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    Selenium-HealthProfessional

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    Selenium-HealthProfessional

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    sO = National Institutes of Health Strengthening Knowledge and Office of Dietary Supplements Understanding of Dietary Supplements ie Te MLL) Re eee Selenium ee ac el eee Sas . » eee helenae tel hepteeest ‘than two dozen seleoprtsins that play etal ales a reproduction, hyo homone metabalsn, Tis fe inary Screen ters ua synthe, and protection fom addative damage and infection) (oye Sees ties Sela extn to fo: organ lente ae eles) andra (leone acd ci seleweysten) [2]. oth ome can be od tary sources of lan 2). Sle conta sale selenite and selonates that plants acaidat and conver o organic forme, rity slenacytene by ounces sd slonanethionne an tr methated derivates. Conteris Spiers (000) 2 os stein th or of salenoethoing in > vow To Ealsate Health infomation Tab oF Contents animal an human tes whee it can ba nthe tenet: Guests and + lavaton inctporatedronspectically wth the ano acid mone Seconds ate Iebonie in bey pte skeletal muscle . ‘ aes of sein stage, scouting for > fomacié o eat Sources of Slenion occas eases tah Seperate 205 0 46% of the otal ten pot + selene Gren, [3]. bth slong and soni ae rica ‘Consumer Protection 1 rugs tf Stent seeratehycrogen selenide, wich in turns ; conerted wo selenephaphate fr seterprten > FA: Conner Uptstes on Distry : Scie supiomenes Selena an oath : + Health Ris from ci ‘The mst conmoniy wed eases of selenium eee stem status are plasma an er seeium is + ineracton th adetons concerti [1]. Concentrations in lod nd Sure frit Heal Resale olen aban ths tne refictrcant selenium intake Analyses of > rte: og oe roe baron seriam content an b va fo motor ‘rus @ let supplen 2 Eno e > FTC: Weigh Los Fines? longer-term intakes ovr months or yes (uansieaton of one or mare selenoprotein (sn 2 ltathlne peraldae and selenoprotein Ps eo used = 2 functional mesure of selonium status [Plums er sera lent concentration: of ‘Nutrient Snicrorams (reel. highor in healthy poop typically mest neds for stonoprtein synthesis Recommendations a > etary Reference intake (2%) eparts and Tables Recommended intakes > Onine OR Took? lve ecenmendstione for selnian a ather nutrients are provided nthe bletary efernce > Day Vatu (V) Telos tutes (OM) developed ty the Fod and Nuttin Sard (FN) atthe tie cf nadie of the atonal cadens formerly National Academy of Selnce) [6] ORI the genaral tem fora sto ‘eforanca alos usd for planning and sing tint intakes of eth poole. These value, hich vary by age ad ox nlc: + Recarmended itary Allowance (QD): average diy lve of intake sficient to meet the ration raqiroment of rear all (97-98%) healthy india + Adequate intake (a): established when evidences insuficlen to develop an ROA and is et at | lve esr to ersve nuttin acaquay. + Stinated average Requrement (CAR): average dally level of ltae estnated to meet the requrements of 05 of healthy love ually ead to ees the adequacy of runt intakes in population gous bt not inv “Tabi tthe curt RDAs fr slau in mcg For infants fom birth to 12 months, the FE exablished an fr selenium thats equivalent to the mean itake of selenium in heathy, breastfed ‘oft, Table 1: Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAS) for Selenian [61 te Tale Female Pregnancy Lactation Birth te ments 1Smca" 15 me TAmonths ——20meg" 20 mee t3yeas rome 20mg sayeas somes, 30mg Sasyers comes comeg Netdyens Smeg Smeg cOmeg TOMS ies0yens Smeg SE mcg meg TOMS Sieyous Smeg SB mcg "Adoquato tao ‘Sources of Selenium, Foo ‘senooce and onan mest ar te chest eos sources of slum [other source Include muscle ‘mons, cereals and othe als, and daly product. The araunt of Slenlum niki water aot rural signin in ast seonaphic reins [2]. The majo fond sources of seen in the ‘american it are bread, gains, meat, pouty shy and ees (7- ‘he amount of seenum in glen type of plantas ood depends on te amount of elem i the sei and several other actors such 35 sop, amount of organic mater inthe sail, and whother the Selenium sin form tat saenabl to part uptake [2,63]. Asa res, selnka concentrations Inplant based foods vary widely by evograpic location [1.2]. Fr example, acorig tothe US. Department of agicltre Food Capoten Database, Gal sus have S34 nc elnlun/ ounce, bat values ram other anaes vary dei [1012, “The selon contantof ol fects the amount of selena athe plans tha anima et, 2 the quantities of slelum in anima products ls vary 2,5]. However, selenium concentratian In sol has smal effect onsen las in animal rodvets than in plant based fonds because ails rnin reictable ism concentrations of sslemian trough Rammotatic chan Furthermore, formulated Westok feeds generally contain the sare lees of seleium. Sera fod sources of sonia a iste in Table 2. Table 7 Selected Food Sources of Slonim [10] ‘Weroarams (rg) per Percent Food sevaing Ov Baal ut, t ounce (8 ts) su 77 Tina ylowtin cooked, cry het, Sours 2m abt, cooked dy heat, 3cunces a” 8 Sardines, anne inl, cainedsolis wth bone, 3 cunes se 4 am, roasted, 3 ounces a2 Strip, caned, 2 ances o 9 Boo steak bottom round; oaste, 3 omcas oo “Turkey, boneless, wasted, 3 omces mw beef ler, pan fed, 3cunces pw ‘Chicken, ght moat, roasted, 2 ounces non cottage cheese, 1 alfa, 1 cp Eee) ce, brown, long-aain, cooked, 1 up oo Bre, round, 25 at, bred, 3 ances wm fg, har ble, 1 ge eon Paffed wheat ready-to-eat cereal, foiled, 1 cup won Bead, wholewhest, tle no ake beans, canned, pan of vegetarian, 1 cap no eee eer nw Table 2 Selected Food Sources of Slonim [10 Food Spinach, Foz, tiled, 1 cup lk at 1 op Yogurt, pain, low fa, 1 cup Lets, bold, 1 cup Dread, whe, tee ‘Spaghetsauce, marinara, cup Cashew mis dry oasted, ton comm fakes, up ‘ren peas, fonen, bole, 1 cup banana, ste, 1 cup Potato, baked, les ad ki, t potato Peaches, canada water, sls and iu, up Corot, ra 1 cp Lettuce, feberg, ram, 1p oe “0-Day valve. o¥s were developed by the US. Foe and Dag snnstaton (FDA) to help canst compare the nent contents of procs wei the catext of total let. Th DV fo Selous 70 eg fr adits and chiléron agp 4 and older. Foods proving 20% or mere ofthe OY ‘se conser obo high urces af > ntrer. Tha US Daprtnant of Apel (USDA's) aint patabse ? website [1] lists the nutrient content of many fads and provides ‘cunpretensve tof foods contalnng een ranged by nun content and by food nae etary supptements Salon avaiable in lthvtanin/muitnbera supplment nd 352 tan alone supplement, ‘ten nthe forms of slenomstioine or of slnium-eniched oss (gown na high seein madam) o 3s sodium soenite or soium selenato [2,56 Tho human boy aborts mere than 9% of selenomethonine bt eny about 50 of selerum from selenite [) Few stuos have compared the rlativoabserption al bcavaabityof diferent forms of salen. mone investigation, 10 groups of selenun-replete subject were andemly assigned to ecve 2 Placebo or ether 200 or 600 mcg/dy selenium as Selenemethiorine, sodium seen, o ih Selenium yeast (which anestinated 75 f selenium was i the frm af selenaetinina) for 16 \weks [1]. etiam bloavaiailty, based on winary excretion, was aeatst fr elenonethonine ad lowest for slot However, supplementation with ny ofthese forms ony affected pasna Selenium owls ane not glutathione porxiaseactvityorselonapretsi Pconentration, eon that study patcpants were selenium replete before they began taking seleniam supplements. Selenium Intakes and Status ost Americans consume adequate amounts of selenkm. cording tan analyst of data fom the 21092010 National Heath and Nutriton Saation Survey (AHANES), the average daly lent tncake in arericans aged 2 years and older tom feds 18.5 meg ad rom bath foods ana supplements s 120.8 mc [4]. Adu men have higher dally intakes (124 mcg fom foods and 181 me ‘rom food and supplements) than adult woman (93 meg from feds nd 108 ig fom fds and sxpplemen). nthe United tte, 168 to 198 of ats and caren ul ata augperent cntaing selena (5) ‘seceding to an analysis of WANES ata from 200-200, the man serum selenium concentration a Us. adults ged 0 years or oldar 1.67 meg [1] Man have Shy higher serum een ‘eves than wamen, and whites have higher level than scan ania [1618] “alenlur tas and eerm concentration nthe Unita tees ang Cansea vary semi region because of ferences athe amount of sn nolan a oa foots consined [19]. For crample,cncontratios a hier residents of tho Menton an extra United States than in the South and Northoast [119]. The exons transport of fod typically aliws peopl ving in ov seleoun arse to btsnsicint snouts felon 6). Selenium Deficiency Selerum deficiency preduces biochemical changes hat might predspese people who execence didonalsveses to develop certain esas 6) For ecample, selenium dicing a combination eh a second stress poly 3 viral Infection lands to Keshan dase, a cardonyopathy that ccd in parts of China pir to a government sponzaredsleriam suplementation program that Lngan in the 197s 25,820. Before the Chines gmersment supplementation program, adits nthe esnan esase areas naa average slentum makes ono ore ran 11 mcg/cay intakes at east 20 rocg/daypotact adults from weshan seas [¢]. “alenr etcaney flea tected eth ala fetish pay a role in Kaine dsease, 2 type of steoartis that occurs in cera o-seenium ares of China, Tet, ad tbr 112,518.21 elentam dticlency could exacerbate lie detioncy, potentially ieeasng the sk ‘of retin a lft [2,5 Groups at Risk of Selenium inadequacy ‘arly causes ovr ness). Thofllowing rou re ara tose mest ily fo havo inadequate ‘ets of sen. People tiv in selena deficient regions Salerur intakes in orth America, evn In owen repons, ae well above the RDA [1,19]. However, oope fn sone otercoutres hice de cont oval of vegetables gown a eve Selenlun2ea5 are at sf decency (The owes elena takes In the word arin cota rts of China, wher arg roprtions ofthe population have a primarily vegetarian tan sot Selim evs aro voy lw [8]. Average serum intakes ar alo win some Eurpoan counties, pecially among population consuming vegan des [9,2] although nck in New Zealand were ow in he past they os after the cuy increase ts importation of high-seenan wheat [9] People undergoing Kone cass Satoru levels aresigiaty lowe a patients undergoing ang tr heads than a healthy Inaauats. Wemadlalyse removes one slau ftom the lod 23. nada, nena patios ao at risk of low etary soln intakes de to anorexia esting from uremis and tary restrictions. although selenium supplementation increas loa levels in hemolysis patient, more ‘vdence is needed to determine whether supplements have beneficial inal effects in these race, People veg with Satoru levels ae often lw people ving wth HW, psy boca of adequate takes {pci in dovoping countries), excessive losses ds to Gare, and malabserpton [224] CObiervationl sti hae found an ssaiation bate ower steam concentrations in pele with iy and an increased ri of carcomyopathy, death, and, npragant women, HIV transmission teotsping and early death of ffping [25-75]. Some randomized cimcal tals of selenium spplementaton nad wit HV have found that een supplementation can reduce the rk of lead to increases in mmbors of C4 calls, type of whit lod cel that its infection [0,31] However, oneal showed that selenium supplementation n pregnant women can prvent ery dest in infant bt ha no affects on stern val ese or Cot cours 22.22) Selenium and Health ‘ne seton focuses on four ceases and ltorcas in vhicn selenin mig playa rol: cancer, carclovascar disease, cogetve dan, and thy.ld csease aecause os etects an ONA epat apoptosis, andthe endocrine an mune tems 5 well 35 ‘other meckansns, nln its antiovidan properties, selnium might playa rl inthe powention of ence 9,345) pioologialstusios hav suggested an inverse asaitionbetwoon elena status and tho rik of calorctal, prostate, lng, ade, shin, esophageal, and gastric cancer [3]. na Cochrane review of selenium and cancer prevention stces, compare with the lowest category of selenium intake, the highest intake catgory had 321% lower cancer rk and 45% ower cancer matali 38 well 3s 1228 lowe of tader cancer and, nn, 22% le tak of prostate cance [26]. The authors {ound no aston betoanseloriam int ad kof rst cancer, A mata anal 20 opidoiolgi stusosshowod a potential vere asscation between tonal srum, and plasma selenium levels and prostate cancers [7]. Randomized controled tras of slerum supplementation for cacor prevention have yd cnflctng results The authors of Cctvane review conclu, based on nine ranéomind clin ‘als, that selenium might help prevent gastrointestinal cances Bu noted that these rests need to be calmed in mare appropriately desanerndomized clinical als [28 Sacoodary analysis of the double lad, randomied, contol Nurtnal Prevention of Cancer va 1,21 WS. als th a istry of bl cal or qiarois ol carcino ofthe skin four that 200 c/a selniom a ih sella bakers yest for 6 years was associated with 3 2% to #2 lower sk oF postat cancer [35]. This effect was strongest in men nthe owes ete of selenium cncerrations who hd a baalloe potate space antigen (PA) level of 4 n/n or lover. The Sela and Vian Cancer Prevention Tal (SELECT) fandomize,conillad Wl in 35,523 man ad 50 years alder {rom tho United States, Canad, and Puerto Rico, was continued aftr 5.5 yeas when alos sowod a ascaton between supplementation with 20 cgay sli with or tho 40 Incerational units ()/day vitamin € and prostate cancer rik 0] in addon 1.5 yeas of lw up dataon participants after thay stopped aking the study supplements conte the ack of Slgticant association between selaium supplementation and prostate cance sk [6 12003, the FDA alowed 2 qualified health claim on fods and cetary supplements containing Seleniun to state that while Some scenic evidence suggests hat consti of Sleium may ‘alse 12] Nore earch is neaded to confi the eatonhip betwen atenm ‘cancentrtione at canenr re and to determine whether ener supplement an hap preven Sn) form of ence, Condimescer see ‘alonopoten hale prevent the oxidative mediation ofp, redulglftanenation and preventing patel rom agaregatog 9]. For these reasons, experts have sugested that eenkun supplements could reduce the rskof cariovasclar dbeao or deaths asoiatod with cardovascular os Tigi cs ose net caclisions. ame beara tes hve fd a nvr sscaton betwen ser slaniam ‘cancentrations and rs of hypertension r coronary hare sess. A meta-analysis of 2 observational ‘uci found that pope vith over slenun concetraten hac a ighar rf orenary haar ‘dence [4], However, other obsarvatina tudes fl to fad stltallyalgfcattnks betwoen ‘slenkun concentration and rk of heat dace cardac death they found that Nghe cleo ‘cancentrtions are aseciated with an increased rick of cardiovascular cee [4-6 ‘several inkl tas have examina whether selenkun siplementatlon redices the cof cardiovascular disease noe randoize, placebo controled ty, fr example, 474 healthy alts ages 60 to 74 yar tha mean basen plasma slorum concntration of 3.12 mg/l wore "plement with 100,200, 0200 meg elena prey or placebo fe 6 mnt [7]. The supplements lowered loves of total asa clase and nor-igh-enty-popeoeln (AOL) plasma ‘ere (ttl cholesterol levels nut HDL levels) compare wth the placebo group, where the 10 nce doe sigan ineresod OL lott, Othor tris have proved evidence that selenium sipplementation (200 mg/day) or supplementation with a multivtanie/mutiineral pi taining Selenium (10 cgay) doesnot reduce the rik of carcovascuardease or caclac Gath [8-0] ever of tras cf slenln-oniysuplementation forthe printary prevention of ‘dias dlsense found no statistically slgeant eects of selenum on fatal and ronfata crctovascar events [51]. Almost al ofthe subject a these lal ras were well-nourshed male ts in the United State. “he lnited inka val edence to date does nat support the use of enum supplements for preventing heart disease, particularly in ealthy people who arsady obtain sient selena rm {ood fktonsl clinical tls re needed to ett understand tho conto of eer rom {ood and etary supplements to cardiovascular health Coprtve dete ‘serum selenium concertratinsdectine with go. Narial or deficient selenium concentration might be atccatad wth age related decnes nba function, pos due to decreas salu sina’ activity [52,5 ‘The rests of ebsenationa sts 2 mb [54]. two Largest, partir with ower pasa selenium eels at basin were mre iay to expeencecogntve deca over ine, although whether the participants in these sues wore selenium dic sot clear [525,56 An aly ofan data on #09 eld poopo in he United stats found no ascitionbotwoon serum selenium levels (hich ranged fom lover than 1.3 to higher than 13.5 meg/dt) and memary test sees 57). Researchers have evaluated whether taking an anoldant supplement containing seni reduces the risk of cognitive impalement in elder poop. an anal of ata rom the Supplmentation en ‘amines Minar Antonyants [SU.LMAX) study on 47 partic aged 5 to 6 yeas a Franco found that compared with placsb, daily supplementation with 120 me ascorbic acid 30 me visa E, 6 rgbot-carotone, 100 meg salen, and 20mg in For 8 oars was associat wth higher eptocic memory an semantic Muenc test scores 6 yeas after the study ended [8]. However, ‘slau’ ncependentcntbuton to he cbesrieg eats nthe ud cant be caterined. he auth af a systanaticevew that included nine placebo cantlled studs conctuded thatthe ‘Nzhoimers disse 3). ore evidence te requred te termine whether celenum suplemens ah hip prevent o treat captive dace in elder poopie ci csase Satoru concentration és higher inthe thy land than nay thor organ nth body, and ko fading, selenium as portant functions in tyrldhermone synthesis and metabolism, _pideolgial vionco supporting a eatoship betwen elon levels a tyr land function incudes an analysis of dat on 1,900 participants inthe SU. Max st incicating 2 inverse relationship between serum selenium concentration and thyroid volume, rskofgoltr, and sk of ‘hyrld tse damage In people with ld adie deficiency [SH]. However, tec rests ware Seale eee eel te ee eet icone in Denmark als ound sigan inverse association batween srum slorium | cancetration and thro volume in woren (0) andomizad controlled trio elon supplarentaton in patos wth thyroid disease have had ‘arid result, n one randomized, double bln, placebo contd tray 100,200, oF 500 mega Selenium for 6 moths in 3t8 healthy adults aged 0 to 74 years had no ffectonthytid function, ven though lana selenium levels nresed gti [6]. Another randomized, cuted, acebo conti ral compared the effects of 20 na ay selenium at oda seni), 1,200 ‘mg/day pentxiylin an ankiammnatory agent, or placbo for ments in 159% pation with mid Graves’ rtitopaty (62), Compare with ations treated wit plaabo, those treated wth selnium butt pentotyline reported a higher quality of fe, Furthermore, ophthalmic outcomes improved ‘nen of patient nthe Seenum group compared wth 3 of those inthe placebo group and ty 7 the selenium group had mld progression of the dase, compared wth 6 of thas nthe scsbo group. ‘oman th tral paras antbadles tend to develop hyptyronamla wa they are pregnant ‘andthe oyeuncton and mypotylar after ving bit 7. The autor ofa Cochrane ele Iypohyreiis interventions ering prgnancy concluded based on a rl that administered supplements conning 200 meg selenium as slonomsthionino dy to 181 propant worm wth ‘hye poronsee antibodies [3], that elanamtonne supplerientten in this ppuiten = romsing strato, especial for eauclng start thyroldts (6. However, the autor alld far large andomzed csc als to prove Nah-qualtyeddenceof hs effec. ‘tonal research needed to determine wbethe eenian supplements can hep prevent or eat thyldesease ‘Health Risks from Excessive Selenium Chronicaly high rakes ofthe ogaic and inergancfrms of selenium have sila effects [6]. Early Indieatrs of excess intake 2 a garlic odo a the bveath and a metal taste inthe maith The most anon ciclo cently igh enim tates, Salen, are hal and nal ss oF bttlenss. Other sno ince lson ofthe skin and neways ans, hoa, sin ‘ashes, mtted tet, fatigue, italy, and nervous stor abnermaltes. +s discussed gare, Brazil mts contin very high ames of slenium (68-91 meg pr ut) and cx aso selon tot if consume rout, Acute selon toi has resulted fom tho Ingestion of mlfordatad everthe counter produst containing vr age aroun of selena [2.208 for example, 201 people experencessevore adverse reactions rom tang ai lta Supplement containing 20 tines the beled amount(s). cat selenium tay can enue severe strointstnal and newolgical symptoms, acit respiratory distress some, myocar Infarction air oss, muscio tendores, ror ighthoadedes, facial shing, Wey fala, carci fare, an, nave cae, death (2). “Tho PE has established UL For selon ram food and supplements td on the amounts of slau that are sencated hha andl ities a oe (8 Table 2) [6 Table 3 Tolerable Upper Intake Level (ULs) fr Selenium fod tse Wale Female. Pregnancy Lactation Bithtosments sce 45 mee TAmonths meg 60 meg sys somes 20mg Sayers ts0meg 10mg Siayeae 280 meg 280 cg Netdyeas 00mg 00mg sCOmeg 400 me iveyeas 40 mce Omer 0OmeR 40 mee “treat il forma, se Food shouldbe the ety sores of een for infants. Interactions with Medications Satoru can intra wth cortain medications, and some meccations can have an avons eect on Selenium levels. ne expe provided below. indus aking this and ether medications on ‘agli bal shoul lest thal eenkrn stats ith hel hel care poder. platin plain, an organ platinum chemotherapy agent, sus to teat oaran, blader, lang, and tater cancers. Cisplatin ean reduce selenium eves in ha and serum but whether these edtlns haw a ctncally sipfcant impact sot known [8667 Sme sal studs Rav show that slim supplementation can reduce cpt’ txt es] but tho authors of Cochran reviow coneluded thatthe evidence hat selenium supplementation alleviates the side effects of chemotherapy is Ircutiont (9). Selenium and Healthful Diets ‘the federal government's 2010 Detar Gules fr Americans notes that “ments shuld come primary fom foc. Foods in nutrient dense, mesty ntact forms contain ot enly the esntiat amis and eral that ae often contalned in utint supplant, but la dletary fiber and maybe atrantageoi in specific situations to nerone intake of 2 specie vitamin oF minora (70. ‘he bletryGuietnes for Americans scribes a neat det 35 one ta: + Erphasas varity offs, vegetables, whol gral, ad fat-free a laa ek nd ale routs. many wale graneand dy products, clung ilk and yoga god owes of salen. Sone recy oat breakfast cereals are forte’ wth een, and ae fruits and vogtates contain slim. + Includes tan meats, pouty, seafed, beans and pas, eas, an nuts and sees. Pork, bef, trey, chicken, Fs, selfs, and egps contin igh aneuts of seleium. Sone bears ad ut, especialy ral mas, contain seer + Uist fas (saturated fas and tran fats, cholestrol, sl (sdiam), aed sugars, and retlae gaits + Stays within your care needs. Far more infomation about ting oath et, eer to the Ditary Guidelines for Amercene andthe US. Department of Agricultura fond gan jstom, Pato. References, 1. Sunde RA, Seen. Ross AC, Cabal B, Cusine RI, Tusker KL, Zeer TR, ed. Modem Nutrition n Heath and Diszase, 1th et, Philadelphia, PAs Lippincott Willa B YAK; 2. Sunde R elnium.n:Sownan , Ruse, es. PrsentKoowledge in Nutition. 3th ed ‘Washngtan, 0: international Life Sclences ste: 200646057 2. Tent EN, Dimond A. Ste Eran J, eden, Zee Sd. Presa -rooege in Mutton. 10th ed. Washington, OC Wie Sackvell 201:868 57 4, Dis CO, Seeniom spplomertatin and cancor provetion, Cur Nut Rep 20121623. 5, Sunde Selnia.n: Coster Pt, Set, Blickran MR, tl, ds. Encopeca of Dietary ‘Supplement. 2nd ed. London and New York: ora Healthcare; 20107118 6 Inattute of wecne, Food and nuitian Bat feta Reference takes: tania, Vain £, Solna, and Cartons. National Acadony Pres, Vatigtn, 2, 2000. 7. Chun OX, Foegl A, Chung Chung CE, Sng V0, Koo Estimation of antioxidant intakes ‘rom dit and supplements in. acs 1 Mur 2010;140:317.24, [rbd abstract} 4, Rayan Mb, Foos-halnslenum ang hunan health: erga on tse, or Jute 2008; 100-2548 [uae abstract 9, Rayman ab. Slenum and human est Lancet 202;279:126-6,[Pued abstract 10. U.S. Department of Ariel, Agicutural Research ervicn, USDA National Nt Databaee for Standard Reference, Reese 2. hutint Oat aborstory Home Pape, 2012 11 Themson Co, Chisholm A, McLachlan St Campbell Mra ns: an effect wat npreve ‘elon status, mJ lin ur, 2008 Feb: 87(2}-27-84, (Btied ber act 12, bad ET, StefinkaZ po, ttc, Comoe, FocrP. Preparation, homogenety and Stability tui ofa caeidate LRM for S speciation, Anal ional Chem, 2008 S5p377(] 32 te strat] Bk, Noresorthy 8, HL KE, Mote Ak yrme DW fects of cham form of sels on plasma biomarkrs na high-dose human supplementation tral, Cancer Epidemiol slomarkers ray 2006 15:80 1, [uted sb] US. Deparinent of Agriculture, Agata Research Service 2010 Salley RL, Gabehe 1, Lemtino CV, Day JT, Engel, Thomas P, et al Dietary supplement se in tho united states, 20032005 Nutr 2011141:261-6, [ebwed abstract LaelasteaM,StrangesS, Naas cin 4, Ordos, Gal E er sll 2nd Sram pie US aes: National Health an Nutrition Eamon Survey (NHANES) 202-204, _Ntwrosloreris 2010;210:6-8 [uted abt 2a, Bujpows , Li Mer JS, Gyo Z He Dtrbution of tonal ean es in young adult Caucasians and can americans inthe United states the CAOIATaceElrent ‘Stug). Evian Res 20111115149 [fue abst Nar as, Paschal OC, Masaki, Flagal KM, Ban 2, Gunter Ee al. Sanu sella lev nthe US ppuation: Thi ational Health nd triton Examination Suey, 198 1994, Bho Trace Elam los 2003; 911-10 ued stra] rafal np, Gail. See, age, geographical locaton, smoking, andalesho consumption inuence {eran zelenian concentration nthe US tir Katona ln ane tron animation Survey, 1988-1994 Trace fle Mad Bal 203;1719, [Pubes abst (Chen An crigial discovery: selenium deficiency and Kean rae (an endemic heat ene, Aa Pa J lin Nt 2012;21:20-6, [Dabo aba rong, Muu 2, Zorgae , stor, lin, ng a. Sodium selenite or ‘weatment of Kashin-seck disease in clon: asjteatic review of randomised cotrled ‘vis. osteoattls cartage 2012;20:05-1. [Pushed abstract] ‘Word Heath organization, Fond and areltreCrgutzaten of the United Naas. tain nd ioral Ruierents in Haman Narn, 2004 ‘Tonal mobo m Hommel 8 lronbac Fol Mans 8 al Taceeloments in herclnji pation: 3 static review ang meta-anaias, Nc Mad 200;725 (Bubine aera, 2008 batt ‘Stone Ca, Kawa Kapha R Fv, of selena Ia HY lfecton. 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