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Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Day: 015
ISAT:
Solve problems requiring computations with
whole numbers, fractions, decimals, ratios,
percents, and proportions
Use mathematical skills to estimate,
approximate, and predict outcomes, and to
judge reasonableness of results
Identify, analyze, and solve problems using
equations, inequalities, functions, and their
graphs
Unit Focus/Foci
Properties and Operations of Real Numbers and Functions
Instructional Focus/Foci
Comparing and Identifying Number Systems
Materials
Grid paper
Educational Strategies/Instructional Procedures
Opener: Have students complete the following in five minutes or less:
a=
1
2
b = 4
c = 0.04
Compute:
1. abc
4.
1
ab
3. a b c
2. a+b+c
5.
a +b
c
6. ab + c
59
Real Numbers
Rational
Integers
Natural
Irrational
Whole
Remind students that they will always encounter numbers of different types, such as:
Natural Numbers (N) = {1, 2, 3, 4, } counting numbers
Whole Numbers (W) ={0, 1, 2, 3, 4, } numbers used to answer how many
Rational Numbers (Q) = any number that can be written as
integers; b 0
a
(a quotient) where a and b are
b
Integers (I) = {, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, }positive and negative whole numbers.
a
where a and b are integers; b 0 .
b
Real Numbers (R) = combination of all rational and irrational numbers
Irrational Numbers = any number that cannot be written as
Have the students place each number in the proper place in a Venn diagram:
0, -4, 3, 5, 12,
3,
14 100
,
, 0.3.
6
4
60
Solution:
160
4
12
3
0
3
-4
0.3
Have the students work in groups of four to complete the following explorations of addition and
multiplication of rational numbers.
Exploration 1:
Let a = -3
b=-
1
2
c=5
61
d=-
3
4
e=
2
3
f=1
Solutions to Exploration 1:
1. a + c = c + a ; 3 + 5 = 5 + 3; 2 = 2 ; True
2 . b d = d b ; 1 3 = 3 1 ; 1 = 1 ; False
2
4
4
2 4
4
1
1
3. d ( a f ) = ( d a ) f ; 3 = 1 ; False
4
4
4 . b + ( c = e ) = b + c ) + e ; True
5. c ( f a ) = c f + a ; True
6. True
7 . True
8. False
9 . True
10. False
Exploration 2
Use the values for the variables used in Exploration 1.
Which statements are true?
1. a c = c a
6.
2. b d = d b
d
d a
3.
=
ae
e
4.
1
e
=
be b
5.
1 1
1
=
f e f c
7.
cd
= c ( d b)
b
d
c
=
c 1
d
d
1
e
9. b (c e) = (b c) e
8. e d =
10.
62
d
= d f a
f a
Exploration 3:
Repeat the process of Explorations 1and 2 for the following equations:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1
1 1
= +
d +c d c
a (e + f ) = ae + af
( a e) = a e
(b c)d = bd cd
e(b a ) = eb ea
f (d + e) = fd fe
(d + a )(e b) = de db + ae ab
( f b)( a c) = fa ba + fc bc
Solutions to Explorations 2 3:
Exploration 2:
1. True
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. False
6. True
7. False
8. True
9. True
10. False
Exploration 3:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
False
True
False
True
False
True
True
False
Have each group review the properties of real numbers: closure, associative, commutative,
identity, inverse, and distributive.
Randomly select a member from each group to explain a property and give examples.
63
Enrichment: Have students write a paragraph describing each property. The paragraph should
discuss the propertys name and applications.
Fine Arts:
Home: Have students keep a record of all assignments. (The homework record will be signed
by a parent on a weekly basis.)
Remediation: Provide each student with a piece of grid paper. Have the students create a large
grid of 12 squares (4 squares by 3 squares), and randomly write one of the properties on
each square. One square will be a free square. Write an example of each of the properties
mentioned above [such as 3(x + 2) = 3x + 6]. Have students cross out the corresponding square.
The first student to cross out a row or column is the winner.
Technology:
Assessment
Teacher observation
Homework
Assign appropriate problems from your text.
64
Teacher Notes
Solutions to Opener:
1.
abc
1
( )(-4)(0.04) = -0.08
2
2.
a+b+c
1
+ -4 + 0.04 = -3.46
2
3.
abc
1
( ) (-4) 0.04 = 4.46
2
4.
1
ab
5.
a+b
c
1
+ 4 35
.
2
=
= 87.5
0.04
0.04
6.
ab + c
1
1
=
1
2
( )( 4)
2
1
( 4) +.04 = 2 +.04 = 1.96
2
65
ISAT:
Solve problems requiring computations with
whole numbers, fractions, decimals, ratios,
percents, and proportions
Use mathematical skills to estimate,
approximate, and predict outcomes, and to
judge reasonableness of results
Identify, analyze, and solve problems using
equations, inequalities, functions, and their
graphs
Unit Focus/Foci
Properties and Operations of Real Numbers and Functions
Instructional Focus/Foci
Performing Operations and Evaluating Expressions Using the Laws of Exponents
Materials
Copies of Exploring Exponents Worksheet
Educational Strategies/Instructional Procedures
Review the homework and answer students questions. Introduce the students to exponents.
Define exponent as the number of times the base is used as a factor. Stress the fact that the base
can be a variable or a constant.
Exponent
Exponent
2. 52
1. b m
Base
Base
66
Exponent
3. (4ab)4
Base
Remind students that power and exponent have the same connotation.
Guide the students to discover the basic rules involving exponents.
1. a 2 a 3 = (a a ) (a a a ) = a 5
Have students try a 4 a 5 . Ask the class to make a conjecture about a m a n .
2. (a 2 ) 2 = (a 2 ) = (a a ) (a a ) = a 4
Have the students try (a 3 ) 4 . Ask the class to make a conjecture about (a m ) n .
a5 a a a a a a a
=
=
= a2
a3
a a a
1
a6
am
Have students try 4 . Ask the class to make a conjecture about n .
a
a
4
a4
a
44
0
4. 4 = a = a and using the property of one we know that 4 = 1; therefore, a 0 = 1.
a
a
The remaining two rules are definitions.
3.
1. a n =
1
1
or n = a n
n
a
a
1
m n
m
n
2. a = (a ) = n a m
Have students complete the Exploring Exponents worksheet.
Integration with Core Subject(s)
LA:
Enrichment: Use the library or Internet to find real-world applications of exponents. Gather
pictures, diagrams or articles and make a report for class.
Fine Arts:
Home: Have parents sign homework and record weekly.
67
Remediation: Have students simplify an expression that uses the rules of exponents,
writing out each step. In addition to simplifying, have students explain which rule was applied in
each step.
Technology: See Enrichment.
Assessment
Evaluate Exploring Exponents.
Homework
Assign appropriate problems from your text.
Teacher Notes
Solutions to Exploring Exponents worksheet:
1.
X
X 2
16
25
36
49
8.
64
81
1
4
1
9
1
16
1
25
1
36
1
49
1
64
1
81
10
100
2. (3a)=
4. (
1
(3a 2 ) 2
1
32 a 4
x5 3
) = (x 3 )3 = x 9
2
x
1
9a 4
1
100
1
2
2
3
4 =2
5
6
7
8=2 2
9 =3
10
3. (6 21 )( 6 2 ) =6 5 =88.2
5.
68
15a 2 b 4 15 a 2 b 4
=
= 5a 3 b10
5 6
5 6
3
3a b
a b
6. (2.547 x 2 ) 0 = 1
1
1
8 2
7. [(4 k )(4 k ) ] = [16k ]
2
8. 7 k 2 (9 k 4 ) 2 = 7 k 2 81k 8 = 567 k 10
9. ( m3 ) 3 = m9
69
16k 8
= 4k
Exploring Exponents
1. Complete the following table.
X
X 2
1
4
3
4
5
6
7
8
36
9
10
81
X2
2
2
1
25
7
1
64
1
100
Simplify:
2. (3a) 2
3. (6 21 )(62 )
4. ( xx 2 ) 3
4
2
5. 15a5 b6
6. (2.574x)
7.
9. (m 3 ) 3
10.
3a b
8. 7k(9k 4 )
70
ISAT:
Solve problems requiring computations with
whole numbers, fractions, decimals, ratios,
percents, and proportions
Use mathematical skills to estimate,
approximate, and predict outcomes, and to
judge reasonableness of results
Identify, analyze, and solve problems using
equations, inequalities, functions, and their
graphs
Unit Focus/Foci
Properties and Operations of Real Numbers and Functions
Instructional Focus/Foci
Identifying and Comparing Relations and Functions
Materials
Graph paper
Classroom set of graphing calculators
Overhead graphing calculator
Overhead projector
Copies of Function or Relation activities
Educational Strategies/Instructional Procedures
Review homework and answer students questions.
Define and discuss domain, range, relation, and function.
Relation: any set of ordered pairs
Domain: the set of possible values for the first coordinates of a relation
Range: the set of possible values for the second coordinates in a relation
71
Function: a set of ordered pairs such that for each first coordinate, there is exactly one
corresponding second coordinate
Have students note that a function is always a relation, but a relation is not always a function.
Present and discuss the vertical line test. Emphasize that if any vertical line passes through the
graph more than once, the graph is not a function.
Draw the following on the chalkboard and discuss with the students which relation is a function.
Explain why each relation is or is not a function.
a.
b.
Solutions:
Does not pass the verticle line test.
(not a function)
Solutions:
Passes the verticle line test (a function)
Have the students work in-groups of four to complete the Function or Relation activities.
Integration with Core Subject(s)
LA:
Enrichment: Create pictures of functions and relations and exchange them with your classmates
to see if they can determine which are functions and which are relations.
Fine Arts:
Home: Have parents sign homework and record weekly.
Remediation: Work with students individually on their areas of deficiency.
Technology:
Assessment
Evaluate Function or Relation activities using the Structured Curriculum Scoring Rubric.
72
Homework
Assign appropriate problems from your text.
Teacher Notes
Solutions to Function or Relation Activity 1:
1. Function - 1-1 Correspondence
3. Not a function not a 1-1 Correspondence
5. Function - -1-1 Correspondence
73
74
1
x+2
5. g(x) =
6.
7.
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
(0,3)
(3,0)
1
2 3
(5,5)
5
4
3
2
1
4 5
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
(-4,-4)
75
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
1 2
3 4 5
10. y =
9. y =
1
x2
76
1
x 5
2
ISAT:
Solve problems requiring computations with
whole numbers, fractions, decimals, ratios,
percents, and proportions
Use mathematical skills to estimate,
approximate, and predict outcomes, and to
judge reasonableness of results
Identify, analyze, and solve problems using
equations, inequalities, functions, and their
graphs
Unit Focus
Exploring Properties of Real Numbers
Instructional Focus
Mid-Unit Assessment
Materials
Copies of the Mid-Unit Assessment
Educational Strategies/Instructional Procedures
Review homework from the previous day and answer students questions.
Administer the Mid-Unit Assessment.
Integration with Core Subject(s)
LA:
SC:
77
Connections
Enrichment:
Fine Arts:
Home: Have parents sign homework and record weekly.
Remediation: Work with students individually on their areas of deficiency.
Technology:
Assessment
Evaluate the Mid-Unit Assessment using the Structured Curriculum Scoring Rubric.
Homework
Have students review class notes.
Teacher Notes
Solutions to the Unit Two Mid-Unit Assessment:
1. x 3
4x + 3
3.
x2
3x 27
5.
8x3
7. a. Domain {x|-6<x7} Range {y|-6<5
b. Function
2. 2x +4
5x 2
4.
12
1
6.
2
78
2x + 4
1. ((x)) 2
2.
c2 x
3.
3 4
+
x2 x
4.
5xy xz
3z 4 y
5.
3x 27
4x 2
2x
6.
x + 2 2x + 1
3
6
+ 3x
8.
10
8
6
4
2
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2
10
8
6
4
2
2
10
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
79
10
ISAT:
Solve problems requiring computations with
whole numbers, fractions, decimals, ratios,
percents, and proportions
Identify, analyze, and solve problems using
equations, inequalities, functions, and their
graphs
Unit Focus/Foci
Properties and Operations of Real Numbers and Functions
Instructional Focus/Foci
Using the Slope Formula to Write and Identify Increasing and Decreasing Linear Functions
Materials
Graph paper
Classroom set of graphing calculators
Overhead graphing calculator
Overhead projector
Educational Strategies/Instructional Procedures
Review previous days homework and answer students questions.
Return and review the Mid-Unit Assessment.
Remind students that f(x) = a and y = a have the same meaning. Traditionally, y = mx + b
describes a linear equation. Ask the students: What does f(x) = mx + b describe? (A linear
formation function) Ask the students to write the formula for the slope of a linear function.
Solution: m =
b g b g
f x2 f x1
where f x2 = y2 and f x1 = y1 .
x2 x1
b g
b g
The slope of a line describes how quickly a line is rising or falling as we look from left to right.
Illustrate increasing and decreasing linear functions.
80
Increasing function
Positive slope
Decreasing function
Negative slope
Neither
Zero
A horizontal line is not rising or falling at all, so its slope = 0.
Undefined slope
A vertical line rises so quickly that we cant describe it, so its slope is undefined or infinite.
Have students find the slope and determine whether the graph is an increasing or decreasing
function.
1.
2.
3.
4.
3x + 2 y = 8
4 x y = 3
3x + y = 0
5x + 5 y = 5
81
Solutions:
3
2
2. Slope = -4
decreasing function
3. Slope = -3
decreasing function
4. Slope = -1
decreasing function
1. Slope = -
decreasing function
6
x
Solutions:
6(x + 6) = 8(12)
6x + 36 =9 6
6x = 60
x = 10
Fine Arts:
Home: Have parents sign homework and record weekly.
Remediation: Work with students individually on their areas of deficiency.
Technology: Have students use a graphing calculator to graph a series of linear equations and
determine the relation between the value for m and the direction of the slant.
Assessment
Teacher observation
Homework
Assign appropriate problems from your text.
82
Teacher Notes
Create a transparency to illustrate increasing and decreasing functions.
This is a two-day lesson. The second day (Day 021) should be used to review homework,
remediation exercises, or for extra practice as necessary.
83
ISAT:
Solve problems requiring computations with
whole numbers, fractions, decimals, ratios,
percents, and proportions
Identify, analyze, and solve problems using
equations, inequalities, functions, and their
graphs
Unit Focus/Foci
Properties and Operations of Real Numbers and Functions
Instructional Focus/Foci
Identifying and Using Properties of Functions
Materials
Educational Strategies/Instructional Procedures
Review previous days homework and answer students questions.
Explain to students that functions can be combined to create new functions by the operations of
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
Demonstrate by using the following example:
2
f(x) = x + 3
g(x) = x + 1
ADDITION
f(x) + g(x) = x + 3 + x2 + 1 = x2 + x + 4
SUBTRACTION
f(x) g(x) = x + 3 (x2 + 1) = - x2 + x + 2
84
MULTIPLICATION
f(x) g(x) = (x + 3)(x2 + 1) = x3 + 3x2 + x + 3
DIVISION
f(x)
x+3
=
g( x )
x2 + 1
Have the students note that:
f(x) + g(x) = (f + g) (x)
f(x) - g(x) = (f - g) (x)
f(x) g(x) = (f g) (x)
FG IJ b xg, gb xg 0
H K
f (x)
f
=
g( x )
g
g(x) = x - 1
g(x) = 12
x
g(x) = x2 - 1
g(x) 5
Integration with Core Subject(s)
LA:
SC:
Enrichment: Have students create additional problems using the sum, difference, product, and
quotient properties of functions.
Fine Arts:
Home: Have students keep a record of all assignments. (The homework record will be signed
by a parent on a weekly basis.)
Remediation: Review function notation and have students explain examples of evaluating
functions.
85
Technology:
Assessment
Evaluate the in-class assignment using the Structured Curriculum Scoring Rubric.
Homework
Assign appropriate problems from your text.
Teacher Notes
Solutions to in-class assignments:
Sum
1. 2x
2.
2x3 + 1
x2
3.
x2 + x 1
4. x+5
Difference
Product
Quotient
x-1
x +1
;x 1
x 1
2 x 3 ; all real numbers
2x3 1
x2
x x3 + 1
2
x
x2 x x
x
2
x 1
x-5
5x
86
; x 1,
x2
; all real numbers
5
ISAT:
Solve problems requiring computations with
whole numbers, fractions, decimals, ratios,
percents, and proportions
Identify, analyze, and solve problems using
equations, inequalities, functions, and their
graphs
Unit Focus/Foci
Properties and Operations of Real Numbers and Functions
Instructional Focus/Foci
Performing Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division of Functions
Materials
Classroom set of graphing calculators
Overhead graphing calculator
Copies of Exploring Functions activity
Overhead projector
Educational Strategies/Instructional Procedures
Review previous days homework and answer students questions.
Have students work in pairs to complete Exploring Functions activity.
Integration with Core Subject(s)
LA:
SC:
87
Connections
Enrichment:
Fine Arts:
Home:
Remediation:
Technology:
Assessment
Evaluate Exploring Functions activity using the Structured Curriculum Scoring Rubric.
Homework
Have students study for end-of-unit assessment and write any problems or questions they may
have.
Teacher Notes
Soluions to Exploring Functions:
1.
2.
y1 is a parabola
3.
See studentssolutions
f(x) + g(x) = x2 + 2x 5
4.
y2 is a line
88
Exploring Functions
Use a graphing calculator to complete the following using:
bg
f x = 2x 4
g ( x) = x 2 1
3. a) Make a conjecture about the graph of y1+ y2 [ f(x) + g(x)] and draw a sketch.
b) Graph y1+ y2 and compare the graph to your sketch.
89
ISAT:
Solve problems requiring computations with
whole numbers, fractions, decimals, ratios,
percents, and proportions
Identify, analyze, and solve problems using
equations, inequalities, functions, and their
graphs
Understand and use methods of data collection
and analysis, including tables, charts, and
comparisons
Demonstrate an understanding of measurement
concepts and skills
Unit Focus/Foci
Exploring Properties and Operations of Real Numbers and Functions
Instructional Focus/Foci
Investigating Bouncing Balls
Materials
Transparencies (blank)
Overhead projector
Graph paper
Graphing calculator
Meter sticks
Bouncing balls (tennis balls, racquetballs, etc.)
Bouncing ball activity sheet
Chart paper
Markers
90
Enrichment: Have the students sketch a graph for relationship a and b. If one variable is
dependent on the other, place it on the vertical axis.
a) Your height above the ground as you ride a Ferris wheel.
b) The temperature of a cup of hot chocolate sitting on your desk.
Fine Arts:
Home: Have students keep a record of all assignments. (The homework record will be signed
by a parent on a weekly basis.)
Remediation: Work with students individually on their areas of deficiency.
Technology:
Assessment
Teacher observation
Homework
Assign appropriate review problems from your text.
Teacher Notes
91
Height
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12
100 cm
150 cm
200 cm
250 cm
92
Highest
Rebound
Lowest
Rebound
ISAT:
Solve problems requiring computations with
whole numbers, fractions, decimals, ratios,
percents, and proportions
Use mathematical skills to estimate,
approximate, and predict outcomes and to
judge reasonableness of results
Identify, analyze, and solve problems using
equations, inequalities, functions, and their
graphs
Unit Focus/Foci
Exploring Properties and Operations of Real Numbers and Functions
Instructional Focus/Foci
Reviewing Properties and Operation of Real Numbers and Functions
Materials
Educational Strategies/Instructional Procedures
Review Unit Two using a review format from the Appendix C.
Integration with Core Subject(s)
LA:
SC:
93
Connections
Enrichment: Have the students create a story that could be represented by the graph below.
94
ISAT:
Solve problems requiring computations with
whole numbers, fractions, decimals, ratios,
percents, and proportions
Identify, analyze, and solve problems using
equations, inequalities, functions, and their
graphs
Understand and use methods of data collection
and analysis, including tables, charts, and
comparisons
Unit Focus/Foci
Exploring Properties and Operations of Real Numbers and Functions
Instructional Focus/Foci
Assessing Property and Operations of Real Numbers and Functions
Materials
Copies of Unit Two Assessment
Educational Strategies/Instructional Procedures
Have students complete the Unit Two Assessment.
Integration with Core Subject(s)
LA:
SC:
SS:
95
Connections
Enrichment:
Fine Arts:
Home: Students will keep a record of all assignments. The homework record will be signed by
a parent on a weekly basis.
Remediation:
Technology:
Assessment
Evaluate the Unit Two Assessment using the Structured Curriculum Scoring Rubric.
Homework
Have students select two samples of their work from Unit Two for their portfolios and explain
why each was selected.
Teacher Notes
Solutions to the Unit Two Assessment:
1.
2.
3. a.
b. y =
1
1
x+
2
2
m r
RSx x 1UV
T 2W
7. f ( x ) + g( x ) = 3x 2 + 1 + 4 x + 3 = 3x 2 + 4 x + 4
8. f(x) g(x) = 3x 2 + 1 4x + 3
= 3x 2 + 1 4x 3
= 3x 2 4x 2
96
b 3x + 1 gb 4 x + 3 g = 12x + 9x
f b x g e 3x j + 1
=
gb x g
4x + 3
9. f ( x ) g( x ) =
+ 4x + 3
10.
11.
cx y h = x y = x
cy x h y x y
FG 3IJ = 3 = x y = x y
H xy K x y 3 27
3
2 4
4 2
12
12
12.
13.
20
F 5a 3b I F 2ab 3 I
GGH 8a 2 b2 JJK GGH 15ab 1 JJK =
FG 5a IJ FG 2b4 IJ =
H 8b K GH 15 JK
10ab 3
120
14.
F 4x2 y I
GGH xy2 JJK
1
=
xy 2
=
2
4x y
y
4x
15.
c h
x3 y9
1
=
3
xy 3
97
3. Determine the linear function determined by the points (3, 2) and (5, 3).
A. Sketch the graph
B. Give the equation
C. Is the function increasing or decreasing?
4.
98
2x
2x + 1
10. Find
f (x)
.
g( x )
Simplify.
Use only positive exponents in your solution.
cx g h
11.
cg x h
3
2 4
4 2
F 3 I
12. G J
H xy K
F 5a b IJ FG 2ab IJ
13. G
H 8a b K H 15ab K
3
c h
15. x 3 y 9
F 4x y IJ
14. G
H xy K
2 2
1
3
99
ISAT:
Solve problems requiring computations with
whole numbers, fractions, decimals, ratios,
percents, and proportions
Use mathematical skills to estimate,
approximate, and predict outcomes, and to
judge reasonableness of results
Identify, analyze, and solve problems using
equations
Unit Focus/Foci
Exploring Properties of Real Numbers
Instructional Focus/Foci
Assessing Properties of Real Numbers
Materials
Unit Two Assessment (student copies)
Educational Strategies/Instructional Procedures
Return the Unit Two Assessment and review the solutions with the students.
Have the students write an essay reflecting on their performance in Unit Two. Invite the students
to use the following questions as guidelines for writing their essays:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Did I do my best?
What gave me the most difficulty?
Where do I need the most help?
What methods or recourse did I use to improve myself?
What would I do differently next time?
100
Remind students that an essay has a minimum of three paragraphs: introduction, body, and
conclusion.
Integration with Core Subject(s)
LA:
SC:
Enrichment:
Fine Arts:
Home:
Remediation:
Technology:
Assessment
Homework
Have students select three samples of their work to place in their portfolio; have students write an
explanation as to why each piece was selected.
Teacher Notes
101