UNIT I

Chapter 3
Sections 1 and 2

History of the first microscopes:

1. 1500s- first lenses used by merchants to determine
quality of cloth (look at precision of the weave)
2. 1600s- microscope and telescope constructed
Anton van Leeuuwenhoek- made simple
compound microscope and observed
living things in pond water for the first time
Robert Hooke- looked
at thin slice of cork.
Noticed it was made of
tiny empty chambers
and called them
cells

Hookes work stimulated others to search for cells in

living things. It became apparent that cells were basic
units of all living things.

Matthias Schleiden- concluded all plants made of cells

Theodor Schwann- concluded all animals made of cells

Rudolf Virchow- Russian physician said Where a cell

exists, there must have been a preexisting cell.
What theory did this help to support?
The Theory of Biogenisis:
Life comes from other living things!

3 parts to the Cell Theory:

1. All living things are made of cells.

2. Cells are the basic units of structure
and function in all living things.
3. New cells are produced from
preexisting cells.

Cells come in many

shapes and sizes.
Smallest cell = bacteria

Largest cell = Ostrich egg and giant amoeba

Cells can be classified as either prokaryotic or

eukaryotic. What is the difference?
1. Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus and
membrane bound organelles.

Small and simple; Example: bacteria

Contain cell membrane, cytoplasm,

rribosomes and sometimes a cell wall.
2. Eukaryotic cells do have a
nucleus and membrane
bound organelles.
Larger and more complex
Examples: animal cells, plant
cells, fungal cells, and protists

Your body has special organs, like a heart, to keep your

body functioning to stay alive. Cells also have organs,
but we call them organelles.
What are organelles? Specialized structures found in
the cell that perform a distinct process within the cell.
Examples: Nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria,
chloroplast, and etc.

Now lets learn the parts of the cell!

Cell Membrane = thin, flexible barrier around the cell.

Regulates what enters and exits the cell like a
gate keeper
Provides protection and support
Made of double-layered sheet called lipid bilayer
Phosphate glycerol head is
that is not soluble in water.
hydrophilic (water loving)

Lipid molecules

2 fatty acid tails are

hydrophobic (water fearing)

Water is found outside the cell and inside the cell,

but not in the cell membrane between the lipid
bilayer!

Cell Membrane is a mosaic of many different kinds of

molecules.
Protein channels and pumps move materials through
the cell membrane
Carbohydrate
molecules act
like ID cards
allowing cells to
communicate
with each other.

Cell Wall- strong layer around the cell membrane found

in plants, algae, fungi, and nearly all prokaryotes.
NOT found in animal cells!!!!
Provides support and protection for the cell
Made from fibers of carbohydrate (cellulose)
and proteins

Cytoplasm- jelly-like material inside the cell to

hold the organelles and maintain the cells shape.

Nucleus- large structure only found in eukaryotic cells

that contains the cells genetic material (DNA); the
control center of the cell, like a brain.

Parts of the cell nucleus:

Nucleolus- small dense region in nucleus where
ribosomes are made
Nuclear envelopedouble layer memb.
surrounding the
nucleus containing tiny
nuclear pores to allow
materials in &out.
DNA has 2 forms:
1.

Chromatin- Coiled DNA

bound to protein. Looks
like noodles
2. ChromosomesCondensed DNA that
looks like the letter X

Chromatin condenses into Chromosomes when cell

gets ready to divide during mitosis or meiosis. The
genetic material is passed from one generation to the
next.

Cytoskeleton- Network of protein filaments that

help the cell to maintain its shape and involved in
many forms of cell movement

Made up of microtubules and microfilaments

1. Microtubules- serve as tracks along which

organelles are moved. Important in cell division- help
to separate chromosomes. Also form cilia and
flagella which allow cells to move.
2. Microfilaments- long,
thin fibers function in
movement and support
the cell

Ribosomes- makes proteins by linking amino acids

Endoplasmic Reticulum- interconnected network

of thin, folded membranes that produce,
process, and distribute proteins. The cells
internal transport system.
There are 2 types
of ER:
1. Rough ER- (has
ribosomes
attached)
2. Smooth ER-(no
ribosomes
attached)

Golgi Apparatus- (Aka: Golgi Body or

Golgi complex) stack of flat, membraneenclosed spaces containing enzymes that
process, sort, and deliver proteins. It is
like the post office of the cell.
Carbohydrates and
lipids attached to
proteins are packaged
Proteins sent to final
destination

Lysosomes- organelles that contains enzymes to

break down food or waste within a cell. It is the
clean-up crew of the cell.
Break down lipids, carbohydrates, proteins
from food particles (little digestive sacs)
Break down old cell parts, removing debris

Vacuoles- organelle that is used to store materials,

such as water, food, or enzymes, that are needed
by the cell. It is like a storage sac
Large in plant cells (single large vacuole)
In animals, smaller vacuoles called vesicles.
They transport substances within the cell.

Vesicle

Chloroplasts- organelle made up of numerous

membranes that are used to convert solar energy
into chemical energy (glucose); contains
chlorophyll. Found in plants and some other
organisms (none found in animals and fungi)
Produce energy-rich food molecules from
sunlight by photosynthesis
Green pigment- chlorophyll found in
photosynthetic membranes to absorb sun

Mitochondria- bean shaped organelle that supplies

energy to the cell and has its own ribosomes and
DNA. The "Powerhouse of cells found in nearly
all eukaryotic cells
Use energy from food to power growth,
development and movement
Cells that require more energy have more
mitochondria

Organelle DNA- DNA found in mitochondria and

chloroplasts. Essential for normal function of both
organelles.
Theory of Endosymbiosis proposed by Lynn Margulis:

A theory to explain how simple prokaryotic single

cell organisms become complex eukaryotic
multicellular organisms.

Prokaryotic cell got hungry and ingested another

prokaryotic cell cell cannibalism. The ingested contents
did not completely digest. Those undigested particles
developed into sophisticated organelles like chloroplast and
mitochondria and the cell became eukaryotic. Now the cell
doesnt have to rely only on eating other cells for energy.
The cell can simply photosynthesize. From here, life
became more complex.