw,f?
223
±kyf&SifeJ@ ±kyfoHjyuGufawGxJrSm u|Jtkyf/ EGm;tkyf/ oriftkyf 'grSr[kwf jrif;usm;
tkyf}uD;wtkyfaemufudk jcaohFwaumifu ajy;vdkufwJhtcg tJ'Dwd&p>meftkyfwtkyfvHk;
0±kef;okef;um; xGufajy;=uwmudk awG@=u&ygw,f/ wu,fvkd@om tJ'Dwd&p>meftkyf[m
tJovdk0±kef;okef;um; xGufrajy;bJ owWd&dS&dS pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk; nDnD!Gwf!GwfeJ@ &efoludk
&ifqdkif=ur,fqdk&if tJ'Dwd&p>mefawG&JŒ csdKzsm;'grSr[kwf cGmatmufrSm tJ'DjcaoFh[m
toufaysmufrmS aocsmygw,f? 'gayr,fh jcaoFu h kd tJovdk nDn! D w G ! f wG f &ifqikd =f uzk@d
tJ'Dwd&p>meftkyfudk acgif;aqmifpnf;±kH;r,fh wd&p>mefb,fawmhrS ay:vmrSm r[kwfovdk
tJ'w D &d p>mefawG jcaoFu h kd nD!w G pf nf;vH;k pGm &ifqikd cf ck aH e=uwJjh rifuiG ;f udv
k nf; b,fawmh
rS jrif&rSm r[kwfygbl;? tJ'DtwGuf wckwnf;aom ta=umif;&if;uawmh olwkd@[m
wd&p>mefawG jzpfae=uvkd@ jzpfygw,f?
vle@J w&d p>mef=um;rSm wlncD sut f rsm;tjym;&daS yr,fh vl[m wd&p>mefr[kwb f ;l
qdkwmudkawmh txl;ajymzkd@ vdkr,frxifygbl;? &efoludk pkaygif;&ifqdkifEdkifa&;twGuf
wd&p>meftyk u f kd acgi;f aqmifpnf;±k;H r,fh wd&p>mef&,fv@dk b,fawmhrS ay:xGuv f mrSm r[kwf
ayr,fh vlxk}uD;w&yfuawmh olwkd@twGufacgif;aqmifudk rvGJraoG&&dSrSm jzpfovdk tJ'D
acgif;aqmif&JŒ acgif;aqmifr_ rSefuefw,fqdk&if ol@aemufudk z0g;ajcxyfxuf=uyfruGm
vkduf=urSm jzpfygw,f? 'Dtcsufudk jrefrmEdkifiHrSm acgif;aqmifESpfOD; (AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@
a':atmifqef;pk=unf)u oufaojycJh+yD;jzpfygw,f? tjcm;wzufrSmawmh acgif;
aqmifawGtaeeJ@ rSeu f efwahJ cgi;f aqmifr_ ray;Edik cf &hJ if jynfoal wG[m tJ'aD cgi;f aqmifawG
udkaemufrSm csefxm;ypfcJh+yD; acgif;aqmiftopf wifajr‡mufum olwkd@&JŒc&D;udk qufvuf
csDwuf oGm;=urSmyJ jzpfygw,f? jynfolwa,mufcsif;rSm pmemr_awG/ n‡mwmr_awG/ oH
a,mZOfawG/ tpGJtvrf;awG &dSEdkifayr,fh jynfolw&yfvHk;rSmawmh tJ'DqENpGJawGr&dSygbl;?
vlrb _ 0u vlrt _ odukd jyXmef; (Social being determines the social conciousness)
wmrk@d jynfov l x l wk &yf[m tJ't D odt&om olw@dk &ŒJ acgi;f aqmifawGukd wifajr‡mufwm/
z,f&Sm;wm jzpfygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ a':atmifqef;pk=unfwkd@udk jrefrmjynfol
awGu olwkd@&JŒacgif;aqmiftjzpf owfrSwf+yD; olwkd@aemufrSm wpfcJeuf &yfwnfwm[m
tJ'Dacgif;aqmifawG&JŒ acgif;aqmifr_ rSefuefvkd@ jzpfygw,f? acgif;aqmifr_ rrSefuefwJh
wae@rSm jynfolawGu b,facgif;aqmifudkrS n‡mwmaxmufxm;aerSm r[kwfygbl;? 'g
a=umifhacgif;aqmifwa,muftwGuf ol@&JŒacgif;aqmifr_ rSef rrSef qdkwmudk wdkif;wmzkd@
pH wckyJ&dSygw,f? tJ'guawmh ol@aemufrSm vlxk&dS r&dSqdkwmyJ jzpfygw,f? ol@vufxJrSm
ygwDqdkif;bkwfwck&dS r&dS r[kwfygbl;? ygwDqdkif;bkwf&dSayr,fh aemufudkvSnfh=unfhvkdufvkd@
vlxrk &dw S mudk jrifwt hJ cgvx l uk kd “nh&H efaum/ a=umuf&efaum”vd@k oH;k oyfvu kd +f yDqwkd m
eJ@ tJ'Dacgif;aqmif[m acgif;aqmifb0u pkawoGm;+yDjzpfygw,f? ta=umif;uawmh
jrefrmhordkif;/ urBmhordkif; tawG@t}uKHawGt& vlwa,muf/ vltkyfpkwpk[m rSm;Edkifay
r,fh jynfolvlxkqdkwmuawmh b,fawmhrSrrSm;wwfwJh trsdK;jzpfvkd@ygyJ?
224
'Dae&mrSm ta=umif;wdu k q f ikd v
f @dk acgi;f aqmifwa,mufta=umif; ajymjycsiyf g
w,f? oluawmh +AdwdefEdkifiHe,fedrdwfudk ausmfvGef+yD; urBmhtqifhtxd ausmf=um;cJhwJh
0ifpwefcsmcsD jzpfygw,f? 'kwd, urBmppftwGif;/ ajymqdkcJhwJh ol@&JŒemrnfausmf pum;
wcGe;f udk Edik if w H umta&;udk pdw0f ifpm;ol trsm;pk=um;zl;=urSmyg? tJ'guawmh “usKyfw@dk
b,fawmhrS t±_H;ray;bl;” (We will never surrender)qdkwJh pum;jzpfygw,f? csmcsD
tJ'Dpum;ajymwJhtcsdef[m +AdwdefEdkifiHxJrSm vef'ef+rdKŒudk *smrefav,mOfawGu pdpdnuf
nufa=uatmif AHk;}uJwdkufcdkufaewJhtcsdef/ urBmwv$m;rSmvnf; emZD*smreD yefZmwifh
um; wyfr}uD;awGu r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;tzGJ@ydkif e,fajrawGudk wck+yD;wck odrf;ydkuf&if;
a&SŒudk w[kex f ;kd csw
D ufaewJh tcsed jf zpfygw,f? tJovdk tcsed rf sKd ;rSm ajymvdu k w f hJ csmcs&D ŒJ
tJ'pD um;a=umifh tqH;k wpfae@ 'kw, d urBmppfy}JG uD;rSm r[mrdwEf ikd if aH wGu tEdik &f &do S mG ;
cJhwmjzpfw,fvkd@ aocsmayguf rajymEdkifayr,fh tJ'DtcsdefrSm a&SŒwdk;vmaewJh *smreDeJ@
tDwvDwyfawGukd wqkwx f J qkwaf y;ae&wma=umifh wkev f y_ af csmufcsm; ysuf jym;ae=u
wJh urBmwv$m;u r[mrdww f yfz@JG 0ifawG&ŒJ pdw"f mwfuakd wmh csmcs&D ŒJ tJ'o D EMXd mef cdik rf m
jywfom;wJh }uKH;0g;csufu tawmfav;}uD;rm;wJh twdkif;twmtxd jyefvnfwnf
aqmuf jr‡iw fh ifay;Edik cf rhJ mS rvGyJ gb;l ? csmcs[ D m tJ'pD um;udk }uH&mr& *a,mifacsmufcsm;
pdwt f aetxm; (desperate mood)t& ajymcJw h m jzpfcsijf zpfr,f? 'grrS [kwf wu,fyJ
cdkifrmjywfom;wJh ydkif;jzwfcsuf (strong determination)t& ajymcJhwmjzpfcsifjzpfr,f?
b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf csmcsD&JŒ tJ'D}uKH;0g;oH[m pdwf"mwfysufjym; acsmufcsm;ae=uwJh urBm
wv$m;u 'Dru kd a&pDbufawmfom;awGukd ycH;k uudik af qmifh v_yEf ;d_ vdu k o
f vdk jzpfomG ;apcJh
wmuawmh trSefygyJ? csmcsD&JŒ tJ'Drdef@cGef;ajymt+yD; r=umrDrSm ppf&JŒcsdefcGifv#m[m r[m
rdwEf ikd if aH wGbufukd wjznf;jznf;csi;f a&$Œajymif;vmcJw h mvnf; trSejf zpfwma=umifh csmcsD
&JŒtJ'pD um;[m 'kw, d urBmppftay: oufa&mufrw _ pHw
k &m (certain impact) &dcS w hJ ,f
vkd@awmh tenf;qHk;qdkEdkifrSm jzpfygw,f?
jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJudk OD;aqmifaeolawG ((NLD) A[dktvkyftr_aqmif
tzG@J wckxu J o kd m qdvk wkd mr[kwb f J jrefrmjynfwjynfv;kH tqifh tv$mtoD;oD;rSm jynf
olvlxkudk wufºuGpGm OD;aqmifr_ay;ae=uol tm;vHk;udk qdkvdkwmjzpfygw,f?)[m tod
ynma&m/ tawG@t}uKH0gorBmyg &ifhusufºuG,f0aeolawG jzpf=uygw,f? tJ'D acgif;
aqmifr_rSm wOD;csif;taeeJ@ajym&if yrm'avc jzpfwmrsdK;awG &dSaumif;&dSEdkifayr,fh acgif;
aqmifr_wckvHk;taeeJ@ ajym&&ifawmh }uD;}uD;rm;rm; qdk;qdk;&Gm;&Gm; rSm;,Gif;wJh ajcvSrf;
rsdK;vSrf;r,fh taetxm;r&dSbl;vkd@ ,Hk=unfEdkifygw,f?
tcktcsed rf mS tJ'aD cgi;f aqmifawG[m twdww f ek ;f uvdyk J jynfwiG ;f jynfy tajc
taeawGukd rsujf cnfrjywf apmif=h unfh tuJcwf+yD; a&muf&aSd ewJah wmfveS af &;&JŒ tqifeh @J
avsmfnDpGm jynfolvlxkudk ynmay;&if; pnf;±kH;&if; OD;aqmifr_ay;=u&rSm jzpfygw,f?
(2010)a&G;aumufyGJom wckwnf;aomeJ@ txif&Sm; tay:vGifqHk;aom EdkifiHa&;oGifjyif
225
vuQ%mjzpfaeyHk&wJh vuf&dStajctaerSm jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmifawGtaeeJ@ tJ'D
a&G;aumufyGJudkyJ A[dkjyKaqG;aEG;ajymqdk v_yf&Sm;ae=u&wmuawmh obm0usygw,f?
'gayr,fh wcsdefwnf;rSm acgif;aqmifrsm;[m jynfoltcsKdŒtwGif; ay:aygufaewJh tawG;
tac:qdkif&m ±_yfaxG;r_rsm;udk ajz&Sif;ay;=u&rSmjzpf+yD; yef;wdkifaysmuf ar#mfvifhcsufukef
qHk;wJh tawG;tac:udk udk,fwdkifjynfolvlxka&SŒu &J&J0Hh0hHrm;rm;rwfrwf OD;aqmifwdkufyGJ
0ifjcif;jzifh wdkufzsufacsr_ef;ypf=u&rSm jzpfygw,f?
&Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHk}uD; aoG;xGufoH,dkacsr_ef;cH&/ (90)a&G;aumufyGJ&v'f
udk acszsuzf @dk }udK;yrf;ae/ 'Dy, J if;rSm a':atmifqef;pk=unf tygt0if 'Dru kd a&pDvv kd m;wJh
jynfolawGpepfwustuGufcs+yD; ±kdufESufvkyf}uHowfjzwfwmcH&/ a&$0ga&mif awmfvSef
a&;rSm oHCmawmfawGeJ@ ausmif;om;jynfolawG ajymifajymifwif;wif; EdSyfuGyfacsr_ef;
owfjzwfwmcH&/ em*pf'%foifh jynfoal wGukd ulncD w hJ ohJ al wG zrf;qD;ta&;,lc&H / tajccH
Oya' qdkwmudk ZGwftwif;a&;qGJ/ vlxkqENcH,lyGJ twkeJ@ twnfjyK pwJh xl;xl;jcm;jcm;
a=uuG0J rf;enf;zG,f jzpf&yfrsm;eJ@ jynfEh u S af ewJh tESpEf pS q f ,fausmu f mvudk jzwfoef;cJ+h yD;
wJah emufrmS tcsKŒd aom jynfol tpdwt f ydik ;f awGtwGi;f atmifyu JG jkd rifEikd pf rG ;f r&daS wmhbJ
a=umufpw d /f tm;i,fpw d /f ±_;H pdwaf wG wGiu f s,pf ;kd rd;k vmwm rqef;ygb;l ? tm%m&Sipf epf
[m ta=umufw&m;tay: tajcjyK+yD;ol@&JŒ tm%mudk wnfaqmufxm;wmrkd@ jynfol
rsm;twGif; a=umufpdwf/ tm;i,fpdwf/ ±_H;pdwfawG pdrfh0ifysHŒESHaea&;[m ol@&JŒyifrar#mf
rSef;csuf jzpfygw,f? jynfolawGtwGif; tJ'DcHpm;csufawG ysHŒESH@ae&if tm%m&Sifpepf[m
tEdik &f aerSmyJjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh tm%m&Sipf epfukd csKyf+idr;f apcsiw f ,fq&kd if tm%m&Sif
awGudk w&m;a&at; wdkufau|;aevkd@ r&ygbl;? acsmharmh azsmif;zs odrf;oGif;pnf;±kH;aevkd@
vnf; r&ygb;l ? tm%m&Sipf epf&ŒJ zdEydS n f O‡ ;f qJjcif;udk cHae=u&olwikd ;f [m rdrw d @dk u, kd w
f ikd f
&JŒ &ifxu J ta=umufw&m;ukd y,fazsmufz@dk }udK;yrf;wJh wcsed w f nf;rSm wjcm;olawG&ifxJ
u ta=umufw&m; yaysmufomG ;a&;twGuv f nf; ulnv D yk af qmifjcif;jzifh tqH;k wae@rmS
tm%m&Sifpepfudk &J&J0Hh0hH&ifqdkifwGef;vSef acsr_ef;=u&rSm jzpfygw,f?
a=umufpdwfudk y,f&Sif;wJhae&mrSm rdrdwkd@a=umufaewJht&m&JŒ yuwdt&Sd
w&m;udk odatmifvkyfzkd@u ta&;t}uD;qHk; jzpfygw,f? vrdkufnrSm cyfvSrf;vSrf;u
jrif&wJo h pfiw k uf kd ol&iJ wk wf yk f xdik af ew,fxif+yD; a=umufaevk@d uawmh tJ'aD =umufpw d f
b,fawmhrS aysmufrSm r[kwfygbl;? vkyf&rSmu tJ'Dt&meJ@ teD;qHk;ae&ma&mufwJhtxd
oGm;+yD; aoaocsmcsm pl;prf;avhvm&rSm jzpfygw,f? tJovkdqdk&if opfikwfomjzpf+yD;
ol&Jr[kwfbl;qdkwmudk rvGJraoGod&dSum a=umufpdwfajyaysmuf oGm;rSmjzpfygw,f?
tm%m&SifpepfeJ@ ywfouf&ifvnf; 'DvdkygyJ? tm%m&Sifpepf[m a0;a0;u
=unfh&if tifrweftiftm;}uD;oa,mif xif&ayr,fh tJ'Dpepf&JŒ twGif;om;eJ@ teD;qHk;
ae&ma&mufwJhtxd rdrd&JŒ pl;prf;avhvmr_udk ykd@v$wf+yD; qef;ppfoHk;oyf=unfhEdkif&if tJ'D
pepf[m tifrwef tm;enf;w,fqdkwmudk awG@&rSm trSefygyJ? ta=umif;uawmh
226
ta=umufw&m;tay: tajcjyKwnfaqmufxm;wJh tm%m&Sifpepf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wck
twGi;f ta=umufw&m;&JŒ v$r;f rk;d r_tcH&qH;k olawG[m tm%m&Siaf wGu, kd w
f ikd f jzpfaevk@d
ygyJ? olwkd@[m tm%mudk w&m;"rReJ@ nD!GwfpGm &,lxm;=uolawGr[kwfwJhtwGuf
olwkd@vufxJu tm%mudk jynfolawGu r&&atmif jyefvnfodrf;,l=urSm jzpfw,f
qdkwJhtcsufudk odae=u+yD; tJ'DtwGuf t+rJwrf;pdk;&drf ylyefae=u&ygw,f? tm%m&Sif
pepfudk zefwD; wnfaqmufxm;olawG[m wa,mufeJ@ wa,muf trsm;tjrifrSm
wu,fah oG;aomuf&aJ bmfawGozG,&f aSd e=uayr,fh olw@dk &ŒJ tajctae enf;enf;uav;
,drf;,dkifoGm;csdefrSm (tm%m&Sifpepf&JŒ obm0t& tJ'Dtcsdeftcg[mvnf; wcsdefrSm
rvGJraoGay:aygufvmrSmjzpfygw,f?) b,fol[m bufajymif;r,fhol jzpfEdkifovJqdkwJh
oHo,awG olwkd@twGif; &Sdae=uwma=umifh wu,fh tESpfom&tm;jzifh wOD;udk wOD;
vnf; t+rJwrf;r,HkouFm jzpfae=uygw,f?
tJ'Dvdk ta=umufw&m;awG/ oHo,awG&JŒ zkH;v$rf;jcif;cHae&olawG&JŒ pdwf[m
b,fvdk+idrf;csrf;EdkifrSmvJ? b,fvdk wnf+idrfEdkifrSmvJ? tJ'Dawmh obm0uspGmyJ tjrifhrm;
qHk;aom ta=umufw&m;eJ@ oHo,awG&JŒ zdpD;xm;jcif;cHae&olawG vkyfwJhvkyf&yfawG
[m trSm;t,Gif;awGeJ@ jynfhESufaerSmjzpfovdk b,fawmhrS atmifjrifrSmvnf; r[kwfyg
bl;?
'DtqdktwGuf (etz) ppftkyfpk[m urBmay:u taumif;qHk; oufaojycsuf
awGxu J wckjzpfygw,f? (e0w)(etz) tm%m&vmwm tckq&kd if tESpEf pS q f ,fausmf
cJhyg+yD? b,fe,fy,f b,fu¾rSm olwkd@atmifjrifcJhygovJ? jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;[m
vGefcJhwJh tESpfESpfq,fuxuf ajymavmufqkdavmufatmif ododomom wdk;wufvm
ovm;? usqif;oGm;ovm;? tdrfeD;csif; b,fEdkifiHawG&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;udk ausmfwufEkdif
(okd@r[kwf) trDvdkufEdkifcJh+yDvJ? ppfrSefwJh jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;udk &cJh+yDvm;? EdkifiHwum
qufqHa&;e,fy,frSma&m *k%fj'yfxnf0gwJh EdkifiHwcktjzpf trsm;&JŒ todtrSwfjyK av;
pm;r_udk &&dScJhyg&JŒvm;? tajzawGudkawmh tm;vHk; od+yD;jzpfr,fxifvkd@ rajymawmhygbl;?
n‡mn‡mwmwm av#mhav#mhayghayhg rvkyfbJ t&if;twdkif;axmufjy&&if (etz)[m tJ'D
euf±_dif; odrfarG@cufcJ eufeJwJhjy\emawGudk ajz&Sif;Edkifzkd@qdkwm tomxm;vdkufygOD;?
zGH@+zdK;+yD; ajrmuftar&du/ taemufOa&myEdkifiHawG rajymeJ@ tdrfeD;csif; EdkifiHtrsm;pkrSm
awmif jy\emwck r[kwfawmhwJh v#yfppfrD; jy\emudkawmif ajyvnfatmif rajz&Sif;
Edkifao;ygbl;? EdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;&cJhwm ESpf(60)ausmfvmcJh+yDjzpfwJh vuf&dStcsdefrSm oef;
aygi;f (50)ausmf ta&twGu&f w Sd hJ jynfov
l x l }k uD;u w&uf (24)em&DrmS (4)em&DavmufyJ
v#yfppfrD;&aeao;wJh EdkifiHukd (etz)u b,fvdkarSmfwefcdk;tpGrf;eJ@ acwfrDzGH@+zKd;wdk;wuf
aom EdkifiH}uD;jzpfatmif wnfaqmufrSmvJ? EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om; (2000)ausmf&Sdae+yD;
typftcwf&yfpJa&;,lxm;wJh awmfvSefa&; tzGJ@}uD;awG tm;vHk;u (2010)a&G;aumufyGJ
+yD;wJhaemufrSmvnf; vufeufudk qufvufpGJukdifxm;rSm jzpfw,fvkd@ yGifhyGifhvif;vif;
227
ajymqdx k m;=uwJh Edik if u
H +kd idr;f csr;f wJh 'Dru
kd a&pDEikd if aH wmf}uD; jzpfatmif (etz)u b,fvkd
aZmf*eD aZmf*euf armufvHk; armufjym;tpGrf;eJ@ wnfaqmufrSmvJ?
±kyfoHzefom;jyifeJ@ owif;pmrsufESmzHk;awGrSm +yHK;&$if&,farmae=uwJh tm%m
&SifawG&JŒ yHkudk=unfh+yD; jynfolawG pdwf"mwfusp&m rvdkygbl;? 'Dae&mrSm tar&duef
uGef*&ufv$wfawmf trwfwa,muf&JŒ rSwfom;p&m pum;wcGef;udk owd&oifhygw,f?
olajymwmu 'Dvdkyg? “tm%m&SifawG[m wdkif;jynfuxGufajy;zkd@ av,mOfay: wuf
cgeD;awmifrS 'Dwdkif;jynfudk olwkd@yJ aemufESpfig;q,f =umwJhtxd quftkyfcsKyfoGm;r,fh
yHkrsdK;zrf;xm;wwf=uwmAsæ tawmfav;udk [efaqmifaumif;wJhvlawG”? rSefygw,f?
[efudk,hfzkd@qdkwm tm%m&SifawGtwGuf olwkd@a&G;cs,fcJhwJh b0uoif=um;ay;vdkufwJh
twwfynmwck jzpfygw,f?
&Gmw&Gm&JŒ tjyifbuft0ifvrf;ray:rSm anmifyif}uD;wyif&w Sd ,f? tJ'aD nmif
yif[m &GmxJ0if/ &GmjyifxGufwJh &Gmol&Gmom;wdkif; rjzpfrae jzwfoef;oGm;=u&wJh tyif
}uD;vnf; jzpfw,f? jy\emu tJ'aD nmifyifrmS tifrwefq;kd &Gm;wJh ol&w J aumif &dw S ,f
qdk+yD; &Gmol&Gmom;awG[m tkyfpkrawmifh&if tJ'Danmifyif teD;ujzwfroGm;&J jzpfae
=uwma=umifh udpPtawmfrsm;rsm;rSm tvkyfrwGif/ c&D;rwGif jzpfaewmyJ? &Gmol}uD;u
awmh tJ'aD nmifyifrmS ol&&J w Sd ,fqw kd mudk r,Hb k ;l ? 'gayr,fh tJ'gukd &Gmom;awG oabm
aygufatmif olvnf;rajymEdkifjzpfaew,f? wae@awmh ol}uD;u t}uH&+yD; &Gmom; tm;
vHk;udk anmifyift&dyfatmufrSm pkcdkif;vdkufw,f? oluvnf; tkef;yGJ/ iSufaysmyGJawG tyg
t0if }uD;}uD;us,u f s,f crf;crf;em;
em;awG taotcsm jyifqif+yD; tJ'D
teD;w0dkufudk crf;em;xnf0gwJh t
aiG@toufawG zkH;v$rf;aeatmif “tmZmenf
vkyfxm;vdkufw,f? ewfaygif;pHkyifh ol&Jaumif;wkd@rnfonf
zdwf/ bkef;}uD;awG y&dwf&Gwf/ y&dwf rdrdwkd@tvkyfudk
a&awG bmawGanmifyifw0du k f zse;f qHk;cef;wdkifatmifvkyfonf”
yuf+yD;awmhrS ol}uD;u “ ig[m a& qd k w mjzpf + yD ;
ajrŒoeif; jynfh&Sifrif;&JŒ udk,fpm; 'D aemuf w ck u
&Gmudk tkyfcsKyfaewm jzpfw,f? 'g “wdkif;jynftusdK;udk
a=umifh 'Danmif yifrSm wG,fuyf+yD;
ar#mfudk;+yD;&J&J0Hh0Hh
aewJ h raumif ; qd k ; 0g;aumif u d k
jywf j ywf o m;om;
bk&ifhudk,fpm; ajymvdkufr,fæ oif
tcktcsdefup+yD; 'Danmifyif/ 'D&Gm aqmif & G u f = u”
uae a0;&mudk ajy;ayawmh rajy; qdkwm æ
&if bk&ifu h ,
kd pf m; iguoifu h kd p=um
228
0Vm wdkufwaomif; tjyifbufudk vGifhxGufoGm;+yD;b,fawmhrS ru|wfrvGwfawmhwJh
b0 a&mufoGm;atmif armif;xkwfypfvdkufrSm jzpfw,f”pojzifh }uD;us,fcrf;em;wJh
pum;awGajym+yD; ol&aJ rmif;xkwyf JG qifEv J$ ukd wf ,f? tJ'aD emufyikd ;f up+yD; &Gmom;awG[m
anmifyif}uD;em;uae wa,mufxyJ jJ zpfjzpf ae@a&mnyg ra=umufr&GŒH jzwfoef;oGm;vm
0hH=uawmhw,f?
trSefawmh ol}uD;[m anmifyifu ol&Judk armif;xkwfvdkufwm r[kwfygbl;?
&Gmom;awGpdwfxJu ta=umufw&m;udk armif;xkwfvdkufwmyg? acgif;aqmifqkdwm 'gyg
yJ? rdrdaemufvdkufi,fom;awG &ifxJu a=umif;usdK;qDavsmfr_r&dSwJh/ w&m;"rReJ@ udkufnD
r_r&dSwJh tawG;tac: t,ltqawGae&mrSm a=umif;usKd;qDavsmfr_&SdwJh w&m;"rReJ@ ukduf
nDr&_ wdS hJ tawG;tac:t,ltqawG a&muf&pSd +JG rJvmatmif ulnyD yhH ;kd jcif;jzifh jynfov l xl k
}uD; w&yfv;kH &JŒ cGet f m;udk aygi;f pnf;&,l+yD; yef;wdik t f a&muf csw D ufz@dk qdw k m acgi;f aqmif
wkd@ ar#mfrSef;tyfwJh t"du vkyfief;aqmifwm jzpfygw,f?
w&m;r#wrSefuefwJh wdkufyGJwck Edkifrvm; ±_H;rvm;qdkwmudk acgif;aqmifr_&JŒ
t&nftaoG;u tqH;k tjzwf ray;Edik yf gb;l ? 'gayr,fh tJ'w D u
kd yf q
JG ifEwJ$ u hJ mv &Sn=f um
rvm;? wdkawmif;rvm;qdkwmudkawmh acgif;aqmifr_&JŒ t&nftaoG;u tqHk;tjzwf
ay;Edkifygw,f?
(1962)/ Zlvdkif(7)&uf ta&;tcif;rSm wufºuGv_yf&Sm;wJh &efukefwuUodkvf
ausmif;om;awGudk “tkwfeH&H acgif;eJ@aqmihfwJh aumifav;awG”vdk@ u±k%mvdkvdk avSmif
ajymifoa&mfwmvdkvdk ajymcJh=uygw,f? (74/ 75/ 76 ta&;tcif;umvawGrSmawmh tJ
ovkdajymoHqkdoHrsKd;/ tawmfuav; wdrfoGm;ygw,f? &Spfav;vkH;ta&;awmfyHk}uD; t
wGi;f rSmawmh jynfov l x
l o k ed ;f aygi;f rsm;pGm yg0ifvmcJ=h uwma=umifh tJ't D a&;awmfy}kH uD;
&JŒ atmifyw JG cktjzpf (90)a&G;aumufyrJG mS jynfoal wG[m ESpaf ygi;f (30)eD;yg; umvtwGi;f
yxrqHk;t}udrfolwkd@&JŒ ppfrSefwJhudk,fpm;vS,fawGudk a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufEkdifcJh=uygw,f?
tcktcsdefrSm tJ'Da&G;aumufyGJ&JŒ &v'fawG taumiftxnf ay:rvmao;ayr,fh jynf
olawG&ŒJ vl@tcGit hf a&;eJ@ 'Drukd a&pDa&; ar#mrf eS ;f csurf sm;[m Zlvikd v f (7)&uf ta&;tcif;
wke;f ueJ@ bmrSrqdik af vmufatmif ydrk v kd if;vuf awmufyvmcJ+h yDjzpfw,fqw kd hJ tcsuu f
awmh tjiif;yGm;zG,f udpw P ck r[kwyf gb;l ? yde;f ydwaf tmif arSmifaew,fv@dk xif&wJh trdu k f
wdkuf}uD;xJrSm tJ'gudk aocsmayguf+zdKcGJypfr,fh tvif;oaE< &dSw,fqdkwmudk jrifatmif
=unfEh ikd pf rG ;f (positive sense) &dzS @dk rvG,b f ;l qdw
k m rSeyf gw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ't D csu[ f m
trSefwu,f wnf&dSaewJh yuwdw&m; (Reality) wck jzpfwJhtwGuf tJ'gudk jrifatmif
=unfzh @dk udp[ P m vlom;awGrjzpfrae xrf;aqmif&r,fh arG;&myg wm0efygy?J ,Ofaus;jcif;
(civilization) qDo@dk av#mufvrS ;f wJh vlom;&JŒwa&GŒa&GŒjzpfpOf[m tJ'w D m0efukd vlom;
awG rsdK;qufwck+yD;wck xrf;aqmifcJhwJh rSwfwrf;}uD;yJ r[kwfvm;?
229
jynfolawGbufrSm tcuftcJawG&dSw,fqdkwm rSefygw,f? 'gayr,fh (etz)
bufrmS a&m tm;vH;k u tqifajyvG,u f l acsmarG@aevk@d vm;? (etz)[m (90)a&G;aumuf
yGJ&v'fudk acszsufEdkifzkd@ }udK;pm;vmcJhwm ESpfaygif;(20)eD;yg;&dSyg+yD? tcktxd ratmif
jrifao;ygb;l ? tckawmh (2010)a&G;aumufyq JG w
kd meJ@ acszsuzf @dk }udK;pm;aejyefyg+yD? +yD;cJw
h hJ
tESp(f 20)eD;yg; umvwavsmufv;kH (etz)tay: Edik if w H umrdom;pkwckv;kH &JŒ jyif;xefwhJ
aygi;f pnf;zdtm;}uD;wck rusa&mufcw hJ m[m (90)a&G;aumufy&JG v'fe@J tJ'&D v'fukd ud, k f
pm;jyKwJh (NLD) wnf&dSaeao;wma=umifh jzpfygw,f? wenf;ajym&if (etz)[m ol@&JŒ
&Sifoefa&;twGuf tJ'DESpfckudk wnf&dScGifh ay;xm;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? wzufuvSnfhajym&if
jrefrmjynfolvlxk}uD;eJ@ ,Ofaus;wJhEdkifiHwum todkif;t0dkif;&JŒ tiftm;pGrf;yum;udk
a=umuf&GHŒwJhtwGuf tJ'Dt&mESpfckudk t+yD;wdkifacszsufwmrsdK; rvkyf0HhcJhwm jzpfygw,f?
tckawmh tm;vHk;od=uwJhtwdkif; (2010)a&G;aumufyGJqdkwmeJ@ tJ'Dt&mESpfck
udk t+yD;wdkifacszsufzkd@ }udK;pm;aeyg+yD? 'g[m wa&GŒa&GŒ jrifhwufvmaewJh ol@&JŒrdwfaqGeJ@
tdref ;D csi;f Edik if rH sm; tygt0ifEikd if w
H um&JŒ zdtm;a=umifv h m;? 'grrS [kwf (90) a&G;aumuf
yG&J v'fe@J (NLD)udk t+yD;wdik f acszsuzf @dk olw@dk rmS tiftm;tvHt k avmuf&+Sd yDv@dk ,H=k unf
oGm;vk@d vm;? bma=umifq h wkd m raocsmayr,fh aocsmwmuawmh (2010)rSm a&G;aumuf
yGJvkyfr,fvkd@ w&m;0if a=unmxm;+yD;yg+yD?
olw@dk awmif;qdx k m;wJt h csuaf wG (a':pktygt0if Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;tm;vk;H
ukd v$waf y;&r,f? tajccHOya'udk jyefvnfo;Hk oyf&r,f? Ekid if w H umudk apmif=h unfh tuJ
cwfciG jhf yKwJh a&G;aumufyjJG zpf&r,f)r&&if tJ'aD &G;aumufyu JG kd 0ifrmS r[kwb f ;l vk@d (NLD)
u yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ajymqdkxm;ygw,f? tJ'Dawmif;qdkcsufawGudk rvdkufavsmEdkifbl;vkd@
(etz)u ajymxm;ygw,f? tusdK;quftjzpf tJ'Da&G;aumufyGJudk 0ifrSmr[kwfbl;vkd@
typftcwf&yfpJa&;,lxm;wJh tzGJ@}uD;tm;vHk;u (vlod&Sif=um;wrsdK; wdk;wdk;wdwf
wdwfwrsdK;) ajymqdkxm;=uygw,f? tar&duefeJ@ Oa&myor*~uvnf; ygoifhygxdkufol
tm;vHk;yg0ifwJh (All Inclusive)a&G;aumufyGJ rjzpfcJhbl; qdk&if tJ'Da&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk
todtrSwfjyKrSm r[kwfbl;vkd@ajymqdkxm;=uygw,f? aysmhpdpd tpOftvm&dSwJh tmpD,H
uawmif (All Inclusive)qdw k hJ pum;vH;k udak wmh }uKHwikd ;f toH;k jyKajymqdv k mwm awG@&yg
w,f? r=umao;rDu Adkvfodef;pdef tif'dkeD;&Sm;eJ@ puFmyloGm;awmhvnf; tJ'DEdkifiHacgif;
aqmifawGu usefwmawGudk (etz)eJ@ xdyfwdkufrjzpfatmif a&Smifajym=uayr,fh (All
Inclusive) qdkwmudkawmh rjzpfraexnhf ajymcJh=uygw,f?
tm;vHk;uodae=uayr,fh rodbl;xif+yD; arSmufxm;wJh zJwcsyfudk vSefjyvdkuf
jcif;jzifh (etz)u Edik if w H umudk vSnjhf zm; aoG;aqmifz@dk r=umao;cifu }udK;yrf;cJyh gw,f?
tJ'guawmh (2010)a&G;aumufyu JG kd avhvmtuJcwfz@dk Edik if w H um tuJcwf yk*K~ v d af wGukd
0ifcGifhjyKr,fqdkwJh pum;ygyJ? tJ'Da&G;aumufyGJ trSefwu,f jzpfvmcJhw,fqdk&ifawmif
tJ'Da&G;aumufyGJudk arG;xkwfay;vkdufwJh tajccHOya'[m urBmay:rSm tqkd;&Gm;qkH;
230
tajccHOya'jzpfaewma=umifh tJ'aD &G;aumufy&JG v'f[m jrefrmjynfoal wGtwGuf wefz;kd
wjym;wcsyfrS r&dSrSm jzpfa=umif;odaewJh EdkifiHwum rdom;pku (etz)vSefjyvdkufwJh
tJ'DzJcsyfudk a,mifvkd@awmif vSnfhr=unfhcJh=uwm tm;vHk;todygyJ?
'ga=umifh vuf&dSrSm tJ'Da&G;aumufyGJudk rjzpfrae usif;yoGm;r,fvkd@ }uKH;0g;ae
ayr,fh (etz)[m olwkd@tJovdk vkyfvdkuf&if wufvmr,fh 'Da&&JŒtjrifhudk wGufcsuf
=unfhaeyHk&ygw,f? 'gayr,fh (etz)xJrSm acgif;rmtkyfpku tompD; &aewma=umifh
'grSr[kwf (etz)[m acgif;rmolawGeJ@csnf; zGJ@pnf;xm;wJhtzGJ@jzpfwma=umifh jynfoleJ@
Edik if w
H umu b,fvykd J qef@usiaf e=uygap? tJ'D a&G;aumufy[ JG m owfrw S x
f m;wJt h wdik ;f
(2010)rSm ay:aygufvmEdkifygw,f?
tJovdkqdk&if b,fvdkjzpfvmrvJ? tajccHtm;jzifh aemufqufwJG tajctae
}uD;oHk;ck jzpfxGef;vmygvdrfhr,f? yxrqHk;wcku tJ'Da&G;aumufyGJ[m jynfolvlxkvuf
rcHwJh a&G;aumufyGJjzpfwJhtwGuf tJ'Da&G;aumufyGJu xGufay:vmwJh tpdk;&[m (etz)
vdkcsifwJh w&m;0if tpdk;&wckjzpfvmrSm r[kwfygbl;? 'kwd,tcsuftaeeJ@ w&m;0if
r[kwfwJh tJ'Dtpkd;&udk EdkifiHwumu vufcHtodtrSwfjyKrSm r[kwfwJhtwGuf (etz)
vufxuf wavsmufv;kH &daS ecJw h hJ Edik if w
H um qufqaH &; tusytf wnf;awG[m quf&Sd
aerSm jzpfygw,f? '%fcwfydwfqkd@ ta&;,lr_awG[mvnf; quf&dSaerSmjzpfygw,f?
wwd,tcsufuawmh jynfolvlxku vufrcHwJhw&m;r0if tpdk;& vufxufrSm jynfol
awGtwGuf jyif;xefqdk;&Gm;vSwJh tcuftcJtusyftwnf;awG[m quf&dSaerSm jzpfwm
a=umifh tJ'Dtajctae&JŒ tusdK;quftjzpf EdkifiHwnf+idrfat;csrf;zGH@+zdK; wdk;wufr_qdkwm
a0;oxufa0;jzpfomG ;+yD; rcHEikd af wmhwhJ tqH;k wae@rmS &Spaf v;vH;k xufawmif ydrk }kd uD;rm;
jyif;xefwJh aygufuGJtHkºuGr_}uD;wck taES;r[kwftjref ay:aygufvmrSm {uefrvGJ jzpfyg
w,f?
(etz)xJu acgif;rmtkyfpk 'grSr[kwf acgif;rmwJh (etz)uawmh tJ'DtusdK;
qufawGudk awG;rdcsifrS awG;rdygvdrfhr,f? awG;rd&ifawmif “tdkæ bmylp&mvdkovJæ
tJ'Dtcsdefusawmhvnf; vufeufeJ@ EdSyfuGyfacsr_ef;ypfvdkufwmaygh”vdk@ awG;aumif; awG;
xm;ygvdrfhr,f? tm%m[m aoewfajymif;0u xGufw,fvkd@ ,lqxm;ol awGtwGuf
'DvdkawG;xm;wm[m tqef;w=u,f udpPwck r[kwfygbl;? 'g[m jynfoludk udk,fpm;
rjyKwJh tm%m&Sifppftkyfpku ol@tvkyfolvkyfwmyJ jzpfygw,f?
'DvdkygyJ? jynfolawGuvnf; udk,fhtvkyfudk,fvkyf=u&ygvdrfhr,f? avmavm
q,f vkyf=u&rSmu jynfolvlxkudk a,bk,stm;jzifh rSefuefwJh OD;aqmifr_ay;aewJh
(NLD)aemufrSm wcJeuf wnDw!Gwfwnf; &yfwnf=uzkd@ jzpfygw,f? (2010) a&G;
aumufyeJG @J ywfouf+yD; (NLD)&JŒ &yfwnfcsuf rwdr;f rapmif;ao;oa&GŒ (NLD)&JŒ t}uH
jyKwdkufwGef;csufrsm;twdkif; wdwdusus vdkufemaqmif&Guf=u&ygvdrfhr,f?
231
wu,fv@dk (NLD)u vrf;a=umif;wdrf;apmif;oGm;cJh&if 'grSr[kwf (etz)&JŒ
qifuef;awmwdk; rsufuef;wap>ra=umuf ZGwfvkyf&yfa=umifh jynfolvufrcHwJh (2010)
a&G;aumufyJG jzpfajrmufomG ;cJ+h yD; aemufyikd ;f (NLD)eJ@wuG jynfo@l 'rD u kd a&pD tzG@J tpnf;
tm;vH;k (etz&JŒ owfrw S cf sut
f &) w&m;0if ajray:tzG@J tpnf;rsm;tjzpfukd qH;k ±_;H oGm;cJh
=u+yDqdk&ifvnf; jynfolawG[m 'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ vkyf&yf
erlemeJ@ rdef@rSmcsufrsm;twdkif; 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJudk oifhavsmf&m yHko¿mefrsm;eJ@ quf
vuf qifE=J$ u&rSmyJjzpfygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf&ŒJ vky&f yfrsm;eJ@ ywfoufv@dk uawmh
tm;vHk;odxm;=u+yD;om; jzpfwma=umifh xyf+yD;azmf!¸ef;jyp&m rvdkawmhygbl;? tcufcJ
tusyw f nf;qH;k tajctaerSmatmufrmS ae ae&wJh txJuawmif ±ke;f uef xGuaf y:vm
wJh ol@&JŒ rdef@rSmcsufwcsKd@udkyJ &nf!¸ef;jyvdkygw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh a':atmifqef;pk
=unf&JŒ jcH0if;wHcg;0rSm ay:xGufvmcJhwJh ol@&JŒ wkdufwGef;csufrsm;yJjzpfygw,f? r=umao;
cifvykid ;f twGi;f tJ'aD e&mrSm ol@&ŒJ wdu k w f eG ;f csuEf pS cf u
k kd jynfoal wG jrifawG@c=hJ u&ygw,f?
wcku “tmZmenfo&l aJ umif;wk@d rnfonf rdrw d @dk tvkyu f kd qH;k cef;wdik af tmif vkyo f nf”
qdw k mjzpf+yD; aemufwcku “wdik ;f jynftusKd ;udk ar#mu f ;kd +yD;&J&0J 0hH hH jywfjywfom;om; aqmif
&Guf=u”qdkwm jzpfygw,f?
(1988)ckEpS u f pvk@d tcktxd tESpEf pS q f ,fausmu f mvtwGi;f a':atmifqef;
pk=unf &yfwnfajymqdk vkyfudkifvmcJhor#eJ@ tJ'DwdkufwGef;csufawGudk aygif;pyf=unfhvdkuf
&if rdrdwkd@EdkifiHudk vGwfvyf+idrf;csrf;/ zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufapvdkwJh qENtmoDo jyif;jyif;jyjy &dSae
=uol jrefrmjynfolawGtaeeJ@ rdrdwkd@vkyf&r,fhtvkyfudk txift&Sm; tyDtjyif jrifawG@
Ekdif=uvdrfhr,fvkd@ usaemf,Hk=unfygw,f?
udpu P &Si;f &Si;f av;yg? usaemfw@dk a&SŒoGm;r,fv h rf;ay:rSm ausmufw;kH }uD;wwH;k
ydwfqkd@umqD;aew,f? tJ'DausmufwHk;}uD;udk z,f&Sm;zkd@ vlwa,mufxJuvkyf&if wESpf
=umr,fqkdygawmh? 'gqdk(2)a,muf}udK;pm;&if (6)v/ (4)a,muf}udK;pm;&if (3)vpojzifh
yg0if}udK;pm; aqmif&GufwJholrsm;avav z,f&Sm;&wJhumv wdkawmif;avavjzpfrSm
taotcsmygyJ? (2010)a&G;aumufyGJqdkwm tJ'D ausmufwHk;}uD;u yJhxGufvmwJh tydkif;
tpuav; wckom jzpfygw,f? tJ'DausmufwHk; tydkif;tpuav;udk z,f&Sm;Ekdifzkd@
ppftm%m&SifpepfqkdwJh yifrausmufwkH;}uD;udk z,f&Sm;Edkifzkd@u ydkta&;}uD;ygw,f? trSef
w&m;bufrmS vnf;&d/S cdik rf mjywfom;wJh atmifpw d v f nf;&dw S o hJ u l kd b,ft&murS rwm;
qD;Edkifygbl;?
'Drkdua&pD&&Sda&;twGuf jynfolawGbmvkyfoifhovJqkdwmeJ@ ywfouf+yD;
usaemhf&JŒ a,bk,stjrifrsm;udk wifjycJh+yD; jzpfygw,f? tckwcgaemufqkH;rS azmfjyayr,fh
ta&;ygr_tykdif;rSm aemufqkH;r[kwfwJh udpPwck/ jrefrmEkdifiHrSm ppftm%m&Sifpepf
csKyf+idrf;aysmufuG,foGm;wmudk jrifvkd=uwJh jynfolwdkif; rjzpfraevkyfaqmif&r,fh
(wu,fawmh tJ'Dvkyfief;[m ppftm%m&Sif tpkd;&qkdwJh xif&Sm;jrifomwJh ±kyfj'yf}uD;
232
aysmufu, G of mG ;+yD; aemufrmS awmif jrefrmEkid if q
H w dk m urBmay:rSmwnf&adS eoa&GŒ tquf
rjywf vkyfaqmifae=u&r,fh vkyfief;}uD;yg)vkyfief;wckudk wifjyygr,f? tJ'guawmh
a&SŒtcef; wcsKdŒrSm usaemftenf;i,f azmfjycJh+yD;jzpfwJh vlrsKd;}uD;0g'eJ@ vlrsKd; i,f0g'wkd@eJ@
oufqkdifwJhvkyfief;jzpfygw,f? 'Dtcef;rSm tJ'D0g'ESpfckta=umif; tao;pdwf wifjyaqG;
aEG;+yD; usaemfh&JŒ tajzudk ed*kH;csKyfrSmjzpfygw,f?
vlrsKd;}uD;0g'qkdwmudk tESpfcsKyf&Sif;jy&&if 'DurBmrSm okd@r[kwf 'DEkdifiHrSm igwkd@
vlrsKd;om tjrifhjrwfqkH;/ txufjrufqkH; taumif;qkH;/ tawmfqkH; usefwJhvlrsKd;awGu
igwkd@vlrsKd;awGavmuf rjrwfbl;/ rxufbl;/ raumif;bl;/ rawmfbl;vkd@ ,lqwJh0g'ygyJ?
wkdif;wyg;vufatmuf 'grSr[kwf tjcm;vlrsKd;wrsKd;&JŒ vufatmuf u|efom;aygufb0
a&mufae&wJh vlrsKd;wrsKd;&JŒ acgif;qmifrsm;[m rdrdwkd@ vlrsKd;EG,f0ifrsm;udk OD;aqmif+yD;
u|eo f aygub f 0u vGwaf jrmufa&; ±ke;f ueftºHk uGr}_ uD; wck(wenf;)awmfveS af &;}uD;wck
ay:aygufvmatmif }uKd;yrf;=uwJhtcg rdrdwkd@vlrsKd;&JŒ twdwfu xif&Sm;}uD;us,f jrifh
jrwfcJhykHawGudk azmfjyv_H@aqmf=u&ygw,f? wenf;ajym&&if rdrdwkd@vlrsKd;pkEG,f0ifawG&JŒ
&ifxJrSm trsKd;om;a&;ZmwdrmefawG yGufyGufql [kef;[kef;xvmatmif v_H@aqmf=u&
ygw,f? ukdvkdeDacwfu ay:aygufcJhzl;wJh “ocifrsKd;a[h wkd@Arm” qkdwJh aºuG;a=umfoH[m
tJ'DvkdrsKd;v_H@aqmfr_&JŒ xif[yfcsufwckjzpfygw,f?
wu,fawmh rdrdxuf tiftm;tqrwef}uD;wJh &efoleJ@ &ifqkdif&Jzkd@twGuf
acgi;f aqmifawGtaeeJ@ tJovkd Zmwdyn k *k%rf meudk rD;armif;xk;d jy+yD; rdrw d @dk vrl sK;d EG,0f if
jynfoal wGukd trsK;d om;a&;pdw"f gwf Zmwdrmef cGet f m;oGi;f ay;&wm acgi;f aqmifawGtzk@d
rvkyfrjzpfvkyf&wJh tvkyfjzpfygw,f? 'Dvkdenf;eJ@ rdrdwkd@udk u|efjyKtkyfpkd;aewJh wkdif;wyg;
om;vlrsKd;jcm;awGudk atmifjrifpGm ckcHwGef;vSef armif;xkwf+yD; vGwfvyfa&;t&,lEkdifcJhwJh
EkdifiHeJ@ vlrsKd;aygif;rsm;pGmwkd@vnf; urBmhorkdif;tqufqufrSm &SdcJh=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh
EkdifiHawG/ vlrsKd;awG&JŒ trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wkdufyGJtqifhrSm trsKd;om;a&;0g'[m
wdk;wufwJh vuQ%maqmifwJh tjcif;t&mwck jzpfygw,f?
'gayr,fh trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&; wku d yf t
JG qifu h kd vGeaf jrmufomG ;cJ+h yD; aemuf
rSmawmh tJ'DtrsKd;om;a&;0g'[m acgif;aqmifawG ^m%fynmtajrmftjrifenf;cJhr,f
qkd&if “r[mvlrsKd;}uD;0g'”tqifhokd@ qkwf,kwfusqif; oGm;EkdifzG,f&Sdygw,f? trsKd;om;
vGwfajrmufa&;wkdufyGJumvrSm trsKd;om;a&;0g'twGuf wkdif;wyg;u vlrsKd;jcm;tkyf
csKyfolawG[m ypfrSwftjzpf txift&Sm; &Sdaewmrkd@ trsKd;om;a&;0g' tm;aumif;ckdifrm
avav/ vGwfvyfa&;eJ@ eD;avavrkd@ trsKd;om;Zmwdrmef tjrifhqkH;tqifhtxd qlyGufv#H
a0atmif v_H@aqmfa&;[m acgif;aqmifrsm;twGuf y"mewm0ef jzpfayr,fh tJ'D
vkyif ef;[m umv tuef@towfe@J jzpfw,fqw dk mudk ^m%fynmtajrmftjrifenf;yg;wJh
(okd@r[kwf)udk,fusKd;&Sm twWpdwfrsm;jym;wJh acgif;aqmifawG oabmrayguf=uygbl;?
trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&; wkdufyGJumv vGefajrmufoGm;cJhwJh EkdifiHwEdkifiHrSm tJ'Dvkd acgif;
233
aqmifrsK;d awG[m wkid ;f jynf&ŒJ uH=urRmukd tqk;H tjzwfay;Ekid w f hJ tcef;u¾wckcrk mS quf
&Sad ew,fq&dk ifawmh tJ'ED idk if rH mS r[mvlrsK;d }uD;0g'[m yko H ¿mef wrsK;d rsK;d eJ@ ayguzf mG ;&Sif
oef }uD;xGm;aeawmhwmygyJ?
'DtcgrmS wcsed u f txift&Sm;&Scd w hJ hJ ypfrw
S jf zpfwhJ wkid ;f wyg;om; vlrsK;d jcm;awG
vnf; r&Sdawmh+yDrkd@ trsKd;om;a&;0g' wjzpfvJ r[mvlrsKd;}uD;0g'&JŒ ypfrSwftopf[m
rdrdwkd@eJ@ orkdif;wavsmuf wajrwnf;ae wa&wnf;aomuf rdom;pk aqGrsKd;rsm;ozG,f
aexkdifvmcJhwJh tjcm;aom wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pki,fawG jzpfvmawmhwmygyJ? (rD;zkdxJu
rD;udk csuaf &;jyKwfa&;udpaP wG +yD;pD;csed rf mS r+idr;f owfbJ xm;cJ&h if tJ'rD ;D [m olavmifu|r;f
0g;rsKdoifhwJh avmifpm(xif;)ukdom ruawmhbJ ravmifu|rf; r0g;rsKdoifhwJh avmifpm
(tkd;tdrfponf)awGudkyg avmifu|rf;0g; rsKdoGm;wJh oabmeJ@qifwlygw,f?) ^m%fynm
tajrmf tjrifenf;yg;wJh wcsdefwnf;rSm ukd,fusKd;twW}uD;rm;=uwJh acgif;aqmifrsm;[m
wcsdefu tifrwef cspfcifESpfvkdzG,faumif;cJhwJh trsKd;om;a&;0g'udk tifrwef pufqkyf
&GH&SmzG,faumif;wJh r[mvlrsKd;}uD;0g'tjzpfokd@ (olwkd@udk,fwkdifawmif odcsifrSodr,f)
ajymif;vJypfvu dk =f u+yD; tJ'0D g'udk vufeuftjzpf tok;H jyKum tjcm;wkid ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d pk
rsm;tay: ykHo¿mefrsKd;pkHeJ@ ESdyfpufuvl jyK=uygawmhw,f? tJ'DrSmwif qef@usifbuf
rESpfvkdp&mwckjzpfwJh vlrsKd;i,f0g'vnf; aygufzGm;vmawmhwmygyJ?
vlrsK;d i,f0g'qkw d muawmh r[mvlrsK;d }uD;0g'&JŒ zdp;D ESyd pf ufra_ tmufrmS tvl;
tvJcHpm;&if; rdrdwkd@vlrsKd; urBm}uD;ay:u aysmufuG,f roGm;atmif cufcufcJcJ }udK;pm;
xdef;odrf; umuG,fapmifha&Smufae&wJhtavsmuf cg;onf;em=unf;pdwfawG qla0v#H
yGuf&muae vlrsKd;}uD;0g'eJ@ vlrsKd;ukd cGJjcm;rjrifEkdifawmhbJ tukefvkH;a&maESm odrf;usKH;+yD;
rkef;wD;oGm;wJh0g'jzpfygw,f?
'DvkdeJ@ 'D0g'ESpfck=um;rSm tqkd;oHo&m (vicious circle)wck ay:xGufvmyg
awmhw,f? rdrw d @dk vrl sK;d om jrifjh rwfw,fv@dk ,lqxm;wJh vlrsK;d }uD;0g'u tjcm;vlrsK;d awG
tay:ESdyfpufuvljyKjcif;jzifh vlrsKd;i,f0g'udk arG;zGm;ay:xGufvmapw,f? vlrsKd;i,f0g'D
awGu vlrsK;d }uD;0g'aD wGe@J vlrsK;d t=um;rcGjJ cm;bJ odr;f usK;H rke;f wD;qef@usijf cif;jzifh vlrsK;d }uD;
tEG,f0ifawGudk vlrsKd;}uD;0g'DawG &ifcGifxJ wGef;ykd@w,f? 'Denf;eJ@ vlrsKd;}uD;0g'DawG[m
ykdrkdtiftm; }uD;xGm;vmw,f? 'Dawmh olwkd@u tjcm;vlrsKd;awGtay: ykd+yD; ESdyfpufuvl
jyKvmw,f? 'Denf;eJ@ vlrsK;d i,f0g'ukd avmifpmjznfah y;w,f? tJ'v D o dk oH &m vnfaewm
jzpfygw,f?
urBmay:rSm ppftm%m&Sipf epf oufq;dk t&Snq f ;Hk wnf&cdS w hJ EhJ idk if q
H w
dk hJ pHcsed o
f pf
wck wifawmhr,fh vrf;a=umif;ay: a&muf&Sd+yDjzpfaewJh jrefrmEkdifiHrSm jynfolwkd@tm%m
ykdifpkd;wJh 'Drkdua&pDpepf wausmhjyefxGef;um;Ekdifapzkd@twGuf tJh'Dtqkd;oHo&mudk jzwf
awmufypfzkd@ rjzpfraevkdtyfygw,f?
234
a&SŒwae&mrSm usaemf ajymcJh+yD;yg+yD? jrefrmEkdifiH[m (AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;acwf
rSm zswu f eJjrifvudk &f wm uav;uvG+J yD;)ppfreS w f hJ trsK;d om;pnf;vk;H nDnw G af &;udk b,f
wkef;urS &cJhzl;wmr[kwfygbl;? acwfa[mif;jrefrm orkdif;pmtkyfawGrSm azmfjycJh=uwJh
taemf&xm/ bk&ifhaemifeJ@ tavmif;bk&m;wkd@[m pnf;vkH;nD!GwfwJh jrefrmEkdifiHokH;ckudk
wnfaqmufEkdifcJh=uw,f qkdwm[mvnf; xufjrufwJh jrefrmppfbk&if(3)yg;u jrefrm
vlrsK;d jynfoal wGtay:rSma&m/ tjcm;aom wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d awGtay:rSmyg ppftiftm;
udk y"mevufeuftjzpf tok;H jyK+yD; trsK;d om;aoG;pnf;nD!w G rf q _ w
dk mudk Ekid v
f rdk if;xuf
wnfaqmufcJhwmjzpfygw,f?
oufOD;qHykdif ya'o&mZfacwfukd 'Duae@ 'Drdkua&pDrSefajymif;eJ@=unfh+yD; tJ'D
jrefrmppfbk&ifawG&JŒvkyf&yf rSefw,f rSm;w,fudk a0zefzkd@ roifhwmtrSefyg? 'gayr,fh
olwkd@[m ppfrSefwJh trsKd;om;pnf;vkH;nDnGwfa&;ukd wnfaqmufcJholawG jzpfw,fvkd@
±kd;±kd;om;om; ,kH=unfaeolawG &Sdw,fqkd&ifawmh tJ'DolawG[m r[mvlrsKd;}uD;0g' tdyf
ruf rufae=uolawGomjzpf+yD; tcktcsdefrSmolwkd@ tJ'D tdyfrufu Ekd;xoifh=uyg+yD?
ppfrSefwJh aoG;pnf;nDnGwfr_qdkwm pkd;&drfa=umuf&GHŒ xdwfvef@r_r&SdwJh tajctaeatmuf
rSmom vlom;wOD;eJ@ wOD;=um;/ vltkyfpkwckeJ@ wck=um; ay:aygufEkdifwJh vlr_qufqHa&;
wckjzpfygw,f? oufOD;qHykdif ya'o&mZfpepfxGef;um;cJhwJh tJ'DacwfumvawGrSm
tkyfcsKyfolbk&ifeJ@ tkyfcsKyfcHjynfolawGt=um; pkd;&drfa=umuf&GHŒ xdwfvef@r_rygwJh wef;wl
&nfwl qufqHa&;rsKd; b,fvkdvkyf ay:aygufEkdifcJhrSmvJ? 'g[m odyfukd&Sif;ygw,f?
wu,fawmh vlrsKd;}uD;/ vlrsdK;i,f0g'jrefrmEkdifiHrSm ay:aygufxGef;um;cJh/ xGef;
um;qJjzpfw,fqkdwJhtcsuf[m tqef;w=u,f udpPwckawmhvnf; r[kwfygbl;?
ta=umif;uawmh tJ'0D g'ESpcf [ k m urBmo h rkid ;f &JŒ zGm;zufawmfrsm;jzpfv@dk ygy?J oufO;D qHyikd f
ya'o&mZfpepf xGef;um;cJhwJh urBm}uD;&JŒ acwfa[mif;ordkif;rSm tJ'D0g'ESpfck xifxif
&Sm;&Sm; ay:ay:vGiv f iG w
f nf&cdS whJ mudk txl;&Si;f jyp&m vkrd ,frxifygb;l ? 'Duae@ 'Dru dk a&
pD wGifus,fv$rf;rkd;vmaewJh acwfopfrSmawmif rwljcm;em;wJh rsufESmzkH;awG pGyfxm;ay
r,fh twGi;f tESpo f m& tm%m&Sipf epfukd usio hf ;Hk ae=uwJh Ekid if aH wGrmS tkycf sKyfoal wG[m
vlrsKd;}uD;0g' udkifpGJxm;=uolawGjzpfw,f qkdwJhtcsufukd jrifatmif=unfh&if jrifEkdifrSm
jzpfygw,f?
qkAd ,
D ufjynfaxmifpak cwfu jynfaxmifpt k m%m&JŒ A[kcd su[ f m ±k&mS ;Ekid if &H ŒJ
+rdKŒawmfarmfpukdrSm ±kH;pkdufwJh qkdAD,uf uGefjrLepfygwD EkdifiHa&;OD;aqmiftzGJ@jzpf+yD; tJ'D
tzGJ@&JŒ xdyfoD;acgif;aqmif tm;vkH;eD;yg;[m &yf&SifvlrsKd;awG jzpf=uygw,f?
vuf&Sd w±kwfEkdifiHrSm [efvlrsKd;[m tiftm;t}uD;qkH; vlrsKd;jzpf+yD; w±kwf
uGefjrLepfygwD EkdifiHa&;OD;aqmiftzGJ@0if tm;vkH;eD;yg;[m [efvlrsKd;awG jzpf=uygw,f?
tD&wfEkdifiH[m &SDtkduf/ qGefeDeJ@ umh'fvlrsKd;pk}uD;(3)ck pkaygif;aexkdif&m EdkifiHjzpfayr,fh
tm%m&Sif quf'rf[pl ed v f ufxufrmS tpk;d & xdyw f ef;&mxl;}uD;tm;vk;H vkv d u dk kd quf'rf
235
&JŒ rsKd;EG,fjzpfwJh qGefeDawGu csKyfudkifxm;=uygw,f? acwfopfurBmrSm tm%m&Sifwkd@&JŒ
txGwftxdyfjzpfwJh [pfwvm&JŒ emZDygwDu *smrefvlrsKd;awG[m jrifhjrwfwJh tm&d,ef
rsK;d EG,uf qif;oufvmolawGjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh *smreDvrl sK;d [m wjcm;b,fvrl sK;d xuf
rqkdykd+yD; jrifhjrwfomvGefw,fvkd@ ,kH=unfcJhygw,f? 'kwd,urBmppfukd yg0ifqifE$JcJhwJh
*syefEkdifiH&JŒ tJ'Dwkef;u acgif;aqmifawG[mvnf; *syefvlrsKd;awG[m aeu qif;ouf
vmolawG jzpfwma=umifh urBmay:rSm tjrifjh rwfq;Hk jzpfw,fqw dk hJ t,ltqudk tjrifq h ;Hk
txda&mufatmif qGJwif+yD; tdrfeD;csif; EkdifiHawGudk odrf;ykdufu|efjyKcJhw,f? 'DOyrmawG
tm;vk;H u axmufjyaewJh wlnw D t hJ csuw
f ckuawmh tm%m&Sipf epfe@J vlrsK;d }uD;0g'[m
'*F g;wpfjym;&JŒ acgif;eJ@yef;vkd uyfvsufwnf&Sdae=uw,fqkdwJh tcsufygyJ? rSwfom;p&m
wckuawmh tm%m&SifrSefor#[m olwkd@tm%m&&Sda&;/ tm%mwnfwhHckdif+rJa&;wkd@
twGuf vlrsKd;}uD;0g'ukd t"du vufeuftjzpf tokH;jyKcJh=u+yD; aemufqkH;rSm olwkd@[m
tJ'DvlrsKd;}uD;0g'a=umifhyJ csKyf+idrf;aysmufuG,foGm;cJh=u&wJh tjzpfygyJ?
vlrsKd;}uD;0g'eJ@ ywfouf+yD; tifrwefowdjyK rSwfom;zkd@aumif;wm wcku
'Duae@urBmay:rSm vlO;D a&trsm;qk;H ,k=H unfu;kd uG,af e=uwJh bmomt,l0g'}uD;awG&ŒJ
acgif;aqmifawG[m vlrsKd;}uD;0g'udk y,fcs+yD; vlom;wkdif;twGuf tcGifhta&; wef;wl
&nfwl &Sdoifhw,fqkdwJh vlom;0g'udk vufcH,kH=unf usifhokH;jzef@jzL;cJh=uolawG jzpfw,f
qkdwJh tcsufygyJ? Ak'<0g'&JŒacgif;aqmifjzpfwJh a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m;[m vlrsKd;}uD;0g'
ykHpHwrsKd;jzpfwJh Zmwfpepfudk wkdufzsufzkd@twGuf ol@&JŒomoemtwGif;okd@ 0ifa&mufvm
ol &[ef;oHCmwkdif;[m oydwfwvkH;ukdom trSDjyK+yD; tvSLcHvkd@&wJh tpm;taomuf
tok;H taqmifrsm;udo k m pm;aomufo;Hk aqmif&r,fqw dk hJ oHr%dpnf;rsO;f udk vku
d ef map
jcif;jzifh cwWd,rsKd;EG,fawG&JŒ vlrsKd;}uD;0g'udkwkdufzsufcJhovkd tEk±k'<gtrSL;jyKwJh rif;om;
wpkeJ@ olwkd@&JŒ qwWmonf Oygvdwkd@ &[ef;cHzkd@a&mufvmwJhtcg qwWmonfudk t&ifqkH;
&[ef;cHay;vkdufjcif;jzifh cwWd,tEG,f0if rif;om;awG&JŒ vlrsKd;}uD;0g'udk acsc|wfcJhygw,f?
tJovkdygyJ tpPvmrfbmom&JŒ jrifhjrwfwJhwrefawmfjzpfwJh olukd,fwkdifu tm&yfvlrsKd;
jzpfwJh rkd[mrufuvnf; “tm&yfvlrsKd;onf tjcm;aom vlrsKd;rsm;xuf omvGefjrifhjrwf
onf[lI oabmrxm;& vlom;tm;vkH;wkd@onf vlrsKd;,kH=unfcsuf uGJjym;aomfvnf;
tm;vk;H twlwl wef;wlomjzpfonf”vk@d a[m=um;oGeo f ifcyhJ gw,f? tvm;wlc&pf,mef
bmom&JŒ acgi;f aqmifa,±_c&pfuvnf; “bk&m;ocifonf vlom;tm;vk;H wk@d tm; wlnD
pGmzefqif;awmfrl.”vkd@a[majymcJhygw,f?
tjcm;tjcm;aom bmomrsm;&JŒ acgif;aqmifrsm;[mvnf; vlom;&JŒ wef;wl
&nfwl&Sdr_udk a[majymoGefoif qkH;rcJh=uwJh olawGcsnf;jzpf=uygw,f? 'gayr,fh ordkif;udk
xJxJ0if0ifavhvmvkdufpm;=uol tm;vkH;od=uwJh twkdif;ygyJ? acwfa[mif;rSm oufOD;
qHyikd yf a'o&mZfpepfypHk eH @J wnf&cdS w
hJ hJ r[mvlrsK;d }uD;0g'[m acwfopfrmS vnf; rsuEf mS zk;H
trsKd;rsKd;pGyfxm;aom tm%m&SifpepfykHo¿meftrsKd;rsKd;tjzpfwnf&SdaeqJjzpfygw,f?
236
tJ'g&JŒ tusKd;qufwckuawmh ya'o&mZfacwfwavsmuf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wkdif;&JŒ tpGef
tzsm;rSmomaecJh=u&+yD; ppfrSefwJh ajyma&;qkdcGifh&,fvkd@ b,fwkef;urSr,fr,f&& r&cJh=u
&&SmwJh (tiftm;t}uD;qkH;aomvlrsKd;}uD;wrsKd;rS tyjzpfwJh) wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pki,f
rsm;[m ,Ofaus;r_ (civilization) tawmfuav;wkd;wufvmyg+yDqkdwJh 'Duae@ESpfq,fh
wpf&mpkrSmvnf; oufOD;qHydkifya'o&mZfacwfutwkdif; vl@tcGifhta&;awG qufvuf
qkH;±_H;ae=u&wmygyJ?
jrefrmhorkid ;f ukad vhvm=unf&h if tJ't D csuuf dk txift&Sm; awG@jrifEidk yf gw,f?
orkdif;&JŒ umvtenf;i,frSm tcsKdŒaomwkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkawG (txl;ojzifh rGefvlrsKd;
awG)[m ukd,fhxD;ukd,fheef;ukd,fh=uiSgef;eJ@ vlrsKd;wrsKd;tjzpf wifhwifhw,fw,f xnfxnf
0g0g aexkid cf =hJ uayr,fh tiftm;}uD;jrefrmbk&ifawG (txl;ojzifh taemf&xm/ bk&ifah emife@J
tavmif;bk&m;) vufxufrmS awmh rGev f rl sK;d awGtygt0if wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pki,f tm;
vkH;[m jrefrmbk&ifoem;awmfrlvkd@ ay;urf;pGef@}uJwJh rjzpfpavmuf tcGifhta&;av;
wcsKdŒuvGJ+yD; usef&oifh&xkdufwJh vlrsKd;pk tcGifhta&;tm;vkH; qkH;±_H;cJh=u&wmjzpfygw,f?
ya'o&mZfacwfudk ed*;Hk csKyfypfcw hJ hJ udv
k edk aD cwfa&mufawmhvnf; xl;rjcm;em;ygy?J jrefrm
wkid ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d pki,fawG&ŒJ &ifxJ ArmvlrsK;d }uD;0g'udk cg;onf;em=unf;r_xrJ mS +Adwo d #
ukv d edk tD &Siof cifawGukd rke;f wJh trke;f yg xyfraH ygi;f pnf;yg0ifvm+yD; trke;f aemufxyfwck
wkd;vmwmyJ&Sdygw,f?
'gayr,fh tJ'Dtajctae[m jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;pifjrifhay:okd@ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;
a&muf&SdvmwJh tcsdefrSmawmh ajymif;vJawmhr,fh t&dyfta,mifawGudk jrifawG@vm&yg
w,f? AkdvfcsKyf&JŒ ±kd;om;ajzmifhrwfwnf=unfr_/ wkdif;cspfjynfcspfpdwf"mwfeJ@ ckdifrmwJh
oEMXd mefjyif;xefwhJ vkv H 0d&, d wk@d u orkid ;f wavsmufv;Hk ArmawGtay: tjrifr=unfvif
cJhwJh wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkawG&JŒ tm±kHudkzrf;pm; EkdifcJhygw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; jrefrm
Ekid if &H ,fv@dk pwifay:ayguv f mcJch sed uf pvk@d ESpaf ygi;f waxmifausmf umvtwGi;f ppfreS w f hJ
aoG;pnf;nDnGwfr_qDokd@ a&SŒ±_&m yxrqkH; rkcfOD;}uD;yrmjzpfwJh yifvkHpmcsKyf}uD; ay:ayguf
vmcJhjcif;jzpfygw,f? AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m vl@tcGifhta&; 'Drkdua&pDa&;wkd@twGuf
omru wkdif;&if;om;tm;vkH; tcGihfta&; wef;wlnDr#a&;rSwqifh +idrf;csrf;a&;eJ@ zGH@+zdK;a&;
wk@d twGuyf g oufpeG @f }uKd;yrf;aqmif&u G rf ,fh yk*K~ v
d w
f pfO;D jzpfw,fv@dk tckid t
f rm ,k=H unf
=uwJt h wGuf ArmvlrsK;d rsm;omru wjcm;wkid ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d rsm;yg ol@aemufrmS wcJeuf
&yfwnfcJh=uwmjzpfygw,f?
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;uvnf; wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkawG ol@tay:xm;&SdwJh
,kH=unfr_udk tav;teuf xkdufxkdufwefwef jyefvnf wkH@jyefcJhygw,f? tJ'Dtcsufudk
jrifomwmwckuawmh olO;D aqmifwhJ zqyv tzG@J }uD;&JŒ A[kOd ;D pD;tzG@J xrJ mS wkid ;f &if;om;
acgif;aqmiftrsm;tjym;udk xnfhoGif;cJhwmygyJ? (1947)ckESpf Zlvkdifv(19)&ufae@ vkyf}uH
owfjzwfr}_ u;D twGi;f usq;Hk oGm;cJ=h u&wJh tmZmenfacgi;f aqmif}u;D awG&ŒJ pm&if;udk =unfh
237
vkduf&ifvnf; 'Dtcsufudk txift&Sm; awG@Ekdifygw,f? usqkH;oGm;wJh tmZmenf acgif;
aqmif(9)OD;xJrmS vlrsK;d pk acgi;f aqmif(3)OD; yg0ifygw,f? olw@dk uawmh Armrlpvif vlrsK;d pk
u q&m}uD;OD;&mZwf/ u&ifvrl sK;d pku ref;bckid /f &Sr;f vlrsK;d pku rkid ;f yGeaf pmfbmG ;}uD; p0fpx
H eG ;f
wkd@jzpf=uygw,f? tJ'Dtcsuf wcsufwnf;udk=unfhwmeJ@wif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JŒ
tpdk;&tzGJ@[m ppfrSefwJh trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&; tpkd;&jzpfw,f qkdwmudk od&SdEkdif
rSmjzpfygw,f?
tJ't D pk;d &aemuf ay:ayguv f mwJh tpk;d &awGxrJ mS trsK;d om; aoG;pnf;nDnw G f
a&;vuQ%m wpwp azsmhrSdefvmwmudk awG@cJh=u&ygw,f? 'gayr,fh (1962)ckESpf rwkdifrD
rSmawmh tajctae[m odyfqkd;vSw,fvkd@ rqkdEkdifao;ygbl;? 'Drkdua&pDeJ@ vl@tcGifhta&;
udk vk;H 0wefz;dk xm;av;pm;jcif;r&Sw d hJ Akv
d af e0if;&JŒ tm%modr;f tpd;k &wufvmwJh (1962)
ckESpfupvkd@ tcktxd ay:aygufcJhor# rsufESmzkH;trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ ppftpdk;& tqufquf acwf
awGrmS awmh ppfreS w f hJ trsK;d om; aoG;pnf;nDnw G af &; vuQ%mqkw d m rl;vk@d awmif ±_p&m
r&Sdawmhygbl;? jyef=unfhvkdufyg? tJ'Dppftpkd;&tqufquf&JŒ xdyfqkH;acgif;aqmifpkawG
xJrSm Armr[kwfol/ Ak'<bmom0ifr[kwfol b,fESpfa,mufygcJh=uygovJ? 'gudk=unfh&if
jrefrmjynfu ppftm%m&SifpepfeJ@ ArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g'[m acgif;eJ@yef;jzpfw,fqkdwmukd
txift&Sm;awG@Ekdifygw,f?
jrefrmppftm%m&Sifpepf&JŒ EGm;tdkaemufusom;jzpfwJh 'Duae@(etz)acwf
uawmh tqkd;&Gm;qkH;ygyJ? vuf&SdtajctaerSm wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pkawG[m orkdif;
wavsmuf tqkd;&Gm;qkH;aom zdESdyfn‡Of;qJr_awGeJ@ &ifqkdifae=u&ygw,f? tm%m&Sifpepf
vufatmufu EkdifiHwkdif;&JŒ xkH;pH jrefrmEkdifiHrSmvnf; EkdifiHwumtm±kHpl;pkdufr_ puf0kdif;
tem;oyfjzpfwJh EkdifiHtpGeftzsm;a'oawGu vlrsKd;pkawGtay:zdESdyfr_u tjyif;xefqkH;
jzpfayr,fh puf0kdif;twGif;ykdif;u zdESdyfr_awGuvnf; ykHo¿mefwrsKd;rsKd;eJ@ jyif;xefae
wmygyJ? bmomjcm;awG (txl;ojzifh rlpvifeJ@ c&pf,mefawG)twGuf olwkd@bmomqkdif
&m vkyfief;aqmifwmawGudk vkyfaqmif&mrSm tuef@towf/ twm;tqD;/ taESmifh
t,Suf tajrmuftjrm;&Sdae+yD; jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif; jrefrmEkdifiHom;tjzpf ESpfaygif;&meJ@csD
at;twl yltr#aexkdif vmcJh=uwJh ArmrlpvifawGqkd&if rSwfykHwif&zkd@ awmifaiGa=u;
trsm;}uD; ukeu f s&wJ=h um;u tcsed u f mvESpef @J csD =um nmif;atmif apmifq h idk ;f &wmawGe@J
}uKHawG@ae&ygw,f? bk&m;&Sdckd;ausmif;eJ@/ AvDawG wkd;csJŒaqmufvkyfa&; udpPqkd&ifawmh
ajymraeygeJ@awmh? tcuftcJawGu rawG;0Hhp&mjzpfygw,f?
wzufrSmawmh (etz)[m Ak'<bmomudk t}uD;tus,f tm;ay;csD;jr‡ifhajr‡muf
pm;w,fvkd@ ,lq&zG,f&SdwJh vkyf&yfawG trsm;}uD; jyKvkyfaeygw,f? &nf&G,fcsufu
olwkd@[m trsKd;bmom omoemukd xl;xl;uJuJ pGrf;pGrf;wrH umuG,fapmifha&SmufwJh
rif;aumif;rif;jrwfrsm;tjzpf jrefrmEkdifiHrSm vlOD;a&trsm;qkH;jzpfwJh ArmAk'<bmom
0ifawG&JŒ axmufcHr_udk vkdcsifvkd@jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh (2007)pufwifbm a&$0ga&mif
238
awmfvSefa&;tay: olwkd@&JŒ wkH@jyefr_u olwkd@aqmif;xm;wJh rif;om;acgif;udk qGJc|wf+yD;
olwkd@&JŒ rlvbDvl;±kyfudk zGifhcsvkdufygw,f?
tcktxd usaemfwifjyaqG;aEG;cJhor#udk csKyfvkduf&if tm%m&SifpepfeJ@ vlrsKd;
}uD;0g'[m '*F g;wjym;&JŒ acgif;eJ@yef;vkd wckukdwck tjyeftvSef rSDckd&Sifoefae=u&wm
jzpfw,fqkdwJh tcsufudkawG@EkdifrSmjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dtjcif;t&m ESpfck[m wckr&Sd&if wjcm;
wckvnf; r&SdEkdifygbl;? 'ga=umifhusaemfwkd@ jrefrmjynfolawG[m tm%m&Sifpepfudk
z,f&Sm;csifw,fqkd&if usaemfwkd@twGif;(txl;ojzifh ArmvlrsKd;awGtwGif;)rSm&SdaewJh
vlrsKd;}uD;0g'udk wkdufzsuf=u&rSmjzpfygw,f? ArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g'&JŒ tjrifhrm;qkH;eJ@ tqkd;
&Gm;qkH; xif[yfcsuf[m Armppftm%m&Sifpepf jzpfw,fqkdayr,fh tJ'D0g'[m Arm
vlrsK;d wkid ;f &JŒ pdwo f E mW efxrJ mS rwljcm;em;wJh yko H ¿mefawGe@J wnf&adS eEkid wf mudk owdjyK
oihf=uygw,f? 'Dtcsufudk aphaphawG;&if a&;a&;ay:vmEdkifr,f xifygw,f? 'ga=umifh
ArmvlrsK;d awGtaeeJ@ ud, k Ehf idk if u
H tm%m&Sipf epfukd trSew f u,fyJ csKyf+idr;f aysmufu, G f
oGm;apcsifw,fqkd&if yxrqkH; rdrdwkd@pdwfoE WmefxJrSm r[mvlrsKd;}uD;0g' &Sdae raeqef;
ppfoifhygw,f? qef;ppf=unfh+yD;vkd@ &Sdaew,fqkd&if tJ'gudk wkdufzsuf&ygvdrfhr,f? 'g[m
orkid ;f tpOftquf wnf&v dS mcJw h hJ t&mwckukd tjrpfjzKwfypf&r,fh vkyif ef;jzpfwma=umifh
tifrwef cufcJyifyef;wJh vkyfief;pkjzpf+yD; rsKd;qufwck+yD;wck qufvufvkyfaqmifoGm;&
r,fh vkyfief;jzpfygw,f? usaemfa&S@rSmajymcJhovkd (etz)ppftm%m&SifpepfqkdwJh jrifom
xifom&Sw d hJ taumiftxnfj'yf}uD;r&Sad wmhwhJ aemufrmS awmifrS vlrsm;pk&ŒJ pdwo f E mW ef
xJrsKd;qufeJ@ csD+yD;pGJ+rJvmcJhwJh t&mwckukd t+yD;wkdif ajrjr‡Kyfo+*õK[fypf&r,fh vkyfief;wck
jzpfwma=umifh tm%m&Sifpepf (wenf;)vlrsKd;}uD;0g' aemufw}udrf acgif;jyef axmif
rvmEkdifatmif t+rJrjywfowdeJ@ apmifh=uyfppfaq; vkyfaqmifae=u&rSmyJjzpfygw,f?
jrefrmEkid if rH mS tiftm;t}uD;qk;H vlrsK;d jzpfwhJ ArmvlrsK;d awGu tJovkd OD;aqmifjyKvky=f urS
om tjcm;aomvlrsKd;awGuvnf; olwkd@twGif; rsKd;qufeJ@csD+yD; &SdvmcJhwJh “vlrsKd;i,f
0g'”udk wku d zf suv f m=urSmjzpfygw,f? (1947) tajccHOya'xJrmS “cGx J u G cf iG ”hf yk'rf xnfh
wJh udpPeJ@ywfouf+yD; pdk;&drfruif; ajymvm=uwJh vkyfazmfukdifzufawGudk AkdvfcsKyfatmif
qef;u “tkdAsmæ 'Dq,fESpftwGif; usaemfwkd@ ArmvlrsKd;awGu a&SŒuOD;aqmif+yD; ±kd;±kd;
om;om; rSefrSefuefuef vkyfjyEkdifr,fqkd&if tJ'Dtcsdefus&if olwkd@cGJxGufcGifhawmif;csifrS
awmif;awmhrSmyg? 'DudpPrSm usaemfwkd@Arm vlrsKd;awGu t"duyg” vkd@&Sif;jycJhygw,f?
rSefygw,f? jrefrmEkdifiHrSm ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk avmifpmjznfhay;aewJh r[mArm vlrsKd;
}uD;0g'udk wkdufzsufzkd@ t"duwm0ef&SdolawGu ArmvlrsKd;awGjzpfygw,f?
vlrsKd;}uD;0g'udk jynfolawGudk,fwkdif todpdwf&Sd&Sd yg0ifwkdufzsuf=uzkd@udpP[m
b,favmufcufcJw,fqkdwmudk tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&JŒ tjzpftysufu oufaojy
aeygw,f? 'Duae@ vl@tcGifhta&;eJ@ 'Drkdua&pDa&;ta=umif; ajym=uqkd=uwdkif; tav;
xm; ukd;um;&nf!¸ef;avh&Sd=uwJh “vGwfvyfa&;a=unmpmwrf;”}uD; arG;zGm;ay:aygufcJh
239
&m EkdifiHjzpfwJh tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&JŒ tkwfjrpfjzpfwJh tajccHOya'rSm vlom;wkdif;&JŒ
wef;wlnDr#r_udk twdtvif;azmfjyxm;ayr,fh tar&duefjynfolawG(txl;ojzifh tif
tm;}uD;vlrsK;d jzpfwhJ vljzLawG)[m rdrw d @dk &ifxu J vlrsK;d }uD;0g' tpGt J vrf; tikwt f wuf
ukd t+yD;wkdifE_wfy,fz,f&Sm; ypfEkdifcJh=uwmuawmh EkdifiHvGwfvyfa&;&&SdcJh+yD; aemuf ESpf
aygif;(232)ESpft=um (2008)ckESpf a&mufrSjzpfygw,f? tJ'DESpfrSm jyKvkyfwJh orRw a&G;
aumufyGJrSm tar&duefjynfolawG[m wcsdefu aus;u|efrsKd;EG,fjzpfcJhwJh tmz&duEG,f
zGm; vlrnf;wa,mufudk orRwtjzpf yxrqkH;t}udrfa&G;aumuf wifajr‡mufcJh =uyg
w,f? tJ'Djzpf&yf&JŒ t"du t"dy`g,foufa&mufcsufuawmh 'Drkdua&pDudk tvGef wefzkd;
xm;ygw,fqw dk hJ tar&duefjynfoal wG(vljzLawG)awmifrS olw@dk &ifxrJ mS olw@dk uk, d w f idk f
awmifrS rodvu dk b f J 0ifa&mufcadk tmif;aecJw h hJ tm%m&Si0f g'&JŒ nD&if;tpfujkd zpfwhJ vlrsK;d
}uD;0g'udk t+yD;wkdifz,f&Sm;&Sif;vif;Ekdifzkd@ (232)ESpf tcsdef,lcJh&w,f qkdwmygyJ?
EkdifiHwEkdifiHrSm vlrsKd;}uD;w&yf&JŒ jynfolrsm;taeeJ@ rdrdwkd@wOD;csif;pDrSm &Sd
aumif;&SdaeEkdifwJh r[mvlrsKd;}uD;0g'udk wkdufzsufzkd@ vkdtyfw,fqkdwJh todpdwf 0ifvm
wm[m rdrw d @dk Eidk if tH wGi;f rdrw d @dk e@J twlEpS af ygi;f rsm;pGm at;twl yltr#aexkid v f mcJ=h uwJh
tjcm;aom vlrsKd;i,fawGudk wef;wl&nfwl qufqHzkd@ vkdtyfw,fqkdwJh todpdwf0ifvm
jcif;yJ jzpfygw,f? tJ'DtodpdwfaemufrSm vkyf&yfyg ygvmwJhtcg vlrsKd;}uD;/ vlrsKd;i,f
ESpfOD;pvkH;twGuf }uD;pGmaomtusKd; jzpfxGef;r_wck ay:aygufvmygw,f? tJ'guawmh
ppfreS af om aoG;pnf;nD!w G rf y_ gy?J tJ'gu}dk uD;pGmaom tusK;d jzpf xGe;f r_v@dk bma=umifah c:
qkd&wmvJqkdawmh vlrsKd;aygif;pkHaexkdifwJh EkdifiHwckrSm tJ'gr&SdbJ a&&SnfcH}uHŒckdif
awmifw h if;wJh (sustainable) +idr;f csr;f a&;eJ@ zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufr_ ay:xGe;f vmEkid jf cif; r&Sv d @dk ygy?J
jrefrmEkdifiHrSm EkdifiHorkdif;wavsmuf yxrqkH;t}udrftjzpf jrifawG@&zkd@ AkdvfcsKyf
atmifqef;acwfrmS vrf;pay:vmcJw h hJ ppfreS w f hJ trsK;d om;aoG;pnf;nDnw G rf [
_ m Akv d cf sKyf
atmifqef;r&Sw d ahJ emuf 0rf;enf;a=uuGzJ , G f aysmufq;Hk aecJ&h muae tck a':atmifqef;pk
=unf acwfrSm jyefvnfay:xGef;vmr,fh t&dyfta,mifawGukd jrifawG@cJh=u&ygw,f?
'gayr,fh tm;vkH;od=uwJhtwkdif; jrefrmEkdifiHrSm ppfrSefwJh trsKd;om; aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;
(0g) ppfrSefwJhzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk ay:xGef;vmrSmukd rvkdvm;wJh (etz)ppftkyfpku
a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;jcif;jzifh jrefrmEkid if rH mS ppfreS f
wJh trsKd;om; aoG;pnf;nDnGwfr_ ay:xGef;rvmatmif ydwfyifwm;qD; xm;=uygw,f?
olw@dk u jrefrmjynf&ŒJ wckwnf;aom tvif;a&mife@J ar#mv f ifch sujf zpfwhJ a':atmifqef;pk
=unfudk tdrftus,fcsKyfb0eJ@ wjznf;jznf; rSdefazsmhoGm;+yD; aemufqkH;rSm uG,fvGeftedpP
a&mufoGm;apzkd@ ar#mfvifhae=uygw,f?
(etz)&JŒ tJ'pD w d uf ;l ,Of tdyrf uf[m b,fawmhrS taumiftxnfay:vmrSm
r[kwfygbl;? tqkH;pGef ajym&&if tJovkdenf;eJ@ a':atmifqef;pk=unf uG,fvGefoGm;cJh&if
awmifrS jrefrmjynforl sm;[m rdrw d @dk widk ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d aygi;f pkt
H wGi;f ppfreS w f hJ trsK;d om;
240
aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;udk rvGJraoG wnfaqmufEkdif=urSm jzpfygw,f? ta=umif;uawmh
tJ'gr&Sb d J ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd jrefrmhajray:u t+yD;wkid f csKyf+idr;f aysmufu,
G of mG ;atmif
vkyfEkdifrSm r[kwfbl;qkdwmudk olwkd@&JŒ acwftqufquf qifE$JcJh&wJh trsKd;om; vGwf
ajrmufa&;wkdufyGJ b0tawG@t}uKHawGt& olwkd@eufeuf±_dif;±_dif; oabmayguf em;vnf
ae=u+yDjzpfvkd@ygyJ?
tckqkd&if jynfwGif;rSmppfrSefwJh trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;udk xif[yfwJh
“jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,f pm;jyKaumfrwD”(CRPP) &Sdae+yD; e,fpyfa'orSmvnf; jynf
axmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH trsKd;om;aumifpD (NCUB) &Sdaeygw,f? (CRPP)[m (etz)&JŒ
rsufpda'gufaxmuf =unfhr_atmufrSm &Sdae&wmjzpfvkd@ }uD;rm;wJh tuef@towfawG&Sd
aeayr,fh (NCUB)uawmh ykrd v dk w
G v
f yfwhJ taetxm;rSm&Sad ewmrk@d trSew f u,f ckid rf m
tm;aumif;wJh trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&; wyfaygif;pk}uD;w&yfukd OD;aqmif wnfaqmufEkdif
r,fh tajctaerSm&Sdaeygw,f? tJovkdwnfaqmufEkdifzkd@vnf; }udK;pm;ae=uwmjzpfyg
w,f? (etz)&JŒ ykHo¿mef trsKd;rsKd;aom ajcxkd;oyfv#KdaoG;cGJr_rsm;eJ@ 'Drkdua&pD buf
awmfom;tcsKdŒ&JŒ &yfwnfcsuftykdif;eJ@ vkyfief;ykdif;qkdif&m tm;enf;r_rsm;a=umifh tck
tcsdefrSm tcuftcJwcsKdŒeJ@ }uKHawG@ae&ayr,fh b0&JŒvkdtyfr_t& trsKd;om;nDnGwfa&;
wyfaygif;pk}uD;[m taES;r[kwf tjrefay:aygufvmrSmyJjzpfygw,f?
ppftm%m&Sifpepfatmuf q,fpkESpf(5)ckeD;yg;umvtwGif;rSm jrefrmjynfol
awG[m wzufurf;+yKd wzufaomifxGef;qkdovkd wzufrSm paw;ay;qyfcJh&wmawG &SdcJh
ovkd wzufrSm jyefvnf&&SdcJhwmawGvnf; &Sdygw,f? paw;ay;qyfcJh&wmawGudkawmh
tm;vkH; od+yD;jzpfr,fvkd@ ,lqwma=umifh rajymawmhygbl;? tJ'Day;qyfr_awGudk t&if;
wnf+yD; jyefvnf&&SdcJhwm wckuawmh vl@tcGifhta&;/ 'Drkdua&pDa&;/ trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;
nD!Gwfa&;wkd@&JŒ wefzkd;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; t&ifb,fwkef;urSeJ@ rwlatmif eufeuf±_dif;±_dif;
pl;pl;epfepf oabmayguf em;vnfvm=ujcif;ygyJ?
(1948)trsKd;om; aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_ +yKduGJr_}uD;twGif; oaE<wnfvmcJhwJh ppf
tm%m&Sifpepf[m trsKd;om;a&; tiftm;pkrsm;twGif; tuGJt+yJudk tjrwfxkwf+yD;
(1958)rSm w}udrf (1962)rSm w}udrf tm;opfavmif;vmcJhwm jzpfygw,f? ,ae@ jrefrmh
'Drkdua&pDa&;udk acgif;aqmifaeol trsm;pktaeeJ@ 'Dtcsufudk oifcef;pm,lEkdifcJh=u+yD
jzpfwmrkd@ ra0;awmhaomumvrSm ppfrSefwJh trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;pk
}uD;w&yfudkwnfaxmif+yD; tJ'Dwyfaygif;pk}uD;&JŒ OD;aqmifr_atmufrSm 'Drkdua&pDa&;eJ@
wef;wla&; yef;wkdifrsm;qDokd@ jrefrmjynfolawG ta&mufvSrf;Ekdif=uvdrfhr,fvkd@ usaemf
tckdiftrm,kH=unfygw,f? Õ
241

Democracy Q&amp A

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Descrizione originale:

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Democracy Q&amp A

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

1

rsufESmzHk;'DZdkif; oD[ armifarmif

'DaeŒ[m jrefrmEdkifiHrSm ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk t_yD;wdkifz,f&Sm;_yD; vlŒtcGifhta&;/

ar;? ? tckqdk&if &Spfav;vHk; ta&;tcif; jzpfysufcJhwm tESpf

ajz? ? 'Dar;cGef;udk rajzcifa0g[m& toHk;tE_ef;udpPudk usaemf

ESpfpOf ESpfwdkif; usif;ywJh ukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcHawGrSm

&Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHk}uD;u jrefrmjynfolawGtwGuf xkwfvkyfay;cJhwhJ atmifoD;

jzpfygw,f? 'ghtjyif (e0w)(etz)wkd@[m jynfwGif;rSm Oya'pum;

ar; ? ? &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHk}uD;umvtwGif;rSm jynfolawG[m

ajz ? ? &Spfav;vHk;[m ol@a&S@u ta&;tcif;awG&JŒ tusdK;qufwck

tJ'Dem=unf;r_ twdkif;twma=umifhvnf; &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHk[m wdk

Oyrmwckjzpfygw,f? bmvifwHwdkif;}uD; +yKdusoGm;wJh jzpf&yfudk avhvm=unfh&if

ar; ? ? tJovdkqdk&if jrefrmppfwyfta=umif; ar;cGef;wckar;csif

ajz ? ? a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒtjrifudk usaemf oabmwlyg

0dkif;u Adkvfoef;a&$ppfwyfudk b,fvdk oabmxm;+yD; b,fvdk wkH@jyef

aiGa=u;oef;aygif;rsm;pGm ukefuscJh&wJh tJ'Daejynfawmf wnf

ar; ? ? cifAsm;&J@ ajz=um;csufxJrSm Adkvfoef;a&$ppfwyf&JŒ vkyfaqmifcsufawG&JŒ

urBmhb,fEdkifiHrSmrS r&dScJhzl;wJh a&G;aumufyGJ r0if&if ygwDtjzpf &yfwnfcGifhr&SdqdkwJh Oya'

vkyfaqmifaer_awGxJrSm Adkvfae0if;awmif pdwful;r&cJhbl;wJh ppfaq;

(etz)ppftkyfpkeJ@ urBmh tjcm;aom tm%modrf;ppf

ajz ? ? (etz)[m ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk umuG,fzkd@ udk,fhaoG;

jrefrmppftpd;k &&JŒ zufqpfp±ku d f tay:vGiq f ;kH jzpfomG ;cJw

ar; ? ? (etz)[m bmoma&;tydkif;rSm bk&m;apwDta[mif;awG

ajz ? ? bmoma&;tydik ;f ud=k unfw h t

0rf;ajrmufae=uwJh oabmaygh? tJovdk[kwfr[kwf tJ'DvlawGudk udk,fwdkif

ajz ? ? 'Dar;cGef;udk ajzzkd@twGuf yxrqHk;usifh0wf p&%w&m;

'%fcwf ta&;,lr_a=umifh jrefrmjynfu

ajymwJh EdkifiHacgif;aqmifawGudk “usaemfwkd@wawG udkvdkeD

ar; ? ? a'gufwmZmenfwkd@/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ udk,fa&;

ajz ? ? 'gqdk&if tmqD,Htygt0if tcsKdŒaomEdkifiHawG usifh

ordkif;rSm vlxkqEN yifra&pD;udk

vmr+idrf;Edkifatmif 0kdif;umay;xm;=uwJh vlawGeJ@ wlaeygw,f? olwkd@

ajz ? ? pma&;q&m}uD;yg&*l bmomjyefwJh “[dawmya'o qdkwJh pmtkyfxJrSm (rdwf

'DESpf arvtwGif; jynfolvlxk&JŒ axmufcHqENrJ (90) &mckdif

ajz ? ? twdwfu jzpf&yfawGudk ypPKy`efuae jyef=unfhwJh

orRw jzpfw,fq&kd if olurf;vSr;f oifw h mu (3)vtwGi;f vkyaf y;r,fqkd

(e0w) wufvmwJhtcsdefrSmawmh tajctae[m vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;

ajz ? ? cifAsm;[m awmifxdyfwckudk a&mufatmifwufr,fvkd@ ydkif;

ememusifusif cufcufcJcJ }udK;yrf;cJh=u&w,fqdkwmudk rSef;q=unfh

ar; ? ? cifAsm;uom (etz)&JŒ tajccHOya'udk “cJr;l aph”vk@d ajym

ajz ? ? a&S@rDaemufrDqdkwJh pum;vHk;[m trSefw&m;qdkwJh pum;

rd r d & yf w nf c suf t ay: rd r d t cd k i f t rm

vl}uD;wOD; ycHk;ay:rSm uufqufxnfhwJh puULAl;}uD;wck xrf;+yD;

ajz ? ? 'Dar;cGef;udk rajzcif cifAsm;taeeJ@ t&ifqHk; rjzpfrae

a&$ 0 ga&mif a wmf v S e f a &;t+yD ; rS m ik y f v #d K ;oG m ;cJ h = u+yD ; em*pf t jzpf r S m

a&; tawG@t}uKH ºuG,f0ae+yDjzpfwJh tar&duefppfwyfu u,fq,fa&;

jynfoal wGe@J Edik if w

tvdktavsmuf Oya'csdK;azmuf usL;vGefwJh EdkifiHa&;orm;awG jzpfoGm;ygawmhw,f?

ajz ? ? jrefrmjynfrSm (e0w)(etz)wkd@&JŒ t}udrfaygif; ra&rwGufEdkifatmif

ajz ? ? au'g awGpepfwus arG;jrL+yD; uspfvspfodyfonf; cdkifrmpGm zGJ@pnf;xm;wJh

(18)ESpft=umrSm 'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pkawGvnf;

ar; ? ? (NLD) [m tck t xd ygwD o uf w rf ; (19)ES p f

ajz ? ? usaemf[m (NLD) ygwD0ifwa,muf r[kwfwJhtwGuf usaemfh

wufwJh trSm;udkjyefjyifEdkifcJhovdk (1§90)trSm;[mvnf; (etz)u oludk,fwkdif

aemuf ol@&JŒajymqdkjyKrl vkyfaqmifcJhcsufawG/ aemufykdif;rSm tdrftus,fcsKyf

ajz ? ? 'Dar;cGef;udk ajz&rSm tifrwef pGef@pm;vGef;&m usygw,f? wu,f

yef;wdkifta&muf csDwufoGm;EdkifpGrf; uif;rJhcJh&wm jzpfw,fvkd@yJ usaemf

ajz ? ? 'Dae&mrSm nD!Gwfa&;qdkwJh pum;vHk;&JŒ wu,fhtESpfom&udk aoao

jzpfwma=umifh cHpm;odt& nD!Gwf=u&wm jzpfygw,f? tjyifrSm&dSwJh vl

ajz ? ? tJ't D a=umif;jycsu[f m urBmay:rSm tm%modr;f wJh ppfacgi;f aqmif

ajz ? ? cifAsm;ar;cGef;&JŒ yxrtykdif;udk t&Sif;qHk;eJ@twdkqHk;ajz&r,fqdk&ifawmh ol

awG@qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ jzpfay:rvmwm[m (NLD)a=umifh/ 'grSr[kwf