Chapter 8

Differential Calculus
=
=
=
=
cW=I=I=I=I==
^=E=~~FW==
o~=W=~I=I=I==
k~~=W==
^W= =
f=W= N =
=
=

8.1 Functions and Their Graphs

723.

724.

725.

726.

=
b=c=
( ) = ( ) =
=
l=c=
( ) = ( ) =
=
m=c=
( + q ) = ( ) =
=
f=c=
= ( ) ==~=I= = ( ) == = N ( ) ====
K==
=

191

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

=====

=
Figure 152.

=
727. `=c=
= ( ) I= = ( ) I= = (( )) ==~==K=
=
728. i~=c=
= ~ + I== o I== ~ = ~ =======I=====
=-K=
=

192

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

======

=
Figure 153.

=
729. n~~=c==
= O I= o K=
=

======

=
Figure 154.

193

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

730. = ~ O + + I= o K=
=

===
Figure 155.

=
731. `=c==
= P I= o K=
=

194

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

=
Figure 156.

=
732. = ~ P + O + + I= o K=
=

195

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

==

=
Figure 157.

=
733. m=c==
= I= k K=
=

196

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

======

Figure 158.

Figure 159.

197

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

734. p~=o=c==
= I= [MI ) K=
=

=======

Figure 160.

=
735. b~=c=
= ~ I= ~ > M I= ~ N I=
= == ~ = I= = OKTNUOUNUOUQSK =
=

=
Figure 161.

198

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

736. i~=c=
= ~ I= (MI ) I= ~ > M I= ~ N I=
= == ~ = I= > M K=
=

=
Figure 162.

=
737. e=p=c==

= I= =
I= o K=
O
=

199

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

====

=
Figure 163.

=
738. e=`=c==
+
= I= =
I= o K=
O

======
Figure 164.

200

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

739. e=q~=c==

= ~ I= = ~ =
=
I= o K=
+
=

======

=
Figure 165.

=
740. e=`~=c==
+
= I= = =
=
I= o I= M K=

=

201

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

======

=
Figure 166.

=
741. e=p~=c==
N
O
= I= = =
= I= o K=
+

Figure 167.

202

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

742. e=`~=c==
N
O
= I= o I= M K=
= I= = =

=

======

=
Figure 168.

=
743. f=e=p=c==
= ~ I= o K=
=

203

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

=====

=
Figure 169.

=
744. f=e=`=c==
= ~ I= [NI ) K=
=

=====

=
Figure 170.

=
745. f=e=q~=c==
= ~~ I= ( NI N) K=
=

204

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

=====

=
Figure 171.

=
746. f=e=`~=c==
= ~ I= ( I N) (NI ) K==
=

205

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

=====

=
Figure 172.

=
747. f=e=p~=c==
= ~ I= (MI N] K=
=

206

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

Figure 173.

=
748. f=e=`~=c==
= ~ I= o I= M K==

Figure 174.

207

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

8.2 Limits of Functions

=
cW= ( ) I= ( ) =
^W==
o~=~W=~I==
=
=
749. [ ( ) + ( )] = ( ) + ( ) =
~

=
750. [ ( ) ( )] = ( ) ( ) =
~

=
751. [ ( ) ( )] = ( ) ( ) =
~

( )
( )
= ~
I== ( ) M K=
~
~ ( )
( )

752.

753. [ ( )] = ( ) =
~

754. ( ( )) = ( ) =
~

755. ( ) = (~ ) I==== ( ) ===~= = ~ K=

~

=

= N=
M

756.

=
757.
M

~
=N=

=
N
= N=
M

758.

208

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

~ N
= N=
M

759.

(N + )
= N=
M

760.

N
761. N + = =


=

762. N + = =


=
763. ~ = N =
M

=
=
=

8.3 Definition and Properties of the Derivative

=
cW=I=I=I=I==
f=~~W==
o~=~W==
^W= =
=
=
( + ) ( )

764. ( ) =
==
=
=
M
M

209

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

==

=
Figure 175.

= ~ ==

765.

=
766.

=
767.

=
768.

( + )
=
+
=

( )
=

( )

=
=

=
769. m=o=
( )

=
+ ==

=
=

210

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

770. n=o=

=
=
O

=
771. `~=o=
= (( )) I= = ( ) I==

=

K=

=
772. a~==f=c=

N
=
I==

= ( ) ===== ( ) K==
=
773. o~=o=

N
= O =

=
774. i~=a~=
= ( ) I= = ( ) I==

= ( ) [ ( )] K=

=
=

8.4 Table of Derivatives

=
f=~~W==
o~=~W=`I=~I=I==
k~~=W==

211

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

(` ) = M =

775.

( ) = N =

776.

(~ + ) = ~ =

777.

=
778.

=
779.

=
780.

(~ O + + ) = ~ + =

(
) = N =

(
) = +N =

=
N
N
= O =

781.

=
782.

( ) = O N =

( )=

=
783.

( ) = N =

784.

( ~ ) = N I= ~ > M I= ~ N K=
~

785.

212

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

(
~ ) = ~ ~ I= ~ > M I= ~ N K=

786.

=
787.

(
) = =

( ) = =

788.

( ) = =

789.

(~ ) = NO = O =

790.

( ) = NO = O =

791.

( ) = ~ =

792.

( ) = =

793.

(~ ) = N O =

794.

(~ ) = N O =

795.

(~~ ) = N O =
N+

796.

213

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

(~ ) = N O =

N+

797.

(~ ) = NO =

798.

(~ ) = NO =

799.

( ) = =

800.

( ) = =

801.

(~ ) = N O = O =

802.

( ) = N O = O =

803.

( ) = ~ =

804.

( ) = =

805.

(~= ) = NO =

+N

806.

=
807.

(~= ) = ON =

214

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

(~~= ) = N O I= < N K=

808.

(~= ) = ON I= > N K=

809.

=
810.

(
+ =
) = N

=
=
=

8.5 Higher Order Derivatives

811.

812.

813.
814.
815.

=
cW=I=I=I==
f=~~W==
k~~=W==
=
=
p=~=
O

= ( ) = =
= O =

=
e-l=~=

( )
= = ( ) = ( ( N) ) =

=
( + )( ) = ( ) + ( ) =
=
( )( ) = ( ) ( ) =
=
i=c~=
( ) = + O + =

215

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

( ) = + P + P + =
( )( ) = ( ) + (N) + ( N) (O) + K + ( ) =
N O

( )( ) = (>)>

816.

=
=

( )( ) = > =

817.

N
(
N) ( N)>
( ~ ) =
=

( )

818.

=
819.

N
( )( ) = ( N) ( N)> =

(~ )( ) = ~

~ =

( )( ) =

820.

821.

(~ )( ) = ~

822.

~ =

( )( ) = + =

823.

( )( ) = + =

824.

=
=
=

216

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

8.6 Applications of Derivative

=
cW=I=I==
m==~=W===
sW==
^~W==
f=~~W==
qW==
k~~=W==
=
=
825. s=~=^~=
= ( ) =====~==~==~==
~==~=~==I==
= = ( ) ===~~====I=
= = = ( ) ===~~=~~==
=K==
=
826. q~=i=
M = ( M )( M ) =
=

217

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

=
Figure 176.

=
827. k~=i=
N
( M ) =Ec=NTSF=
M =
( M )
=
828. f~=~=a~=cK==
f= ( M ) > M I==EF==~=~= M K=Ec=NTTI= < N I=
O < FI=
f= ( M ) < M I==EF==~=~= M K=Ec=NTTI=
N < < O FI=
f= ( M ) ======I====~K==
=

218

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

=
Figure 177.

=
829. i~=~=
^==EF=~=~=~=~=~= N ==~===
===~=~= N ==~=
( N ) ( ) ==~====~=EcKNTTFK==
=
^==EF=~=~=~==~= O ==~===
===~=~= O ==~=
( O ) ( ) ==~====~=EcKNTTFK=
=
830. `~=m=
^=~===EF==~= M ==~====
( M ) =====~==K=
=
831. c=a~=q==i~=b~K=
f=EF===~==E ( ) > M F===~========~=
(~I N ] ==~==EF====~==E ( ) < M F===~=====
~= = [ N I ) I= = = EF= ~= ~= = ~= ~= = ~= = N =
EcKNTTFK==

219

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

832. f=EF==~=E ( ) < M F==~====~=

(~I O ]=~=EF==~=E ( ) > M F==~====
~= [ O I ) I==EF=~=~=~==~= O K==
EcKNTTFK=
=
833. p=a~=q==i~=b~K=
f= ( N ) = M =~= ( N ) < M I==EF=~=~=~=~=
~== N K=
f= ( O ) = M =~= ( O ) > M I==EF=~=~=~==
~= O K=EcKNTTF=
=
834. `~K==
EF= = = ~= ~= ~= = M = = = = ~= = = = = = ( ) = ============
~=~= M =EcKNTTI= P < FK===
EF===~==~=~== M ===~==== ( ) =================
~=~= M K=EcKNTTI= < P FK===
=
835. p=a~=q==`~K==
f= ( M ) > M I==EF==~=~=~= M K==
f= ( M ) < M I==EF==~=~=~= M K=
f= ( ) ======I====~K=
=
836. f=m=
f== ( P ) ====~== ( ) ==~==~= = P I===
= = ( P I ( P )) = = ~= = = = = ~= =
( ) K=f= ( P ) ==~===I== ( P ) = M =
EcKNTTFK=
=
837. ie~=o=
M
( )
( )

=
== ( ) = ( ) = K==
( )
( )

220

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

8.7 Differential
=
cW=I=I==
f=~~W==
a~==~=W= ( ) I= ( ) =
o~=~W=`=
a~=== = ( ) W==
a~==W==
p~=~==W= =
p~=~==W= =
=
=
838. = =
=
839. ( + ) = ( ) + ( ) =
=

=
Figure 178.

221

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

840. p~=`~===
= ( + ) ( ) =
=
841. ( + ) = + =
=
842. ( ) = =
=
843. (` ) = ` =
=
844. ( ) = + =
=

845. =
=
O

=
=
=

8.8 Multivariable Functions

=
c===~~W= ( I ) I= ( I ) I= ( I ) I= ( I ) ==
^W=I=I==
p~=~==I=I=I=W= I= I= K=
=
=
846. c=l=m~~=a~=
q=~~=~=====

= =E~= = FI=

q=~~=~=====

= =E~= = FK=

=
=

222

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

847. p=l=m~~=a~=
O
= I==
=
O
O
=
= I==
O

O
= I==
=

O
=
= K==

f==~=~=I===
O
O
=
K==

=
848. `~=o==
f= ( I ) = (( I )) =E==~====~~=FI===

= (( I )) I= = (( I )) K==

=

+
K==
f= ( ) = ( ( )I ( )) I== ( ) =

=
f= = ( (I )I (I )) I===

+
K==
+
=
I= =

=
849. p~=`~=

+ =

=
=

223

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

850. i~=j~~=~=j~=
( I ) =~=~=~=~=~= ( M I M ) == ( I ) ( M I M ) =
=~= ( I ) ==== ( M I M ) K==
=
( I ) =~=~=~==~= ( M I M ) == ( I ) ( M I M ) =
=~= ( I ) ==== ( M I M ) K=
=
851. p~~=m=

=
= M K=

i~=~~=~=~=~==~=~~=K=
==
852. p~=m=
^=~~==========~==~==~=
=~=~==
=
853. p=a~=q==p~~=m=

=
= M FK==
i= ( M I M ) ==~=~~==E

( M I M ) ( M I M )
K==
a=
( M I M ) ( M I M )

=
f= a > M I= ( M I M ) > M I== ( M I M ) ===~===~=~K=
f= a > M I= ( M I M ) < M I== ( M I M ) ===~===~=~~K=
f= a < M I= ( M I M ) ==~=~=K=
f= a = M I===~K=
=
854. q~=m~=
q=~===~=~===~= = ( I ) =
~= ( M I M I M ) ===
M = ( M I M )( M ) + ( M I M )( M ) K=
=

224

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

855. k~==p~=
q=~===~===~= = ( I ) =~=
( M I M I M ) ===
M
M
M
=
=
K=
( M I M ) ( M I M )
N

=
=
=

8.9 Differential Operators

=
r r r
r==~==~=~W= I= I= =
p~~==E~~=FW= ( I I ) I= ( N I O I KI ) =
d~==~=~~=W= ~ I= =

a~=~W= =

r
s==E=FW= c (mI nI o ) =
r
r
a==~==W= c I= c =
r
r
`==~==W= c I= c =
i~~~=~W= O =
=
=
856. d~==~=p~~=c=

~ = = I I I==



K=
~ = =
I
IKI

N O
=
857. a~=a~=

= + + I==

225

CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

========
r
( I I ) I= O + O + O = N K==
=
858. a==~=s=c=
r
r m n o
+
+
=
c = c =

=
859. `==~=s=c=
r
r
r

r
r

=
c = c =

m n o
o n r m o r n m r
+
=

=
+

=
860. i~~~=l~=
O O O
O = O + O + O =

=
r
r
861. c = c M =
=
862. (~ ) = ( ) M =
=
863. (~ ) = ( ) = O =
=
r
r
r
r
r
864. c = ~ c Oc = c Oc =
=
=

226

( )