nae : , , Ae . , — we : Se ie “CENTRAL PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT ~ CENTRAL DESIGNS ORGANISATION ae IAL ON PLANNING & DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE MULTISTOREYED BUILDINGS Volume | | |FOREWORD Over the past 25 years, the Central Public’ Works Department has planned, designed and constructed a number of multi-storeyed structures for office, residential, industrial and institutional purposes. Tn this ptocess the’ department has acquired certain. expertise and experience. Many mote such structures are currently being planned, designed and constructed by the Department. It'was considered Worthwhile to bring out a Manual on the planning and design of such structures to serve as a guide for the various design engincers of the department working in different parts of the country. 2. The Central Design Organisation of the Central P. W. D. has compiled this useful Manual which will be published in two volumes—the first volume dealing with planning and analysis aspects of multi-storeyed structures and the second volume dealing with design and detailing. 1 would like all the Design Engineers in the department to make full use of the Manual and make the structural design more economical and purposeful. New Detut, Y. R. VAISH the 4th May, 1976, Engineer-in-Chief.PREFACE There is an increasing trend towards the construction of multi-storeyed buildings ‘residential as well as non-residential purposes in urban areas. Owing to the tion of population from rural arcas to cities, land in uiban areas is becoming singly scarce and land prices are spiralling from year to year. Consequently, trend towards high rise construction especially in larger cities is bound to tmereae the years to come. Itis, therefore, necessary that the methods of proper designing such buildings are better known. & ‘There are several standard works of reference which lay down the methods of lysis and design of multi-storeyed buildings. They are, however, not readily available most of the engineers in the department particularly to those who do not have ready ss to libraries or to bookshops where such books are available. Moreover, the ‘ous methods of design are not explained in sufficient detail in one single book, id one bas to read through several different reference books before getting a working wiedge of the various methods of design available for high rise buildings. Quite a few tall buildings have now been designed in the Central Designs ganisation, C.P.W.D. The experience gained and the knowledge acquired in the rocess, including examination of the recent publications and articles on the subject, ate brought together in this manual which is proposed to be published in 2 voluines” This volume“deals with planning, design loading, preliminary design and methods of analysis for vertical and horizontal forces. In the 2nd volume which is under prepara~ tion, the design and detailing aspects are dealt with. It bas been possible to bring out this publication on account of the efforts of Shri John Mukand, former Chief Engineer (Designs), Sbri M. B. Kodnani, Sbri Pk. tho, Sbri S. S. Kaimal, Shri P. Padmanabhan, Shri K. S, Narayanan, Shri Gurcheten ngh, Shri P. B. Vijay and Shri G. R. Viswanathan, Engineers of the Central Designs I shall be glad to receive any suggestion for improvement so that these can be porated in the next edition. w DELHI, . S. VEDAGIRI ted st July, 1975, Chief Engineer (Designs). (iii)CONTENTS PLANNING OF MULTISTOREYED OFFICE BUILDINGS orm 1 1-1 Nevessltyof multistoreyed oflce buildings - 462. Beonomlcal typeof structure ae 113. Genecal arrangement of Govt. Offices « pg eee 14 caren obrovaeretintherlaing of Cot Oficebuildings . 1-5. Normsfor Govt.ofice buildings ae 166 TypesofR.C.C.strucures and theirsuiabiity = de Sey Wateraupplyandsankarylosilatons + tt 4:8. Blectresupply - ei Ras Rec email rete si". ahsatmbie come SO Ras! ee Shane torre phelps wn 2 DESIGN LOADINGS staGesial ee Sees: ines eeu ee 28 24 Fovnutlloason pre bade : a Oe a ee itera rs a ee eae Naas Ye pices ini: Gabe hoes ee DS iar ee ed Se 2G. sci ee ta hon ee iapren 3. PRELIMINARY DESIGN SS ee BG i ee ee ee MRC 33 Colamse = SUNS ic yi 260" COLA NRRE same NN foe ee one Nn a 3-7 Foundation 7 : “ Fok Matodsot prclilaary designforhoriaonial Toads 6 ss Jurren 4 METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF FRAMED STRUCTURES FOR VERTICAL LOADS RN is faving ne ett tT MR Re 4-3. Sttiness are : cer eS ee | ee cana es ee 4-7 Signconvention ered 4d Hardy cross Mathod of momentdiswbatlon © = + 71 7 T 49 Twooyele method te fea : 410 De Guperan's Matod of Wee he or ell Takabeya'smethod «++ So a ie eee ‘4-12 Clouesk’s method ‘cision stort - a ae 4e13- Relativendvantages of difereat methods + 6 16 6 16 7 1 18 4 35 35 56 56 56 56 so ZF Dee © ofMBTHODS OF ANALYSIS OF FRAMED STRUCTURES FOR HORIZONTAL-LOADS a Methodsofanaiysis. 5... Distribution of horizontal force among various frames. Cantilever method Portal method. ‘Bowman's method Factor method Lighifouts method . Kani's method. Khan's Method for frames wi ‘Muto's Method for frames with shearwallsCHAPTER | (G OF MULTISTOREYED OFFICE BUILDINGS yed office baildings expansion in Government Departments and rapid industriatisation and urbanisa- ia metropolitan cities has increased considerably. The high cost of land and non- sailand in the heart of the cities have necessitated. vertical expansion rather than oyed structures of six to eight storeys are common now-a-days and the Present trend fuller and taller buildings. Not only there is saving in land but there is also considerable of essential services such as water mains, sewar lines, electric supply lines, street Tines, etc. Besides, there is economy in cost of rocf insulation. However, mulli- siractures bring in certain problems such as greater risk from fie, intensification of trafic ing problems, earthquales and wind pressure problems, problems of vertical transport ‘of pumps for water supply ce al Type of Structure unto 3 storeys are economical, if eonstructed with load bearing brick walls. Buildings, reys are generally of partially framed design. For buildings of 6 storevs and above, ‘are more economical than load bearing walls. For tall buildings say ten storeys and bbe necessary to provide shear walls to resist horizontal load due to the wind or earthquake. Arrangement of Govt, Offices For Government buildings, the arrangement usually adopted is one with a well defined rooms flanking on either side of it, but this arrangement may not necessarily be the most This arrangement imposes certam restrictions on the choice of the frame pattern. » The essen- ofthis arrangement are the additional loads due to corridor partitions and greater figots. These factors add to the cost of the building. The load of partitions ean. be considera- by having light partitions of prefabricated materials ike hard board, asbestos, foam concrete r, thisinvolves extra expense, pirements to be considered in the Planning of Govt. Office Buildings 1. The planning of a multistoreyed structure starts with a preliminary survey of thesite, its loca- , acoessability rom existing roads, situation of water supply sewerage and electric mains, found nature of soil etc. Tt may be necessary to carry out a soil survey to ascertain its bearings and what type of foundation such as isolated footings, raft, piles will be suitable. IA2. The various requirements to be considered at the initial stage of planning of multistoreyed ings are as follows : sers! functional requirements, (2) Space requireinents for vatious categories of staff. (8) Requirements of services. (4) Miscellancous requirements. 1.4.3 FUNCTINOAL REQUIREMENTS OF THE USERS ‘The functions of various Government departments vary and as such it is yery essential to assess the xs exact requirements at the beginning of the planning itselt to ensure efficient utilisation of built up . If the exact needs of the client are not taken into account, it may lead to infruetuous labour and ‘ion of plans subsequently causing delay and unnecessary expense. 1.4.4 RequiREMENTS FOR VARIOUS CATEGORIES OF STAFF Government of India, Ministry of Works, Housing & Urban Development have fixed the seales of aocommodation for various categories of oficers of the Central Government (Annexure 1.1) 1 hc. P. W. D. (N-D»)/752 “The latest scalo of office accommodation adiissible to various categories of officers i ment of India is given below :— ae ( officers drawing Rs 1300)- or more» . . «23-0 Sq. m (260 sq. ft.) (ii) Gazetted Officers (excluding Superintendents/Section Off- 14.5 sq. m. cers) (160 sq. ft.) ‘Gii) Technical staff such as Draughtsmen, Tracers & Estimators. 5:5 sq.m. (60 sq. fe.) Ministerial staff (Seotion Officers, Superintendents, Head 3.5 Sq. m Clerks, Clerks and Daftries ete.) 40 sq. ft) : In addition 10% of the accommodation allowed for minis- terial staff is admissible for records. 1.4.5 Gama & Spacta, Requirements, ‘The general and special requirements to be considered and provided for in addition to th required fot offices proper along with the approximate space required for them are given in Table 1.4.6 Mngor Regumesents Minor requirements to be considered and provided are ¢ " (1) Niches for water coolers. ) Spaces for Keeping brushes, and brooms ete. (3) Chute for disposing of waste paper and refuse. | (4) Chute for posting the letters. (5) Niches for electrical switch, ‘boards etc. (© Lightning conductors. (D Fitst.aid-room. é 1.4.7, Soxvics REQUIREMENTS ‘They are broadly divided into six main parts s {1) Sanitary installation, (2) Water supply instalation wy @) Blectric supply. (4) Telepbones. (5) Air-conditioning. t (6 Fite Agbting 5 1.5 Norms for Gort. Office Buildings ‘The following norms for Government office buildings ere recommendec eee eeee ee eget ee io Ratio of carpet area to plinth area - . + 55 to 65:Space required, (as 2 rough guide) Remarks @ © ® aud sationsry 25 poresat of Hoar, taseneat Grater roofea)/ AL higher provision may be ‘area for “normal "Ground floor is suitable. "made for'offces "where the Oli Buuuiags For regadd Ossapying con. Gxpeted volume of ‘records Siderable area of “the ull. {5 likely to be higher. ding separate look for ‘storage (0 Conference | rooms requlre 46:5.g.9- 001) At convict ple ‘acoustic treatment. per 9300 €bo.000 ity SE cane ery +++ An per User re- Af convent place: ‘w P ‘quirement. tothe {9 canten an Titi rooms. bo. Cintas vary trom place able 1-1 ps mined “on iow merits {Recreation rooms. . As pee Users’ re- ie ‘quFements (© coopersve Swres + As per Users) re- At comveniont place. ulrement Ground floor Spacing. of Cols. and _ sizes ‘ok bays are plamed “for thevupper doors and by ne ms Using "Ground. Noor for Bang ‘purposes, space! ots fined" comtricton of 1 Sbemally'Bigner that Normal parage Bist Hee Separate two. storey ga iets" ‘ate. “Tesommended where suficicat land is (@) Garages aad cyelestands . As required. S:$2a.2forery Ground Qoorftasneat - Requirement of area for A.C. 10g. me of car lant ete.” generally © do pet arta 16 be co pends upon the iype of fioned: fir conditioing adopted ‘and also the “lloor area to Bevairconditioned. (6) Airsonditioningplant oom. () Ductsandcther requiremeats As required Tor airconditioning. oe... i a of Post office may, be located 0-75 percent floor araea. of "Telephone exchange may be [cated centrally” with. re8= pect 10 dhe rooms where the Elephone tastruments are provided. ‘A portion of the, actual re- Pump house may be cons- urement’ may be kept in trueted very" near to the Sreehead storage tanks and. underground sump. the balance ithe unde® @ @ (19 Bes Sesion Ania. Grea ty Suliiog (15) Quartrs for caretaking Caretaker ee 1) Bletriciaa’sQr. 1 ese 9300 sa, Ghowkidar Qs. 3 Fearpet acca) Waseda’ 3f : 4M Banks hig y 3! wo, Area occupied by external walls & columns Atea occupied by internal walls and partitions preferably I9- from the mari se eo For every extra 9300 ma (lakh of “GR sgt) or Durposes “have ‘to. be “ded with a. rest “foot fends i epaton osu SI Oe eat or oa) ss 8. 2.00 m (6) Spe mebon soul stoalstioa 6506.54.12 1 14% of plinth ance, Pen ee OA 015% ot pttaty orca. DMiitioe ah on feats : + 1 per 2320 long the cortidor: Arealof veticalcirculatin,ic.litsandstaireases . 6 to 8% of plinth area For male personnel For female personnel Sqm. (25,000 sq. ft.) to 2790 Sq. m. (30,000 sq. ft) of ‘plinth area, Disposition of staireases travel distances. 46m (150%) (of this not more than 30,5 m,) 100 eee Menonsormarttbwoot . «1.46315 perugnt ot part arnt Urinals. —_Nil_upto 6 persons 1 for 7-20 persons 2 for 21.45 for pecsous 3 for 46-70 persons 4 for 71-100 persons From 101 to 200 persons add at the rate of Sper cont For over 200 persons add at the rate of 2.5 per cent, ‘Wash basins 1 for every 25 persons or part thereof Arai Floor to floor: Mebtaase sik tiaen, sg Windows (Steel windows preferable) . || Orientation , 16 steel. Types of RC.C. Structure & their Suitability 1-6-1. Multi-storeyed office buildings may be constructed cither. ng We of Tinfotoed cement conerete construction, the si.ciiee ee further divid¢ following types:— (1) Framed structures, with columns, beams and slabs. @ Flat slab structures with columnsand slabsonly.. Slabs may be either flat slabs hn heads and drop panels or flat plate slabs. G) Combination of either (1) ot (2) with shear walls, @) Walls and slabs onty. 2 to 3% of plinth area, 3.35. m. (110° 15 to 20% of carpet area. Se coms ota ear Haas Wee ptrdltg ie isc of reinforced coment cot:The choice of tas type of the steugture \d on the architecture of the building. Acrangs. of columas and sizes of panels play an important part in_ the overall economy ofa fally Gemed stro. buildings, the arrangement usually adopted isone with the well defined corridor H toms flancing on either side of it. Framed structures, with columns, beams and slabs are the most liable for this type of arrangement. Frame having hres’ spans with the central span ‘approximately % larger than the end spans (of equal length) or frame with three equal spans are gencrally: more eee. eal than other arrangements, But these may nct always be acceptable due to otter considerations + I sections of Multistoreyed Govt. office buildings constructed by C.P.W.D. are shown For proper natural ventilation and lighting, dept of a room perpendicular to the face of the buile ding should not exczed twice the flor to floor height. As per COPE: the recoinmended fact te fae sight is L1'-0", According to this. the maximum depth of a foom should bo 22-0"rand mmeiouin Log Anal bay width consistent with utility and architecture would be 11-0 Some of the main advantages of lat slabs construction are given below:— (1) It presents a flat ceiling without projecting beams. @) Floor to floor height can be reduced resulting in saving in building cost, G) It gives better diffusion of natural light in the absenee of beams and girders. (A) It is easier to construct, (3) It requires cheaper form-work. (6) Te gives better ventilation because of the absence of pockets in esiling. (2) Ue reduces fire hazards due to absence of sharp corners. Shear wall construction becomes necessary when the horizontal loads on the structure either due to fins or scismic forees are so large that the dimensions of the members of structure without shear walle ‘beome large and uneconomical, Walls and slabs type of structure is suitable where the pattitions are located one above the jpieron ever} floor. This type of construction is normally suitable in the case of multlstorejed tial buildings. ~ 1.62 Stiga Watts Incase of tall buildings subjected to wind load (and even in medium buildings subjected to heavy mic loads), heavy moments and shears are induced in the columns and beams of lower storeys, AT, Some increasein allowable stresses are permitted by the codes when wind and seismicloads exe taren pacount, considerable increases in sizes of structural members and the quantity of reinforcement may Inall framed buildings there are many walls like those around lavatory blocks, lift shafts, staircases prhich can be made structural and their great stiffness against horizontal loads’ can be used ae cee {he structural frame from the additional burden due to the horizontal loads. “Not only teswat her solid with openings or grill facades formed by vertical and horton, igned to resist horizontal loads, Such walls whieh are made uss of to horizontal loads are termed “shear walls”. A.“‘shear wall” can therefore. be defined: as ca weit Hot perforated which resists horizontal forcesinits wn plane”. “shear wall” may alse, be defnene Ricural system providing stability against wind, earth tremours or blast, deriving ts oats inherent structural form The following considerations may be kept in yiew while planning bu (@) 4s fat as possible a symmetric arrangement cf shear walls should be adopted to eliminate frame forsion. In case this is not possible, elect of frame torsion should be considered while: dey ning the shear walls (b) Sheac walls should be so located as to serve not only the structaral but othee functional pur- osts also e.g. like walls around lift pits, lavatory blocks ets.6 (©) Shear walls should be made to carry as high a vertical load as possible as this will reduce vertical tensile reinforcement. (@) For shear walls form part of the elevation openings should be kept within limits. Water Supply & Sanitary Installations ‘Water supply is required in an office building for ;— (1) Drinking purposes. (2) W.Cs and baths. @) Canteens and kitchens &) Fire fighting. (5) Make up water tank of A.C. Plant, © Horticultural purposes. Provision should be made for the storage of at least one day's requirement of water. A part of this as per actual requirement, may be kept in overheail storage tanks and the Balance in the undergroui reservoir. After ascertaining the day's requirement, the sizes and location of the underground water reservoir and overhead storage tanks should be determined. The undereround reservoir may be leat czateally and provided with ventilation pipes and automatic alarm arrangements. The top of the unde ground reservoir may be 0-30 m. (1'-0") below the ground level so that a lawn may be developed over it. Near this,a central pump house may be located which should have sufficient pumps capable of delivering the day's requirement of water supply. Additional provision for make up water of A.C. plant should be made depending upon the ty of A.C. plant to bs installed for which Air-conditioning Engineers should be consulted, For ite fighting, anextra storage may be provided onthe bass of local municipal regulations, ora per advice of fire fighting authorities. Where unfiltered water supply is available, pipes may be laid for supplying unfiltered water to the layens. For this, no storage is necassary and the supply can be taken qireet from the tain. It is desirable to provide lavatory’block on all floors at convenient points instead of having isolat : ck sanitary fittings here and there. ‘A conimon shaft may be provided for ti i $ fall water supply, drainas soil and vent pipes for all the W.C. rooms situated one over the other. 1.8 Electric Supply 1.8.1 Sussrarion & TRANSFORMER Room (a) Location. The Electric Substation shall preferably be located in a separate building, especial when theres a generating set. If this is not possible, due to site conditions, the substation may be loc She ground oor. When both of thee possiblities anno! be fled, the substation may be located in first basement with suitable facilities of ramp having a mild slope for easy movement of the equipm to and from the substation. According to Rule 68(1)(a) of LE. Rules, Substations and switch rooms preferably be erected above ground, but where necessarily constructed U/G, due provision for venti and. drainage shall be made. (b) The load and the transformer capacity depend upon the area of the building and also t of building, The loadings shall first be calculated on the following basis: — (0 Normal lighting 21.5 KW/M? (2 KW per Sf) of plinth area. (i) Lighting with lifts, pumps but without central air conditioning. 32 KW/m? (3 KW per (ii) Additional for air conditioning load. 0.096 KWim? (0.9 KW per 100 Sit). (iv) Additional for technical bldgs. like laboratories. 11 KW/m? (1 KW per Sft).tea, fae, dally fated athe ‘ents ‘ball ‘tion type i) 7 ‘The transformer size can be calculated by multiplying the total connected load calculated as above by a factor 0.6. The substation area and transformer room area for different capacities are tabulated ‘below: Substation with Transformer Total Transformer Room area required Total substation area. required i/o ‘capacity of HIT., Et. panels Transformes but thout generators 2% 500 KVA . . . 36-00Sam@908H) . . «13000 Sam (1400 sf) 3% 500 KVA . .. S400 Sam(858M) ++ 172-00 Sqm (1850 st 2% 800 KVA . .. 39:00 Sam (416 Sf) ++ 135:00 Sqm (1450 st) 2x 800KVA . «. 58.00 8amCa Sm) ; 181-00 Sam (1950 81) 2% 1000KVA . . «39-00 Sam (416 SM) 4 + 149:00 Sain (1600 st) 3% 1000KVA . . 58-00 Sqm (624 si) ++ 197-00 Sqm (2120 ste) (© Additional area that is required for generators is 25 KW 56 Sqm (600 Sf) 48 KW 56 Sam (600 sft) 100 KW 65 Sqm (700 St) 130 KW 72 Sqm (770 Shi) ‘The height required for the generating set room shall be a minimum of 4.57 metres (15 f) clear from the soffit of the beam. 1.8.2 Lirrs ‘The size, location and speed of lifts to be installed in multistoreyed office buildings have to be deter- ined quite in advance a8 the provisions for the same are to be made in the structural analysis. Provision of a machine room at the top of the lift well to accommodate the machinery for the lift and the lift pit at ‘the bottom below the lowest floor served to accommodate the buffers is to be made while designing the structure. The outline dimensions for the various parts of the lift well and machine room are given in ‘Annexure 1-2 for various speeds of the passenger/goods lifts, The pumy ings are generally of centrifugal type, usually ranging from 5 to 1 HLP. rating. There is not any appreciable difference in the space required for the installation of pumps ofthese two capacities. The space required for the pump installation is given as under:— 2 pump installation . . . . 28m?(300 Sft) 6.0 mx 4.6 m (20’ x 15°) 3 pump installation . . - + + + 39m? (420 Sh) 8.5 m x 4.6m (28" x15) 19. Telephones & Post Office ‘An approximate area of 0.75% of floor area for the post office and telephone exchange may be provided: Telephone exchange may be located centarally with respect fo ooms where the tlephone fee fruments are provided. Suitable ducts for telephone lines may be provided in consultation with P & T Department. 10 Air Conditioning 1.10.1 Systems of RerRIGERATION TYPE oF Arm-ConpiTIONING Schemes for refrigeration type of air conditioning are based on the following two systems;-—~ (a) Direct Expansion system. f (W) Centiat Chilled water system, ‘ / x Se8 (®) Diteet Expansion system is generally employed for air conditioning of smaller ‘areas with j ‘one of two weather makers located in proximity to the refrigerating plant. Reciprocating Compre are, ganzrally employed for this type of plant. The air is conditioned by drawing 1t across bank offi "inwhich reftigerant isexpanded. The conditioned airis distr/buted to the areas through G.l. jum or oocasionally masonary ducts. Where the weather maker isto serve areasin different f ‘2 masonary riser may be provided, preferably along the corridor wallsfor easy entry of supply ducts toll space above the false Ceiling in the corridors, where the ducts are generally run for distribution. Conditioned air is supplied to the rooms through grills from the ducts run in the corridors. return ait may be collected either in the space above the false ceiling or through the corridors, in wh ease, necessary grills should be provided above the-false ceiling and on the doors respectively. ‘The ends ‘of the corridors are provided with Swing doors. (b) Central Chilled Water System is generally adopted where several scattered weather makers required. Tn this type of plant water is chilled centrally in the plant room and the chilled water is circula- ted to different weather makers by insulated chilled water pipe linesina closed circuit, Inthe weather makers the chilled water is passed through finned coilsdry or sprayed over which, the air is drawn and conditioned. Sometimes chilled water is sprayed ina chamber called air washer, through which the air is drawn and conditioned. The distribution of the conditioned air shall be as explained in the previ system in para (a) above. Thus the air conditioning installation consists of reftigetating machines, cooling towers, chilled water pipes, weather makers, ductsete., as parts of the installation for producing controlled conditions of temperature and humidity ‘inside the rooms. 1.10-2 Capaciry oF rie Aim ConpITIONING PLANT The capacity of the plant depends upon various factors such as orientation of the building, elas area, thickness and matreials of the walls, material used for roof exposed tosun, volume of the area, ‘occupancy, equipment load etc, Asa roush guide, the capacity of the plant can be estimated as one Tot pec 18 Sam. @00S0) of thearatobesirconltionsd withthe cinghegh’ aot exseding3 moves 1.103 PLaxt Room The plant room houses compressors, condensers, Chillers and pumps and also any air compressor for pneumatic control. The plant room shall be located in such q manner, that it is near to the weather maker (i, the total length of Chilled water jinesis minimum) and alsoto the electric substation feeding power tothe plant, Thechilled waterlines should beable to be routed with ease from the plant room to the ‘weather maker rooms. ‘The plant room shallbe provided of anarea of 5.5 Sqm or 100 Sqm of carpet ares to be conditioned. ‘The minimum requirement of area ofthe smallest plant rooms 10 Sqm. It shall have a minimum ¢leat height of 3.60 Metres (12), ‘The plant room shall be provided with adequate drainage anid fresh water supply facilities. The inside facing of the walls of the plant room may be lined with accoustic materials wherever necessary to reduce the transmission of the air borne noise, the machinery being erected on floating foundations ‘0 prevent transmission of mechanical vibration to the building. > = * 1.10.4 Coousa Towers ‘The condenser water iscooled.in a cooling tower or a spray pond. There are three types of cooling towers namely; Natural draught, forced draught and Induced draught type. The forced draught and in- Ghsed draught type ace prelerred, though more noisy, owing to higher cooling efficiency and reliability Stperformance apart from the smaller size of the tower. The cooling tower is generally located on the. fhe building and must be suitably located for a proper Architectural blending with the building, ina ‘ign toitsfunctional value. The cooling ponds are sometimes used for large plants, but heir applicati senor much preferred because (1) loss of water is more (2) their maintenance is costlier due to collect dr dast in the pond and (3) the floor area occupied by & pond having depth from 1.2 to 1.7 metres is co Aiserably greater than that required for foreed draught cooling tower. ? ‘A hatural draught cooling ower shall require 4.5 Sq-m. ofarea whereus the induced draught cooli tower shall require 1-5 Sq. m. of area per 100 Sq. m. of area to be air-conditioned. The minimum sequi vows ofarea for the sinallcat cooling tower is '3q. m. The area requirements for eooling pond are giv below:—just bors Lor ors, the The tich ads Conditioned Area Cooling Pond Area Upto 1860 Sq. m. (20000 Sa. ft.) + ++ 18 $a. m.(per109 Sq.m.ofarea to be conditioned). 1860 Sq. m.to 3720 $a.m.(20000 to 40000 Sq.ft), - = 15 Sa.m Do. 3720 Sq. m. to $580 Sa. m. ($0000 to 60000 Sq.ft). - - 13 Sq.m Do. ‘5580 Sq. m. and above (60000 Sq. ft. and above) 11 Sa. m, Do. Care should be taken that adequate space is provided around the cooling tower/pond for free flow of air and dissipation of heat. Due to evaporation and drift, there is a certain amount of loss of water, in the cooling tower ‘or pond. To make up for this loss, a suitable make up water tank of suitable capacity shall be provided to store the water forabout 8to 10 hours of consumption. 1.10.5 Came Warer Pres Chilled water pipes are generally of G.I. for less than 10 cm dia and mild steel for higher diameter. M.S. pipes are generally of the welded type. They are generally insulated with insulation material. Normai sizes of the pipes are upto 60 cm (24"). ‘Routing of the chilled water pipe may be underground or overhead as may be convenient and should be preplanned before start of the work to avoid future complications. 1.10.6 earner Maker Rooms The entire building to be conditioned is divided into a number of zones to be fed by_inaividual weather makers. The location of W.M. rooms can be decided on the basis of a number of factors such as get up of the building, areas to be fed with the conditioned air from the Weather makers, routing fof ducts, fresh air entry etc. It should be as far as possible in close proximity to the area to be conditioned. Itshall haveaan area ofat least 4-5 $q..m.forevery 100Sq.m. of carpet area to be (conditioned. ‘The weather maker room shall have a clear hejght of 3 metres. ‘The weather maker room shall be provided with suitable fresh water supply and drainage faci ‘The weather maker shall be provided with an opening of 0.03 Sq-m. per ton for fresh air entry. 1.10.7 Ducrina The space required for the ducting depends upon factors like location of weather maker with res peci to the area to be conditioned, distribution arrangement i/e collection of return air etc. There shall be about 45 Nos of duct suspenders for every 100 Sq. m. of area to be conditioned. ‘The quct suspenders may be of extended rod type where the buidling is to be conditioned immedi- ately and of recessed type where provision is made for future air-conditioning. 1.10.8 Warer Requmeenent Water 10ss due to evaporation, drift etc. in.case of natural cooling towers is of the order of 90 litres per hour for every 100 Sq. m. of area to be conditioned whereas corresponding figures for foreed/induced raft tower & cooling pond are 65 litres and 185 litres respectively. 1.10.9 Powsr Requinment Power requirement for A.C. is of the order of 8.5 K.W. per 100 Sq. m. of area to be conditioned. ‘This may vary slightly depending upon the type of plant, 1.10.10 Coouina By Evaporative TYPE PLANTS ‘This method of cooling is effective only, where appreciable (more than 15°C), wet bulb depression prevails during summer. This system consists of banks of water sprays through which dry outside air sucked by a blower. Theair, while passing theough these washers, gets cooled andis supplied to the re- red areas through a net work of ducts. The water supplied to the spray nozzles is recirculatea by pumps euisite quantity of make up water is continuously added in the sump of the washer to meet the water by evaporation. The quantity of air supplied may vary from 15 to 30 air changes depending upon the ela requirements and use of the building. $-1 CPWD/ND/I5,- ‘The evaporative plant shall be effective only in dry summer months i.e. for about 3 months from April, to June. These shall be ineffective during monsoon months, when humidity in air ic quite hah; The Blowers can however, be used for ventilation during monsoon, Requirements for A.C. Plants 1. Area for the plant room + 5+ 208q.m. + 2-7 Sq. m. per 100 Sq. m. area to be cooked. 2. Fresh air opening =... |. 1-0 Sq. m.for every 100 $a, m.area to be cooled. 3. Water requirements, =... -_ 70 Litres per hour for every 100 Sq. m. area to be cooled. 4: Power Requirements... , 2 KW far-every 10 Sq m. aren to be cooled. e Ie IS 2 8 In > ix WTI MIN ONIGINT FoeTA ANINEAURE. 20 STOREYED OFFICE BUILDING AT NIZAM PALACE- CALCUTTA aetna lorFic} tes D pe OFFICERS \CABINS t 9 a re | -* LoeBy12 ANNEXURE 1.1 (GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF WORKS, HOUSING & URBAN DEVELOPMENT ‘No. 26)19165—dee. IEA Dated New D:thi the 26th May. 1966. OFFICE MEMORANDUM Sunmect:— Scale of office accommodation for the various categories of Officers of the Central Government ‘ekcluding those serving inthe tacome Tax, Central Ltcise and Customs Departments ‘The undersigned is directed to refer to this Ministry's Memo. No. W-II- 95 (64)/53 dated s-t-54 and 0. M- No. 26/19165—Aco-II- A dated 20-12-65 and to say that the latest scale of office accombnovation admissible to various cate {Borie of ofcers in the Government of India as expressed in metic system 1s given below (Officers drawing Rs: 1200)- or more Gazstted offcers (Excluding Superintendents/Sestion Offers) 14.5 sq-metes (160 ft) ‘Technical staff such as draftsmen, Tracers and Estimates. 5.5 sq: metes (sf) iv) Ministerial staff (Section Offers, Superintendents, Head Clerks, 3.5 sa: mets (4 (Botta bates te) e oe” Tn add ‘ado 23.0 sq moines (260 sft) 10% of the accommodation allowed for ministerial stat le for records. (0) Ministerial ta of the Audit Offers provided sesommodaton inthe nw ‘butdings sanctioned for the combined accounts and audit offces of ‘the ‘Compttoller and Auditor General of India. 4.5.sq. mettes (50 sft.) ‘This will be inclusive of the space for current records for which no separate provision will be mado. Ttis rea lisedibat the accounts and audit offices will have to keepin store an exceptionally large number of old documents, les and registers for Which separate storage accom modation Will be necessary: Necessary provision for this should be madeia basements of the buildings or as separate adjunct, whichever is cheaper and suitable. 2. The above seales will not apply to officers working in the Income Tax, Ceatral Excise and Customs Departments 3. The entitlement of accommodation determined on the basis of above scales will further be subject to such ‘ad ae cuts as may be imposed by this Ministry from time to time. At pecsent the overall cactlements of ‘oBles. soccer: ‘modation of the ministries etc are subject ¢o the following cuts: — atitlements Percentage cut ‘Upto 2760 sq. metres (30,000 : _ eS 10% More than 2760_sq-metre = fe a‘ ey 15% sa (S. VAITEILINGAM) Under Secretary t0 the Govt. of India. ‘Alte Ministries / Deparinents of the Goverameot of India cluding the Compiler & Auditor Genera 2. Allattached / subordinate offices under the Ministry of Works, Housing and Urban Development. 3. Allestablishment Sections of the Ministry of Works, Housing and Urban Development. Guard fle. Sdj— 3 (8. VAITTHLINGAM) Under Secretary t0 the Govt. of India13 ‘wou Tomasi o2438010814 ime UT,LINE DIMENSIONS FOR ELECT. LIFTS AS PER IS 3974-1966 ssn. snlrassenct® U8, can oPtzO: 60008 LPTs, CAR SPEED UPTO AND EAUONG UPTO AND INCLUDING 15 M]S(ERADUAL, I mJSEC. (INSTANTANEOUS SAFETY AND SPRING “SAFETY AND SPRING BUTTERS) surrens) momar | sas! =P 2 'Nesa Senay Sens arse ee er ‘he Ur went swono be HEL BBEEDE? eles] |&| 4] 3|> BEBBEREE15 REFERENCES I.NATIONAL BUILDINGS ORGANISATION, Se oa EP a NAT Ban oe Murat Ode Bling 200 2nd S SUEPINGS ORCANISATION, “ramos om Re Bier 200-2 eee ee = : 2 COMMITTEE ONPLAN PROJECTS, “Report of theSslected Build ‘Buildings Printed ai the Coronation Brings Projects Teun on Multi-storeyed ing Works, Fatehpur, Delhis®, Deoamber, 1958. IMAL S. S., Article on “Structural Aspects of Multistoreyeds Buildings”, SE MDIAN STANDARDS INSTITUTION, “National Building Code of India 1970", Indian Standards tn- sitution, December 1970 $ 182591 —19¢6, Ladian Susndara Uuthne Dimensions for Electric Lifts, July 1966.wv CHAPTER 2 DESIGN LOADINGS 2.1 General Multistoreyed buildings are subjected to various types of loads acting on them and they ea broadly divided into three categories:— (D General loads such a5 Dead loads ofthe floors, cohumns, partition walls Foundations and loads. @) Wind and seismic loads. ~ @) Special loads Such as loads due to overhead water tanks, loads due to lifts, air eonditio plants ete. ‘The magnitude of ive load on aay floor will depend on the use to which the floor is subjected office, canteen, library ete. Loads coming under category (2) may vary to a great extent depending many factors such as Toeaifon, nature of ground type of clading ec. IS code of practice 875-1964 (ev recommends the dead loads, live loads, wind loads, erection loads ete, and IS 1893-1970 (second revis recommends the loads due to earthquakes. ng comprises the weight ofall walls, partitions, floors, lor shes, false ceilings and the dead weights of all other permanent constructions in the building. The unit of building materials are given in Appendix 2.1(a). 2.2.1 Partition WALLS Loads due to partitions will depend on the right design and specifications and also on their posit ing in aooordance with the plans. The loads thus assessed shall be included in the dead load for the des of the floorsand the supporting structure. However, where the act assessed before hand owing fo lack of knowledge of the final positioning of the part the supporting structures in such areas shall be designed to cary, in adaition to otherIoads, aun distributed load per sq. metre over the entire area of not es han 33-13 p In the case of beam and slab construction where heavier partitions like brick work are expec to bs intl, if maybe assumed tha the heavy partitions wil be place directly over the beams "provision should be made in the design of the beams for this extra load due to heavy partitions. Ho the slabs need not be designed to take this extra load. 2.3. Live Loads 2.3.1 Live loads on floors shall comprise all loads other than dead loads. The minimum live lo on different floors for different uses shall be as given in Appendix 2.1. The loads mentioned in Appem 21 are uniformly distributed static Loads in Keg./sqrm. on the plan area ang provide for norint! ‘of impact and asceleration, but do not take into. account special loads, such as machinery, lifts ets, 2.3.2 Repuction 1N Fioor Live Loaps: ‘The reductions in assumed total live loads on floors may be made as per values given in App dix 2.1 in designing columns, walls, piers, their supports and foundations 2.33. Live Loaps on Rooss for live loads on flat roofs, sloping roofs, amd curved roofs, shall be as shown in Ap 2.4 Horizontal Loads om Parapets & Balustrades Parapets and balustradcs should be designed forthe horizontal londs acting at handrail oF level as specified in Appendix 2.1. 16can be ing Live itioning, tede.g. igupon fered) vision! 17 2.5 Impact and Vibrations é For structures carrying live loads which induce impact or vibration, as far as possible calculations abe made forthe increase in the live load due to impactor vibration, Inthe absence of suicents data fot such calculations , the inerease in the live load shall be as given in Appendix 2.1. 26 Wind Loads ‘The liability of a multistroreyed building to be subjected to high wind pressures depends not only. pon the geographical location and proximity of other obstructions to air flow but also upon the characieristics of the structure itself. 2.6.1 Basic WIND PRESSURE ‘The basic wind prossyre ‘p' as defined in clanse 4.2 of IS 875/1964 (revisea) shall. in the absence of meteorological data, be taken as given in clause 4.2.2, of I$ 875/1964 (Revised) (Appendix 2.1). 2.62. Wisp Loap oN BUILDINGS ‘The effect of wind shall be calculated according to the basic pressure for the entire height of the building and any projections thereof, having due regard to the level of mean retarding surface and variation ‘wind. pressure with height. In making the calculations, due regard shall also be given to shape factors. Tye effect of wind on the structure asa whole is determinded by combined action of external and internal For. structures of various plan shapes other than rectangular plan shapes, the external pressures acting on the projected arca in the plane perpendicular to the wind, shall be the produet of basic pressure nd the shape factors given in Appendix 2.1. ‘The stability calculations of the building as a whole shall be made considering the combined effect of dead loads. live loads, and wind loads a3 well as det loads and wind loads only. 2.63. INTERNAL Am PRESSURES Internal air pressure in a building depends yupon the degree of permeability of the cladding to the tow of air. In practice, the four eases given in Apptndix 2.1 may be considered for design purposes. 264. Wind Pressures on WALLS AX wall of any Building should be sufficiently strong to resist a total average pressure, outwards or inwards of ¢ (@) 05 p for buildings having a small degree of permeabili (6) 0.7 p. for buildings. of normal permeability. (©) Pfor buildings. with large openings and for walls exposed to wind on both faces. 2.6.5, PerwissioLe INCREASE IN ALLOWANCE BEARING PRESSURE OF SoIts. In case where the footing is eceentrically loaded and/or the member being supported transmits a ‘moment (due to wind loads acting horizontally at floor levels) to the footing, the permissibe pressure may Je exceeded at the edges of the Footing by 25% when variation in the intensil¥ of the reaction caused by the transmission of moments to the footings is taken in to account. 2.6.6 Pemvissimce IN CREASE IN MATERIAL STRESSES “Where stresses due to wind effects are combined with those due to dead, live and impact loads, the smissible seresses in concreate and stcel reinforcement specified in Chapter VI may be exceeded upto Mimit of 33} per cent provided in no case does the direct strees in the reinforcement exceed 2600 kg/cm? nd and seismic forces need not be considered as acting simultaneously. 2.6.2. Loap FACTORS Unless otherwise specified by the Engineer-in-charge or the appropriate authority, y member should be designed to carry without filure the effects of the foliowing erlical load condi Sos, when wind load is considered along with dead and-live loads. y Us 1.5 DL}2.2LL-+0.5 WL, [= 1.5DL +0.5LL +2.2 Wh, 441 cRWDIND)ITS18 whichever gives eriticai conditions provided that no member shall have a eapiciy less than that 1 quied by” the condition, 4 capacity less than that 1€ U="L5 DL4 22uL Where U= the ultimate load for which the structure or its elements should be aesignea accordi fo the relevant IS Code for R.C.C. structure ; z "4 DL= the Dead load of the structure; LL = the live loaa on the structure considering its modified values as given in the relevant clauses of the standards; and WL= the value of wind load adopted for the desi ‘These load factors may be reduced as per clause 4.2.2 of IS 875—1964 (Revised) (Appenais 2.1) 2.7 Seismic Loads 2.7.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES & ASSUMPTIONS, Earthquake shocks cause a movement of ground on which the structure is situated. This thovement causes the structure to vibrate. This vibration may be. resolved in any three perpendicular directions, The predominent direction of vibration is ft orizonval ‘The responge of the structure to the ground vibration isa function of the nature of foundation soi materials “of which the structure is composed, form size and rigidity ; the duration and the intensity o ground motion. In the case of structures gesigned for sual sie re ony, it shalll be considered to act cone direction at a time so a¥ to give the worst effect. The building should be checked as a ri Sine Toressta born tie directions separately. Where both hortemntal and. vertial sebanie: fre ate taken in to account, horizontal force in any one direction at a time may be considered simuliancously ‘ith the vertical force which may be taken as half of the horizontal seismic co-eficient. The vertical seis i red in the case of structures in which stability is a criterion of design or fot ity is criterion of design or for overall stability analysis of structures. The followifig assumptions shall be made in the aesiga of structures to resist earthquake fore (@) Barthaquakes cause impulsive ground motion which is complex and irregular in character, ‘changing in period and amplitude and lasting for smill duration. ‘Therefore, resonance of th type as visualised under steady state sinusoidal excitations will not uccure as it would time to. build up such amplitude Jo) Aa Earthquake is no likely to occur simultaneously with wind oF floeds. % (©) The structure is standing on a soil which will not considerably settle or slide appreciably d to vibration lasting for a few seconds. 27.2. Seismic Co-Errictents oR DIFFERENT ZONES Unless otherwise stated, horizontal seismic coefficient in static design in different zones shall be taken as specified in Appendix 2.2.Seismic feoeficients or some important towns are’ give in Appendix 23. & 273. Deston Crimea For BUILDING; For building not exceeding 40M in beight, the base shear YBis given by the following formula BV 0 = Com where, C = acofiecient defining the flexibility of structure with the inerease in number SABI GIS eons ae" An Sr seismic coefficient as defined earlier as the case may be. Bm a corfiisient aepending upon the soil foundation system, We total dead load plus appropriate amount of live load as defined in Appendix 2.2 and Ye Atal Force tr column POF‘hat 1 ‘tording ‘evant x21) 19 T = fundamental time period of the builaing in seconds, Nort 1.—The maximum value fC willbe limited tp 1-333 for building withtoad bsaring wallsand 1-000 or framed buildings. The minimum value of G will bs limited to 0-33. Nort 2,—The fundamental time period may ether po establisned by experimental observations on similar buildiogs ot cafeulated by any rational method ofanalysis. Inthe absence of such data may bedetetmiacd as follow: (a) For moment resisting frames without bracig ot shear walls or resisting the lateral loads, eon where n= amber of storys ¢b) For all others 0.09 where H. = total height of the main structure of the building in metres D = dimeosion of budling ia metres in a drstion parallel tothe applied seine fore, Distribution of forces along with the height of the building is given by the following formula. Qa=Ve wiht Sr where Q; = lateral forces at roof or floor i, Vy = the base shear as worked out earlier, W, = the weight in floor including dead toad and appropriate live load, hi = height of the roof or floor i above base of building, n = number of storeys including the basement floors. Nome —Forcaloulating wight atlovel otheroaforflar,tis wight atwalsaatosts aas ia anystorey igansg.a>d tobeshared aifand halfgatessaine roatordyorattopaadtaelzororgiauad atboton asl alwaone te assumed to bo conceattatod atthe level of tae tools or foot oY levee For buildings greater than 40 min height and up to 90m, mode! analysis reconvened, However the method suggested above may also be used for design of structures in this category in zones 10 TV. “2a Darr. AND ToRsion one. ‘Check for drift and torsion is desirable for all buildings, being particularly necessary in eases of buildings greater in height than 40m. The maximum horizontal relative displacements due to earthquake forces between two successive Alors. shall not exceed 0.004 times the difference in. levels between these floors. Provision shall be made for the increase in shear resulting from the horizontal torsion due to an coventricity between the centre of mass and the center of Rigidity. ‘The design cecentricity shall be taken as 1.5 times the computed eccentricity between the centre of mass and centre of rigidity. : entre of araiiy of em. ‘Noms 2.—Centre of Regidity:— the polat thrdjgh which the resultant ofthe restoring forces of a system acts 2.7.5. MISCELLANEOUS ‘Nome “1.—Centre of mass:—the point thruagh which the resultant of the masses ofa system acts. This comesponds to Parapets and other vertical cantilever projections actached to buildings and projecting above the woofs shall be designed for five times the horizontal seismic co-efficient specified catlier. All horizontal projections ike cornices and balconies shall be designed to resist a vertical force wal tofive times the vertical seismic co-efiiient multiplied by the weight of the projection. Nom .~Theincreaseseismicco-fiients specified above are for designing the projecting part andits connection wi ‘he niain sewetures Pur tue desta OF the main siFucture sue) IMeroase DESE BOL Oe Consiseaess -PaRMisstote INCREASE IN AtcOWABLE BEARING PRESSURE oF SOILS nl og eautduake forces are include, the permissible increase in allowable bearing pressure of Soil shall be as given in Appendix 2.2, depending pon the type of foundation etn ee 2.7.7. IWereast IN Penwussipe Srnrsses JWnenever. earthquake fores are considered along_with other normal design forces, the permissibl having. a dette ange clastic method of design may be increased by one-third provide) hat Fare Mdalnite yield stress, the stress willbe. limited to the yield trees ster rey cae defini yield point the stress will be limited to 80% of the ultimate strength, 2.7.8. Loap Factors (FoR UctiMatt LOAD MerHOD oF DESIGN), For steel and reinforced concrete structures ;— U=14DL. + bE + BL) (b) for _ prestressed concrete structures ; U=15(DL + LL. + BL) where U = the ‘ulimate load for which the structure or its elements should be designed according to relevant IS Code for R.C.C. steel and prestressed concrete strucers DL = the Dead Load of the structure ‘EL = the value of earthquake load adopted for the design. LL = the live load on the structure considering its modified values as given in the relevant. la of the standards. ‘TB, members of reinforced or prestressed concrete shall be under reinforced so a to avoid sud lugs dus to crushing of concrete. Further it should be suitably designed S0 that prenrafasy failure, to shear or bond may not’ occur. 28 Special 2 2.8.1. r Water requirement of a mullistoreyed office buildi and sanitary fittings which, in turn , are governed by nui building. The number of usereie roughly prepr nce Tor te underground storage ugh sanitary requirements of water are stored on the roof aad the oles eth iene {In addition o the above, provision has aso to be made for storing water ethees air-conditioning. This will have to be worked out in consultation with fire-fighting ai departments FEot design purposes, as per 1S 875-1957 the static water load and its container weight shall tfeated as dead loads. itis desirable to provide R.C.C. storage tanks over the roofs of buildings in preference to steel which get corroded very rapidly and give rise to problems iu maintenance, 2.8.2. Lut MACHINE Room {hs ie location and sped offi to be inal in sulistreyes offs bulldings have beg ‘mined quite in advance as the provision for the same are to be made i the eirmod ere tes geno ue oe Sreesanth ante re to be the machinery for the lit aad a lit ‘the bottom below the lowest floor served to accommodate the bullets iste be mecof ‘ible ‘eels ‘nite the a1 APPENDIX 2-1(2) Gait & Weight of Building. Materials 51 (Material (Refer Clause—2-1 Table 1 of 11911-1967) ‘Nominal Weisht Ne ee Thickness per 1 Accoustic Materials ‘Glass Fibre | 10. ae wt ome So era har ee, mt 2 Aggregate, Coarse Broken Stone Ballast Dry, Well shaken a 2 +1600 to 1870 Pofely wet. 5. s 1920 ro 2240 is Shingles, 3 mm to 38 mm : sobaiedsiod 1 AAD: a Broken Bricks Fine. 1450 * Selim eae ao kepeane Watt) ” Foamlag, Foundry Pumice i SS 700 : 3 Aggregate, fine Sand ‘Dry, Clean é 1540 to 1600 e River x 1840 ¢, tp Wie ogde cel. 3 1760 >5.2000 ee Brickdust (Sukh). 1010 4 4 Asbestos Cement Sheeting ‘Corrugated (146 mm). > een ope at 7 14.1 1015.6 es Seni-comrugated (340 mm) 6 120133 7 14.110 15.6 > Plain 5 96 5 5. Bitumen « 1040 —w 6 Blocks Lime-cement cinder solid blocks 880 to 1280 . Bricks ‘Common burat cay bricks : 1600 to 1920 ‘ Engiacering bricks i 2160 5 ‘Pressed bricks . 1760 to 1810 Refectory bricks 5; 1760 to 2000 ‘ Sand cement bricks a 1840 s Sand Lime bricks ‘ ee 5 2000, y 8 Cement y ‘Ordinary & Aluminous HO * ‘Rapid-hardening 1280 a 9 Cement Concrete, Plain ‘Aerated nin eae a ho mt ‘With sand& gravel or crushed natural stone aggregate + 2240 to 2400 3 40 Cement Concrete, Reinforce with sand & gravel or crushed natural stone agaregate ‘With 1 percent steel. s+ 210 to 2470 my With 2 percent steel ‘With 3 percent steel 2370 1025 30 2560 to 2720‘Cement concrete, prestressed Gement mortar Cement plaster 6 ets ruminou fox Wat foofng & damp proofing Fibre be ‘Type 1 (underlay). ofa Tome 2 Sleinibed fon + Gniel ‘ Gmée2 2 | Grade Boa S088 0 ow Hessian base type 3. (elf finished felt) COA aR a a A Glass Glass bricks, window glass & looking glass Iron ae & Grey, cast White, cast Wrought Lime Lime coneerete with burnt clay aggregate nS Lime mortar Line plaster Soils & Gravels Alluvial ground, undisturbed Clay fills: Dry, lumps Dry, compact Damp, compact Wet. compact Undisturbea ‘Undisturbed, gravelly Barth Dry moist - Fine sand: Dy Saturated Silt, Wee ren 249 3-03 23 3.64 2180 to 2720 5-0 63 15 19-0 Rs 13-7 170 7200 7030 to 7130 1580 «© 7220 7700 1920 1600 to 1810 1760 1600 1040 10 1760 2050 1920 2060 1410 to 1810 1600 to 2000 1600 2080 1760 to 192023 Agee ; ‘ite Sone Daal. cee 5010 290 CO Bolte S| ea. ee i Sma 5 ana = + 2 Src pce ees iioto amo Enea PAT Betsey ose ante eemongmge Limestone - . . . 2400 to 2610 es Mae Ben ean : Qupea nh oF Tua AE Saha p 260 5 sind ene 5 1 Beene | me bie LL fate : Terese ae inom 21 Terzo ene : jae ha eee = 2 Tinker Dood. ae 2 ees ee *iae oaas ssn ieee Vt Sacto ; Matotay : peoees : ont oe: ces se bags 7 Se ae ee ey ae? Z ee a Z Bat eda : : 3a £ 2 Wasr Pee eo to : Selick gr us hata cs es 21 Win Woo! Dog at. paar ae : Machine room floors shall be designed to carry a load of not less than 500/kg/m? over the whole a_and also any Toad which may be n by the equipment used in the michinesotees any ma Tron ipment both during periods of normal operaticn and re; air in Comune ‘machine room will ultimately cary the entire weight includingimpact ‘with the size and speed of the lift. In addition, the beams at all other floo:s around the Hf llshould be made stronger to take the reactions from the guides when the lift 1s stopped suddenty ty tomatic safety device, on the breaking of the wire rope. These reaction fromthe. guides gap obtained from the lift firms at the time of structuraldesigns. Suitable lifting beams immediately below the machine room ceiling may be proviged for carryin leo facilitate lifting of any Reavy part ofa heavy lift (say about 1,500 kg. capacits and fer ae ies below that, suitable suspension hooks may be provided. Inthe case of large lift installations, the roof of the machine room also should be designed to take the pulley which could be used for lifting up parts of the lift machinery for inspectien en reeahe 2.83. WEATHER MAKER RooMs ETC, : The structural memebers should be designed for load due to ducts, false ceiling, weather maker , 0: ing towers and make up water tanks for the airconditioning in consultation with S conditioning). The following leadings may be adopted Wr a pees ee is 1. False ceiling : A uniformly distributed dead load of 40 Kg/m? (8 1bs/Sf ‘over the oor arca for the provision of fale ceiling. = SD) mag be seta 2. Wreuther maker Rooms. Weather, maker foom tloors may be designed for a uniformly distri buted live load of 1200 kglm’, ee24 APPENDIX 2+1 Lire Loads on Floors ‘Clause 3-1-1- of 18 875-1964 (Revised Pare 2.3) Types of floors anima ve Alternative misimum Hive. toad "nt of floor 2 3 Figors in dualling hougea, tenements, onpital wards, 200 ‘bed rooms and private sitting rooms in hostels, and. dormitories. Fe Subject to a. minimum: total load Omefiam ctr than entance al ore flight #250400 "AVS he ales ‘workrooms. for “any given slab panel and Fe § ‘times the values in oolaren Fleorsof banking halls, oMleentrane halls and read> 300 3 tor any given beam. ing rooms Shop floors used for the display and sale of mer- 400 ‘This total toad shall be assumed ‘chandise; lors of warkeoome gensrally: foots uniformly “distributed = “on. the (of class-Fooms, in schools floorso pleces Of as- cntire area Of the slab panel sembly with Wed seating, restaurant; circulation OF the entire length of the beam space ia machinery halls, power stations, ete. ‘where not occupied by plant or equipment. rst eines ro cr ane ia cee: ee for light wl oad ute Noort soe ae caraierues Seer i mle tae, ee ce Floors of warehouses, workshops, fatores and other bulldings or partof buildings of similareatepory for ‘medium weigh Toads, Floorsof warehouses, workshops, factories and other building or parts of buildings of similar category {or heavy vidight loads, loots of book stores and libraries, roofs and payement ligats over. base~ ‘ments Brolecting under the tic, footpath Floorsused for garagesfor vehicles no exesedng 2-5 Slabs” pall 400 ‘OF the worst combination of. See a ee ee ‘wheel loads, whichever is presi vi, oa ee eee or the worst combination of wheel loads, walcever iy g Beams Floors used for garages for vehieles not exceeding 4 750, tonnes gross weigit. ‘ver 73.em square. Siairg, tan ngs and cocridorsforslase 200loadiag 300) Subject to & of ‘but not abe to overeromllng \ "KE concent ona unsupported end of" Sais Jantings ant coerdors for class 200 loading $00 ii for. stair constructed uit Hable to overcrowding, and for all other J turally independent can clases. Balcony, —.Balonles not lable. to overstowding: For class 200 loading 5. + 300 For all other classes. 73" 8 500 Balcones liable to overcrowding... 365500 sThelower value of 250 Kain should botaken wharescprate ora alten are provided andthe Nighr van 490 agin aon ae Buck PSA25 above Table arsferencsto a‘ftoor’indlutes arcferencetw any partof that floor, and areference to slabs includes boarding and beams or ribs spaced not further apart than one meter Belvcen cenvies ands: rlarenee {o'Boams means all other beams and ribs os me — snes NOT 2—Unet loading cass No, 250, the reference tight work rooms’ envisages rooms in which some light ms chines (for example, sering machines used by mllinesor tailors) a opetated witout acental poweraien sae giat inchs a ndgenieny cera liter by fondo byanaiousUnvoangcas No 0, hereon so;workrooms gocraly envisages the tnslation Of machines operated wit" cetal powsrdcven alte the individual machines being belt driven. oh oe [Note 3.—‘Fixec seating" implies that the removal of the seating and the use ofthe space for other purposes is Inprobabie” The masimum likely Toad ints cave, tv therctore, closely controlled. eS Nott 4—Thefoading in workshops, wars houses and factories vaiesconsiferabl and so tree loadings under the serine andy acing alow fo noreeononial den att ny have no Pea Ieanngntpmesieothehanthtlvetaaor wetter ordeal ie ome port préog hens heyy wright nate wanes the actual loads to antare thas thyateaci In shetso SE TOOU eat ia eee they are inexcess.the design shalibe based on the actual Toading. [Note 5.—The loadclasifcationfor stairs, corridors, balconies and landings provide or the faet that these often serve several oosupancies and are used for transporting the furniture and goods, Reduction in Floor Live loads (Clause 31-21. of 18 875-1964 (Revised) Para 23-1) Number of floors carried by, Percent reductionof total live load onal ‘member under consideration floors above the member under consideration te sa ov ees 7 10 een : 0 / tee ‘ 30 5 oF more 0 7 ‘Where a single span of a beam or girder supports notless than 50 m* of floor atone general level, the live oad may. be feduced inthedesignofthebeam orgirder byS%Cor eachSOm* supporied, subjecttoa maximum reduction of 25% This reduction or thatziven above, whiche er isereafer,may be aken info aecountinthe design of columnssupportingscha beam ‘batsuchreduction shallnot bemadewaeretneftoorsareusod tor storage purposesnotin the weightof aay plant Or machinery ‘which Is specially allowed for Noreductionshall bemadein thecascor ware-houses, garages and other buildings usod for storage purposes and for factoriesand workshopsclesigned Tor500 Kgl’. Howaver for buildings, such asf actoriesand workshops, designed for ive load of morethar 500 xu/m*. thereductionsgivenabovemay bemade provided that theloading asmumed for anv column ‘SE. Saottessinanie outs have been altheBows haz Socatesgned e300 Keine with noreiaction Live Loads on Roofs (Clause 3:2:1+ of 15 475-1964 (Revised) Para 2:3-3) $1 Live Load measured on Pin. Minimum 11, measured on plan No. w @ @ A O rimriohepetaa etal elinopa pearl h i Gee a haar Sees iaiety ditact ee ee eee ee cena Re eee eae Lg eer () Access not provided except 75. Keim* 190 Kg. uniformly distributed {for maintenance Over “any “span of one. metre Midth "Of the” roof “slat and 430 "gg umiforniy datiouteg oree te span" in the cane of@ @ @ i Sloping root with slope greater than 10 (a) For oof membrane, shecis Subject t0 a minimum of 40 Seaver f ‘Or purlings 75 gin less - 2 kel for evely deg. increase in slope over 16 degrees: (b) For members supportingthe roof membranc and FOO eet atten ines ©) Loads in, ane (6) do Show Fain dust sllection, etc "dnd he effets oF such foaas shall be appropriately considared. Gi) Curved roofs with slope at springing ($—345y") Keine 00) Corer than Jet Sherpa i fh = the height of te highest) Doinroftesiituremea| Sited from ite springing. | Subject to a minimum of 1s Ghord widthof thereon ti singly curved and'shorter tthe Swo sis, iF doubly curved Nora.—For spatial typeof roofs with highly permeable and absorbant material, the Coningency of root waverly creasing in weight due to absorption of moisture shall be provided Tor, a Roofs of balings used for promaa ase or incidental assembly purjoves shal be designed for a minimum load of Kelm*™ or hetviet if required Ronis subjectes to sapw loads shuld be designed for th actual load due to snow or for the live loads specified waichever is more savere, Actual Load dus f0 snow will depend upon the shape of the foot. and its capac ness 38m and each case shall be treated on i own merits. To tne aosenee Of any specific information, the losding dag ee lection of snow may be assumed © be2'5 Kegimt per om depth of saom, fa the case of ranks wth segs eecie i snow load maybs discegirie4; waste, howsver,thereare posiblides of formation of snow poskects-theessheaig into aecount. Horizontal Loads on Parapets/Balustrades (Clause 3.3 of 1S §751196> Revised) Paca 2-4 Description Horizontalioad Ke-/metre ram (a) Stcwaye, landings and talsonis (vate and dome): el en Pee ae 3 pee 3 @) Ail oterssrwaye, parapets tnd bandils ws root) 5 ss vs oy set Skdetlesbcvot etl Tiny ober n= as Thewlvesgvensreforgaidencsoaly and wae valusforaculondings arava tty shall be used nal Imposition (Came 34-1: of 18 873/964 (Revie) Para 25) ‘Structure 4 Impact factor ee Masts. a eS (© Foefouadations,fosting and pers suppordng itt anc hosting apparatn 4 (©) For lik mactaer| al or ecto unt (cp Foeriprc il rnelaey oF power uals 20% inion '50%minienum Concentrated Live 1s with impact and vibrations which may be dus 9 installed machinery shall be eo snd provided for in thedesign. The impact factor shall nt bs lessthan 0%, whichis theamoual slimeseect Hons =e27 Basle Wind Pressure including winds of short duration) Fig 2- 1A ‘Clause 4-2-2 of 18 87511964 (revised) Para2-G-1 &2°6-7 Remain Pressures in Kgim® at a height (metres) ant. of 30m bone the mean retarding Surface as 40 100 toe 105108 150 156158163 a 200 208 210217 oe inter: ts interpolated values may be adopted). Not |. The wind pressures given in Fig 2. 1A arethe maximam ever likely to o2eus ia any locality inludingeonditions| owing oafston duration, otning thereby winds inwhich themasimam speed i attalned faduenly and lasts or afew minutes eine asinsqualls. The respoase of asccture to wind pressure depends not only on itsown characteristics and those oF only ut af also On duration of the wind pressures. Certain siractates my not respond to short lived phenomena of the tind avaquallsanstasuch casesWinds lastingovor a long period as ven in Fig2. {need only betaken Imo. considerar Winds ee ent the Comaltes nas nd data to make a definite cesommendation in ceyard tothe stuationsn which. Fig. ton, At preity placsot Fig 1A. Its therefore, fesdm-ended that unl the roquifed data bscomes available, Fig 2-14, Sri Pits te used as the basis ang information given in Fig. 1B maybe taken to asist in thedesign in a-mannerappro- Showea the given problem, ult in general as described in Note 2 below :— Nor82.—Inyview of the wind phenomena and the nature of wind and the toatively short period over which tact it nay nov og ascomany to rent tin tnesame manner asilveloads. tm ae ese of working tess design higher stresses than. those fy aly ponte Dien the case of live toads & in the ease of ulimate load designs lower load factors than howe aoemally pera Brlive loads, coutd be perautioa witen wind loads ae taken nto consideration. Ta view ofthe large numberof factors Adoni yacibute to afiaal esisfon on the exact value ofthe nsraasein psemissibo stesso: or decrease load factor jm any Mc of stastural design these vals should be determined by the designer Oa the basis ofthe provisions. given in the Sion SF lin Standard dealingwith tue design aspects. Lo theabsence of such resonumendations and unless otherwise. spect leva appropriate authority the pesmissible stresses and load factors shall be as given below for different Values of "> Permissible stress not more than [Load factor not es than 1:0 Times the increased? sires, for Wind 1-6.) Ties the toad aelot TOF wind Io oud in combination with ofser loads 6-96. "Vin combination with other bade a ptnissie under the aleve Indian 9:35 per relevant ingian. Stan ard design Bitadard cesign codes sabiect a. the 0-91 Soden subject to a minum vale Nalue being. not snore than the yield Oat Sof One Siresso 0°2 person proof stress of the natn Wind pressure from Fig 1A for a given location where K is theration <= DEE eae aa ‘Wind pressure from Fig2-1B for the same location Note 3. -Redustion factor for design wind pressures for building up to 30 m height shallbe as follows : (a) Er lsings up 1.0 a cig tints of wind nyesute pei in Figs 2: 1A & 2. 1B may beredud by 3g parce for stability caloutations and for the design of framework as wall as clading, 6) For buildings over 10 m and up to 30 m height, the intensity of wind pressure specified in Figs.2. 1A &2.1B ma (©) Te eedused by 25 percent for sablityealedations and for design of Columns Only. a ee Note 4.—The permissible soil pressure when wind load is considerea shall be taken as the normal allowable bearing pests onthe soni yee sme ators ab those fr petmble sess ae athe abe “spasic wind pressure ‘pis an equivalent static pressure in the direction of flow of wind. + Wheresteses ue to wind temperature and shrinkage of fel combined with hose duet ea, live and impact loa ed nS cs ln consrts and steel ranforsemant maybe exccoded upto lint of 35 1/'pot cam peo emg heen the ditect stress im the remforcement exceed 2600 Kg. fom ‘cue does28 Shape (in plan) factor Refers Clause 4-3-2. 15 875/1964 (revised) Para 2-6-2 Plan shape of the structure Circular Octagonal Square (wind perpendicular 10 diagonal) Square (wind perpendicular to face). ‘ iis anon Where ieesatins Restgeesbpretts Ertl oof level the base width sall be talon aasho wiomol Botha trom te Toot tres te Ree myrontsand the Heght governing the safaSsteat $8 wid ‘bethat from the roof surface to the top of construction sai ggtHedivsion of win Load into that acting on windward and levardsies shall be the same as that for ‘angular buildings as affected by the opens “Shower ademas aigear ie Sof wind 20 the design of individual components ofthe bul where, showever, adequate rook and foe zastaus: Of Woors, and wall, caulstons fonsie, Ca ‘wind, ‘exeptin regard 9. wall Fools and foundations, ‘need not be mat TRAN S05") sui fof a build Meee eetareSE Best 4 bale, b not excredtwie the Sf wits MoT More (©) Section adjoining two pars ae i Fear ae ee sete eee gs ot iheteuine te scdndgetot eal 10N nay Se ee ee ania ach 8 outang fp SECTION, ‘es at "pe Ma TS EeTION: twice tS wilt :29 Internal Ate Prossares (Rofers Clauses 4°3°5-1 to 4°3-5+3 of 875/196¢ (revised) Para 2'6-3) | 1 Buildings having a snail degree of per- Theflowof airthrough the clad- Internal air pressure may 3 negle- nal SSG a a Sheree Sa - openings.) + nity Ale ge gai Recline” Sag aermae 23) ae tp external wind ‘peesures, 4 Buildings of open type aidings with of but no walls, Me ie tools will be subject to estes ‘rom both inside and 1 cPwnenny/s iwer) ¢ o we iG. 21m wus MANIMI wD PRESSURE HAP OF pia CLWDNG OIDs. oF seer DoEATIN “pecsech ong] SAT Anta or Cenmeessen METESS) SEER ce eas Ss ae es aoa) - Si Sisal anlgies [uvslies pieradiiss |: sok ima oy asm ne 387 ‘sa SST fe) “ ie ( | 200 Sg, “pn, B20, seat) aS a “(rw wreewenien Wears wrennouren tt av Se AporED) i ous i Ditada dats eet rag no Nae oF A SHOT ee robs, Suck AS THC WHD SPEED, TE, 1 jo THE TePeDATORE OF AE ne ren ase Wno PRCSsoRE Wim MAP, A VAWWE OF 0:006, Jad aan vo K/h s ie mie wap PResivees mimteateD ane Tt a Th THe, Respecting AbcA, UNDER FULLY ER POSED ‘consmons HovTamans sacas ne vats DiemED snowe- sm scau) connrriows ecemase THC subraces won | 18) JE soem, ToPOGEAPuY ET| | reams t —_— ‘OhyKrmrany Se ‘ we ot BASIC Manaus WIND PRESSULE) MAP OF INDIA EXCLUDING WNP OF SHocT| ns us i 07 aco 208 10 27 2230 1K 244 25 1 3% (Crom wicempaTe HexGWTS WIEEPOLATED VALUES ray GE: 4007700) MOTE: 12243 SAME AS 1m 16,218 MOTE A, THC NUMBER OF SENELE CYCLONES WHC WANE APPROACHED Ok cEOsiED ME Ours DUEMG 169" TO 1960 16 moncaTED IM erncLee Im 5° LAT)TUDE Zo¥es (AMHR CELE 14 OE Im wm MME mUHD srmeD EnceEDD 97 Koi OREESPONDING TD A WIND PRESSURE OF 481y/ m7), THE WIFLUENCE OF Aa devece CYCLONE May Ge Trew TO ExTEND FEOM THE const Unt33. APPENDIX 2.2 Permissible increase in allowable bearing pressure of soil (Refer Clause 333. of IS 18931970 (Seeond Revision) Para 2.7.6) pod ee ‘Poomisile increase in allowable Bearing pressure, Percent “Type of soil mainly consturig te founda es increase in lowable Reavis Pre cag Filion’ Tented Well found BE ing piles com | footing with ces piles erie bined OF, out Tie-beams on ser Blane iolaled RCC. Or uneeinfor- Seat rout footings with ced sip ean Foundations to aol Soot! igelehce es eae Jape Rocko tard si-well edad gvvlnang od Eg eas tore, veda ane ae aca analy mice GB oat poorly oreo where Nis tmestandara Penson vane = 50 0 treentnetismsc- ali ith N btn 10 Seana peat gavel nase win ie of mofo wh Rois. . . type Sot sol stoner than SP* WBNS]. 50 as 30 25 Beem ee ore 1 THE allowable Dearing posure shal “aamaacd tn asoedance with 18 1904—1966 0r IS 18881962 Ne opment roma a te dae reste han sii forces thea igen regimen ce te oma al ga ove re a aed ant gn wasn gm ect et eyed by erhqusie may cause epee tana ater aerate saa ee bien ie Se apne comin orsninen es © Sue Wie =n: vais ewsminte fr aeret Zones CFB: 22) Eines 4, S42 1, BAS of 18 1092-1970 {Secon Revion) parent —qoRizoNTAC SoRFFICIENT ‘Depending upon the, foundation systems on whlch th avons hall be mulilied BY factor < vatues of 6 for Ditferent soil foundation +550 a Values of 6 for 5 —— _ fel. ae gino. Type of oil mainly Constitutng the foundation < Fret Tsolaied footings Wellfounds- tions { Tape [Rock or Hard soil “Type IL medium soils Giiy Type TAT soft soils ee aot, et oS Na SF post eanhasale Innoran, oN Py ha oreo shall ocse=n ees which wl hace Setlets giver above oni a > Refer 15 14981959 ae Rafer 1S 2T3T=1963 CF REVION) s— 1CPWD NDITS34 all dead ond an hate stella 1751964 eed) the hoon earthquake orc shall_b cae for sei den ood‘ the pclae Hee ae eae ine “4 Load Class Percentage of Desi Le load. 200,250,300 Stairs & bacones . foes < wes 2s 400,500,750 and 1000, Garage, Light and heavy, , aes ) eae Nore! 2 Repent te on den sla bec aig sas g wa) aw - iow ae fo eatiguake ores: inet the caning ees ust vertal i Bete nae wate se Ue Tore 2 Aiea te ly re noone torneo Omran a ota was mig toa eta or eases For leulatog the earthquake free on roof, the ive load may not be considered. —_— APPENDIX 2.3 Seismic coefficients for some important towns ZONE HORIZONTAL TOWN SEISMIC COEFFICISNT Agra Ahemedabad Aimer Allahabad Almora Ambala Asnritear Asansol Aurangabad Bahriacin <8 4265 22823 £ H4-Sau<.335 e ‘10WN ZONE HORIZONTAL TOWN ZONE HORIZONTAL j SEISMIC SEISMIC. = (COEFFICIENT (COEFFICIENT in Kanpur mm 0.08 Raipur 1 0.01 SP estmnce v 0.08 Rajkot m 0.04 Kohima v 0.08 Ranchi " 0.0 ‘Kurnool I 0.01 Roorkee Iv 0.05, Toe p ttoow om 0.08 Rourkela 1 oo. ae Ww 0.05 Sadiva v 0.08 ome, Mates uw 0.02 Sima Ww 0.05 Bee sandurat 0 0.02 es fe ai Mandi v 0.08 ees x mia Mangalore ur 0.08 ae, ce 0.08 ‘Monghyr % -. ‘Tezpur > 0.08 Moradabad Vv 0.05 Thanjavur 0 00 “Mysore ' 0.01 ‘Tiruchirapalli: ny 0.02 ‘Nagpur n 0.02 ‘Trivendrum im 0.04 Nail v 0.05 cies: z ack Naik ur 0.04 Varanasi m 0.08 a 1 0.02 Viiaywada ur 0.0 ae oe ichapatnam u 0.02 ur 0.08 & wv 0.05 ss 2 Paubhit Vv 0.05 NUS, Bng7et aed should te3.tc and ohout be Pondicherry 1m o.02 Se ee ind and shoul be fad along Mik | Pune ur 0.08 ‘thers provisions of the standard.Sa ro eit itaud ale s ESSaeae ‘orseey be i a im. * WHERE Vj = SHEAR IN gm STOREY rad fate | FORCE AND SHEAR DISTRIBUTION FOR TEN-STORE Y BUILDING), mdciop ill FIG. 2-2 | hi39 [REFERENCES 18875-1961, fasian StaaJard Cos of Prcticd fr Structural Safety of Buildings: Loading Standards (Revised), ‘Reprinted January 1970+ 15 £1893—1970, {asian Staafard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures (Second Revision), October 1971. 3 £455 =1964, fusian Starfaed Cote of Praztce for Pain & Rsinforced Conetote (Setond Revision), Second Reprint December 1970 Clacorporating Amendment No: 1,2,3 & 4)> 4. 19 :3534 1955, Tngian Stantacd Outline di ons for Electric Lifts, July 1966. s0-1CPWDIND/7SCHAPTER 3.0% PRELIMINARY DESIGN 3.1 Introduction ¢ 3.1.1. The analysis of moments and forces in the various members of a multi-storeyea framed: ture requires the prior knowledge of eross sectional dimensions so that the stiffnesses of the mem Pe-computed before analysis is commenced. A preli i roximaie sizes of members therefore, to be made, based on judgement of the designer oF on the basis of approximate calculaticns thumb rules. "As fairly good approximation of necessary sizes of the members 1s required, the primi design requires considerable labour and exercise of gocd judgement. Itis not possible to prescribe any firm rules for the preliminary determination of cross tional dimensions because reinforced concrete Fframe-works can be of unlimited variety. However, ‘guidelines given in subsequent paras may be helpful. These may be modified by aesigner for the ¢ conditions of any particular structure. 3.2. Slabs 3.2.1. The thickness of a slab is primarily determined from considerations of and limitation to deflection. However, the thickness of solid slab should not & 0 10-em. ormal superimposed Toads ic. loads other than sel-weight of slab, the thickness for diferent spans boundary conditions is shown in Tables at Annexure 3-1 (for mild stee! reinforcement) and Annexure (Cor high yield strength reinforcement). 3.2.2, SLABS SPANNING IN ONE DIRECTION 3.2.2.1. Simply supported one way slabs are designed for the specified uniformly distri ted load for a positive bending moment of WI near midspan where W is the total uniformly distil 3 oad over the span and 1is the effective span. In addition, where a slabis built into brick or mace walls which develop only partial restraint, the slab shall be designed to resist a negative moment of at the face of the support. 3.2.2.2. The Span ratio of a simply supported slab may be limited to depth (hickness) if mild steet reinforcement is used and 20 for high-yield strenght bars. 3.2.3. Conmvous Stan SraLaUNe mone Dintcrion 3.23.1. The bending moments in y ‘ous over three or more approximately equal spans (two ‘spans may be considered approximately when they do not differ by 15% of the longer one) may be assumed to have the following valves. preliminary design purposes. Near Middle of end span. Gi) A support next to the ead support. ii) At other interior supports. Gy) At middle of interior spans. Where Wa = Total dead load per span. = Total uniformly distributed live load per span. ‘= Effective span. Postve and negative sins indicate sauing & hosing moments respectively. 40S2OF @ or at ‘ / a “42.32, Incase of continuous slabs spaniing in one direction, the spam ratio may be limited ((036 for mild stec] and 28 for high yield strength bars.) = ‘depth 3.24. TWO-WAY SLABS 3.24.1, The slabs will be assumed as spanning in two directions when they are supported on tit Four Sidesand thelengthis equalto or lessthan twicethe width ofslab, In other casesthe slab will Se ecicea! ar eas in aco 3.2.4.2. Theamount ofload that is transmitted in each direction of a slab pane! will depend pon the eae length ‘of the sides of the panel and the conditions of continuity that exist at the four s. 3.2.4.3. The bending moments in two-way slabs may be found out as per procedure given in Annexure 33. "The subs siuuld theu be designed for there bending moments. 3.2.44. The span ratio in case of two-way slabs may be kept within the following I Depth Condition of support Spanjdepth radio S For MS.bars For High veld srengt burs. NM as ” Ree Pe ec pik 3 In slabs spanning in two directions, the shorter of the two spans should be used to calculatespan __ ratio. pth elapm 33 Beams 43.3.1. The section of a beam is determined from consideration of moment of resistance, resistance te'shearing fores and to deflection limitation. The ratio of length between lateral restraints and breadth (Compression face) of « beam should not exceed 30 for simply supported beams and 12 cantilever beams. / Ifthoze limits are exceeded, the beams will have to be designea as slender beams in which case permissible streses will have to be reduced. 3.3.2. In building frames, the sizes of beams are usually governed hy the negative moments and the shears at the supports, where their operative section is rectangular due to the fact that the flanges of the T beam ate not effective. 3.3.3. Smapy SuPPoRTED BEAMS 3.3.3.1. Simply supported beams are designed in a way similar to that adopted for design of simply supported slabs spanning in one direction. 3.3.3.2. The span ratio of simply supported beams may be limited to 20 for MS.a 16 depth 6. for high yield strength bars. 3.34. Continuous BeaMs 3.34.1! The bending moments in uniformly loaded beams continuous over three oF inoke ‘approximately equal spans may be worked out in a way similar to that adopted for working out moments foccon- tinuous slabs spanning in one direction. 3.34.2. The shearing forces at the supports may be assumed to have the following values : ~~ Texation 5 Mites Vcs cPipdort next ctmpporetee SS 8° MIAO ON Oe O68 w : Mirertralctter pera WM hs kee ee 8s os Ww 3.343, The span ratio in ease of continuous beams may be limited to 25 for MS, and 21 ‘epih ; nee Joh yield strength bars42 3.3.5. LOADS ON 'BeaMs SUPPORTING ‘TWo-WAY SLABS. ‘The loads on the beams supporting two-way slabs may be assumed to be in accordance witht following figure for calculating the reactions on Supporting columns. ; W= UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD ON THE. LOAD INCLUDED IN THIS LOAD INCLUDED IN THIS. SHADED AREA TO BE. SHADED AREA TO BE ARRIED BY BEAM § ‘ For S.F. on beams and reactions on columns Total: toad on = ‘Beam B + Forcomputation of B.M. in beams, an equivalent uniform load per lineal metre of beam be takeen as.¢ : f a wax for Short span = ——— wis) Gam Hag pe Me ong, Ae, tots = ye Se Short span where m= ‘Long span 3.3.6. CHOICE OF DIMENSIONS OF BEAMS Generally for determining a tri setion for tectangular ot T beam total depth may be taken 1/12 the clear span. The breadih of a rectangular beam or the breadth of the rib of a T-beam ge varies from 1/3 to 3/3 times the total depth. Factors such as clearance below beams, eross-section ate required for resistance to shearing sizes of columns and architectural requirements may affect the sizes the beams. . However, itis desirable not to reduce the section. keeping the beam somewhat under tei forced to Void sudden failure due to crushing of conerete. 34. Flat slab Construction 3.4.1. Thetermn atslab meas a reinforeed soneret slab with or wtheut drops, supported ‘without beams, by columns with or without flared column heads. A flat slab may be a solid slab of hhave recesses formed on the soffit so that the soffit comprises of a series of ribs in two directions. reossses may be formed by removable or permanent filler blocks. Flat plate is a special type of flat hhaving neither drop ‘panels nét columi capitals: =” 3.4.2. Flat slabs may be designed + + (a) a5 continuous rates Satisfying the principles of statics and continuity. (b) by the empirical method as given in Para 13.10 of IS 456-1964 (Second Revision).With the (THE 43 3.4.3. The ratio of average length of a panel to total thickness of a flat slab should not exceed the Ba te 3 Reeth es rome (© thicksess OF siab abt : 2. waicoed ter,” il lap "bars. ese rs ee me os _ aiaeebireseete Ree 2 See ee dai cen 2 Se cane ean ian ifthe overall depth of slab or drop. The minimum thickness of flat slab should be 12.5 cm. Generally the thickness of flat plate is governed by considertion of resistance to shearing force. 55. Columns 3.5.1. For calculating the Toads on columas the equivalent distributed load on beams resting ott the ipporting columns as mentioned in Pata 3.3.5 may be taken. 3.5.2. A penultimate column support may be assumed to receive 0.5 times the load on each of the sams which connect it to the interior columns and 0°6 times the load on the beams which connect it with, aiernal columns. An external column may be assumed to receive 0..5 times the load on each of the teams onnected withit. 3.53. Tue reduction in assumed total live loads on floors may be made in designing columns as per pendix 2-1 of Chapter 2, 3.54. The bending momenis in columns caused by vertical loads may be calculated for a few typical slumas by formulae given in Annexure 3.4. For this purpose approximate sizes of columns may be wor- Hed out considering following thumb rule :— "i Cross-section areas of columns may be worked out taking 12 sq. m and 15 sq. em for every 1 Sq.m of floor supported for interior columns and exterior columns respectively for ‘concrete of grade M 250, 43.5.5: The bending moments caused by horizontal loads may be found out for the same typical slumas as selected in 3.5.4. by using approximate methods as indicated in Para 3.8 for analysis of for hofizontal loads: “Thetetypioal columns may then bo designed for the dircet loads uid ding moments caused by horizontal and vertical loads. 3.5.6, It is preferable to use richer mixes like M 250 or even higher if controlled concrete is used columns in order to effect economy in steel. ‘Shear Walls 2.6.1. Where wind forces predominate, the total sfsat force att st a talaustec for windofiecs: “However whetethccarthauake tors contalinc tie soared ppoeimatetoad coming on all columns atthe base level is worked out. The base'shear's then ealecle~ dusing the formula given in Para 2-73 of Chapter 2. 3.6.2. Assuming that the whole tase-shear is resisted by the shear walls alone the area ofthe shea ie ditection under consideration is equal to the base shear divided by the permissible shear sitess_ De anate This atoe ofahesy walls shouts be proviaed Whenthc walls ac nist eee Se pect to both horizontal axes of the structure. When the walls are not symmetrically placed, the eee eat walls should be recaleulated taking into account the effet of torsion arising out of ecoentrieity. 1. Foundation : 3.7.1, The size of footing to be adopted may be calculated taking the maximum calculated ¢olumn fncluding the weight of the footing diviaed by the assumed bearing capacity of soil. If there is over- ‘of adjacent footings, then combined of strip footings may be resorted to. When these are also ft feasible then raft or pile foundation may be provided. While computing bending mements and shears that part of the upward pressure is considered which is eausea by the columin load.” In the absence ihesizes ofthe footings, weights of the footings may be taken as 5 per cent to 10 per cent of the column’ in case of44 3.7.2. Cwoice or Tyee oF FounpAtion 3.7.2.1. The choice of type of foundation depends primarily on the depth at which the bearing st ‘tum lies and the safe bearing pressure which determines the area of founcation. "The choice also depend upon the loading encountered and limitations on the arca available on one or more sides, 3.7.2.2, [solated Footings.—An isolated R.C.C. column footing is most economical for concent ‘or slightly eccentric loaas ifthe area exceeds about I Sq. m. ‘For footings having base area less than 1 $4. a rectangular block of plain concrete is probably more economical. ‘These footings may be square, rect gular of round in plan. Pies ote : 3.1.2.3. Combined Footings.—Two ot more columns gre provided with a common foundation kno as combined footing under following circumstances : ; (a) whren U0 columns are so closely spaced that separate footings would overlap. (b) An exietiot column footing which cannot be made symmetrial because of property Ti imitations. 3.7.24. Cantilever Footing or Strap Footing —When it is not possible to place an adequately size centrally under a column or other load owing to restrictions of the site, and when under such ditions the eccentricity would result in inadmissible ground pressures, a cantilever footing is reco This case is common in the external columns of buildings on sites in built up areas. 3.7235 Raft Foundation When the columns ot other supports ofa structure are clasly spac inboth direction o when the column onds are o high and he sae ground pressure fow that besa possible to accommodate the group of independent bases, a single raft foundation may be provide Where basement has to be constructed, raft foundation is clten preferable for the following reasons (i) Basement can be more easily waterproofed. Gi) Permissible settlement for raft boing larger_ than that in case of isolated footings a ‘bearing capacity can be adopted for the soil underneath:— (iii) Raft helps in resisting uplift pressure of sub-soil water. (iv) Design co-efficient for earthquake forces stipulaied for the design of structure is lower i of raft foundation. However, the advantages gxined by having raft foundation are eel by the extra cost ou tt zed for reinforcement at both faces of the raft. 3.7.2.6. Pile Foundations. —When the loadingis heavy and the bearing strata lies far below the u footing level, pile foundation is provided. Piles are effective in one of the following three ways. + {@ Teansterring the load through soft upper strata to end beating on hard sub-strata. (i) As friction piles in their lower portions in transferring the load through soft upper strata stiffer strata below, Gi) AS pure friction piles for their full length. 3.1.2.7. Under-Reamed Piles.—Undet-reamed piles may be provided for foundation of struct in expansive soils or in poot soils, overlying firm soil strata. ‘The principle of this type of foundation, to anchor the structure at a depth where ground movements due to changes in mositure contents oF co ligation of poor strata are negligible. Single under-reamed piles may be provided for foundations of fig structures (upto two storeys) and multiple under-reamed piles for heavier structures in shallow as in deep layer of expansive soils. : 3.7.3. Pactimtyany Disicn of FOUNDATIONS 3.7.3.1. Isolated Footings (4) The columns may be grouped into dierent groups depending upon the loads on them, \aciationin columa loads ofa particular group may not be more than 10%, The festoe be designed for the maximum column load of that group. ; b) Divide the maximum columo load at the footing plus the self weight of the footing by the 1) Slasbletaaeetanhcly stash tomate hick SERA eae Sf Toothege th to heavy. moments, the area should be so proportioned as to limit the maximum stese soil within the. petmisibte Tim (©) The minimum thickness of the Footing atthe edge shall not be less than 18 ems, for foot 1 SS) soils, not less than 30 ems. Tor Tootings supported on piles. (©) For the bending moment and shear force as a measure of diegs ual t-usion and bond tions, the net soil pressure which is caused by the column lead. alons should be cox45 | {e) For footings suppotted on soils, the critical section for shear as a measure of diagonal tension | willbe ata distance equal to the effective depth of the footing from the face of the column. For footings supported on piles the critical section will be at a distence equal to half the effective i depth of the footing irom the face of the column. ‘caring stra Iso derends (0 After locating the critical section, the footing may be designed assuming the width at the top of the critical section to be effective. Feoncent ‘sn 1$q, ‘are, rectan 3.7.3.2. Combined Footings (a) When more than one colimn or load is canied on single base, the centre of gravity of the se- yeral loads should, if possible, coincide with the centre of the area of the base, in which case the pressure under the base is uniformly distributed... This is essential in order that, if any set- ‘lement should occur, it will beas nearly uniformas the character of he soil willallow. Footings nay be Fectangular of trapezoidal. While mating the enmbination of two or more columns fora combined footing, it should be so plsnned thet columns of similar type, such as corridor coltimns of outer columns are combined. A combination of columns on which the proportion oflive load to dead load may differ widely should be avoided as far as possible, Combined haeey sized Footings may be of either beam and slab of solid slab construction. Beam and sixb eonstruc- tion 18 generally more economical. (©) Find out the area of the footing required by dividing the sum of the total column loads and ‘weight of the footing by the safe allowable bearing pressure of the soil. tel spaced (©) Diide the shape of the footing required depending upon the spacing of columns and site res- | Hibetome trictions. | fe provided. | (a) Find out the dimensions of the footing for the condition that the centre of gravity of the loads {reasons:—| ‘coincides with the centre of gravity of the footing to ensure uniform soi pressure under * the footing. (©) Find out the BM. at each cola face and at the point of zero shear by simple staties., Also find out the shear at the faces of columns. ‘ (f) Calculate the depth of the footing taking maximum B.M. and shear into consideration. 3.7.3.3. Cantilever Footing or Strap Footings w,-UPLIFT. ‘ 4b) ILLUSTRATING — (2) FORCES ACTING ON CANTILEVER FOOTING + (>) PRINCIPLE OF CANTILEVER FOOTING, FIG, 3.2(@).A cantilever footing or a'strap footing is a construction connecting the footings of ani ‘and an extorior column, the later because of obstructions or load conditions being such have its C.G. eccentric with theC.G. of the column. A. strap or beamis provided conned the two footings to transfer the uplift caused by caniilevering the exterior column beycra centre of the footing. (b) The uplift at the footing for the interior column is : ‘Uplift, where Wy = Load on the exterior column aud ©) “+ cocentricity of exterior column with respect to centre of gravity of ts footin L) = ‘Distance between centre of gravity of footings. (e) The value of the uplift calculated above is the vertical shear carried by the strap. The total Ic ‘onthe exterior footing is increased and the total load in the interior footing is decreated by thi amount. ‘The total lond to be provided for in the exterior footing will be (W, ++ uplifi fnd for the interior footing (Ws—uplift). ‘The max: moment in the strap'beam = W,X eccentricity ‘The value of shear in the strap = Uplift. ‘The trap il be delgod trol the B.M. rans by the cecentily and the nattnay shear. (a) The seetion of the strap at the exterior column will be determined by shear. A nominal amoun of reinforcement should be placed in the bottom of the strap. 3.734, Raft Foundation (a) Raft foundation may be cither of solid slab of beam and slab construction. (b) The raft should preferably be designed so that its centroid coincides with the centre of gravit fof the loads since this gives uniformly distributed pressure on the ground. If this Of centres of gravity is impracticable owing to the extent of the raft being limitea fone of more Sides, the plan of the raft should be made so thatthe ecentriety of the Toaaing 13'amininium. (©) Solid slab rafts supporting columns more or less equal spaced ((wo spans may be consid ‘approximately equal when they do not differ by 15% of the longer one) may be designed bending moment equal to pl?” (when four or more columns in a row are supported on “10 foundation) oF pl? (when three columns in a row are supported on the raft foundation; where p is the net soil pressure and 1 is the centre-to-centre column spacing, requirements should also be Kept_in view while fixing the depth of raft foundation. “For murpose critical section should be taken at a distance equal to half the depth of the ref from the face of column or pedastal. (a) Ribbed rafts may be designed as inverted floors of slab and beam construction. 43.8. Methods of Preliminary design for Horizontal Loads In addition to the usual Tive and dead loads which act vertically, multistoreyed structures resist the horizontal load caused by Wind or Earthquake whichever is more severe. Exact method ‘nalysis, however, ate so laborious that they are seldom attempted unless computer facilites are fable, A number of approximate methods given below may be used to analyse the multistore structures subjected to horizontal loads for finding out the column/veam moments, eolumo, and direct forces in columns. (a) Approximate methods + (1) Cantilever metbod, Gi) Portal method.{b) improved metinods + (i) Bowman’s method. (i) Factor method. (iii) Muto’s "D’ Value method. In case of analysis by approximate methods, prior knowledge about sizes of columns and beams stage in analysing the frames for prizontal loads. These methods are exp 8.1. and 3.8.2. Improved methods will be splained in Chapter 5. 3.8.1. (2) CANTILEVER METHOD Inthe cantilever method, the following assumptions are made in order to render the building frames latically determinate. : ( Points of inflection are located at the mid-span_of girders; (ii) Points of inflection are located at the mid-height of columns; and (iii) Unit direct stresses in the columns vary as the distance of the columns from the centre of gravity, ofthe bent. (If all the columns ina storey are of equal area; then the total axial forces in the columns will vary as the distances from the centre of gravity of the bent). Step 1: Column Direct Stresses Find out the centre of gravity of the frame. When all the columns in a storey are of equal ares assumption (ii), direet forces in columns will vary as their distances from the centre of gravity of the Consider « buliding frame of figure 3.3 having all {he'columns in a storey of equal area. VERTICAL LINE THROUGH CG OF COLUMNS. 11-1 CP W.D(N.D)NS48 For the first storey. if the axial force in column AB is denoted by F, then, by assumption (iii) the axial BE ee earn od 2 DE hill bee. COeEE and tJ). f reepecttely Tape ee bout a, the point of infection of column DH (Fig. 3.4), of all the forces netics ‘on part of the c frame laying above te horizontal plane passing through the points of inflection of the columns of the first Storey, the value of Fis found fron equation Ps Huh +h) + Hahy — Px3L— LF x 20418 xL=0 Bei as a 3 milarly direct forers in columns of 2nd storey can be found by taking moments about the point of inflection of column HI. of all the forces acting on portion ofthe bent iying above the eee ae plane passing through the points of inflection of the columns of the second storey, Step 2 : Girder Shears The girder shears may bé obtained from the column direct forces a the various joints, at joint E, Spy=Column direct Fores in EA—Column direct Force in EL at joint F, Syg=Column direct Force in FR + Girder shear in EF—Column direct Force in FJ. Forexample Step 3 : Girder Moments 2 ryither ofeate pa tesmoment atthe centre of each pirderis zero, then the moment at each end of a given girder equals the shear in that girder multipied by hall the length ofthat eirdee, For example, Mer = Shear in Girder EF x 1 - Mg, = Shear in Girder JK x L ete. 2 Step 4 = Column Moments Colung? mugments are determinca by begining atthe top ofeach column sack and working progres: sively toward its bese, Forexample,st join J the column moment equals the sum of we ara whence Myp = Myr + Myx ote. Since, there's a pomt of infection at the centre of FJ, My also equals Myp. At joint F, eat Mrs = Mon + Myo fom which My can befoung out. Further Map— Mpp by assump: Yon (1 Le ee ee49 Step 5 + Column Shear Tn accordance to assumption (i), shear in column AE = Mga divided by yy a The sequence in which various values are found is as below : (2) Column direct stresses/forees (b) Girder shears. (© Giraer moments, (2) Columa moments and (©) Column’shears. ation of the above method to a seven atoreyed four bay frame will be explained in cets 1 3.8.2. (ii) PorTAL Met#HoD In the PORTAL METHOD, the following assumptions are made : Ad points of inflection are located at the mid span of girders; Gi) Poinis of inflection are located at the mid height of columns; and \iii) Forany storey the shears in cach of the interior columns are cugal. Similarly, the shears in the two exterior columns are equal. Shear in each exterior column is equal {0 balf the shear in any of the interior columns of that storey. Step 1: Column Shear Consider a building. frome of Fig. 3.3, In accordance with assumption (iiy, let X = shear in ch exterior column of a given storey : then 2X shear in each interior column of the same siorey. For The first storey 3 R ~X 42K 42X4XS6K SH +H, X= H+ Hy 6 Hy For the second storey 6X = Hy, X = —— a 6 Step 2: Cohn Moments By assumption ii), the moment at the centre of each column is zero. Hence, a given column in any storey equals the shear on that columnin that storey mult that column. For example, ‘My = Moment at the end A of column AB = Column shear in AE My; = Column shear in FJ Step 3 1 Girder Moments Fot any joint the sum of the column end momentsequal the sum of the girder @nd moments. Accor- y_at joint E, Mey = Mea-+ Mgy- Since by assumption (i) there is a point of inflection at the centre funder EE, Myx als0 equals*to Myr. Mpg ean be found by equating girder moments to column mos atjoint F, Mpg + Mpe = Mgs + Mg;. Continuing across the giraers of the first floor in this ner, allthe end moments in the giraers of the first floor will be found equal to Mgp. Girder end is in the roof may be determined in a similar manner. ‘Step 4 + Girder Shears By assumption (i) the moment at the centre of each gitder is zero. Hence girder shear in EF50 Step 5: Direct Forces in Columns ‘The axial forces in the columns may be obtained by summing up, from tne top of the column, th reactionsapplied to tne column by the girder shears. Thus, Direct force in column EI = Shear in Girder 13 Direct force in column AE = Girder shear in EF 4 column direst force in EI ete. Tae one ‘The sequence in which various values are found is as below = 9 B gf (@) Column shears (®) Column moments (© Girder moments (@) Girder shears and (©) Column direct forces. SO BR OSS 7 & TE (Clause 3.2.1 ‘Minimuan slab thickness in Cm (for Mild Stel) Short Spans (Metres) 20 25 3035 40 45 50 55 60 65 ‘Support condition | ee rae eats 2 Goninuussladsspaningiione (@) one end continuous () both ends continuous. 3. Cantilever abs. 4 Simply supported slabs spanaiag intwo diteaions ses 5. Continuousslabsspanningintwo dictions yee 6. Flat Slabs = (@ Badpanels,without drops 12+5 12:5 12:5 12:3 12+3 pees oeegras en tops IDS 125 125 125 12-5 12-5 © Interior panes, fully con ingous, with drops = 42-5 12:5 12.5 12.5 1265 12-551 ANNEXURE 34 Clouse 3.2.1. Minimum: slab thickness in CM (Jor torstel) ‘Support condit Simply supportea slabs spanning none direction Contuous slabs spanning in foe direction () one end continuous - (@) both ends continous. (Cantilever slabs 2. Sinply supported slabs spanning (@ End panels without drops () Inverior panels, fully conti sauous, withoutdrops and for end panels withdeops » (© Interior panels fully continue ous, with drops) Short Spans (Metres) $0 05 60 45 $0 55 60 65 70 TS #0 n 30 2 10 125125 12-5 a 125 125 125 125 12-5 125 12-3. 12:5 ANNEXURE 3.3 Bending Moments in Two-way Slabs (a) Slabs are considered as being divided in each direction into middle strips and edge srins as show ‘alow, the mde strips ha fof one-eighth of the wid be ay VD4H MOM 7 ' i) { MIDDLE'STRIP 1 1 1 i i L ving a width of thrse-quartets the width ofthe slab and each edge stripy At te lab, wath tae proviso that no edge stip should exoeed 1. MIDDLE STRIP EDGE STRIP hieiie vee 2-240 TOOM jy he ay (b) FOR SPAN ly s S a2lia) FOR SPAN 1 DIVISION OF A SLAB INTO MIDDLE AND EDGE STRIP FIG. 3.552 (The maximum bending moments por unit width in the mide strip of slab ate given ty the folowing Mae Zw, and Mya Zywt ZY whe ihre 1, Dy ~ cocfkients shown a table below : ‘Boxing moment cor iclents for restangular panels supported on four sides with provision for torsion at corners Clause 3.2.4.3. This refers to Cl. C-3.1 of IS 456-1964 (Second Revision). Bending Moment CoefcientZ'x For Short Span For cBgaiing Moment ‘Type of Panel and. Moments Values of eros Sait Case_Type of Pane ues Mew es Aloe oy ee =A PO eenG aie 40s w @ o oO ® © ay) an (1) Interior Panels = | [Negativemomentatcontinuousedge 0-033 0-040 0045 0-050 0-054 0:059 0-071 0-083 0-033 Positive moment at mid-span ° "030 0-034 0-038 0-041 0-045 0-053 0-062 d025 @) One Short or Long Edge Disco ‘uous? Negative moment at continuous edge ” 0° x 0-057 0-061 9-065 0-075 0-085 0-041 Positive moment at mid-span Os 035 0-043 0-046 0-049 0-056 -064 a-0%1 (8) Two Adjacent Edges Discontinuous : [Negativemoment at continuousedge 0-049 0+ 0-066 0:07 0073 0-082 0-090 0-049 Positive moment at mid-span—. 0+ z +087 0-050 0-053, 0-062 0-068 0037 ive moment at continuaus fa 036 0. 0.069 9.071 0.073 0.077 0.080 — Positive moment at midspan 0-044 0. 0.051 0.053 0.055 0.058 0-060 0.044 (4) Two Short Bases Discontinuous Nagati “Two Long Edges Discontinuous: e) five moment at continuous « — 0036 Positive moment at mid span 053 0.060 0.063 0.068 0.671 0.077 0.080 0.044 (©) Three Edges Discontinuous (one Short or Long Bdge Continuous): ‘Negative moment at continuous 0.077 | 0.081 0.083 0.092 0.098. 0.088 edge. Positive moment at midspan. 0.044 0. 0.038 | 0.061 ue Edges Discontinuous = ) FYcthemoneat a midspan. 0. 062 0.067 0.0715 53 i ANNEXURE 3.4 Moment in Columns Clause 3.5.4. This eefers to Cl. 11.3.1. of 1S 4561964 (2a Revision) LOCATION FOR MOMENT MOMENTS FOR FRAMES OF MOMENTS FOR FRAMES oF ‘ONE. BAY TWO OR’ MORE "BAYS o @ External (and similarly loaded) eo! Moment at foot of per column Ky Me i KOS Ke KG ‘Moment at head of lower column K K Me Kit Ku} 0.56 Ky, Kp KER, Internal columns ‘Moment at foot of upger column, Ky Mae ee KAKA KR ‘Moment at head of lower columa Ky jig tN Ry} Kut}Kort Kin REUTER eee ns Provided thatthe momber of ‘constant erDS.Sestion whonaee its Kength section throughout Nore 2.—The equation for the moinent at the head of the lower column may be used for columns in @ topmost storey BY lacing Ky a8 2800. Nore 3. M, = Bending moment at the end of beam framing ino a column assuming fixity at connection, Mo ~ ier of aenlamn cies cacringt one asumotion nthe ends of the bene a fe oppaie nso the beams is not loaded: Stitoess of upper column. Stites of lower coluyan Stiness of beam. Stittness of beam on one side of a column. Stituess of beam on the other side of column. BIBLIOGRAPHY LEONARD CHURCH URQUHART, CHARLES EDWARD O'ROURKE, GEORGE WINTER, “Dex of concrete Structures”, Fitn Edtion, Metraw-Hil Book Company. Inc. New York romero 4 IS 456-1964, Indian Stanard Code of practice for Plain and Reinforced concrete (Second Revisk Second Reprint December, 1970, (Incorporating Amendments No. 1.2.3 and 4). sion) CHAS B. REYNOLDS, “Reinforced concrete Designers Hindbook”, Sixth Estion, Concrete Publicato Limited 60, Buckingham Gate, London - SW. 1964. ations PHIL. M. FERGUSON, “Reinforosd concrete Fundamentals", John Willy & Sons, Ine., New Ye Chapman, & Hall’ Limited, London, 1938. fork, CLARENCE W. DUNHAM, “Foundations of Structures", First ition, MoGraw-Hill INC., New York - Toronto’ London, 1950. Book Company, CLARENCE W. DUNHAM, “Advanced Reinforced Coneret”, MeGrav - Hill Book Company, INC. New York - San Franeiseo - ‘Toronto ~ London, 1964 INC. RALPH B. PECK, WALTER E, HANSON AND THOMASH. THORNBURN, “Founda: ring, Thied Printing, New York, John Wiley & Sons, INC., London Chapman & Hall Lisa CHARUES H. NORRIS, ROBERT J. HANSEN, MYLE J. HOLLEY Jr., JOHN M. BIGGS, san, NAMVET, JOHN MINAMT I'Struatural Beslan for Dynamls Lends Nicene tin a INC. New York = Toronto = London, 1989. "Book Company tion Engine ted, 19586CHAPTER 4 METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF FRAMED STRUCTURES FOR VERTICAL LOADS 4.0 Notation Carry-over factor Distribution factor Displacement of a member. Modulus of elasticity of concrete Height of the column AB. Moment of Inertia of a member. ‘Twice the sum of the stiffnesses of all the members meeting at a joint A. Stiffness of a member AB. Subs cripts indicating the left and right ends of a member e.g. D, = Distribution factor at the left end of the member. Length of a member AB. End moment for the end A of the member AB. End moment for the end B of the member AB. Fixed-end moment produced by the given exernalloadingattheend A of member AB. Fixed-enc moment produced by the given external loading at theend Bof member AB. Sam of the fixed-end moments at joint A. Moment produced by the rotation of end A. Moment produced by the rotation of end B. Moment produced due tothe liner displacement of one end ofa member with respec to the other. rotation moment due to 0, rotation moment due to 05. Displacement moment. The terms of correction for end moments and expressed as functions of the changes in the joint rotation angles and of the joint displacement angles. Shear force in a column AB. ‘Twice the stiffnesses of all the columns of a particular storey. 43/2 times the stiffness ofa column 67 divided by the sum of the stiffnesses of all the columns of the storey containing column 67. o. Rotation of the end A. % Rotation of the end B. Stiffness of a member AB divided by sum of the stiffuesses of all the members meeting a ata. 4.1 General 4.1.1 The skeleton frame work ofa multistoreyed R.C.C. framed structure is made up ofa system ‘of columns, beams and slabs. It ispresumed that the reinforcements are always so arranged (hat all joins of the frame are monolithic.AB. 55 _ view ofthe uncertain property of material ereep, shrinkage and a number of approxiars simplifying assumptions made a he de'ailed analysis of multistoreyed framed structures, (8% fe ying aoa restraints otc )ics considered sufficient to obtain reasonable accuracy of analysis fo the Geuditionsteaclure, Ifthe normal moment distribution is applied to all joints, the work mvolyed fs dn or aeeser oth certain assumptions, itis possible to analyse the frames and get, results hich will be adequate for design purposes. ‘To simplify analysis thse dimensional maltstoreyed R.C.C. framea structures are considered combining et canar frames in two directions. Itis assumed thal each of these planer frames act inde- pendently or other frames. 4.1.2. Degree OF ACCURACY IN CALCULATIONS: “The design of R.C.C. structures does not reauire a high degree of precision in calculations: We stow certain vatntions ia the strength of enmerete test cubes and, reinforcing bars, form work And acing wow cEoneement. Moreover. the computations are done with the help of a 10" slide rute with which we oan aree ertuvee significant gates. "When numbers are substracted, significant figures ae ofien ost Sa et flurtsafthe designers need not be wasted in striving fora high degree of a mathematica] prs: Fe ie a cog Reaves to an excessive number of places. Its, therefore, reeommenaed that figures be Cision by carrying Oeant places orto the extent ofa 10" slide rule.” “Thereis no point in edmputing loadsto a fine precision only to Tose results ina moment computations aor is haplel to'earry moments to the suggested 3 significant numbers when the loads arg estimated {0 aoe oeelcion, The following tables suggested as a rough guide o eve someindieation of satis factory procedure. Record values to the following precision : Loads to nearest 5 Kg/Sq. m; 10 Kym; 30 Kig concentration. Span lengths to 0.01m. ‘Total loads and reactions to 0.05 Tonnes or 3 significant figures. “Moments to nearest 1 Tem of to 3 significant figures. Reinforcement bar areas to 0.05 em? ‘Member sizes to 1 em. Rffective beam depth to 0.1 em. 42 Methods of Analysis ‘Analysis oflarge farped structures became too cumbersome with the classical methoes of structural amt ae clarpyrontethonrem of three moments, Castigliano's theorem of least work, Pat's a eer malwork ond Maneysmethod of slope defection. “Therefore, It became necessary to evolve Simpler ‘methods. Some of these are (@) Hardy toss method of moment distribution, (&) Two cycle method of moment distribution, (© Kani’s method of iteration, (@ Takabeya’s method of iteration, (@) Kloucek’s method of distribution of deformation. Certain basic concepts required in these methods are explained in Paras 43 to 4 ‘are explained in Paras 4.8 to 4.12, j 43 Stiffness ‘The stiffness of a member is defined asthe value of the moment required to rotate the near end of ve member trough unit angle. The stiffness of a beam is + K = 461 /Lwith far end fixed. K = 3B1/Lwith far end simply supported or hinged. where K = Absolute stiffness = Modulus of elasticity ‘= Moment of inertia of the cross-section about its neutral axis. LL = Length of the member. ‘The methods \2—10PWDINDITS56 In otder to determine the distribution of moments at a joint of a stracture itis only relative values of the stiffnesses of members that are required. Therefore, for the analysis of a frame we calculate tht relative stiffnesses of members. While calculating moment of intertia of the cross-section of a member we consider only concret, sestion neglecting the steel reinforcement. ‘The moment of inertia thus arrived is multiplied by & factor ‘account for the steel reinforcement in the case of columns. For normal cases this factor may be taken, { 1.1. Inease of L & T beams the moment of intertia of the concrete section can be obtained by using Table 41, The usual practice isto ealealate the moment of inertia of rectangular sections and to multiply it by 1.3 and 2 in case of L and T beam respectively. | 44 Distribution Factor i This ths ratio of eh all m2nbers m22 tflnas> KE of Cis m2 n9>r wn doe esusid ation to the sum of the stiffnesses of ing at the joint. This is expressed as + | Distribution factor = DF = xe K Jen i ‘Where K is the stiffiacss of the particular member and = K is the sum of all member stiffnesses, i Inthe above exoression, the relative stifaess factors may bs used. The sum ofall distribution factors for i ‘the members meeting at a joint must be 1, 4.5 Carry-over Factor ; When a moment M, isapplied to one end of a beam fixed atthe other end, there will bea moment i called the carry-over moment, induced at the far end. ‘The ratio of this carry-over, moment te { ‘moment applied at the neat end is called the carry-over factor. CARRY-OVER FACTOR © FIG 41 ‘When the beam is of uniform cross-section, the carry-over factor is}. In the ease of beam wi far end hinged there will be no carry-over if the relative stiffness is taken as 3/4 ie, 4.6 Fixed-End-Moments ‘The fixed end moments are the moments which must be applied simultaneously at both ends of span in order to prevent the rotation of those ends when the spanis loaded. . These moments, for all us eases of loading, and for prismatic beams can be obtained from the formulae given in Annexure 4.1, 4.7 Sign Convention ‘The following sign convention has been adopted in the manual. 4.7.1. END MOMENTS. A moment acting om a joint is positive in the counter clock-wise direction and negative in the wisedirection. Forexample,in Fig, 4.2 the moment of 400 acting on the joint Bis negativeand the mom vt 300 is positive,57 c60- | ceo | vor | sue | ox | oe | eer | vo | ove | ost | ser | oot | aor | sar | cat | sore | ome 050 i: 3 sso: | 60- | sor: on | om | ast | cor wun] sev | st | seo £60- 660: | 90I- ‘Tet | Get | THe | OFT Ist £41. ost. | o6r- OF0 | sor aos | on [oer eats | sit ol en fOr: oe ie ot | Stl. 8h 07-0 cco: | seo: | oot wr ser | ext | ont | csr | sor | sor | wr [ose | > sto sso: | zoo. | 960 5 er | cere | uct | cor | aor | vst | tor | or=| oro 08: OL 09" Os: se OF - 9% crs we ow 8r ot oo tr: PIsp Tag et Onva oulva ‘GaLVInaVE TaVO.AO SANA nu > x = Sioa P ‘aqotuNao Honowis XOX SIKV 4n0aV VIINANT dO INEINOW (ISNNVHD GaLYSANI ¥ NOLLOGS Tid OL NOMVOITdaY OSTY) "NOWDgS gat dO VIEWNT dO INAINOH |—_____,—_F _ Vp tava se Sen * 5 #2 z 5 2 A e 2 2 dauiabmaaae & Sica, = ao. 2f. 4.7.2. SPAN Moments Span moment is considered positive when the top of the beam over which it is acting is in the ‘compression, 2 4.7.3 Moments Dus To SINKING OR LATERAL SWAY {Counter clockwise rotation of the chord connecting the ends of the member causes positive moments at bothends ofthe member. Clockwise rotation of the chord connecting ends of the member causes ‘pegative moments at both ends of the member. Thus in ease of a beamifthe left hand side support ofthe beam is lower than its right hand side support, the moments caused due to, this. relative movement ate positive und if the left hand side support ofa beam is higher than its right hand side support, the moments caused due to this relative movement are negative.59 ‘Hardycross Method of moment distribution 4.8.1 In this method, the ‘balancing’ and ‘carry-over’ constitute one cycle and it has been found that fe ‘carry-over’ values converge fast enough to become quite insignificant after four cycles of operation. Itis, therefore, often adequate to stop the computations after four cycles. The frame is analysed by this method either : @ Floor-wise assuming the columns to be fixed for ends or ii) Taking the frame as a whole. The whole frame analysis ean be carried out for several alter- native loading arrangements for obtaining maximum positive and negative bending moments, Generally frames are analysed loor-wise for the worst conditions of loading. 2, The method is described in the following steps : ‘Step 1. Calculate the stiffnesses of all members. Enter them in the calculation scheme. ‘Step 2 + Calculate the distribution factors at all joints from the stiffaesses. Enter them into the ‘Step 3: Lock the joints and calculate the fixed-end moments. Enter them into the scheme, Step 4 : Unlock the joints one by one by applying imaginary external moment at each joint which aullifes the unbalanced moment at the joint. Distribute the imaginary external moment among all members meeting at the joint in proportion to their relative stifinesses and enter these values in the scheme. This operation is called balancing. ‘Step 5 : Enter the carry-over moments at the far ends in the scheme. Step 6 : Repeat steps 4 & 5 till the carry-over moments become insignificant. ‘Step 7 ; Balance che unbalanced moments obtained from the last carry-over operation. Step 8 : Add the initial fixed-end moments, balancing moments and carry-over moments to get the final end’ moments. Analysis of second floor and terrace floor of the frame shown in figure 4.3 by this method with all spans loaded is given in Annexure 4.2. 49 Two-Cycle Method —/ 4.9.1 This method differs from the method of moment distribution in the arrangement of dataand omputations. The analysisis discontinued after the second distribution. ‘These variations from the tlan- Ard procedure have been introduced in order to make the computations of the maximum moments at any ‘pint independent of the computations at the other joints. ‘The advantage of limiting the analysis to two ‘qcles of distribution is that it is necessary to consider the londs only on the two nearest spans on each side of the joint at which the maximum momentisto be computed. Ithas been observed from the standard distribution computation that the moments carried over from the third span affect the joint under sideration after the second distribution at the joint and this effect is insignificant. Therefore, load on fd span is not considered in the two-cycle method. In this method the frame is analysed floor-wise the worst conditions of loading. It gives approximate values of the maximum moments produced by ‘and live loads at various points in continuous beams and at the ends of columns. In view of its sim- this method is widely adopted in the offices. ‘The detailed procedure of this method is explained in the paragraph Nos. 4.9.2 to 49,5. with respect. ts application to the analysis of the second floor of the frame shown in figure 4.3. ‘The loads assumed hownindhe gure, The FEM, are computed withthe ald of standard formulae for thegiven ol ments ofthe ment pport,Gm. NOTE: STIFFNESS YALUES OF THE MEMBERS ARE WRITTEN AT THE 4 CENTRE OF THE CORRESPONDING MEMBERS IN CIRCLES Fig 4.361 4.9.2 MaxonuM Moments ar JOINTS: 4.9.2.1. In order to make clear the method of computations at every joint, calculations of the mo- mentsat the joints in 2nd floor (Fig. 4.4)are shown in table 4.2. It has been shown later that thece caleula- tions can be combinea in a single table: Am &m | DL:DEAD LOAD, LL: LIVE LOND ~—TL: TOTAL Load | FIG 4.4 Line 1 in the table contains the dead load fixed-end moments and line 2 the total (dead and live) Jad fixed-end moments. Only those values are shown in the table which correspond to the loading on the 1s on each side of the near joint and produce the maximum moment at thejoint. For in- % imum moment at B occurs when the spans ABand BCare loaded with total load ana the ‘span CDis having only dead load. ‘Therefore, the fixed end moments pertinent to the computation of the fe maximum moment at B are $ A B é 18 LINE 1 D.L. FEM. LINE 2 TL. PEM. =8.60411.80 © | = $e —2.404+2.40 oas¥¥ Gay 9 aunaruisia ‘s seFeaqv + soe) WIAO AWAY ¥ SLNANULSI “t S05 waa Ti waa Ta 1 avn Oe “a wv as ars DF GL INANON GAWORIXV Tg Se aay aLNERUsIG ‘¥t aay 3 ‘SAO AmniyD + Ginantisia ae ora) wr “Tot _ aNIT PV AV ININOW aAWAREN AOLOVE NOLNETUISTE ‘SSANAILIS MALY TAN 3 7 Nvas63 ints opposite the ncar jointi.e. A and Care unlocked and the unbalanced moments at these joints are distributed and carried over to the near joint ie. B. Only the earried-over moments are recorded in line 3 and the aistibuted moment's at A & Care notshown. Thus, the moments carried over tothe locked joint from A : ~}x0.833x2.40 = +1.00 from C : —}x0.445x (411.80-5,18) = —1.47 Atthis stage the joint Bis subjected on each side to the inttial total load F-E.Ms and the earried-over mio- mments._ These are added algebraically on both sides ofthe joint and are recorded in line 4 as -4 3.40and 10.07. These two values are next added together, and the resulting unbalanced moment of —6.67 is dis- tributea amoag allthe members (beams and columns) which meet at B. This distribution combines two » Bp aistributions, one of the initial unbalanced moment-+-2.40 —8.60 = 6.20 (from line 2 at B),the other of the moma vatried vvet frum the opposite supports 4 1-00-— 1-47 ="—0-47 fromiine 3. Only the moments distributed to theheams are recorded in line 5, 6.67 —0.500 = + 3.33 onthe left of B and — 6.67 x—0.400 =+ 2.67 on the right of B. ‘The algebraic sums of the_ moments in line 4 and of thedistributed moments below theminlineSarerecordedinline 6as 4 6.73and—7.40,andarethe maximum momentsattheends a of AB & BCatB, The difference between the two moments is¢qual tothe sumof the | moments unrecorded) distributed into the columns. Atthe outerjoints, suchas A &D, the computa appear on only one side of the joint, ~/ 49.2.2. Therefore, the procedure for computing the maximum moments at any joint may be sum- marized as follows + (1) Attthe adjacent joints distribute the unbalanced moment (total load on the near span, dead load ‘onthefar span), carry-overtothejointunder consideration. Record these carry-over moments at the joint in line 33 (2) Add the foal load fxed-end moment andthe eared over moment on both sides and record in line 45 (3) Calculate the unbalanced moment (line 4) and distribute it among the members at the joint Record in line 5 only th moments distributed to the beams; 14) Aad vertically the moments on lines 4 & $ and recora in iline 6. ‘The values thus arrived at ‘are the maximum moments in the beams at the joint. The calculations presented in sub-tables A & B of Table 4.2 can be condensed into a single table asshown in Table 4.3. A comparision of the two methods of recording shows that all the numbers in the sub-table A fit into blank spaces of the other Sub-table B and that overlapping occurs only when the same umber ix used in two different Sub-tables. 4.9.3. Maximum Positive Span MoMents 4.9.3.1. The two eyele procedure presented for the maximum support moments of a continuous team can bé exiended to give maximum span moments also._ ‘The position on the span of the maximum foment will depend on nature and distribution of the load. For uniformly distributed loacs or symmetri- ‘concentrated loads the maximum moment will occur near about mid span. In other cases the position of maximum moment will have to be worked out. The procedure for determining the span moments 18 as follows + | (1) Place the live load on the span under consideration and alternate spans; (2) compute the end moments and span moments if a fixed beam; 3) compute changes (with proper signs)in theend moments caused by releasing the ends of the beam; (4) compute the ordinates of the trapezoid which has for its vertical sides the moment changes com- puted in (3); and (5) ada algebraically the trapezoid ordinates of 4 to the ordinates of (2). Forexample, the changes in the initial fixed-end moments in the span BC can be determined as given Table 4.4. i 4.93.2. Mip SPAN MoMBNT ‘The steps for determining mid span moments may be summarised as follows — ( Compatethe intermediate point factor Q, & Qcfor mid point from the formulae given table 4.5, BAI CPWDIND)/75,L0— “swaa “UL NUADNVHO _) 90+ aLaaniisia S Shit CO) S67 ‘aan anavo aunaraisiq ao one “ward “1 wea rat ‘WOLOVA NOLLASRLSIO erent LNSNOW WAWIXVN. $4 GAY sr0+ * sunanuisia start seit lop + wera va2% oe wr 10" SH SMOLOVA NOLLAENEISIO0-7 | fs [CHANGE IN TL. FMS. for POINT eee) oii hts si tastes. a- | et (D+ 7 tee Re en eae omens wae NE 3D.=1 ft 1/3-point 4B 2/3 +d) at DP eft 1/3-point byes Hes = Z a ae igi Lidge RAN pote e -Get nger gai pohly Bs) SG ae ap et Sausgolt ek col «ene b- 0 pet Det t & a 2 D D. (ii) Record these factors as shown in table 4.6 Q, being written above Qre (iii) At mid span compute the fixed beam moments due to total load and record in line 2 with their Signs based on sign convention given in Para 4.7. iv) Find the products ofarry-over moments CJC,as given in table 4.4 and the corresponding Fitetmediate point factors Qy/Q, and record in line 3. ‘This is illustrated as follows = For span BC, =— 147 C= 4 1.45 (refer Table 4-4) Dil 0.40041 Cooficients of Qe = — Te = 0.700 iG uns Det Oat 2 + = tom Product = —1-47 x —0-700 = +1.03 = ELAS x (40.723) = + 1.05 ‘The values + 1.03 and + 1.05 are written in line 3. () Find the sum of fixed beam moment inline 2and of the two corresponding moments in ln ring record it in line 6 as the maximum moment at the mid point. a io os -Thecomputations of the maximum moments at mid points and at supports can be combined i ‘same table as shown in Table 4.6. ih ‘combined in the 4.9.4. Minium Postrive & Maxurum Nucamive Span Moments Inmost cases the dead load present onallspans prevents the live load from creating negative: is sn he mo* Fs asual eft of placing the live loud onthe side spans ofa eam ig taboos nb antes te nents in the mid span. Sometimes, even negative moments are produced in the span. In such a case moments nthe mi raided atthe top tvtake cave ofthe ngatve moments.” This ce normal Reinforcement should Brsvare much ongerthan span under consiceraion. Inanclics the corridar Span is usually smaller than the adjacent spans. ‘Table 4.7 shows the computations ofthe minimom positive and maximum negative moment at mi points ofthe beams shown in Fig 44, The method adopted Fe ae cap oem falloes iets Brcept for the following : : G The fixed beam moments at mid points are computed for dead loads;“E QNY COQ Nvds GIN Woa 's ¥ ¥ GGY SINIWOW aNa YOA « eLo+ ro sSINTNON WAWKIXYH. cert sinenuisia + ‘ew caay + (uyas INSOV ray No“Ta‘NVas NOT) MIAO AWW NOLAEISIG waa Ta 1 3 Wa wOIOVE % INIoa am © Vv. (oneowopy wwds pry pun puoddng) swore uy syucwopy wmunxoyy oy BTAVL67 i) The first unbalanced moment distributed at the end of a span is taken as the afgebrie sum of the dead load moment in the span and the total load moment in the adjacent span ead i il) The first summation (line 4) performed at the end of a span is ofthe dead load moment and the carried-over moment (ie. line 1 + line 3 values). 4.9.5 Maximum Moments IN Conumns [The maximum moments in the columns ttheijunctigns with the beams may be obtained by apply- ng live load on the alternate spans of beams. Since twosets of alternate loading are possible on the beams using a possible reversal of bending in cvery column, two sets of maximum moments are comranenes {nds of allthe Columns framing into the beams. Usually the larger moment in a echimn is rroesten bytaking iveoad on the longer adjacent span and otheralternatespans.. Fora olumm iacnea yee Bou top and bottom: the beam produced ate tnps cay ot columns ovr Mametloanp gue eh may be maximum. The column is designed for the axial load and maximum renee ‘Te terrace for of the frame hasalto beenanalysed by two,cycle method and the calculation tables jae given in Annexure 4.3, L10 Dr. Gaspar Kani’s Method of Iteration 4.10.1 Basie Principle When load is applied to a structure, joints of the structure undergo rotations. Due to rigid jaints tneserotations produce bending moments at the ends of members mectingat the joints. joments at tne ends of the members produced by the loading of the members are oblained by the uperimposition of the following 3 steps (W Theenas of a loaded member ABare fixed and fixed end momentsat theends A & Bare worked out. (i) The ena A is released, ana is allowed to undergo rotation of joint A while the end B is fixed. (iii) The eng B is released, and is allowed to undergo rotation of joint B while the end A is fixed, ‘Thus the end moment or the end A of the member AB is composed of (May —Fixed-ena moment (producea by the given external loading), Gi) 2M’yy —Producea by tne rotation of its own end, and Gi) M’q,_ —Produced by the rotation of the other end of the member. My Sa + 2m'y + M'y, The moment My, which is produced by the rotation of end A is proportional to tne rotatien @ A corresponding K value of tne member. This moment will becailed fptier erste complete expression for tne rotation contrioution of tne end A ie M’, OER. GAY. (@ the fixed-ena moment, i) twioe the rotation contribution of its own end A, the rotation contribution of the other end of the same member. jVhena jomt rotates, tne members connected at this joint undergo the same rotation. The rotation tribution depends ontne angle ofrotation and the stiffnessfactor Kof the member. Thus, for the bers esting at any’ olnt tne tofation being same, the rotation contributions wl be propre] Kevalucs of the memoers. ‘Therefore, ifthe sum of the roiationcontributionsata joint Kien tion contribution of ends of members meeting at tne joint can be obtained by distributing their sum in jortion to their K-values. | Pa sears the end ofthe member connected to the joint considered as the mearend and tne other ia Fes aaa te far end: it follows that for cach joint there aze as may far endsas neat ends sted cantilever is consigered asa member whose far ena fas moved to raft. | For equilibrium at joint 4, & My = 0,NNVdS INAOVITY NO “TL ONY NaS wa 1a a | a swag fo wods pr 10 sruowopy ZA— umuysopy puo JA + umuejuyyy ‘wolova NOLAERUISIC © 2 © aay |‘ aunerusia | * @ ¥ Waay | 1 NO "T'G) WIAO AAW 7 ALAAMDALSIC | wad meae a0 ss0h 100 “108 i sunwrwisia “+ = s1-0— Lot “109 don z be ost 20-01 | 980+ rot jx (jaa wrt | ss-0F cert WHA aNnIVO F aLNENLISIG -z Ses 4 ose | fete wore “Tao TL 7 ed cro oro rot | 109 408 i i gungnusia -Y ~ 10% soot 60.0+ | “Too doz so-tr+ saci [eect 06-7 | one Ie ceraay 870+ 50:5— | 95.0% 8c-0+ | 00-14 04 WaAO AIO ¥ dunEnuIsIa -z oat O98 | 9e-c+ ars | onze wed ‘Ta ¥YOWLOL “1 ero nua-o 49;0 100 "108 = WOLD NOLINERLASI eet 0 £00 $50.0 “100 404, suumjos us siotuopy sanuayxope wy stay,J 1 Replacing the end moment M,, by the expression from eduation 4-1, we obtain 2M -+2EM'ay + EM’ 2M oS BEM, + IM) 3. we 42 The sum of the rotation contributionsat the near ends of members atjoint A e@éals minus halfthe sum of the fixed-end moments at the joint and the rotation contributions at the far ends of the joint. Thus, ifthe rotation contributions of the far ends of the members at a joint are known, the rotation contributions of the near ends of members can be immediately determined. In the beginning the rotation cyntributions offar ends may be assumed to be zero (where no better ones areavailable)..‘Thiswill be the first approximation and the successive operation will produce mote accurate results, ‘The proceaure to he adopted in the analysis is to Sind out tne sum of tne fixca-ong moments at the joint, and tne rotation contributions of the far ends of the joints. Tne figure thus oblained is divided by (and Snicoated pron tonalite Kevalesoftnementers. 1 nisctnbefiriher spina by having the concept of ROTATION FACTORS whichare obtained by distributing (4) in the ratio of the K-values ‘Of tne members meeting at tne joint. ‘The rule for the basic operation in calculating the rotation contributions can be stated as fellows: “Sum the fixed-end mowents ofthe joint and all the rotation contributions ofthe for ends of this joint, | Multiply this sum by the respective rotation factors of this joint. The values obtained in this manmer are the rotation contributions sought”. seared ie elacohontbay bs esate a an een 4.10.2 Bvesor ov Sipe SWAY Fora member AB subjected to end rotations as well as lateral displacement of one end with respect to the other, the equation for the final end moment of the member at A can be expressed as Ma = Bay + 2M’ ay M’ yg t Maye m4 43 ‘Theadditionalcontribution M’,, due to the linear displacement of the member is termed as the liner displacement contirbution. ‘Substituting the expression 4 3 in the equilibrium condition £M ,, = Oforany joint A,one obtains 2 May $20 M! y+ EM‘ EM =O or = Mw a{eu we tE(M at My) } ‘The rule for the basic operation to aetermune the rotation contributions will be the sameas in. the case of non-translatory joints. But in addition to fixed-end moments My, and the rotation contributions. fof the ends, thedisplacementco tribution M” q, of allbars of the correspondingjcint are te be consicered. Fromthe consideration of the equilibrium conditions,anequation forthe determination of thelinear displacement contributions can be worked out as shown below. ‘Ifa horizontal cut is made through al | the columns of any storey, from consideration of equilibrium it follows that the sum of all the shear forces at the columns of this storey is equal to zero. This eauili- brium condition, which must be satisfied at each storey and whichis satisfied by horizontal relative displace- ‘ments of the members, serves to determine the linear displacement eontributiens. . If the storey cohiains COLUMNS OF EQUAL LENGTH, then thisequiliorium condition, together with equation 4.3, by sub- Situting the expression for the shear force of a column AB, May + Mog Tae aso Te Moat MY 2M’ wat M' tM") and from this=M’_=—#-3 (My +M'y) 0. 0s : 4d Oi The sum of the displacement contributions ofall columns ofa storey r’ can, therefore, be determined from the rotation contributions of the column ends of this storey. ‘Since the magnitude of the linear displacement contributions depends only on the displacement (which is equal for allthe columns, of a particular storey) and on the corresponding == and is, ‘moreover, proportional to these values (The exact expression for the dispalcement contribution is42 bof: fon fon the the dy Tes se ary & iner sins ‘he ‘ons fee tear sins ub- 7 iy = GEK-S where Sstands for the relative transverse displacement of the member end and h for the member Iength) the linear displacement contributions of the columns of the story ‘s' will be proportional to the corresponding values of 4 during such a displace- iment i.e. they will be proportional tothe stiffnesses since all the columns of the stcrey ‘r' were assumed to be of ‘equal length. To make the calculations more convenient and in analogy to the rotation factors, we may now introdues the displacement faciors, whica are obtainca by austribating the values (—) 3, in proportion to the K-values of the members among all the columns of the storey. The rule for the determinationof the Inn-ardisplaccment contributions can be summarised as follows: “Sum the rotation contributions of all column ends of the storey inquestion. Multiply the sum so, ob- tained by the linear displacement factors of the columns one after the other to obtain the linear displace. | ment contributions”. From the rotation contributions we ealeulate the displacement contributions, an! from these again the tofation contribution of thefollowingapproximation, etc. until resulls of desired accuracy arereached. 4.10.3 PRoceDURE POR ANALYSIS 4,103.1 The process of analysis can be summarised thus (For frames having non translatory joint) i) Find out the F.B.Ms due to external loads. i) Find out K-values of all members. i) Fina out the rotation factors of each member at every joint (I= —1 x Ky ) ‘and write out these at the coFresponding members as shown in Fig 4.5. = Ky, (iv) Find out the algebraic sum of the fixed end moments at each jointand write out the same at the centre of cach joint. (V) Start from the joint where you expect maximum change in moment. (vi) Find out thesum of the fixed-end momentsat the jointand rotation contribution of the far ends meting at the joint. At the beginning the rotation contribution of far ends can be assumed as Z2f0. (vii) Multiply the sum obtainedin(vi)by the rotation factors and write out against the corres- ponding member ends. Gili) Proczed from joint fo joint and repeat the operation af every joint tll the required deerce of ‘accuracy is obtained. (ix) The final moments at the ends of members are then calculated by the formula My, = Fixed ‘ond moment My + twice rotation contribution of near end A (M's) + rotation contri ution of the far end B(M’,,). (8) Check whether the sum of the final end moments at the joint is zero i-e. ZMyy—0. 410.3.2. The process of analysis of frames with translatory joints ean be summarised thus = Ttems (i) to (vii) same as in the case of non-translatory joints. (viii) Find out the sum of the rotation contributions of all column ends of a storey and multiply wih near diplacsment factors obtain te linear displacement contributions, This proce dure is done for all storeys, (ix) Find out the second approximations of rotation contributions. For this sum up the fixed End moment. +-first approximations of fotation Contributions of the farther ends of members meeting atthe joint MtSt apptoximation of lincat displacement contributions of the Columns mocting at the joint. Multiply this sum with corresponding rotation factors. (x) Calculate the displacement con'sibutionsfrom the rotation contributions and from these again ‘the rotation contribution of the following approximation ete, until results of desired accuracy are reached. (xi) The final end moments of the members are then calculated by the formula Muy =May-+2Msyet M+ Mp, ; (xii) Check whether the stim of the final end moments at each joint is zero ie. ZMy=0. (sili) Check whether the sum of column shears in éach storey is zero i.e. x Mack Mn _ 9 M1 CPWDIND)/75+ ease RERR | ae ater ane ca fe 4am oe em _s om mf hs HCAS nore: FOR JOINT NUMBERS JEE Fil 43 es 7-4 72Ss ae 73 4.10.4 The application of Kani's method for analysis of the frame shown in Fig 4.3 is explained in inlowing sens, soparaeiv() neglecting the displacement ofjointsand, (i) takinginfo account he displace ment of joints. ‘Step 1: Firstly the F.E.Msfor the given loading are computed using standard formulae andentered inte Scheme and are writon a the cosrespanding bar ends above the rder line, For example, the F.E. Ms for the girder 2-3 with L=6m and W—1.8T/m uniformly distributed Joad and We=7-20T concentrated load are as follows WL? Waab? } peer ees. RD Le 18x 7.2x4x4 = nee 329059096. — 6.443.2)=—8.60Tm. At the left end : Wie At the right end ¢ WL? Wait SPN 2 Le HHS 1.2216 36 (5446.4) = 411.80Tm ‘Step 2 : Next,the restraint moments are written at the centre of the joint. The restraint moment ie.the jot moments, which maintain thestateof complete fixation, arealways equalto thesumofthe ised nd momen of allthe membersat he joint considered. For ekample fot joint (2) Mcrestraint moment=+2.40 — 8.60= —6-20 Tm. ee ‘Step 3 : Now follows the calculation of rotation factors. oy Example at joint (10) (Rotation Factor =} x—2%)- For member 10-9 =—$x 2 = —0.207 2 10-6 =-4 0.034 = -0.207 0,052 Check whether thesum oftherotationfactorsof thejoint equals(—)0-5. Similarly rotation factor for msmbsrs of other joints can be ealeulated. These rotation factors are entered in Fig 4.5 at each joint. ‘step 4 : Next rotation contributions are calculated. Rotation contribution=(Restraint moment of the joint plus all rotation contributions of the far nds meeting at the joint) multiplied by the respective rotation factors, Note : at the beginning the rotation contributions of the far ends may be assumbed as zero. ‘The process of calculating rotation contributions is proceeded from joint to joint in any arbitrary He ree gequence in Which one proveeas from joint to joint does not influence the result but only FRRENE of convergence. “The most apd convergence is oblained if one considers always that joint ai th Spe ot shane are expected. In Out cas, this should bejoint (3). Therefore, in calculating the hich Tarde teibution®, the start is made at joint 3) whereby the rotation contributions of the distant bar ots ge. member 2-4 at joint 2) and member 6—3 at joint (6) are assumed to be zero. Joint @) rotation contribution 3-2 =~ 0.462x(+11.80404-0) 5.45 rotation contribution 3--6= ~0.038 x (+11 80--04-0) = F045 ‘These approximate values of therotation contribtions obtained are indicated at the ie ends (or girders, below the bar axis). corresponding4 To clarify the general sequence of the calculation, ‘the analysis of the example in fig 4.5 will be ‘continued with the evaluation of the fourth approximation values of rotation contributions. For joint (3) rotation contribution M’(4)3-2=(-+11-80-+2.884-0.02) x —0.462=—6.80 rotation contribution M’(4)3-6 =(-+11.80-+2.8840.02) X—3.038= —0.56. ‘These values are immediately entered in the scheme. Since the rotation factors are negative, the rotation contributions and the sum from which they are obtanined always have opposite signs. Now we praseed with the culoulation of rotation contributions at joint (2) (fourth approximations). For joint (2). M(Q2—1 = (6.200.586. 804.0.09) (0.268) = 43-62 M’Q2—3 = (6.200.586, 8040.09) x(—0.214) = 42-89 M(Q2-5 = (—6.20-0.586.804-0.09) x (0.018) = 40-24 ‘These values are entered immediately in the scheme. This process is continued till the desired accu: racy is achieved. a The calculation of the rotation contributions proceeds in suck a way that from approximate values] for th rotation coatbutions, whic originally repfesont very rough estimates, the next approximation isobtainsd with considerably beltcrapproximate values. " Ifanerror is made in the calculation, the rotation contributions o obtained may not be considered wrong, but merely as more or less close approximate values. Sut sinoe we terminate the calculation when the approximation yields the sameresultsasthe preceding one and moreover, we may assume that in the various approximations the same error is not committed repea- tedly at the same place, the final result is free from errors. Step 5 + After the final rotation contributions are determined, the final end moments may be ob tained from the equation. Mu=Mct2M'aot Mea Example : M j=—2,40-+2(—0.58)43.62 =—2.40—1.164-3.62=+,0.06 and M 9,=+-2-40-+2(3.62)+(—0-58) =+2.4047.24-0.58=49.06 and so on. In order not to crowd Fig 4.5 the calculation of the final end moments is indicated separately i® Fig, 6. Fitstall thefixed-end moments and the final rotation contributions, ndieated.at the corresponding sas tbers have been carried over from Fig. 4.5. In accordance with equation 4.1 for obtaining the end) sacra tain addition to the above two f gues we require at each bar end sum of the rotation contributions Bethe two ends of the same bar. This means that at both ends of a bar the same value, namely, the sum of Glerotation contributions at both ends of the bar, must be added. In each case the sum of these three values {for calumnends only two, because thereare no fixed end moments) yields theend moment, which isentered at each bar ends . Step 6 + From consiaerations of equilibrium tte sum of the end moments around a joint must be equal to zero, THs check stould be carried out atthe end to see the correctness of the calculations. EXAMPLE § ‘At joint 5 of Fig 4,6 the sum of the end moments around the joint is = +5,39+-0.42—6. 32,40. = 0.01. "As thisis negigible it may be presumed that tke calculations for the joint 5 are correct. Should the necessity arise, at the end of the analysis, the change the bar dimensions or the loadii at some places, then itis ot necessary to repeat the wrole analysis. Afer the Corresponding numeric a pom re been changed in the old calculation scheme, the rotation contributions already calculated.ill be 4 the os). eob- yin ding tend Ee mol alues tered 0.52 ding may oSis 28.60 411.80 [Fea “yin 2 39r 40 35 +0) 57 2 103 +2.40 a7 5.57 0 it ees JA} aor Stes 6.47 412.70 19. Jor 40,Jos =0. Jor 20. Joe = 20.1 9616 bbe considered as new approximate values, which, do not, however, possess a sufficient degree of accuracy. ‘fn over words, the calculation is to be continued in the usual fashion. In general, it willbe sufficient to carry out only one or two approximations and even his onlvin the neighbour hood of te changed members. 4,10.4.2 Taking into account the displacement of joints.—The frame considered in Fig. 4.3 being un symmetrical and loaded with unsymmetrical loading iS subjected to sideway. ‘The application of Kani's method will be shown again for the frame of Fig 4.3, now, taking finto account the displacement of the joints. ‘The scheme itself, the rotation factors and the fixed end moments: femain the same. The first approximation of the rotation contributions remains tle same as before, Sinoe at the beginning we assume the linear displacement contributions to be equal to zero, in absence of fa better approximation. ‘The aisplacement factors are written down at tke centre of each column, to the left of the column. itself, ‘The distribution of (—)3 among the three columns of the topmost storey which have equal stilf= ness yields for each column a displacement factor of 0.500. Tn the middle storey ther e are four columns ‘of baving equal stiffness. The distrioution of } among these four columns gives displacement factors of 0.375. Inthe lower storey the columns are not of equal stiffness. The sum of the K-valuesis 0.2 0.2. -£0.3+0.3=1.0 The distribution of — 4 in the ratio of K-values yields for the two columns to the left displacement factors = —3x 0.2 — —0.300; for the right two columns displacement factors — TO =—}x 0.3 = 0.450 10 ‘The method of determination of the rotation contributions of joints 9, 10 and 8 and of the linear gisplacement contributions ofall columns for the third approximation is explained below (Fig. 4.7) (Q) For joint 9) —6.204-0.204-0.16--0. 184-0.004-0.4240.26 = — 5.34 “The corresponding rotation contributions obtained bv multiplying this sum with the rotation factors are} 4AL.29, +£0.17, 1.04 and 4 0.17 and these values are written at joint (9) in small brackets. (2) For joint (10) 4¢-3.204.1.044-0,03—4.08+-0.004-0.42+0,39 = + 1.00 Ta a a ops ead bese alec ece weitiny a jont C0) in small brackets @) For joint (8) —2,404.0.044-1.29+-0.004-0.4240,26= —0.39 Multiplying by the rotation factors, the rotation contributions of this joint are obtained as +0.0 40.15 and +0.02, ‘Thon follows the determination of linear displacement contributions of the Columns. For the top most story, 0.044-0.02+4.0.244-0,08—0.5640.02 = —0.24, Moltiplying ths sum by the linear dinplaooment factors we obtain for cach of the thee eofuma ‘the finear displacement contribution of -+0.12 ie. the same value as in the preceding approximation, ‘The sum for the middle storey is 40,04 4.0.02+0.16-40.17+0,03—0.030.84-0.68 = — 1.13. ‘The linear displacement contribution for each of the four columns is ecual to 4+ 0.42. For the lower storey tke linear displacement contributions are + Left two columns = — 0.300(-+-0.024-0.17—0.05—1.02) = +0.26 Right two columns = —0.450(+-0.02+40.17—0.05—1.02) = 40.40. ‘The automatic elimination oferrorsinthe calculations as discussed earlier inespect of nontranslato joint is valid to the same extent for the displacement contributions.FRAME ANALYSIS By KANI'S METHOD CONSIDERING SiDES Way ns ov sat afog isan ates NOTES: ~ 1. SEQUNCE IN WHICH ANALYSIS WAS CARRIED OUT IN KANI'S METHOD 21.7564. 8.1, > 2. RESULTS OF SAMPLE CALCULATIONS FOR ROTATION CONTRIBUTIONS FOR JOINTS 2.9, 10,SHOWN TN BRACKETS CTHIRD APPROXIMATION). 3. RESULTS oF LIMEAB DISPLACEMERT CORTRIAUTOMS FORMUL THREE STOREYS SHOWN IM SQUARE BRACKETS [THIRD APPROKD a:78 __ This process is repeated tllthe desired accuracy i achieved inthe values of rotation and displacemen contrib utions. The final end moments are calculated by using the formula. My = May + 2M’ + M’a + Mla ‘This expression M,,)isthe summation ofthefixed-end moment, twice therotation contribution of its owa ‘end, The rotation contribution of the far end of the bar and the displacement contribution. Example Member 1—4—Moment at (1), M,—4 = 0.0042(—0.04)4.0.02+0.12 = + 0.06 ‘When the final end moments are calculated in the same scheme as for the contributions, then the procedure 48) Cross out at each bar end all the superfluous figures leaving only the fixea-ena moment and the © Gat rotation contribution. i ae (®) Byaluate for each bar the sum of the rotation contributions of the two bar ends and the linear ‘displacement contributions. Write down the figures thus obtained at each end. (© Total at each bar end the figures written down. There are three figures at each bar end for the girders ana two at each bar end for the columns since there is no fixed-end moment for the colu- ‘ns. The sum represents the end moments, ‘After the final end moments are calculated, cheok for the moments at the joints and storey. shear should be carried out to satisfy equilibrium conditions. Check for the moments at the joints is carried out shoria dy explained in Para 4.10.4.1 (Step 6). Check for the storey shear is carried out as given in the following EXAMPLE ¢ For the second storey sum of the shear forces in all columns is = = +£0,52-40.50-4-0.91-40,92.1-0.454.0,39—1.94—1.78 BR pe TM On Pea ea ‘This sum should be z2ro a8 no horizontal forovis acting on the frame under consideration. However 1a8.0.01 is negligible it may be presumed that calculations are correct. ‘The frame shown in Fig 4.3 has been analysed by Kani’s method and the resultsare given in annexure 4.4. 4.10.5 SprcIAL. CASES (i Tethere are bars ima steuctare that have hinged supports at one end (for example, a colum With a hinge at. the base or a beam with a simple support at one eng) and assuming the bar i Having stiffaess K, the same amount of rotation may be obtained considering the bar as. fixe ‘the hinge pointand havingstiffness.3/4K, With this assumption, the calculation conti xcept thatthe final end moments set equai to zero in places where thereisa hinge. ii) When the structure and loading are both symmetrical itis sufficient to carry out the caleu tion foronly one half, Under this, there aretwo distinct categories (o) Anic ofsymmetey nts allthe girders at mid span., Bach such gitder may be rep ‘USE gh Ghisclamped atthe symmetry axisand which has stifiness k= Copiaresssa STIFFNESS K = $K <_ Fig 4.8 (b) Axis of symmetry passes through the middle column. All joints on the axis of symmetry are not subjected to roti AXIS OF SYMMETRY one ahs aah Who FIG!4.9 ions. Therefore, theso joints are considered as clampled. i) Thetoaded cantilevesinajoint may be considered asa bar whose other end extends to infinity, The stiffness K is, theref should be determinéd and treated like the F.E.M. of any other bar, 15-1 CPWDIND) 75 fore, equal to zeta. The moment at the fixed end of the eantilovee(iv) Externally applied moments at joints may be treated as follows :— Assume that these are caused by cantilevers fromthe joint considered. Then the cantilevers aretreat- ‘ed as explainedin(iii)above. Inthis case the sum of the end moments at the joint and externally applicd ‘moment will equal zero. 11 Takabeya’s Method 1 Inthis method bending moment at anend ofa girder isexpressed asa function of the changes inthe joint rotation angles. and of the joint displacement angles of one end of the girder relative to the other énd. Likewise the bending moment atanend ofacolumnisexpressed as a function of the changes inthe joint rotation angles as wellas ofthe jointdisplacement angles. Forexample, if a girder A-B res- ‘rained at the ends in flexure is subjected to vertical loads, the joint moments at the ends of the girder are expressed as follows = My + A MeL = Mat A MS where My, and M,,==the bending moments at A & B, Myy 2d My, = Fixed end moments of a beam at both ends, Amy andAm,,— The terms of correction for end moments and expressed as functions of the ‘changes in the joint rotation angles and of the join’ displacement angles. These correction terms Am, and Am,, are expressed by following well-known equations. AMy = 2E Ky (20) + 94 — 3 Ry Am, = 2E 4, 20, + 0,—3 Ry, where E-=modulus of elasticity of the materials; kes = bo 1, = moment of inertia of the section ofthe member A—B. a 1g = length of the member A-B. Ry 8. 4 = Amount of vertical displacement at the end B relative tothe end A from the ae initial position. From equations 4.5 & 4.6 we have, Myo = Kan (2m, + m, + ys) a Moe = Kan (2m, + my + My) + Myy in which we denote by, im, = 2EDy my ‘iy — OERy ‘m,=rotation moment due to, m=rotation moment due 10. and jy—ncement moment due to Ry,81 4.11.2 Equation or ROTATION Moment & DisrLACEMENT MoMENT 4.11.2.1. Frames, considering only joint rotation angl £ we Fig. 4-10 Let usconsider a member AB ofa frame shown in Fig.4.8 subjected to vertical and horizontal foads; member A end having turned through rotation angles, and end B through 0,,. The end mo- meat My at joint Afora member A-B, isexpresed by equation given below (neglecting joint dspace. meat a My = ke Gm, + m,) + My, in a similar way, My = %so (2m, + m) + Myo Mya = ag (2m, + my) + My My = %e 2m, + m) + My, Under the equilibrium condition, Ma + Mu + My + M,, = 00r M, = 0. gives By 2tay Hae Mat be) EM 5 He Mee + MG Ma + My: Mae + Mat Mit Ma+Mw=0 . 5. 4.8 Let Ky = 2 (nt Het Met te) My = Ma + Mat Mast My + 5 5. 4:10 om MH me Balm (= td) mh (8d) tm 8) 41 Yad = ab» Yoo = %ae sYad = 2 ae 12 wien = gor to ~ tetas aston te. 4 and BY, tas + tae + tea + Yu = ay + ae + oy Go ont mae) me82 ‘The equation 4.11 is defined by the author a8 ‘-raoment equation of joint rotation” andisimportant to determine rotation moment at the joint. Nee Asthe firststep, we start calculation from equation 4.11 assuming : m, = m, = mim, =0 andwegetm=m(Q)=—-M,.- - + + Ky 4.13 Ina similar way, m,(°) = — M, ang(*) = — My une) — —Me, Ke & Tn the second step substituting in equating 4.11 values obtained for m (%) in the place of m we get m,@) = — My + ms (°) (—Ya) x mC) (tae) Hs) (Yad) + mA) (Yaw) This process is repeated at alljoints till there is no difference in the successive rotation moments, Ge- nerally three or four repetitions, are sufficient for getting satisfactory results. For example design moment My, isto be worked out by the following equation |— Mas() = Kan 2ma(!) -+me(*) )+May Likewise we get : Me) = Kee 2ma(®) + MC) + Mae Mua(® = Kea 2m + mg(9) + Maa Mae(*) = Kae (2m) + me(*))+Mae Next,let us assume that four times repetition does notsatisfy the equilibrium condition :— >M,) =0 Let the discrepaney be :/\m, so that 2M) = Am We distribute this unbalanced moment. in proportion to the distribution factors of members meeting at joint Aandthetotal amount of design moments becomes. asfollows :-— My = Ma() + Am C ¥ SE ) Myo = Mac(‘) = Am ( x 4 + ) Maa = Mas() = Am ¢ + ie te) (omg + ig OY rm) (me ‘ilar way from equation 4.19 ig = — Ba te) ame + my) tend (ma tome 9 and s0 on. When the frame is subjected to vertical loads only, there are no horizontal loads acti levels, equations 4.19 & 4.21 reduce to Ber = (ten) (mg + my) + (tes) (ms +m) Mye = (tag) (MM + mg) + tes) (Ms + my) + (te) (me + mg) respectively. .__ The process of ealeulating rotation moments and displacement moments is repeated till two suc- cessive values do not differ. 4.11.3 To illustrate the procedure, the frameshown in Fig. 4.3 hasonce again been considered and analysed by this method. 4.1.3.1 Example neglecting side sway (Refer Fig. 4.13) Step I: Calculation of M Mi, =--2.40 tm. Miy=—6.20tm. =M,=M, (i.e-—8.60 4.2 40) Mya 411-80 mW, My, M,=—2.40 tm=M,=M, My=411.80-8.60— 4.3.20 tm=Wi,, ‘Step I :Calculation of K (K=2%k) K,=2(1-54-0.1)=3.20 K,=211.541.240.=5.6 K=2(1.240.1)=2.6 K=20.540.140.2)=3.6 K,=201.540.141.24.0.2)—6.0 Ky=21.241.240140.2)a5.4 K,=201.240.2)—2.8 Ky=2(1-540.240.2)—3.8 K,=2(1 541 .2040.2+0.2)=6.2 Ky=21.241.240.240.3)—5.8 Ky =2(1.240-240.3)03.487 FRAME ANALYSIS WITHOUT CONSIDERING SIDESWAX, 3 Tae m0) = 4.54 wf) 4 5.05 m2) 2 545 a = 568‘Step H11 :Calculation + ¢yab -~ 15 yi? = ——=0.469 32 on yi-4 = —=0.031 52, 1s yt = ——=0.268 36 12 y23 = —=0.214 56 04 ys = —=0.018 5.6 and so on. : aA Step IV: Calculation of ,,) 0 = — ea ‘The values of y and m¢) #wttteninthecorsesponding joint asshownin Fig. 413. Step V Now follows the cleulation of > 4 snd s0.0m, At joint @) my ©) 2.4154. 3-08 ° (— a) (m) = (—0.462) (4 1.11) = — 0.51 oO (=v) (ag) = (—0.038) (0.59) = + 0,02 foal esc a At joint (2) ™ = 41a © (= Ya) (m, ) = (— 0.268) (+ 0.75) = — 0.20 ° (tw) @, ) = (= 0.214) (— 5.03) = + 1.08 ° (= tes) (ms) = (= 0.018) (4 1.03) = — 0.02 Torel = +1975 ayAt joint (1) e), 1) cm ) = (— 0.469) (+ 1.97) = —0.93 “ (me) (my ) = © 0.031) (4 0.67) = —0.02 Total = — 0.20 = ae Inthesame way, the higher approximate values of mycan befound mechanically by the calcula- tion on the frame scheme, Thevesultofthe final ealoulation (third appraximate valued) iss follows: © © € © m, = -0.38, m, = + 2.3% m= — 5.63, m= + 0.33 e 3) © 9 m, = + 0.83 my = + 0.25 m, = — 4.08 me ° @ fo} my = + 0.93 my = — 0.09 and my = — 3.20 ‘Step VI: Calculation of end moments— 5 lcs Ree Se Lk 0.8 3 a ee 2 Oe Mr = 0.1 G0? 83 © og — 0.28 + 0.38) = —0.04 tm Similarly end moments at all other member ends can be calculated. ‘Step VII: Now we willconsider the equilibrium condition ofjoint (1) =M,=+0.05—0.04= 40.01 Asthisis negligible it may be presumed that the calculations for the joint (1) are correct. Step VII: Correction of end moments.— Forjoint @) Myy=1-5[2 (+2-39)—0.38]4-2-40=4.9.00 tm. Myy=1.2[2 (+2:39)—5.63]-8.60—=—9.62 tm Myy=0-1[24-2.39)4-0.83]=4.0.56 tm, EM,= +9.00-9.624.0.56 =—0.06 tm. Distributing this unbalanced moment Correction moment for —1= 40.06% ——=..0.03 2+1=+0. = + + 23m 40.06% + 40.08 3=40.06X ——= 40. + aan oa 2-5=0.06X ——=4.0.00 2.8Final moments after correction M,#1=+9.00+40.03—49.03 tm. M,#s=—9.62-40.03——9.59 tm. Myip=-+0-564-0.00=+40.56 tm, The amount of correction, howeyer, is very small at joints 1, 5, 8, 9, 10 & 11 and may be disregarded for the purpose of designing’ sections. 4:11.3.2 Example involving sidesway considerations (Refer Fig. 4.14)—The calculations of M ‘Yer and)en ()Giopntto1V) ate thesameas ‘Step V:Caleulation of t: ‘Top most storey : tha = tas = ty = 3/2 iG) = 0.500 Middle storey : tee teem teu ta=312 ot) = 0.315 ye same a8 in the Case of non-translatory joints. Bottom storey left two columns Tea = ten = 3/2 tg) = 0.300 Right two columns tyC= tnD = 3/2 (tr) = 10.450 The values of y,t,and m (9/are writteninthe corresponding joint and storey as shown in Fig. ‘Step VI : Calculation of displacement moment For the topmost storey: ") ) °) as ED + oe eS Gar wan) =(40.7540.67) (0.500) 441-11 + 1.03) (0.500) + (—4.54-0.59) (~0:500) =+0.79 tm Oa) For the middle storey : Ka, "7 =(+0.67-++0.63) (—0.375) + (41.03+1,00) (—0.375) + (—0.59-0.55) (—0.375) + (—4.21-3.47) (—0,375) = 42.06 tm w) For te bottom story 8, es (40.63) (—0.300) + (41.00) (0.300) + (0.55) (—0.450) + (—3.47) (0.450) =+1.32tm. 7ot AUMLYSIS TAKING THE EFFECT OF SIDESWAY. = —. Ie = 0. 398 | —f-0.242, ) 4063, 1) wh v0.0 wf 0.10 eS 306) FG. 4.1492 ‘ Step VII ‘Calculation of ze . 12 ete, At joint (3) OT Ore Ora oO my = my + (me + ite ) (— Yo) +m (— 1) or my =—4.54 + (— 0.59 + 0.79) (— 0.038) + 1.11 (0.462) =— 4.54— 0.01— 0.51= — 5.06 ef ML h C103 $0.79) (— 0.018) + CF 9.79) (& .268) + (= 5.06) (— 0.214) =4 1.1L — 0,03 — 0.20 + 1.08=4 1.96 ‘The process of calculating values from m,and i, may be repeated till the desired accuracy is Step VIIL: Calculation of end moments— At joint (1) Mrcler OO Mysims Gm +m) — Ma =1.5{2(—.41)£2,38]—2.40=—0.06 tm, Mae PG Aaa 20+ 1 20)=--0.06 tm. Similarly end moments forall members may be worked out. The unbalanced moments. mayb aistibuted ateach joint as explained earlier incase ofnon-tranalatory joints and final moments ‘ma ‘be worked out. ‘The frame shown in Fig.4.1 has been analysed by Takabeya’s method and the results are given i Annexure 4-5. 6 4.11.4 Erect oF HINGE Now the effects of hinged joints or supports ina frame will be considered. In case of a membet fixed atoncond and hinged. the otherend, itean be proved that Kia 12k gt eet kaki) 0-5 kay =K,-0.5 ky = (Mav Mad + Mao+Mae)—0-5 Mos =M,—0.5My,To start with, assume _m,=m,—m=0. ° we get for hinged condition m, Furthercalcalations can be continued ina similar way as explained ea 4.12 Klouceke’s Method ot Distribution of Deformation This method is based on deformations i.e., angles of rotations. It ean also be used for analysing multistoreyed frames subjected to sidesway. ‘The mathematical derivations of various formulae being too complicated, the same has not been discussed. here in detail. For the basic theory, principle ana applications to various cases, the reader nay refer to the bibliography given at the end of this chapter. The procedure consists essentially. of two steps : i) Determination of the primary deformation of the loaded joint. Distribution of thisdeformation (not moments), to adjacent joints as thesecondary deforms tion. Bysthe algebraic summation ofthe primary deformation and all the secondary deformations for 2 certain joint, the same resultant deformation is obtained asis obtained by the solution of all the defor- mation equations for the given system, ‘Thestarting point of this method is the fundamental equation :— Makin 8, + 80) + Mav where M,— Final design moment at the end A of the member A-B. Kjy— relative stiffness of the member. ‘§:— Total deformation at ‘A* which is equal to the primary deformation at the joint ‘plus the secondary deformation received by the joint from farther ends of members meeting at the joint. 8\— Total deformation at‘B’. ‘Miy— Fixed end moment at ‘A’. ‘Theabove equation is only a different form of writing theslope deflection equation. Asset offormalae are used in this method which give the following (@) relative stiffness of members, (b) stiffness factors of joint. (© stiffness constants of members, (A) primary deformation of all joints, (©) carry-over factors for secondary deformations. Substituting the various values in the basic equation mentioned above, the final moments at the ends of members can be calculated. ‘At any joint for instance where ‘n”” members meet there willbe “‘n"” unknown moments involved in the method of moment distribution but in this method only one unknown viz., the deformation of the joint involved. Inthe case of whole frame analysis, after computing the primary deformations at all jonts, the -over factors are computed both horizontally alcng beams and yertically along columns fer calcul tue the secondary deformations. Application of this method can easily be extended to multi-storey frames {ifjected tosidesway byreplacing the frame witha “substsuied cantiterer™ with the same load!94 4.13, Relative Advantages of Different Methode 4.13.1 FLOORWISE ANALYIS ‘The main advantage of floorwise analysis of frames by Hardy Cross (moment distribution) methed. ortwo-eycle methodiis that floors can be isolated for design purposes while the construction is in prow fess and drawings bing supplied athe work proses. Whensyer the moras. eile to beet. ed due to large variations in the span lengths and loadings, floot-wise analysis of frames by mement distribution method has to be done for various alternate arrangements of live load. Buti the ratio of load to total loadis low say 0.4, floor-wise analysis of frames by moment distribution methed assuming allspans loaded withlive load gives resulls which are suficient for design purposes. Two- | eyele method gives maximum moments for worst conditionsof loadingin one operation and fs, ‘there. | fore, aconvenient method suitable for adoption in most cases. 4.13.2 Waoue Frame ANALysis Moment distribution method for analysing the whole frame for worst conditions of Icading is yery laborious and is, therefore, not used in design offices. But ifthe ratio of live load to total lead is low, this method ‘analysis for the whole frame assuming all spans loaded with ive load gives results which ares ciently accurate for design purposes. It, however, 3 2) My =m, $ (2-3 3) | + ir 1p as. | PARABOLA ae : os EIA a to "See j a e 1/2 fap z, — 4 SINE CURVE - 7 HALF WAVE | Agta 2er awa? Me eee \ Liha Be Pryce x a ad a No 29 SEAM WITH ONE END FRED | Naa wen Mb | SINE CURVE ~ a 2 avr WAVES = j 2 My u ro Te eae, Mo a 2w a? ; j £ ke ‘ =" n = odo: b Wo, * “i a, ow? SINE CURVE - n HALF WAVES MM as 8 ee @ Ma AWD Wb ARE FOUND FOR A BESM Wit BOTH ENDS FixED v4 EASES 1-28. ABOVE) : (TRACTS FROM 1 STR IN" By J.M. GERE,98 : ANNEXURE 4.2 HARDY CROSS METHOD “OF MOMENT DISTRIBUTION (SECOND FLOOR) Dist. Factor Top Col (Bot. 2059/-112_+033/-067 037/073 Col ois A B c r D eu + .fo.a 0-500 | oso onaas | areas a7 i scapes emee eel Weetoe Sais ees Sse, spt e| e090. tuo] das ta] tea —10-10 Carryover oof ess to] oe tts] ss | oat Ditton =... [129 04s] 042 tm] 410 0-6 canoer. «4. [008 0-65] tous 0-06] 4050 tos Distribution [4007 010] 00s on] or 0-78 canoer... .|-00s 4000/0085 0-04] | 0-37 006 Disibution .. «| 4008 © 4001] 4001 dos] tous 40-05 Total Desin Moments . [016 +565| 623 329] i337 71 TopCouma =. | HUSH 4003 4 : Bottom Colum sw) | AT 09 400s 1195 ANNEXURE 4.2 HARDY CROSS METHOD (or PTeORRRE oe LL = 0.9t/m La 2'9e DL= 1.0t/m sheikDistribution Factors +336 \+-28 DLFEM . + +133 [a8 TL eM. le 2-40 78-60 Distribute & Carryover H13 | seas ADD@ & ‘Distribute $353 ss 5-64 14-05 4-50 ADD @ & Distr. Factor Bot. Col. Soro F034 4917 ‘MOMENTS IN COLUMNS: 062 036 oss 10-49 |gbistribution Factors Dib. or TL REMS. Distribute & Carry over - ADD) &@) 0-62 Distribute Bot. Col. 004 +436 DAL. or TL FEMS. 20 4240 518 Distribute & Carry over ADD M&O - + 4075 Hs 3-40 A165 4353 858 Distribute Bot. Col- 40-10 40ANNEXURE 4,5 FINAL END MOMENTS OF THE MEMBERS BY TAKABEYA’S METHOD. (WITHOUT CONSIDERING SIDESWAY) iT103 FINAL END MOMENTS OF THE MENIERS RY TAKABEYA'S METHOD (CONSIDERING SIDESWAY) Si iota BR 3 48.97] -9.65 8 ba 7 Iinm “TT —t 9} rr} 8-1 CPWDIND)TSBIBLIOGRAPHY 1, HARDY CROSS AND NEWLIN DOLBEY. MO} “Contimous Frames of Reinforced Conere! Ae AOS AN amar Way, & Som foe New York, 1958 2. JAMES. M.GERE; “Moment Distribution” D. Yan Nostrand Company, Ine.,Prinetown, New Jersey, Toronto, INow Yon London, "1963. 3. BORIS W, BOGUSLAYSKY, “Design of Reinforced Concrete" First Printing, ‘The Macmillon Company, 4 PORTLAND CEMENT ASSOCIATION, *Cominiy incor alaig Frames, cial al tt COND CENT ACTA Samy Gat Cees asbaton, 3 “Wen Grant Avene, Chicago 10, Iino 5. GASPER KANT, “Analysis of Maltstorey prams”, Translated from the fifth German edition by CharlesJ. See CN Magee blehing Granpany. New Vork: 6. DR, ENG. F-TAKAREYA,,“Maliworey Kamen, action and Moment Tabet, The Methods of Crom, Kaa Takabeya'™ Wilhelm Ernst & Son, Berlin-Munich, 1965. T.C.V.KLOUCEK, “Distribution of | Deformation", Orbis Limited, Export, Inport Department, 37 ‘Narodni, Praha’ I, CZECHOSLOVAKIA, 1959- ae 8. CHAS. 1. REYNOLDS “Rinforsea Concrete Designer's Hanthook", Sith Elion Revised 1964),Conecete Publications Limited, 60, Buckingham Gate, London, SWI, 1964, g 2CHAPTER 5 METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF FRAMED STRUCTURES FOR HORIZONTAL LOADS 5.0 Notation e Column factor. | C Column moment factor. Cy Reduction number of the column. E Young's modulus of elasticity of the material of the member. g — Girder factor. G _ Girder moment factor. | hr General height of a member in 1® storey. hye Height of the member ik. f T Moment of inertia of member about its neutral axis. K, Stiffness of a column. Ka Stiffness of member ‘ik’. K’y Equivalent stiffuess of member ‘ik’. L Length of a member. My The final moment at the end i in member ik. Mx FEM. due to the given external loading on the member Mz Sum of the moments at the ends of columns in a storey (Lightfoot's method). MM, Storey moment. Zxtm Moment produced at the end ‘i Mx) Moment produced at the end 4?" by the rotation of joint KC. by the rotation of joint ‘M’x Moment produced due to tinear displacment of one end of the member in a direction per- pendicular co its own length with reference to its other end. Que Shearforceincolumn ik. | Q, _ Sumof all the horizontal forces acting at the joint above stoey *’ ’ + Number of the storey. ‘ R_ _ Ratio of relative displacement of the end (perpendicular to its length) of the member to its length. R, ‘RY for storey above. Ry ‘R' for storey below. V— Axial force in columns. ‘ux Displacement factor of member ‘ik’. ‘A. Relative displacement of the end ofa member perpendicular toits own length with referenee to other end. 6, Rotation of end A. on Rotation factor at the end i of member ik (Kani’s method). 105=r (33.7) (83-5) 8 o 0:23] (20h) Hg ee |] (20a) &] (204) 9) Caan) (204) (204. § Gog % Goa) LY (83.5) $ e—th— a (204) ‘e pet (204) BT (204) (83-5) (83-5) Notes: (1) i(k) values ere given aginst each menber in. smell bracke (2) tape sect ional areas of oo in’ sqlare eet ore give are brackeba. (3) T stands for tonne. L1G. 511 bs edt sf r5.1 Methods of Analysis A number of methods are available o analyse framed strugtures for hotizontal loads, Some of these are (a) Approximate methops () Cantilever method i) Portal method (b) Improved methods ¢ ’) Bowman's methods (i) Factor method . (ii) Lightfoot’s methoa (©) Exact methods £ (i Slope Deflection or matrix methods, i) Hardy Cross method of moment distribution or Kani s method (provided sufficient number of iterations aré carried out), Gil) Kloucck’s distribution of deformation method (proviaed sufficient number of iteration are carried out). preliminary design only. Any of the improved methods or f frames where principle of multiples applies (see "nin Lightfoot's methed. But in eace of frames ‘pply, Lightfoot’s methed involwesmorecalculation sthan Fares ads and, therefore, requires more time for the analjaie Bones Bowman's and Factor lows a more systematic procedure and is easier to adept, accuse method, though exact, has a limitation that the calculations become increasingly laborious Aith increase in number ofjoints beyond a certain imit: For Practical purposes, this limit may be taken as facige mts in a rame, Other exact methous are laborious. They ate, therefore, usded when computer ilities are available, 42 Distribution of Horizontal Force Among Various Frames ed ert actual analysis of a frame is carried out by any ofthe above ‘mentioned methods, the leulated horizontal foree (acting on the whole sttustare}ar every floor levelis first destributed among the tints framesin proportion to their relative stiffaesacs, The veloiee ane ‘of any frame anay be taken the Sum of the relative stiffacsses of columns in that frargee 3 Cantilever Method stowed mgtions made inthis mthod have boen onumsrated in para 3.8.1 of Chapter 3. The steps be followed for application ofthis method for analysis offeame shone Fig 5.1 are given below :—~ Step 1: Unit Direct Stressess in Columns 2fos. ‘Taking moments of the areas of the columns of top storey about C.G. of column 1-6 we get = Ce, of the bent from C.G, of cotumn 1-6 0.17 5 0 Hx 11.3040.17 13.824.0.23x 19-47 3 0.17) 420.23) -=10.0 metre: As perassumptions the unit direct stressesin the columns vary a8 the distances of the columns from the centre of gravity of the bent. Therefore shear ‘Number of columns 4-2 16-66-=6-66 Tonnes ‘js 6-56 Tonnes wil “be atl ‘buted in proportion fo moments of inertia Of columns (Assumption 8, Noted) ‘Rethaiging 10-00 Tonnes will be di ‘uted. tn proportion to K-values of girders (NOW 2) P “Total shear resisted by each column 2 Fh ‘Column AZSOL X= 83-5 _xpCO-Te Tonnes 288 Coanin B=0-7440°74 = 148 Topnes “hy 147 Column C= 0-74 +5+00%33:7__x4=1-030 Tonnes. ak Column D=0-29-40-74=1-03) Tonnes Column B—0°74 Tonnes PHC: P. W. D. (ND) ITS112 ‘The values of shear calculated for all storeys haye been written down in the frame at the points ‘of inflectionofthe columnsasshownin Annexure 5.3: Knowing the pointsofinflectionand shear in cach columnofastorey, momentsattheendsof columnscanb>calculated. Girder momentsarethen calculated considering the equilibrium ofeach joint. The point of inflection in the girders are obtained feom the assumption (a) and girder shears are then worked out. ‘The procedure to be adopted for working out moments in columns and beams meeting at the joint 1,2, 3,4 & Sisillustrated below :— Moment in column 1l—6 — = Shear force in column 1—6 x lever arm = 1.05 2182-29 tonne metre, Therefore, moment in = moment incoluma 1—6=2.29 tonne metre. beam 12. ‘ ' ‘Moment in beam 2—1 Shear force X lever arm. 0.736 x2. S4=1 87 tonne metre. ‘Moment in column 2—7 Shear force in column 2~7,x lever arm. 1.13 2.180246 tonne metre. ‘Moment in beam 2—3 Moment in column 2—7—Moment in beam 2—1 2.46—1 87-.0.59 tonne metre. Moment in column 3—8 Shear force in column 3—6 x lever arm ‘Since 2—3 and 3—4 are two bays nearest the centre the position of the point of inflection in these beams will b> decided by conditions of equilibrium. Moment in column 3-8 =Moment in beam 3—24 Moment in beam 3—4, Furtherthe sum of moments in beams 3—2 and 3--4 isto be divided between the two beams in proportion to their relative stifinesses. ‘ ‘Therefore, Moment in beam 3—2un1-90-"-85S \.90% ———- > SR BSP =135 Tonne metre. ‘ 33.7 Moment in beam 3-41 .90% gs Ta. iagram for the beam 2—3 can be drawn as shown below :— po es . PIG. 5.5.113 From the above diagram we get x 5.65 —X 0.59 1.35 ile, 1.38X40,59 x: The .65X 0.99 or 1.94X—3.33 fore X=3.33—1.72 metre 1.94 Knowing the distance of point of inflection we can work out the shear in beam 2-3 moment in beam 2: ue Shean faybenee 28 ry aoe lever arm ‘ 0.59 = —— =0.34Tonne 1.72 Shear in beam 2-3 can also bz worked out without locating the point of inflection by dividing the sum of momentsat theten ends ofthe beam byits span eg. sheatin. beam 23. O.AL1.35 20:38 = eg eh : We have to now start working out momen's ia column and beam at joint Ee $ and come backwards to joint 4 Moment in column 5-10 = 1.05%2.18 : = 2.29 Tonne metre. E Moment in beam $4 = Moment in column 5-10 = 2.29 Tonne metre. ‘Shore force in beam 5-4 = Moment “ = 0.736 Tonne Moment in beam 45 = Shear force x Lever arm = 0.736 x 2.54 1,87 Tonne metre. Moment in column 4-9 = 0.87 x 2.18 = 1,90 Tonne metre. Montent in beam 4-3. = (Moment in column 4-9) — (Moment in beam 4-5) = 1,901.87 = 0.03 Tonne metres Kowing the moment at the two ends of the beam 3-4, point of inflecti ie team 3-4 can be worked out as shown for beam 2-3. a onan Seale The frame shown in Fig 5.1 has been analysed by this methcd and the results are shown in | Annexure 5.3. 5.6 Factor Method ‘This method is based on slope deflection method. required before proceeding with the analysis. fness values of various members are114 Horizontal load analysis of a multistoreyed frame by this method:is carried out in the following six steps: x Step 1 : For exch joint, compute the gitdor factor “g” by the relationg = = 2 where) ke denotes the sum of the k values for the columns meeting at that joint and © k,denotes. the sum of the k-values for all the members at that joint. write ea-h value’ of *g" thus obtained at the near cond of each gitder meeting at the joint whee itis compu'ed. ‘Step 2: For each joint compute the column factor ‘e’ by the relatiom c= 1—g, where “g” is the girdst fac‘or for that joint as computed in stop 1. Wrile each values ofc"thus obiained at the near ond of each ‘solumy mgeting, at, the joint where itis computed. For the fied: column bases ‘of the first storey, take c= I. Step % From stops 1 and 2, there is a number at cach cixd ofeach member of the’ bent?” “To each of these numbers, add half of the number at the otfier end of the member. ‘Step 4 : Multiply each sum obtained from step 3 by the _K-value for the member in which the sum occurs. For columns, call this product the eoluma-moment factor C; for gitders, cal this product: the girder-moment factor G. ' Step 5 : The colatiin mortintractors.'C ftom Step 4 are adlually the approximate relative’ values for column end moments forthe storey in which they occurs. ‘The sum of the. column end inewient ina given storey, bystatics, isequal tothetotal horizontal shear onthat storey multiplied By the storey height. Hence, the column momznts may be obtained by distribating the storey moment in preportien tothe column moment factors. ‘Step 6: The girder moment factors G from Step 4 are actually approximate relative values for girder end moments for euch joint. ‘The sum ofthe girder end moments at cach joints equal, by sta tics, tothe sum ofthe csluma end moments at that joint, Hence, the girder moments. may be obtained by distributing the sum of the column end moments in proportion to their girder moment faetone Sample calculations + The steps to be followed for application ofthis method for analysis of frame shownin Fig. 5-1 are given below i Girder factor “g” This value 0,864is written atthe near ofgirder 36-37 meeting at thejoint 36! (Fig 'S.0a), At joint 33 ; 86-86 Girder factor “g” = ————. 83.54-86.04.33.74.86 595 This value 0.595is written, atthe neat end of the gitdet 33-42 and 33:34°(Adnexure’ $14}, / ' Step2 at joint 36 Column factor “c’ ‘Write this value at the near ends of columns meeting at the joint 36 (Fig. $.6a). at joint 33. Column factor “e'=1--gel—0. $980 405 whichis writen at the near end'6f eolaring nec atthe j. 33. Ste 3 4. If-explanatory an SS ter a’ poRion ofthe hae MMNstONy and thecaleultions fr these steps atethown