Unmaking the Public University ‘The Forty-Year Assault on the Middle Clas Christopher Newfield Harvard Univer Pes Cantidge Meshes andoe Eagnd‘art 089 Cap ov ‘gine ey npr are tins wel cher ming eee ty arme ene aps vs faintest ‘lasing Comte Node dete Ss Stet Sete ‘Tothe many who have bult—and fought for — public higher educationContents Ineroduction 1.The Meaning of « Majritaian Society 1 The Thre Criss andthe Mass Middle Clas 2 Decaratons of Independence ‘Inventing PC: The War on Equality 3 The Discreingo Soil Equality | The Market Substitute for Cultural Knowledge 5 From Afimative Acton tothe New Ezonomy 6 The Bate for Meritocracy 17 Divessiyin the Age of Prewdoinegaton ML Market Sebsttutes for General Development 1 Facing he Krowiodge Managers 9 nglishs Market Retreat 10 The Costs of Accounting 11 TheProblem with Privatization 139a B 15 “The Flue of Market Measures Hiding Calture’ Conexion Ha Suffocated Reforms IV. The New War— and After The Blame Actdernia Crowd: Culture War After 991 Conelsion: Power ofthe 10 Percent Apa Flas ofthe Liberal Bias” Campaign Notes Adenowledgments Ide 195 20 2 am ‘Unmaking the Public UniversityIntroduction Daring the early 19%, Cabfoniss tate government decided wo salve revenue shontlls with progam cus, and 2 a result the sat’ four year public universes ot abou 2 ts of the per tude publ support in "hespacef thee yeu. At the same tine the sat’ highAech, white-collar inka booed by inftary seropece—wa Joking a+ though it ‘would pve gun be big enough to support California’ famous aluent Iridl clae. The Republican goteror ad engeed his suburban suppor ‘by sng nts bad red owe cial wedge asus to dre them Tot his way As his ampaigs agaast immigration and afemative action est ps and the economy ered the case middle as nttationthe pulic university tok its biggest budge hits since te Gest Depression In ‘the midst of whar seemed o man k general instittcnal dene, Univer Sty of Cafraia (UC) students on two campases sought more esures for their Chicano Studies department by aging hunger sis. The ze of hse pots was mite by comparison to te sate’ prob lens and the alec i eeryey pits The hanger starsat UC Los ‘Angeles (UCLA) in 1993 and at UC Santa Horbara (UCSB) in 1984—ere ‘alin nuke tras ite mediation, aod ad pata os 0 Taino seen did ot ryto understand From he use he hunger seks ‘ould dss as ypical examples cf ethic separa faded by pital comectes which asthe Kind of activity that conserva ile opi ‘nl amps, biased lastooms reduced earning and he depreciation of ‘ unifod Ameian culture acted in Exopean ciation Ben sympa es doubt hat theses fad picked the ea or a th smote Chicano Studies fly 2 PRD progr merited a Me-destenng straegy normally provoked by others uacppoabl tte oppessen Inthe2 tumdaton pig of 1994 the camp for Proposition 187 was doing very wall, an ‘Bren that this ropston sagt deny pai edcason undocumented feign some ttt he Chicano Studies department growth pan war ‘Grain ea he ger bt, At UCSB the perstnt ral encampment in hnt ofthe administration buliog seed 150 ral to bother MONS, {remnanc f an arene that ymin wuld ade ay "The tnah was ater feet Many ort of he strike Supporters wee fist geceraon college tudes theres immigrant or he cikren of Sgr They ha worked to geioto a poe vescarch univers and though ter fais were often res the factories an the felde—peraps Beene de fais were foe there—hee Sudens were demanding re sources or mae academic serch. Though the sik supporters were pat tf a gecrton tat eupponsdy went to cll only so they end eae more money they waned help change the unversty wo ft beter with public ‘pe The med they knifed wa for more esearch inocula and sca ‘ouer—for clara poll, and economic wide that wold hotoverock or be bits gine Latino communis! "Ths smal protests insted onthe principles that had been etal 10 thers of the public university 2» dyaticinstiaton in US. sce. Te Fico these was broad sacl cairns, ere expresied by the ies that Latino ecu ad wcia ile shoud wero the same top level of sty fn aining-—to ste’ and doctoral degens— that was aable for the ‘ody of Beis or Spanish ure. The second wat anew kind of meio ‘acy in whic acurte knee wa compa wth, ae fen deer ‘ca, dec action on istatoas that created sod applied know. The third was thar edcational need should dictate badges ad tthe tier way atound-—thstedacatiooal development shoul not be deer. ‘ined by the lang series of economic cries thatthe tae’ ender ad man ‘ged to produce By the 190 these thre principles were no longer central ‘ough to univenity cute to naa a resi recluion “The term “mle cin this books bile shorthand foe “alege- fia] expan the capers to ome, appli egress of what Social cls the td come foro eur 0, The mide cass whose rollbacks ny subject composed of Chicano bunge strikes the ciliren| (Of blue-collar and serve worker, of low-ncome sopkeepery—the full {ange of vocoecnomc pons ond family incomes who have had on Aecoducion 3 ‘ac withhighr ection case he pubic university stem a wat bl oughou the went cet. do no ae he te “mie sn this od way to pot he Americ myth ht the whole sce ills To the ory. the ride ci being reduced ad ing on cole acted {ember to gut decining ge semi sr the ‘emer majny fhe option wos contact wth oege wa ie ‘rover withthe mins ane plicaly omer ht his op ry wove lcrenting work crooner the abit lead ‘song and infil in wich pened and cece cl deve ‘pm vance side by ede In common age," cbs bona smtp forte webu bt earl ber dept ison for which mid case athe repeal, tent ocala ‘Be ace Ths von war fl political eco a earl ape {iy dat weld be tn rach of ore of Ise eveyone tough ict cshcton a eae pb svices “Thi uniryng io as brn ude sau sine the 197 The a sak began in ext just a he Ameria mide cs a artigo ‘eve malic and 5 plc wives were moving with ineeing _peed toward mang acl grin Thisbok ls he story the ‘Suits dene sles fhe ager vio that he al ed 2d yet aly aed drt "merce high caton igly sveetthe weabiet private un sere can sen en tine 2s mc pe tae cna oye ab verity 1 dacs hi quinone deal bt inthe coment f {since type pubic unis tht ned to vecome this striction ‘hin he iis he American soil stem. That ype has en the abl sec unset np of quer aan about Son itsoght to combine ctu acer withthe ight ean teching and recy and scm al quay 5 nt only eamputle ‘hs refund way ently enfoang Tachi sce i which the dhughter of he arihoke Gs and the sos ofthe ato by shops ‘would yh Pater winne, the roetch unites had eco unten ste ad thea move eh of et emp od the spt of mrs ad gully tat Bad es at as posal sched thir dot Sogn. “Thi van was the pros fhe conor "gor og” ht flowed hc htt addr the Gea Depend Word War4 toowduton 11s defn hy snasive public works and peli subside instal developmen in North Ameica, pun, and Brope. Kwan propeled by widespread social active and the various cil rights movements iat Sought universal acest tides social develope Thi tion of o- ‘elope could ot be edaced to growth or increased living tarda but ‘eos to be defined bya peop the acti proces of Saping thir dese “reams eres, terpersceal elon, an coletve gals This vison of bby Rando social development rete athe eaten ofthe fist mass ‘idle cas in the United Stes middle cas that incuded blue-collar production worker, onion’ erie workers, pubicsecor employees {hd members of contruction dest name jut 2 ew ofthe group that ‘wee enjoying te most egalitarian acs to prosperity in recorded history. Tn the econonily amore cfu decades tha ellowed—the period that begin inthe late 1970 and that | over inthis book—the working as potions ofthe ss idle classed theft wave of deindustr ‘isin, Their white-cl cousies did litle to help them, an to the Contrary wied the college degre as 2 dividing Hae betwen thse who rou succeed inthe new postal economy an tho who, cing {he appropiate cage credetak, woul and should fu. Readers with a Kaowledge of history wil in out that hiss what he middle dae arye does othe working aI uss the vast muses of ‘working people for olialeverage against hese elites and yt a 000 “itcan bod wit hove ete t amp the working ase Inthe 1980 the ‘oles educated mile class inthe Unted States betrayed sci ma- Jority usa is predecessor do ake oe example after the creation of| the Second Repulicin Franc n 1848, when he bourse ured agains the nitional workshops and worker movements that had made the mew ‘ble pone: Drawing class boundaries did not work this ine around. Inthe 19% andthe few decade of th 200s, large-scale Inofs spread frocn the bluecllr workforce t0 become routine among white-collar safer and manage. "Th trajectory how why the public university has such ret historical importance: The public wniventy was the inion where blue and rite ol chilren ofboth worked managers ciszens every racial eckground wee bing invited into a nied joy. As thee normally cppoted claus came together thy might outnumber ae outhiak wad ‘Sonal elie in so doing they cold take ovr the een of society (Ofcourse this creation of factional midle-and workings jority never quite appcned Dat twas ature repeat foretold and imagine, ‘alae, ad achieved er and there. Trogon this proces he pubic “niverity wa threw majority principal workabop Nols mportanty, the specter of hs muitiac, worker incre majority formed not clusvly bu infuemally through higher eduction —motvaed twenty five years of conertive stacks on the annerty and is emergig. inchs, brs mide dass. nthe 1980s it soemed to many tht economic deline would be ited to the blve-olar employees inthe economic sco ke ste that were cet ‘vulnerable to inertonal price campettin. By the year 200 this deine ad spread to inde the rsjorty of he popeatio: sme extimas sa ‘gee that as much a four fis of the oer workdoree bad seen mo crease in veal wager sce the Late 1970: One sty foun ha beeen 1966 and 207, "ony the tp 10 percent ofthe ince dstrnaion enone Tincane grow) eul to or above the average ate of econo wide po- uct growth? Although the United Sees wae supposed wo be 3 Fal- fedged “knowledge economy” it was increasingly "winner heal.” Bre colle rahi incomes were eating to sagiste, and rel icone ‘acres weat to 2 ny minority: “the ep ane-tenh of one percent ofthe income dation ened ax mich ofthe reo 1997-2007 gain in wage and Salary income as tbe bottom 50 percent Its turned out that the ‘incest epson allege eduction bas coincided with the deine of | ‘middle-casea wel a of Bisel, wong forties. ‘Most obser have been reactant to lane middle das economic sugzatoa on US. economic policy thy point to inverse changes in the global economy and note hat no American government bas explicitly sexght to lower mide-clas living standards. But given the comple of| ‘matern economic, no imeramen wouk! need to attack the ne cas openly to downgrade and reduce it Mote roundaboxt methods woul work just as weber in fay snce hey arouse les opposition Ln this book | gue hac this precy what has happened To oversimplify somewhat. nerve ites wo had been threnened by the postwar rise of the allege eacated economic majority have pu that majority bck in ts ‘Pace. The undaou weapon has ben he cle war om higher ed ‘tion in general nd on progressive cultural ends inthe pubic utters tiesthat rested efeachie the ase middleclass6 tmmdicton 1 Unmaking the Pubic Unversity, show tat the calare wars have o- {cided with the mors economic dine forthe imple reson that these wars propelled the dette by reducing the public impotence and ‘economic dams of the Americas usversty and its graduates, While most ‘Sonmeataors have een the cutie wars ara draction from eanomics 1 chow tat the cute war were ecooomic was. They sought to rece the economies of thei tart groop-the grag college educated rmajorty_by dsreig he clr frmiowrk that ha Been empow= ‘ring that group. This target group waste provide she postindstiaecon- ‘omy and its descendant. the "Now Bannon withthe koowlege workers Con which ts prodhctity and adaptability depended. The culture wars is ‘redid the cultural conditions of the politcal and economic ascent of these colegeeducted, middle dass workers. The cure war Srateey asa Kind of ineleeial neatron herb, edn te soca and cultural fourstions of «growing, plticlly powerful, economically ened, and racialy diving mile das wile leaving its echnical capacities “The cry meri inthe present volume cover the pid in which cmn- mentors were describing the country’ shift from am indi 10 3 postindtal cone) and i overlaps in tne with the end of my previ ‘us volume oo higher education, fy and Indus. That book described the ‘meanings of the versity onda saci and traced a hundred years of efor dent the vale of cura olde incarnated i ar ‘ous forms of humesim—ia ight of the superior authority of technoog ‘land manager thinking. The focus of that volume was the eo el- ‘ral capabilities hat the university intl i the generations tht t sent of iat the word. One veal form of cual apa in the india ‘economy was the combination of procedures and sesblites we cll ro- ‘esionasra which analyzed ata type of craft abort enabled both ative independence and large-scale organization Ie ihard o overstate the economic value of the Kinds of professional and ineletl indepen ence that came oot of nivestes and that could sini individual gency eve in large ganizations in cenjuneson with ima apis ‘smongbiue cla woekes This independence undereote the may waves ‘ot hnowinigeecencmis that sept the United Stats nd Earope through ‘ut the twentieth entry Profesional bor ao manage to protec if Inwoduetion 7 with pod salar, working conditions, bends, nd security that were not rnerally avaible to belle workers and these maintain the white alla beef ht capaism could ful ae deveop atleast some of ts ‘workers. The economic importance of profesional craft bor abo eleva ‘1 the isttuton that created ad groomed this labor—the university fry ‘and Indy explored the economic aswell the carl fameworks hat this univery- mide labor proves "That try cade the xl 19805 he forces shaping te’ univer siy were ptering sengh. Economic devlopmentsevce to math shee, pois, and growth—as looming ager in univers decision mak Ings and I dscoed evel ways in whch he humane Gels Jost cont dence i the university mision they sponsored moet particulary in one ‘major goal of undergraduate Iumritesistewction: intl capacity {or individ agancy that allowed fr sl governed human devon ren within complex isitions. Such development weat wall beyond {gowth and technological improvement, volved active and calaboratve Droceses of self-definition, ad thus ncedd ite ewn gale and standards ‘et these were citer weakly adoeated or eld by simpler connie goss The oucome vas something lke an agrocy ess, combinaton ofa ‘akin and a mek socialization tt ade t hardest arti Ee objectives dees and activites er than those that adapted tire economic pressures, ‘When the rst lang wave of thinking aout potindrinl socety ace in the 19505 and 190s in the writings of eunamiss and secoogits he David Rican, Richard Nelson, Kenneth Arrow, Fo: Machlup, Cl Ker, Gary Becker, Joho Kenneth Gabrath, Daniel Bell, ard Willan ‘Way, it azew on the periods concerns about the excesive oer ducted end conformity ofthe ne “organization tan” Pay in we ‘pons to thi nd pari Saed bythe great expectations or soit inthe Peri, he writers of he 16s and ety 197s took fr granted hepsi ‘ence of majrtaran economics and the vale of roezonomic Fors a >uman development. These cosy rated idea pervade tect of he tie. California governor Edmund Pa Brow, is 1963 inaugural ac hes decared,“Throwgh the turmoil of changs and sometimes chaos, Cal- irnians have ressed on ward the good socety not forthe few, not fr the many brfor al” He contin “Weare here o prove that ciation hich can cetes machine wo fll job can reste obo fll man “Thissowt of qatar humanixn wa common 10 he Keyan growthpolicies that dominate American policy aking in dhe period: conc {clopnent led to human developmen, andthe ter shouldbe avaible to-everyoe, Though the worms aol civil ights movements were needed to prove comet defniton of “enone” epialit development wes en aa means tos range of higher ends “The neeich univer len tad ao cexined economic rd none omic gals ad baving completed an anh of the univers preI970 story Tash at the of ae Indy whet in the pos 170s eo’ the conc of hun deopment wo beable epee wit nn ‘ence economic development Wool the university’ public ison rei ‘linc from, ven contre othe private sector’ part of goth ‘and profit otto mention prac monopolies and global dominance? ‘Oa th surface tseemed thatthe univers ands gradastes were sto inert the earth. After al he ter “postion its sucess the New Economy” had no meng case ofthe knowledge econo. The canerporary pti was an rain which, t Dil Bll rot, "iforna tions know” would replace the instil econesny’s dependence fon “apt and bor” 0 the "major siractaral fearres” and sources of| valve? Services wuld naw be nore important then manactring. and cede wold be the crac source of aw value apd compete su ceva. Technological innovation would be te central drier of prosperity fue chang, and woud have to be rapid ad cootinuous.Enomnous moon of financial capil were require, and capital market were be ‘ming increasingly sophisicated partes ia cteating the mew prods sd ae inde that ecology made posible In ths schema information techaclogy and nancial epi depeded {nthe elon uma capital. The formation ofthe cating-ege workfonae cof today and vomortow vasa mate of survival in lal economy. Prac- tial elation war the moit—and for some, the oaly—valable spvernment funded prgra. This eduction had to be techn dapt> ‘ble, and. prhape mos important, espondte to mahet pressures rather than to abstract ites goal Ina markt context, profesional #an- ‘dard could damage the moe adaptive and functional forms of education just x goverment bureaucracy bad, thi view: damaged the ooo "Thooghiberals ke Rebert Reh wed am orsyranston tte New Enon with many soa suppor, apd conservatives ike Gary Becker wate fete tanaitons with no sopperts, aay ll gred tha he re- ‘cement ofan india economy witha knowledge cenoany made i Introduction 9 tence and continuous eduction of central importance and that itn 26t ‘be held back by regulations, wheter frm leptors administrator, or fal tht delayed adaptation vo the new covdions. The trath of this reunion to a posindsrl economy and sot seem confined by the Chnton years wen dow growth in protivity and gros domessie ruc aly gave way 10a boom bd on formation technology bio ‘edicie the laterne,adanced technic frown ws the ‘wols most sary andi loving capital markets. dhe univers sca importance ro trough the 196k and 1980 i sea lapel ar postin isan Its realy por in insnciat ‘apt but rich a human ad knowlege capital It rated the new ch nology and the techoocrate workforce to rin an cotinvceay seve {he New Economy Ipod fee adaptable, innovate workers wo ul thie in a ply changing marke economy by constant opera {ng thir ils ad reatng te ew Value at woul ive thir ompanies the imgpenibe competitive ce, Sdents were o focus on developing ‘he knowles base fo tenors jobs If they were esta avg ‘ey more and more fo the dation, this was not secesary td they tere baying a private ood that would arm thes wo reat he higher in Comes for tere that would alo benef society ava whole Thee sing incomes would allow them repay tha sng tution, ‘And yt this vison ofc univers a8 x privizabe kaowlege factory coincided with ded a the Vision of broadened aces and egalitarian ‘velopment that Ftc in Iya Indu ven thowe wb supported {Ge martetamar” and industyfiedly university rengize that the ‘ible universes democraiing mission was being elie by nancial ‘Scena? Other igs of change appt. The univers edminiraoes ‘2d mach of fcuk became close o indy. Move research Funding ‘came fom industry in leading-edge science and enginceing ils. Public funding wa hap cedaced daring the dowarura ofthe cat 19505 aed ‘ely 200s aucng sharp tuition increases a ites private fund ‘sog. Public universities were influenced by canging busines practices, Indluing the cash-flow evalstion of dividual academic units and the ‘utoureng of many non-core sevice suchas dent dining. which had ome king ef including the rasormation of most student eaters jm midpece shopping mall Is perl iterate hecae moe lpr tanteementsin varies industri tempts to control mse hae some times thoogh product tein apeements and more cataly thrcugh10 tavoducion fforsto own ant marke thei exiploes intl property to ouside firms Major new inate poli urivesies—buldng construction, Iahoretory faites wee increasingly dependent on piv funds These Aagaip projects rated the university’ prestige ut could alo cost it eset 1850 ulin esac sponsorship ovr fie Yeas might requite a0 equal “rvount fom the univers to bald new fits and hire new personnal ‘Adio atime had to sob Peer teaching budget to ove Pals few research tute whl hoping Mary would gets sina ito sem the defi later on. Rewres were more Hey to ow toward feds hat twee owe enough othe markt to provide a pombe return oa iwest- ‘ent Funding for core fanion and for dhe infasractare wat some- timeshares eo har tecame more common for ler teaching bins tolock ik hey belaged a th thse ofan ron cura from the ne Tabortory ener. This dependence on private Fanling fo the tendency 9 jing: higher ection hes by ts overall corribton tall he for of ‘evelopment personal clara, ail and eccnase—than byt ably to deliver new chology at pln workforce to regional busines. ‘An ately coherent logic dove this Ws: snce the New Univesity ‘woud be jadged by ts economic contribution, and since private enterprise ‘Siow the cretion of economic vale, here was no reason not opiate the university cone fiction tht i, make them more responsive 1 markt forces and busines methods “And yet questions persisted: What ofthe public univers’ aioal ‘and dinctve mision of brad calturl and human devdopmect? What ‘out research on fardanentl scientific quotions with 90 vise com ‘mercial potent What about he puri of compler sociocultural nw- ‘ge top polarized world The ise could be posed subtly, in the Tanguage of canfstence addres to edcatonn and ndsry lar that, ‘xpresed concer about the vaguenesof the modern university miso, ‘ormore stack aby the candoiogis Stauton A Glatz when eto Inside “Higher "The verti aout be secking a dscovery of rah—aned ‘he proteins of sademicfeedom acto protec that proces. Academic frock ist abot money I's bout ee spech and fee thooght" How ‘crews exprewe, te point remained thatthe univers, though oper Tovand serving apa society had to pose methods and goals hat ‘stings fom scity—at east ress financial measures ar no- ties And yet these tincve univers goals were harder and banker o ioe, otrodetion 1 “This brings us bck to this ook’ cre question: why would the univer sity and te ade, the supposed leaders af the knowlege society, he Jes cla and ecoomiclattade—to sy nothing of ifluence—than they ba a in the “ids” socey prior wo 1980 My answer, which 1 layer the flowing pages enter onthe sues ofthe ight inthe cl- ‘are war. The Rights cle warriors dil not openly atack the ecooamie pesto of the middleclass, bt they dd atack the unless. n doing 0, ‘they created the conditions for repeated budget cust the core mile: ‘das inition, More fondamently, hey discredited the eal cond tone of mas-midie-classdewlopmt, downed the infuece of leading ition the university and reduced the socal and polit im pacts knowledge workers overall This book sinned a tale and instil hitory, adit an beread sequel, incade quate sit of detad argumesrtion aboot the taps I cove, sce dey hive became ire inthe word of aston, eric and spin that mark zo much public debate cn conor topics. Reader are abo invited to explore topics of pec interes reer det, sn group tapers tema octet bind frag Part ofthe Book i alled “The Meaning of 2 MajoritaranSocey” It _Sexrbes the vision ofa knowlege sci that presumed both geal de ‘lopment and majority ae deny the rents that he colege-ucaed ‘mile dos be and white-collar si, appeared to pose to traditions forms of economic ad cultral governance. This period is often snc ‘wth 190s forms of actiatbortriania and the scr ofthe ci rights Tmoveren Here svete rete ara of mass minstrem divergence {fom wool busines values aang tat half ofthe enantys younger oop tht wera eat aring college: The appearance ofa majority that ‘we cinoma and intelecrally prepaed to gover the whole oc ‘ve rie tothe coonterreston of the “culture warren” hist, Which Shwe wo hs tothe menber ofthe conservative ofensive against ne ‘academic alsa ores denotes a aaliton onthe Areca Right hat, Tint economic and acl comsrativs al of whom had ressonsto sever nomicdge workers fom dhe cultural conditions that gave them sory ‘ad promamee "ht ory ofthe coustereolton begins in Part I taventiag PC: The War on Eau? This section anazs the el meaning ofthe attacks 00“pols cormctues* The clare wars took pice through 3 range of ‘ue thecanon wa" aout how mucho ene degen bck thome of tee urine” isthe human sciences andthe place of ‘emis an lela sod gay sui. Dt race elton xed asthe consis ten ting for tacks on central lee of ners "caations inlepeece”—the posit of» ancora equality among tration {iy seaiied rac gouge. hile the ways conservatives defied race ‘cmsciou wal poise ar ncompedle wih markt for, demacracy, pital ony flmtine action an economic fie. The aca politics ‘ofthe Clinton adminisreion over withthe bates boo cal polices in the nies and Tshow how ote vari: pernded many mainstream Uberalstht economic ces tow depend on eplcing (al ao arbi ing) ral eit with enlightened busines practices Profesional sana, ‘became a major polite i th ame pero andthe clare wars all bor datoyed thee that thse aad were fly compatible wih racial ‘quay Finally, show how vers” Hock the old hope tha mire ‘Sl calgeesncatd ppalton woud avoid he steifaion folder mod fs Asa rou al esepepation and econo station now esioy Tenet sanction ar obatae the broad-based ocal dewdopmet ht Td bee eng during the porter period of optim expansoa Part IyeMtetSubwtcaefor General Development” focuses diet ‘on the economic dimension of the extae war 1 examine the commercial ine or "corporate niverty a the tnd that as cme tobe aed ri ‘atzaton. Oe chapter foes onthe wthdraval of pblic money from higher ecaton on he grounds tht ican bereplacal by pete money. how th this ree is erong Ober capt describe the expand ole of university industry partnerships ad of technology taf and indicate thatthe clare wars diorted and cual the inpact of technological ‘iksin ways that thei practiones did not een and did nt sufcethy recognize. As a eit of the pressure find private funding sources fr knowlege creation and ditrbation, public universes became more ‘erred in donor priorities, nancial interes loomed are over academic ‘lanning and lations betwee the university andthe comercial word became more detached fou social interest. The response of many fac ties has fee counterprdactiv aod Hook tthe poeta huss disi- ‘line of EagahItercue se cs a pit Teo show in Put I how privat has distorted the univers accounts thes underestimating the contribute of cultural Bells t the ary ede wt wy The a i matches er sno pe ay ee raed dn rateable ge weed Ester ere ruinee enraiieaa rie aan cate ya ene oe asta cae ee Bee ora ere cement re eta say eccmncoareres a econ ion ar nace eae Seeger rae ae city eat Pat Teo Wa eeprom carga elena waa asec ns tet ann peel eer ce te mectonporauspeey cpa ee ie cece niae arene Sica iyermeacaresiccmap eo ange eae Met aec yc sccnted vt te of ee eee agate easy sciecrd up LE ieceeeobenger een eporatntt ae cava unoemneua SFinne calcio mene Theta cup ne pol ae ole ih pel n eer at seen erepoae Sak pgarrvobe nat wer rrr pene aren erp rnepeeeny mann ee en nine ma pte ten Senay ae apasaralocdeentey Se ents eoegecrunteenenie ema SR ly alee tee pba neon re meena neonentar ti Toreranoy tse tas eae eft teens ‘Tis bok projets moda by 2 quarter century spent in several it erent research nvr, st a2 geadute stat and then 26M_atrodhction faculty member of diferent ranks My ans ofthe universe i 2 an: ring etempt o understand the combination of cent and fait in the univers’ conribeton to society In this book ake a tes sors like todona American jereiad of deine fom a more noble td nage pact. in the ears jeremind tat pst was pesheps ‘pore eovshoned than actual apd mare a tendency than tration, Bt he ‘sono eral socal development animated much of what was best about tecent Aericen history, fom it unstoppable social movement 0 supe acadernle research, This von unday the core ication for “American wealth: tht weath woald lad oa progres tat would not ‘fe dhe goals and purposes the while sce This ion of univer ‘ena har been puced aide. The absence of this vision has made the sited Stas es meaningful the woud and far more dangerous. "The book also mvt by my concen about the couy’s intel tual and imaginative decline. By the erly 20005 the American ajoiy seemed to hive lst it vision of scety devoted to the developmen and happines ofits members. ging fom mda discourse, we had come 10 elev in economic growth and itll, more mone sad lie die Other ss, particularly coming from other culties an countries. seemed n= ‘resin mysterious and even thieatening ous. Did we til have thecal tural capability to understand itera ad espa postive to woof urls motives, one where shes grow was no longer an environmental ‘option At the oment when we needed thse capacities more than eve ‘ble disease had been polar and dumbed down, both spied nd flied, and we became aston to thinking bout outa terms that resembled propaga: we thought abot aca poicy for years fn terms of “welfare gene” and abot ural iferencethragh clei son fears caled Hip-Hop: Arr Pion” and we were being ake by sme t think of foreign pokey through the es of haan” Te comfonable cases showed habitation, rsctment, am obseion Sith ‘maximum Soancal curs and 3 fais ha dicouraged independ ‘thinkers from fining ad applying new moses “The univer cura son ave dined atthe same tre ede in poles, economics andthe mea hve ont mich of thi capacy 1 ‘eran the wrk! in onecnomic terms 0 ues ura degen 2s ow id of elightenment nd a any case ft ta wil eee b- ‘it to polar economic coon, The it priate univers ht ‘Ply most of thet leader nth nite St ne are malate ot Aneroduction 15, he ger sci than they were in he ds when ci sighand ether sci movers ok pace on thi carapui andthe sae teen apparent inthe public unversy. Te univers’ postwar insight an espace pete uiercion with ise hich cae nee te by ie, the country’s lacie woeking clases. This collaboration raised he prospect of «mide dasethnt rod owrae the ules of pas in ol bration with the woking ass, and on the bass of col: knowl The care wars crf etre the pbc unitersy from this broader te craig the scp both. and encoraging the middle dso lye famiarhstorial oe of abandoving nonce working pepe to the econmy"new inthe hopes of sig Meal alough te top fa tion ofthe predtsonl aod manger css hae been ding very ve hundonmeat of eltarian and Jerocratc impala has descbiion! US. faltre, downgrade the mass mile cass and dered many people tho though the county sonora lat could tand—for nelase a insprng progres, “This book writen for everyme who i sil working on tening both ‘ltr and scenic aomtege toward that end ei for my calla pst al preset fr fcuk and fo eolge and univers student for anyone who believes a V always doin the cenaly of fleedwn of ‘ou te pea of dixon, the progres that isaway ara no ‘ces the init that things an be beter thn he are gt ow — that ‘hey mast be beter, and mt be ofr afar large percentage of he post lation both at home an ero. Tis book Zor press and sade teachers editors al poicians who wrong sume tha ties to nore te ffs of the ulural wars al ge withthe jb of market ‘apttion The book say to them that oct’ well being—wih the ‘eption of asl ner tthe very top lin the opposite direction, with fdppting the cultural foudaone of generat developments much a5 supporting ts tecnologia and ccoomic foundations. Our ability © rove the word forward depends on oer celal capacity. The way for ‘wad show here, stat with ebm the economy tothe mairtaran ‘ural soos hat thik eonomy mis one day serve agai. This restora i wi be fa ore aly if he public university con recover ts se andcea ‘The Meaning of a Majoritarian Societyqe ‘The Three Crises and the Mass Middle Class, By 2005 or uit sore imponble to ignore te sense of crs hat bung ovr th American college and unversiy. It had heme hard ose ihe dation aterm other than rs and ardor to capris st tio in other than cris rms, Campuses ad bec abit to wor: Fie alk abou mone, ae the Jess money they had the more the ake Sout it Franca mangement aod fund-raising hod came o donna the daily tes of academic aiministators who used spend morte on ‘progam development. Confirming the sen of cri the ast-datrport ‘ST the Secretary f Education's Comision on the Future of Higher Educa tion "Our yearlong examination of the challenges facing higher ei ‘ation ha brought t0 the Uneasy conlsion that the sector's past ‘taints have led eto unserly complacency abut the ure” Thee ‘wasn fact no complacency on campus ony pervasive concern ‘The Elise of Delopment rani acai wee particularly acted, and carrie a ist of prob lems in their ead. We now work corporate univers, they sll not ‘ier ars nes. Science ws for ale othe highest bide while bums Feld stayed poor for ak of eanehing to sell Enrollment the ibrar [nad never revered fom caer drops they ka, and they watch a ‘inistaors make thei calleges otic vation choos. Academic Prtmets were reed 3 st centers, ae winning Spots coaches cll ‘ake ten tims the salaries of Nobel pie winner. ven the term “eral tte was pow a problem, sine ie made up of two word, "Hera ad “as? ead of which was aspect in sown it.Academia bor policies deserved special mention. Academia had long se ts edna stats to pay non sar employes modes wages CCalleges and universes had genraby opposed wnionzation, as the Jong impaigns saint grads rent unions ats. The vers had increasingly difretted sary sels for difzent ely speciation vehi 3 bidding sytem for tar faulty increas sry spreads within feds As public fds yere cut and oss coninued 1 ese ter than ‘he inflaon rate, universities ofl Kind increasing aed two-term ployment sysiems in which tbe stata, salaries, and working conditions ‘of tenure-track fey were of diferent order than those of temporary imaractors Since 197, the proportion of temporary instrctor-en ‘of who were"permatenps who worked for long periods on shor tem ‘eontact to that of alltime intactors had doubled. ta tera ad ctw std, more than half of undergraduate instruction national was Salvered by “temporary” intrctrs by the yer 2000) The university ‘cea followed prevaing business methods toward redcing labor ‘sts and did ot take Teadehipposon on the principle of good work focal ‘Mazy soars note that i ent decades humanistic Knog had had w contend wth earn commerce in every walk o Americ Iie, American coonmercaism ws of oure aod as America ite and ot in the 190s and itn "New Peano this commer sen to each imo new reas of pblc an priate if The rceaon ofthe ety 190ein- ‘ens awareness of the unverstys dependence on pubic fd. The prratesector boom ofthe her 190s encouraged the university took usin forts rowth opportuni The boom ai eabanced the prestige of busines prescriptions for university il, effered a sock market cure for ‘niowmeat anstes and ensourage! everyone tose nove eae ‘ners a the yt fare prosperity Tithe midst of poner uss lions edoctional problems hat tof could the humanities py As the oveal culture got more commercial wth very passing yeas the are interpretation seemed overhcne by ‘ods mei a eaing de before viewing a colege- ect po ‘le seme exer to give up their poite power nd thir college admins ‘uations to matt forces what are could the humans dciplines ‘make deep and yet idle cooeibtonst ‘One obious are es that of human enn” though that had be- cone once aguin the prove ofthe bioscience inchang tise acid ‘howe Criss andthe Mass Middle Clas 21 ‘with panctecnology! This was a ranshamanist twist on longstanding {rev of enormous interest we coud eal"human develope” a fel hat ‘oveed he occulta ntl nd pevecbolopea factors that ae e- “ire fra forward movement of ky We ca think of human evel- ‘pment acetal shoogh lary undacussed ace of ie eral a. fase: dance, theater, erature, tip, Hm, and ober dca or mally operated on two difiret lees They poveed eshanesd een Donan, tsa copie apbily ht ova at at fre he Tite of oar ont TB} geet imagination of ‘erase ster both iil ae a ak ‘owaniis aot etre Te pl doc ey ch ig det pele Spek an twa pbs ead wa she Teme SSPiSS peace ses of plesarieavacnss Thane human de ‘Cope soem pied esl hy alo poet er ers (wl tt cal om scl adnate cin bing evr oi wl et ya ets woe hepsi pred acted eer lap opment, slit naan conedy sep forename mse cor ‘noluy be Wesrn pore ewe ogee asst trpusonn he humantsan! seal soe Goce ere Insincere a ee Cala enor pptsc obancon vee oe ow nog Seat liogetice One vi expresion of «broad ton of development ‘came fos he Unie Ntioos, Human development aba mich toe tan the rie fil of ational smarmes Its aba cretng an ernment which people an develop ‘he fal poset ae ead productive cate isin aco wth thee ‘eee and nee Pople ethereal wealth fats Development is ‘hao expending the coi ppl af len te tht ty vale ‘Adit thes abot sc mre tan exotic goth whch only eas ifaveryporaasene of eleing peopl choles. Panu to elaig thse dois ibd haan capes the range things that pee can dr ben Be The mot bs ap ‘tis for human develope ae 1 lead leg and eat, to be_Unaking the abc Uerty dud of iving ont be abl to participate i the fe of he eat. ‘Wahoo tee may kes ates no aia, nl man ofp ites ine cman mesa he peso goes on to te Ait: "West is vider nt te good we are king, fr is merely fal forthe sake of something ce” And it ‘ots "In secking thar something ce, human dewopinet shares @ em ‘mon vison wide human rights” ‘Muman devopment as abvays stopped for tention, but since the nd of the cold wr inthe 1905, hs os are ground to the econo misc notion of wed development called gabalzatioe. Eeonomic dew ‘pment has in tra become iseressingy Wetifed with technological Drops When giving examples of eae enury progres few would -neitonrcent theories of ntersatiogl rations or te United Nainsit- ‘elf fer maore nigh ctemoderit art or the cul sights movement; most ‘would mention eh auomobl, dio, Spur, leven, near owe, (2 phones, atl the Tteret Is this bees science and technology Peo- tice ey al pogo a thea an seca practice italy now! Tn| fact there nothing itera abour this shew toward technology: Cura Copabilty i less fundamental to hora develope. And ye this cred intereation betwen calture and technology now geal Tes beyond the Linits of bots poliy and elt experince Tm contras the entra culture to development wasnt ost on the mi tenis centurs which remembered wel the worldwide destruc tion of Wal War I aa ved in dhe shadow of moclerspocypse. The peo produced books ike Ray Bradburys Marian Chronicles wherein nother work represeted by Mar, art ad sence had mesg 0 pro- ‘dae am acanced civilration where Mrs Kat “the golden ris thal {ew fom the crystal wale” and cleaned her house "wit handfuls of mag etic dst which, taking al the it wa i, blew ey om the hot wind: {tal where Me Kad by moving ht hae aco te singing book Interest ingly foro, Brady described basins af usual eure and wa is ‘pec orton, sorta the rea of fale of earl knowlege “The roles bd aleady goiten umarity to Mar, ening thatthe big technological problems were edly sole. her was xy el 0 th Banas ta then lel cura pity when we got there The deeper problems ume otto be not cet ut cultural In her word ial {rl Kcwldge wa in er then cet hnowidge was in eri to. “Tie Cates the Ma Mie Chase 23 In the pouwar perio thee was an ition devoted to keeping clr and sentic kaowlalge under one oa: Tarinstuon was the univer. “The These Crier “To understand the past nd pent ofthis problem of cultural owed, ‘ened to see vce dsr, and the wnitesity as tangled up together father than polanzed, nd as experincing thee parallel cries. ach eri ‘Character the pt-Worl War Il perio, but Beare acute and unre {olvble i the 1970 Te end ofthe Breton Woods carency agreemcat in 197, the Nsoa resignation in 1974, apd the withdrawal of US. troops from Ssigom in 1975 signed the end ofthe cold war pli and econo cer tat hd lady been weaned by twenty yeas tacks rom ci Fights antia,and ctr coil movements Bu then something strange bnpened Instead of the new poli and economic order that might have ‘eat te sal and cara confict of the 19305 ad 19a previous ‘cadhip consenons was retored. We weed to ell tis restored order Rea ‘Sam para cine Replica specchwrterand media gue filled the “Reagan coutereiormaton” The Bish cle it “That {rem Enropeans and manyin the iba Sout called “neoliberal” or “the Washingion consents” or “neowoloninlinn” The Trench ele itl pede unig, Whats i 0 alle, i continoed and intensified under {be Bash edition. Throughot his perio that began in the ate 1970s three cries—econom, politcal, an cultral—semalned_ mre. SS SS oven ‘Tie dvsion rnd hotly (ee Tle). “The politics merged somiy wi bs boyeos and hanch-= ‘omic divi bough these paces were the foundation ofa waltlt- cna word, "Te thd crs pertain the mainszeam policy ad mea ison And asi to be 20 percent, then.25 per pisces aah gr 1 be 2 wig prone mie as wa coms Spain selva vey oes Ty gs TAG os cer meanings as hi ne as abn iy mune aly cle meting Wt ot hath nha iy Spd? Os we cite dr indepen? Wold it cre eK of th com a Wyo pe es tio ips lind ose rata lade A wo pl reqs Taina cic wee tings caer tes any ath pert pil Socal mere wee Porn forme of taman Slope, wid K tad Cap epee eeeteeee cert ee en ual up fo nade exper wos eae 2 ems wet eal a that pope aos weal Sod anv rng ose poeta apne 1 [ottaiges 1980 they were io producing nea milion graduates | ETS Pens wl biti tcl on alt Tre Te oe pas ne Aeon eam Fe care £9 eu lo ence nite eon was 1 earand pres CH ae Declarations of Independence ln thinking about eeepc in ose soir, the mile ass faced 2 Fistor fear choice Pet stay it was a choice to move forward sth the Ip sil majority or withow i Historically speaking the nid clus ofthe Wester cours ted wo abanion thei be-all Gt working ales once hci age numbers ere no longer needed In the antent century the insurgent borer "ail of 148 severed is ‘saa and laboring" 6g transforming renewed epublica scone {pte ued odemocratealy by Louis Napeeon. In the United Sts he ortsrn mide ase acepted the end of rail Reconstruction on both ‘cal amd economic ground and its abafonmen of industri workers to ncetsted comer ar eimeted work metas st the tage for de ‘ies of tl abo struggs. Daring te 19305, the middle asses were ‘liad pital orem mach vet forthe New Del ras the labor ad racial plial movements that saw the middle asses 2s arto he poblen. "Wat wuld happen hs time around? Weald dhe colleg-educated nid de cece side wth African Americans and Chicanos around eights and acl equality? Would the calege-edoctd sie with the Bue-colar ‘works when they started to suffer dindusraliation? The mide vat Malo X nan for black culture though in different poll Contest Pasig’ white America would ao recover its ture I would re anne autre tit had bee actively suppres by teisiona ts Ibe working and mile cases recovered thes ot utr of rt pre tice they wold overcome thir alienation fo the worl they ad in fc trade if Uy redocd lation, they would rover the agency to make prensa general develpent posible gain. Decheaonfladeenieoce 3 oamoderise and Cultural Knowledge “To complete ou short sample it of declaration of independenes ea lek to the fountinead of postmodern darkness asl, Jear-Frangois Lyotar’s The Pomadern Contin, subtle A Repet om Krowadge™ tard was writing in the cootext of what the crite Jon Gailory as cilled the “seatie monopuly on wus” about whic Pini was equally ‘oncered" Taeugh writen in France the book was widely circulated in ‘Aerie academia afer taseion lo English, Contra to popular ‘pinion, Lyearé's“portmoderian” did not sdvocae areal sep ‘am in uel but a tesubordnaon of economic production to cual owed In ths book, Lyotard was uying to restore science ta reltonship with ‘altura and oer forms of rowlede-* Meer saderic owe Ly- ‘ard wrote, hd been defined by two dnc narrates of knowledge 1 {he fine marae, "rome ids it aity not within el, oti subject tha develops by ctuaiing its learning posses, but in a prac ‘ia sbjec-—tumanity. The pringple ofthe movement animating the people not these egiimation of knoe, tthe sl grounding of Freedom of if prefeacd,s s managene"” The second narrative de serbesknowledge asf leptimatng. "The subj of nowedge snot he ‘oop tat the spective ei The st natalie ha id knowledge toihumsn interes: The scone marative has separated them. The ist na ve as sscinted nowlede with Uberation. The second bas asoited itvith eu something quite distinct fom Iberakn and humanity fa pera, ‘yous acount was simplified: it omit the eae ined ini stint both freedom” and ath” and the varying dein of both ‘ern. Bathe was concentrating 3 cacti eure ofthese Stories radon in he frst marae an rth in tesco narrative were in fc oto eparated ed conficing narratives bat wo versions oF the “sine nara of emancipation Infact Lyotard was arguing people ibe sted hess from tray inthe same wy in which Knowledge ed it sf frm fico. Both movemerss depended oa a clr feamewosk ‘hat understood thi interconnection. The ek would be, ance gain. 2 aidterainis in pimp that eifored eighboring soil movements. Thi was not simply the diminished language of posterancpation oe, but the emanation language of fewoluionary ae, oe in whi human deepen aed Te > aban neil old nee i ep plicl al onic Erropnen on vad grad THs mixounection bebren socal movements Sige Gal prefescional knowlege, wool have the univers ass jor exper UN) Heals 2) FER Cath, rade Tle, Mn Xin and tnd ane frm dite reo cs case ad etiam a Pau campes neal wowen ar sgh o eee ‘Str rasewrhn hihi rene sty cada aro oil nt be andintd te coor poco. For ox of ei Poste history th sahara play ap ok Thums ed hire he etme ae ‘Sure ht do yee he ney and wee {ale3 Theme cea an emerging akon ‘aowsing Mie ce encore Domin Chae bea ect ‘Riis Maasai epee 0 Maer dency emersarng Sere eonoay — Deaeot Masts, gromh, Paine mind oe bor . ‘pec, corel rowatee Decirsionsof dependence 47 only now gradually ling the gates open to hem. These fds provide huge ances in undersancing sg systems effects det cla crate mention alte ae ther science nor religion, andi the tats that had bee related wo the margins Thy acuta vin for af ture workman development as the standard of markt rations et {nd labora he standard for nan; ace telat sed eal ‘eration selation inthe spit of rexproation. Those Bld were con samy wracked wid doubt. Bt they wese part of a wae movement in| tociry that wa triforning the public univ a ts midle-ase graduates fom a conservative bulwark in a ptersialy voate mixture of beralism ad acai. ‘eommarize the movement with «tabetha Oke Tables 1 and 2a chapter I, "The Thre Crass and the Mass Middle Ces") ariiially Sivides these decartions of independence into three domains (sce Tbe. “The eaegence of « nonconservaive middle cas was 2 pevssive an ims shocking thet to the busines ar plitcal Feds that Ba ‘rived during the cok war. Thi mew coege-teained majority was the allege ht ealtaral warirs were aringto fightaay ga Inventing PC: The War on Equalitycages ‘The Discrediting of Social Equality Conservatives realy identifi ier] ael lets heresy with colleges and ‘univer, so dhe Ber wave of tare war tht began in de te 19805 Jad very litle open water to ros ad ie ruble ing ts argc. For ‘many dca, Boweve, the cllege pte was relate srl, exclave, snd Wenied with ot ine ete shoal that were theses bastions of the conservative ctablhmeat. The American Left was more visble inp its labor en the at than was in the American college or university “Ths all hang with the masve expansion of the public unter afer “orld War “The Dangerous Unversity “The conservative poliin who ad made the mest ofthe university heat vasa pnt ofthe averting ar culture industries he Hollywood a mnt Ramak! Reagan. n he 195s, Reagan ad uly lowed de ‘opments inthe California state idan’ Pet Finding Commitee 00 Uaemerican Atviics btter known ashe Bor canst) which Ine of 1981, had eles a eport cing that the Univesity of Califor: a ed “iting or urwtngly. sided pd abeed the interostional conan conspiracy in this ctr" Tn 196 ve thassand people Poteaed a San Francsen hearing conducted by te federal House Un- ‘Anercan Activites Commitee (HUAC). A San Francico-based FBL agent roteto PR detox}. Edgar Her. "What spatially significant and ndoubtealy of spel ners to you i tbe fic tht much of the man Dover for this tous station was provide by students ofthe University f Canna at Berkeley. Since Clrk Kerr han Bese Present the52 ing tbe Plc Unies ato oo al camps ha deteriorate othe pia wert s-ll! ‘Side fred fox becone academic ase"Tis view found wy qo he PBTy ofl repr on fhe an UAC prose, "Comment “Tngc You: Commas In raon and Agitation Tactics" Thi epor ‘apie yet Hol ease no cae Hbor fin Angst 1960 Cbederntary-Cocanant age You iso fl, Hoover deine nt Teagan aed erected nthe nersy aa obo of sec dor. Preys ater ota on he Unnersy of Calflora became ira scent pt of Reages pera psig Ata epee a iy Tos sRegan me pone of the aes of he Fe Speck Seren reer in sot away wh paddles ets apes When ag oral eee oreror aceon {beh wih ised cathe wade dearth one of his arama eral be tec mes Bere Wl we alow area ic srry te be rout tt Kee by mi sient noi? WHE we Trt tir mete vali with vali and weanes” Regan hear etl toscana wit adit the university we Spent thn to cforars code bred on. decency commen ese rd ded ‘Son tethe ihand obeprpse the unin”? Ticino an Reagats eth are cmmitee issued a ong eport in May 1966 ht acased [UC present irk Ker of oseingan "a7 thing oe amospee that had ture the avers ito een for ran devant alae the ary of amps prob [Goon Ker ong sunfing fiat cooperate with te Bar commit {evr commct mar progr occ saves’ ely” AV ee ‘Sicily at Sn Fagen Cow Plc, Ragan i “Tet i tepnipgapande morality and decency gap. Sacra Ae hee {Fo bate seston ft than wha has en perpetrated the nivrity of afr trey, were sal miro eats {alia ad iy speech advocate ave brought such shame 1-3 ‘rot unversiy” Reagan auached what became one ofthe mes su ‘np xref he weal tre Br deicing de Unies ot ‘Color ahr oscil order and even ntl sey, and ty ‘fen Ging the univeratyaround the neck of he incumbent governor. Oa fst acs upon elaian a Calfonia goermr was wo ie UC pres set Ck tre TT wes Kagan wh bes red he uns’ pol he, ster Losers hed eis eo comico In Ange screiing of Social quay 3 1971 Lewis. owl Vigna comport lawyer, wrote slong memo tothe itor ofthe US. Chamber of Commerce, cled"Atack of American Free "nterpie Stem Two menhs later, Prides Ricard M, Non wok rominac isnt de US. Supreme Cour, where he would Become the Sor of mje ecions affecting the university which discus in chap {er6, Powell wae concerned abut th deine of basins influence in US. politics inspite of sina effective frst explain ae extend it Influence and be outline’ program for resting research and media Stttons tha i rite with ingpsing the development of the Heritage Foundation, te Cato aati and other onpniatons tha rom the 1970. famard extizly renewed the nuda foundations of conservative ‘hough forthe beneit of political and busines ade. These ne conser “ate organization were dtntive for hc fos on esearch and ec ‘ons they produced knovdedge inte form of papers tat hal footnotes, ‘embers and tables and in every way (exept for this more acrsble fae vay Oar a tenses une of edbelafrmatin? owas mos port night was th the al het conserve ‘ie ilo come en hears who woul deo ee Syren” ba tom pero respectable ements of sock fom the cl irerpes thepistol he ‘roan eca nfm pliant et of tse rape ie ove ‘met saint the ye prscptd i oly By mip Ye the ‘her ae mos tele tenet wal the ms pois be wi ing and speang™ Powe to he orale camps rein gen 10 ‘ian Fans mye ote Ceago Hp and wo Ces Rech, Dor the bes eer Te Gren of meri ae Yale profs. tng ‘then, Powel canot be dacs the ier of the Rights mea ‘opseer bedi de undersan tha he unheeded mide ‘hs aes wee nore ayo change be US busiest ip he shar ‘unthen wee more ve aca ‘nar ee was lem up ae inthe 197s bya Sie who ecrme ajdt ofthe Right ewer unos {hn aks pbton cia ed erat ann craters Bing fr ad pelicanefevag Ketel” Ket aged at tha be nest oom “te cade of he eases io hy‘4 Unaking he Pblic University of pruresine ef! and the struc of American sity is cally dro alee" Krol recognized tha the niversity Ses problem for conservative views because of the independent insider ‘haitwasreating cao the rial thinker” tht university lees sing back t Harvard Chats Eot had claimed wo cet Tor the top ad nile ak ofthe corporate word ‘Conserve recovered quichy fom Republican presidental candidate ry Goma’ crushing dea in the election of 16 inthe 9708 its loka a thagh American libra, now ke with mie as dkocratc progressivism, bad tken over the country. Cansei Wee ‘rect oat the these ews were martaed by academic eearchand pro: tec by academe feo. Powel xpress may that lees the steno fee enterpose were unable to cto! universes eventhough they ran university boards of tutes nd funded universe with thei tax dlrs? These nomeansenatve calegehased midle-dass asurptions tecame more sist athe troaber of Anglo American pti ines freer thee ofthe Breton, Woods cumency agreement in 1974 andthe (OPEC oi embargo in 19731 looked to many lke progresire positions. now inplaned nan increstingy flea infer educated mide damit sce in modernising, updating, cefanging.enightening. fand even patel deatarzing American capitan ata ie wes Satay conservative pital and basins leadership was fling in visible ‘ways White 197s wae to urn to another 1930 polly speak ig app ay ped i tal came ar were da some ron of Ke ESS “Keone and Jonson Fidelio a sel-detrctive Richard Nion ard a yeak Gea Ford be ore soils than before? This was not a happy prespet for the Rigi ‘paced entrenched and economically aleing busines leadership Arad Resurgence “The return ofthe Right to power ding the Reagan presidency 2 wel known ory, ad we should remember hee that ws s profound u tural as was economic. Reagan bad launched is, 1980 presen sop a nd au 95s ‘el cabs workersand ied aca is ts ‘hac again wade the combination a stpl of American polis Rags Discrsitingof Social Exaley 55 pole movement sicefullyedefinal deserving Americans os whit, idle ae Chron conservatives wie tit of conscious conta, with the socal state. The Right's tacks on academic eure ode on Rea crate ‘Reaga rckysxond administration wtnesed many iterated dee: opments the spring poplaty of Alin Boor’ dense, gy. and b- ‘staal The lasing ofthe American Mind (1907), and aepion 333 ‘raneo by conserves the drei of post structural beory via the posthumoedscvery of Word War-era jrnalen bythe eminent Iierry crite Paul de Mae that ncoded apparent an-Serie passapes (987 he publi controversy sarunng Sanford Univers ate _eplce regied Wester Culture couse, ase cn a canon of casa readings, witha coune ced Calte, dss and Wales (CIV) dha sought “fp increase (stent understanding of cuts ives an the pres fora nection” (1988; andn overblown Newsweek omer sory 00| ‘anew fora af mind conti! known a politcal correctness that ber and leis were npn on lle campuses around the county (Deeber| 190) "These carly attacks targeted Hiberal and increasingly alata hu smaniem, and renewed 2 taton in which admoaishments fom poy aks an dsestio oficals became prt of scholar’ discussions of thet fl Binal the tacks deme ime compliance aber than 2 falls repudiation of academic Hera. The fs requests were re tice to rehabbing aching fenctions inthe huanites while posing lie cainger to variegated esearch Thus Wiliam Benne rately me (tprposl, To Reda Legacy (1984), had ake that he umsaites “accept ite vital oe ws comvyor the aecimlte wisdom of oar cilia ton’ Lynne Cheney 1985 Nawal Endownet for the Horanses (SE report onthe humanities in Americ, wile sometines ecized for its ata on academic speclincon, bad mos focused cn the eed for improved pbc acest this ccurlaed wisdom. Ath time, hese doc- ‘uments seemed compute with the continued expansion of homanitie "ning and with her brodordseinaion “The same oul be sid of hooks such 5 Bloons Closing ofthe American Mind and Royer Kial’s Tere Radial (1950), which described the Svader univers eaten of te urns as declioe fo an ea ‘higher views They ccd lleged lets of canonical tet, the se wenly madodolois the fragmentation ofthc knowlege ase, nd theS6_Vaing he Pac Unverity teaching of material for resone other than general quality or tation, Teather Ban being expeed to time-heaared Wester values and ies Ts stunts weve sid to he expose t “niin, America ste” to tame ase of Bloons bok, o "eats to cite Kibale ‘Som of he "New Sophitry” Sd uends also express themes in the ‘rong imrntionalization of Egish departments under the auspices rai of pt or neocon] odture—aryihing that sages yet Sein nace nd eee ties ad cht colar hewght oul ra pos: ithelyo plied movements. ‘Catal Naonlism fom Abone “hetgr tapes ve Rox Knbal’s feed ws tern Tre Eagle crc a hestor Mathew Aol role eee ely sr scape Futon of Cran tthe Preset Tie (ip) a itook Cadre Amar (186) babi ol cca Hieteuntable comment ote sc devance fhe ar eter TENtncd im cron ase unde br ear a utr rie na he wre a fot coving sowed he Anglophone Sittin eta ci coll rien, hat tas fo spel paw Read wey pric notion of etc pubis ‘ca ie Kinbal coud psy mole a Ald who“Voke to ‘Bate prone blak paar dolor oat nerrtasons Haass Ssboedinated eres" ike ter 1980s crite: ised by te poli Rpt Kal ended ht them rie ine ape aa eh aos ratte bpp aa anc ™ "Ril Uved through varios persods of social wnzest io Engen and mont of them vce cone betneen deen social groups ov ‘tho would be inode ia partismetary democracy: Would democrat vrrereigaty be xpd to the enite (ae) popation or tn partic oson? ke the majority of his e's per and educated csc, Arnold ‘ial an believe thatthe borg classes were ready for se ae they = Tegal ace cation, lacked etre, ad tus Tsk the sense of com {eat ad proportion that would enable an calphined we, Arolds ite Discrediting of Social Bquality 57 riginaity yet in his preference fra inte franchise but in his app- tation of cual ply to the question othe politcal ranchise—in sek ingests te etl phe is of an lemoxracy ‘Aol wos quite insistent that the masa exited inci wih i ‘iain. Politic be claimed, was the sper where people thnk one shou ‘beable todo won kes” Se-dtenmnation marked crs of athonty: ora log time, the og feudal habits of subordination and de ac continued to tell pn the working cla. The modern spit as now ‘host ete cise thee habit, id the anaschial tendency of ur vrorthip of freedom ia and for isl. hecoing very eviden™ Te te st fens exer tel to cont the anarchic wl ofthe sroring dase" ight eready” Arnold intoned, Cultura risa Tad to exert ite aswel “Towee thepetnence of Araoks thinking to the postwar United St, ‘ec cam ink oogh analogy teoweenArmol sae the American 1960s In the biter case, eadiionally dsenfanchised groupe—Aficn “Americans with opal inated righ to public access and poll power, ‘san immigrants ened tne status Native American died aces tothe own clture or cotol of tee radon nds Latinos kept ou te mainte economic pd pli pceses bad been demanding, ‘nd gradual recsving, meaninghlefrachisement The queson fr po- lil and busines Feder ras how exiting structures would be main tained wth new force nd oie t work i soit. The university payed “animportat ein thisthinkng both ar reaches lemeat—the age fer many disruptive demand—and a 2 olson the st in which the sno silly eppeting and economically vale members of historically ‘marginalized groups would be acrltrte, tained, and in some old fualoned sense rized, given & tate for trae exllece, made ready 10 ‘ener polite soi, which war ineresiogly densified os the knowedge ‘conouny in short, Arnold supplied the cultural means whereby the ‘rosking cues wold Beame vile’ and tee mide das. Once ‘Ber were middle cs they oad be sly onset. ‘hy deiningclure” ate al universal man kowwlede, Aro? Iadped thes see to # mode of contol na time of demeazation.* Armodian cute ws not he ste of aman raion teres innovation, tod callaive teraction where vals comin changed. altar wat mn iavctive trig" bet tha as been known and ought in theSa Unrate Paley world” Cala uth ou he mainte oaly by being Rep apart from {thsi that hoo ete self accondance wth them. The est we to doary cures power of governance war to connect itt soi that, tested of conorning tothe rl of univer rath, governed ite witht ‘own res, Care was ef (and beutiful) only tothe exe that i of feed orf yovetance higher than democracy “The dsincenes the Rigi 1960 Areldians was the opeaness their defense of «purity of ulture and pls o which many acer Inuit more mutely aber, An thogh the Armd rev nthe years 196-1989 old we and prompted nay newspapes eae it dln ee sees wider sir The Boks were not ery radial, ad the mat laze of ‘hem particulary Aan Besant thir eal or ster cutural gover ‘nner witha warn embrace of the Ubeal as, Toa prof in nto ews, Moom talked bout such things as how be “expeenced in France the esta ofan intel more ofgnic than ou own’ ac “decibed Pais 2a city of ease ungimpeed en of Freeda an Pempectve™ Blooms book might wel hae le students an members of the public bck othe eral as whe ty would have bared to move bey his phobic misndertanding of race consiousnes and Black Powee Oniy sw rts ok tein Retwen nnovation in academic ‘oa ais and threat to Heagan-ra conservative rue. Crk pointed fot the politcal fotpins nthe arden f the burantc, but, fo ong ‘ine, 20 backup arrived. “The lvention of Potial Correctness, ‘Wg then, in 1991 id te mes sare o ae boat cultural ols e0| campo Te turing pin we the med’ discovery of politcal come FRSC ha heen ren aed in eft-wing csi the 1980510 reo elo lefts who were excaively doctrine o ini when advo ing thi postions The term wae hen adopted by conservatives as aterm of use for most ber Let potions Something wat politely core. 0 this rich wing usage, if compromised fice speech—or alleged ison Sena language in ofr to ao eausingflemse ta person 0° {soup Mach ofthe contrveryfozused on efforts to use gender nel Fenguage Che or abe” oc “we” inead of he") or non-ractln=ge [Attia Amencaa” of “Afticn Amica” instead of Negro” certain teat ali iced ofthe carer example of ney corte mga, “At Discredting of Social Equality $9 _Ancrican which many 980s whites tought wats). Conservatives tock eft to eplace ters suc 35"rcaally retard” which cared ‘terial sigma, with terms ach “inlet chalga” Same of the fas reve aeund normal disafrt over caging socal norm ‘res no longer BC to el the Polace oles many grew up with andi was “bviosly mo accqptabl for whites to callback folks “niggers” even 28 it tecae bay, col and even PC for Hack lls clone another "nis ‘People staned writing and baying books with ies ike Polity Correct atime tric, aad perhaps top management at Time beg to conser ‘hangig its Man ofthe Yat to Person of de Yeas, wich it in 199. A grt elo sta fun was had by all Bu ther was amore ominons lene roping the debate ‘ovale PC tems and aides ied at voiding the har tht thei predecessor terns nates Pad cabled in the pst and were in mos "ses comming to enable. These harms were obvious in sch terms 6 “rotons “oggt sid “nigger” Bat PC-hshig rap took on a tne of comer fo tbe dims of iva or groups who ad been damaged by ‘Shek terms or tinder ane foe he eral ype. Se of this on tempt ook the form of scorn for people who though tht caging words ulead to changing deeds: The a crc Robert Hughes asked sae ‘ll "Does the enpple rite fom ir wheelchair el beter shout being ‘Suck int because seracone back the das ofthe Carter adminisraton lec hat fr oficial purposes, be wasps challenged? Does he ‘omowersalsuppene others lve hss more of Rate hin kes bene Bei cad apy?" The aero thee toil quesions wat in ft ‘eth rs maka el inet in cresting the coins thar wou allow the fall pertiiaton of both group in sock. Hughes coment typed ences see fete to compan bout tempest revere ds ‘tfenchisemant ater dan sho the Useatranchisemet ite The tem ology os more easly worned than the policies tbemsehes, since ‘snstream puna Hughes were oie} t tack prograns tha po- ‘eae cot hei foie Vitara War es. The vocab of ‘alranchserent pity became the pimary target of ant-PC abuse” "The media urning pon came when eww eed 1990 with cover story on ee wing thought polca™® The atles meager dat, writen UP Byer Alle showed that the sa could fied very it ia dhe wy fem Peal referent forthe PC movement they cb the story tga from 2 sere of parte caro nadent in which acl or sel minoiy‘bowing tbe Pb Uesty pints mate Sight coming fm sone or some coup ie te a Woe ene vi epaten, ed. cmocll doge we de- a aay wn sap se front ling ust sort f compen Sot ee nds fro prot gerade stacks oa eae ett foes ee ain ft se we ee Fe ET br nl a asta pase shih il nolo co wt of leaner ate intron, Dash od Me dhe rota te flowed yh ther eof esate Tse soulbeintersig yan”? Ader sper a Be oe hebad selina ld wc sb ea eons dein ef oi toni dese to oe ed wh otieeaon end css te nee. thee mere yon oso! sa eta ol opp the buries wih he ip of sea Sem juan, is ae move ia th nog revi Se ae prey puns stent at-Anaan 2 ee cr ald be inmalatlyedeoe gai tne eared Sr na Poise whox evans NA eT dl at ee Sent wee therefore th Leis ow Sra ned ene cy years efre Thy were eta a Sede daca 08 fr age Ue is enn on ings pnt tm Gag Ns wring in Nove, Wied cut printer many sake thee a he netomat condone atone amt ng ee tia anome O ex "Toe ig aera er esha Disk eas tangroes in nlog rata he dome fore. a ede Thor forces ae ving sins the insertion ar etre tat the nao’ socal cement” Wl echoed an sore enc eral itr gs whom he on must ae ef anal scr He stoppet sor of cling he sis pe felons eran “common clue cies cour NE a Ee dearetar on taiioseetic oc fr egal = seen cid wor the very moment when Ameren int pod, oda cae foro ght ved an in Diacreditingof Social Equality 61 \W vison a dileese Cheney would sapersis each half of is mariage ‘ligt and poner Te nto’ our only defense ais atonal agen ton, be sugested, has ben the wrifying persion of comma cu tor tht was being challenge bythe cxesive easton of college bcd minority groups "The Washngon cokumsist Chaves Kaur was more explisit teat war would Soon Become 1 cetal tee. He oo identified are wel Soi tyeat o American pesce in similis between poll Tol in foreign countries and in American rivers These menacing “ecg tends were envionment and peace which were bad enough ‘otnmscen bur were made wors through the interiors soa “hit domestic mation, the philosophy of decosinaction. Deconsru ones not ust cadena the pubic prod ignore thts Trojan hor for anne bankrupt i-iehis community” ‘pace ie ones tr ashame po SE ee nina isooce sSde oem ths post omer worl an BRR the eng of one ei ee inuig tiie af Annas ba Aaseocan ex” PC wars net form of communsn—howeve: cole ‘sa ad borgir one overig reso: it alowed for ethnic dt ferences that wee no eahsumel eto acon cure. * “The Race Menace Newspapers and magazines pests sugested losoming nah bat helix benwen anarchy ao ail lerence was mos xpi in Desh DiSoassIiberel Eduction sat Arter Sclesinger's The Ding of ‘Amerie, th bss in 1991 Tei books acer the eosin of the 19805 thereof pis” threatening aeademic tah, virtue. and ree ors inthe 1980 theme of rae conciousness threening atonal sc Tig, Sours book picked up the 1980s issues of censorship and * policing scholarship but grounded thee al oterphecomens in the “tinority vita reoltion on campus"™ Readers sald not have ‘hong tat hs bok wa bral nd sil sas of ancdotes simpy be ‘luse of the ty incompetence of D'Sous paraphrasing of ides ot he Doris stupidity f his chi that noone Fes impaired by “the ees af Weer clones inthe Tird World aswell a race and pnder iscrin- saron in America® The book argument was i fat que consistent: "om oat to cmt and north to south, the evasion of corcive lef(62 __Vinnaing the bli Univesity politics ws showing up in thera ince hat were advancing the "itis evolution” of those who sought emetic fr their wrongly Pet ceived sabjupatin by America ‘DiSoaajvse ether journalist in secng the race-based vit’ resol ‘on a spillover fom world carmen: "One reason fo his increasing radicals at, with the cllopc of Marsan ae soils acd the ‘wo activ ners prvi chanel ito the championship ofthe [lear aera owning ne 3 speak and investing the dosetic Tipertion ands A ood map of diss tat Ange Davis foe vioe presen candidate ofthe US. Communi party snow profs of the pobtcs of prodcon t Sar Franc Shae Univer Ae Sena se fd hard commanis having es to dpe the wars of de weld out production thn turned to reeodactan atopic on which worse a mi Doct ae appar ulerable manipulation "Te al prbler” he wrote," nt eader- response theory or deconsractonsm prs athe itis {extent 0 which they serve te eras of pois mavens tht has pro pelle hm tothe frttont ofthe vin rvksion on eps" ‘Soins hedpepodgeasiaton of dparatedssiplins, groups, and toes radon mace ems cnly 2 moments in an cvesing flo to deny ci rights wh el was Any notion ofc ight based 0a 2 “consciousness of il obordination ad deren cmd kd to ee Jeon that was led in fst tage on cabege campuses Ain ae gun Souza and oters denounced the aliace betwee asracistsoct ‘movements anal thee appt midde-as university ales The worst fpecter was of an ots insider aliance that would roms college rads to the words aboring mases. The specter nas worsened further by {he academic rejection ofthe ld Aon slatio. I universities wee ot going wo asin the asst lite ure what was hepa ofthe scacemic himantesor of mas higher edwation overall? Readers who died DS rightwing Strib could ad sit rejection ofthe core clenent of thei ighs overeat in an ery 1990s ‘wor by the prominent isa Worn Arthur Schlesinger fe Schlesinger Tod been dove to the Kennedy administration and might have bee ested to carry tore forte liberalism tat had emerged from that pe nd Esblehuent race Dera had at lea for sie, endorse reeconscs eabtarinisn Ia his farous commence aes 2 iowa! Universi, Presider Lyndon Joa had df “he nest 1 the more profound stage ofthe bale fer cl ight. We sek nt juste Discredting of Social Equabry 43 ort pri sect ju ext pes equly snipe sala tinoy cgay anlage ; Ta canes ret cede ote pie sme naz rey ences oe setter equi ef ined moral pre he ot cera nai. The mor acatresweb eed She eqaiy of acl ous This ed cpltarniom ms Pesaly “hrs sted hs bok The Dusting of ri Tie mt ei Seng cnowiedged ely o Amssd vest ti eee He seme om! ee dpi Che aul be tu conning come Socal pice He ‘lites sens ens Jens rg HG eo wal inte ame of tly mi an Aen Cod, Aerie es ‘seat ean oe ced ed thee fae Fi eid ear Ge Wehingors dl ecw Toning plate Ne Sos Ths not hed aed stad sme Aen [ened moe rp foe sation ec a prs “hacen fhe gangs hn the poli at tei ato ther’ elie beside cd ‘ute! eimai fcc concen or Ge See tt ny ny sc hos ey 9 traticul Amtct Aner dept fom more bc ce Soong sguson of eal ot sk cobain. Tse eres of Slings nel dey pulled wo creas the es ‘Roem vee tht Rt ffs clo ei poe totes gd it we te sl ns Preakdeeretienesere, Slope didnt sop te. The coe hd cen wate cx Te ni aon ey ey pce te {Sas lanes ofthe wena te ng ecm crea a ‘ie es el fcc Whe te pine of roe tha cin sheet ie rsa he an se ona uy pial Somers Tecan ren Wess cat ane pon "0y chap ef care bo dee rion ton ‘al Sno ene Ra aes wee he eee onl qu =p te Wark Thee oc‘os _Vamaking te Pb ners ove within the Unie Sates in Schlag’ scovunt, whase Bao “mean cre ned neve apology Aca Aero Asa ‘Crete aha for tose sper “Ter of Hengen hd ely ihe! he ones sens a the cio rghts ovement hai been ne of the ony’ historical high pints Sey Sica este nly ier wo ejected cata an ga te Th Avan Aree Hey Le Gt net ‘Garin! yea eT FE we ot wy to opove wt he ‘SiGe gui SA bel Wat pong ey eal Handing unde ERS rat tec proc of Siferen groops he cons Selina repent he pop ands aout ol abet Seether geape™= Lap equality wn god ut lal equity was ‘oe rece shoul ot end tthe presumption of pty in eo Tene amonpdoxint Amarin ule Sar moves were made ll ‘Src a! lt ae war on FC mane prt of medicare. Fens fi and cd scholar Tl Gin singed ot ai clan 2 aT Tl imo. {Te act was tht by ths point in American history, raosoeam nego rte a td Ihe Slesoge ceed se {ficleraclepatrani facial 10s movement an eae ike ‘iti Xan had al rete the race-coneous no rial of 3 {oe Mar Ltr King) ay we bra je onsets SSequdatog bh the opponcas of idles tori an Oat 2 leer i Baty oppor nol ie nth ech to app and cont sors of ie mal dixdanags Srsgmennte dope hat nenced he ome, Te ate was ‘Soc the condions a which Hera would lp aera Seamer i at ang ep opertne ate SS ae “aaa op rae Boae commonplace i he Hs vi airnaive ni ad indo poges pez wate tars fx "sash il ot on. Contras pred er kid of SEE SQ ay danger to coon fice, elon. ad wero: SEER det pontn! pic dime acl Ibe were “Feuvered into the position of linking racial progress to continued. ‘Rei They geal ft dao te lec inayat oEcksen PC nosed ce conser bce aces + Discrediting of Social Equalcy 65 atid and nore ber ack away. This was fine with onsets, Forracil nequlty was for tem ature pat of rational ode. "Toe examples of Karl andthe others sow thar he xy 19908 tacks cg PC succended trough the ait to associate PC wih ase conscious (Sis och yin tre descrbaa antral eney hat cullnge SSF car igs coe Tal pated is com to Freres equality ad thse were densuncal iechangebly in culture \Casoratths. Arold-syeirvocton of nfed and universal atonal ‘ture expresed a genuine neta wie running inlectl cover for “nce volbock The stacks tok adeanage ofa atonal ete in ‘watson, one in mhich maw ofthe American popslation seed no ow wht do with an inctessngy matical ela persed and economically fragmented democracy; whe thir lear seemed 4 bw ren less Amerie saci needed new cal apblies new powers of ‘Sole ans eel construction, The need was vient in he PC wats ‘demselves since the pony soil rissa fw eh studi courses se SSoted carpus incidents could ane ocurred aly i a country tha eed new bearings What he count fot instead of new clara know (ope shourraltiracal and ealasan democracy, asthe atack 8 PC. The attack ted acl equality to 2 coraanit style heat to Ue nation site making inequality the prerequisite to odes “wthina short ine he sities were jd with punts boing Tes ancy wit Amol ke Kiba noning va Evel Waugh that ‘ace the rio of the mind have been opened the ogy on™ The cory tha had lly gien public tenon i he ate 19% was here ‘rte the top might be om the oto the botom en tp, wee racial ‘lcs night be traded wea he very lest there would be more star Inget power andrea negation of new Framework mong relive ea putes The clr wars lowed the Red menace tobe replace by he a Te mena” which was equal dangerous to decent society “The Triumph of lnegualty Thvough the aac on politcal cores culture wa corse ets the Reagan rls fs Ky coment ofthe couney’sclural capi: ose ail eat ea bone Equliy now appeared as dain on efceny a andou to the uadserving am injsticro American fai and an isl {0 llthe whites who a ot supported sivery ot im Crowe. This wa el66 Vomiting he Pa Unirerty einen seinen conse. he loo pla specs tha ty meactng ih ts pass aia alowed te exe ‘Bene, On jr deed the loa The a of Bui ws he ala alas ane eenon ogee Sopa “tle fh cary eb eat eo were casa md core acelin elles parton se stopped doing sound {ho ee? acl pp a wat ser sapped dog ronda ine ‘Overal cole patie ates Bgan to gmt sound ths ine ad seve recone erat by He ely 200 he United Stes ae {playa plceomong wey coining nll pe Tam Tae acl pp wah ner ad Heath ines mong Farr oer, he chowo ti spine sce 10 and in se css Tv ten worse vty fr Aen Ameria al dramatically tig tS Wr on Per agin ough ches) Sting $e bos tom and Lat ery res grea he xisin ESR Set ai Ero erin Ease the inom of th lack aod Ltn count nda ch Tiger male ewe As rac gy cn nro, as gs head drama sic 173 the tap pret of Bosco hve enti wane abv time the rate of be lle 29 per “oad stead cere wae er 990° "Whe eon ety inreneds ma taditons poy pions snrec ese meron om ne ling high lain Rod Tacs a sening cruitment equity ened pblicunversies tevfec nc omit ec-ase Sail ai Ai t udets frm the most alc ues re te esther fi 1th por ‘Ss Ney coll ea he tp quar aed by expat {ae per eden) increased expire per stent tines the ‘cof cogent tr gure Th oes eich ea bs {own con fora lenge. the FC wer id ot single andly produce the baad agin cui. Dare PC wars sated te cour sl ncomplee cla ‘theta of exaiy a a poitive vei, Pior to the cure was analy hd sured Kens aa pst pal ancl st onl wih fice br with cece: mach 0s genet fo vere dure ca ik tween tpn rss od gh “Supra produc. the inte Cw er dene elit bad {mw syn or eto fle oneranuntprorans at code Drscredtingof Social Equality 67 it ncepeeFuty ame be ca te oy fae ‘Supe advil of Aperian ecard 02 fre dei he tas um eferie Cere mar wel mann Shahin da ioe mine cod a Sioedncngaaseee auringere Se oat ee SPadesotine Untd Se ld ase enh ul oe rad ster of mca development.a ‘The Market Substitute for Cultural Knowledge “The Amaian colle ad never bee a adic sion, Fauly were dy famous for teres to ps trains fr ther tachment 0 ee feviewed authority, for thir downs 10 change their minds, Belo the {boom of public universes air Word War Imes copes sw tn seers carefl grocers fey leaders and profesional lites The ad ‘ministais f university hud to think about money day and night. aa Jt ako about the quality ond beth of the academic community, ice “age to tat ould never be repaized wth money aloe. This combing tion of complex Gna ealsations, exp inwalvement with goverment ‘sind, erence tenured fly, apd student concerns abot is ‘onal quay and prestige ean th major academic change was i ca andsowe ih yt higher evan, by i very nature, challenged the conservative log that social and cultural practice ad to submit capita gi fn Spit ofthe aa PC attack colleges and rivets were more in derma than ever andthe paul insions se cost on on of any eet mae factors to cnsier Cot haa secondary pac in he thinking of ‘ty students and froatne staf, who were concerned primarily with he cect insreton and eer, and the, st behind thse, with pli cvice. All of thse involved the para and dissemination of tome “This was al tr of indus rations in rick, the university side of {he cmtact was ony as goo 8 owdge contribution. The poet sn seminal wer Se as namathet activi sone! fr liner they weuld lp the economy: ut mathet mechanisms tht in ‘Shaded pric sgl and ficiency managernn were widely bie oi tere withthe prowess of koeededge cretion. Mainetrenm neoasicl Marie Senor Clara Knowledge 6 ‘eanownics hed shown thal asic research could never be justified by any ‘Sear aia Galois es ivetne Opa. Gostet ciety ie the pblc funding bal sn pr Br SES aceon eves wate om Fee owt int fielsonanganeing mice ‘Shite trade compet wih Goon ple “hurcen ase ane an erent ee a tae x PC aaron Whar ase en nu nid on ee tee hgh nage ine he uo SSS cota Sear of bonan dome Tmtncunneign bor trom realy wey aud nO scraper cars eed de Mt eat ozone trate any Most dfs were Sonus opine el cl pftscon a pel ooo footed Pon ose aes wal po se timerbe cen dla illo land oranda Sr lm rst, eval ope “nae mutes wre theunerey warp oe hd coe srad ae fly vapid ahing md ten eo mtr {occas tn earl wi mya tao ramet he > cere tan comer and hone unpre tro, ‘Shun ra one dans esting gi nd mise: A ough unten cou ero ret he proses col era Srodal yer ony ture aber weed af to at ‘thea Simply oasng hey wed ht mae ols ec [Phonan tiny nthe momen ih the are ime endo ery wl cing neg ey ee Seniors he mre “Tb ye more raed case wri hat ra acs tal ptonl conning i ct in nS “ote bros hat i mrt ect eed erent of Recon sooty Thar fn) HON Sea rane wear a nasal i ay “SESS ore otic on ae npoty dan piteyer Brewed spins He ential TE aera ‘Oe at cat ir expnt a i ving teen “Pe as Stal Be a Boa er sawn Duna ee mae ningabout ace a chalenge othe economic an obi hcrarchic of Ar sky whee ttn aol sachet laces halengl Sin Ter reac sour teahng he bo, Rgpert Meni in oe of Sara sig Calta, Ixy ad Vs caves was thet the re CE Rtv and bel pe woner Mend oud istry + ‘eater tovrd tefl erancpation ofthe prota Tor DS reenact cconome eal were cy foun get et acre he standing conomic managenest on wich {2a Eire peo depen The etn of acl ingly of {Petind th te ofig ater the 1950 dened ce > sri inequy wich nate sed to ean mein prota tor pode and comps a he op This was of parla concern ‘herbed pron wen prt lve we fing he ao pl {fy incre wa downy be ps ome pct was roving a gece th Get Depend free scl programe ‘foc hr of ea wee citing t Be herd Iwas ad ‘peane coe ht the clue ware bad a Siaseus eo mca oil penton who waged he are vaio needed the kin! tures hi is po 96 rv walk ot only clini bu ab the conic ar Sanu tat wn ily fl Tey nd amen Ct wo fick be tee hx wer ion of meth males weiroaon trove, What in ones wld thst Thayenld Het be ages tha di ot tp with stacking the tee cate edi ight ad ded econ broadens th nr pipes of equal eto a egal economic oper ‘Tomorrow sory ews opine fot in pase, Calture ‘Show wuld mcd movebeyond th eof et bras eased Trhecgomicar en 98 wih ecto of the cons ae (Tpument and is eqation of conic tres wit pot TTA ure warts wend es fo Bald beyond the Users of Goaget Lawn ono” moemen rl Gough tad bid vi Franca ie ciel ty dining ening i Sere sb coca lle wee wh Fs a STEIN ature wart woul ped argument tha col show wi ‘arht forces cul! and sould dominate ac and other clr fo Markt Sobste for Cara Knowle 71 the managment of economic nstons Wecan sc these apes un tir development two examples from the formazve period of the Ie 1920s and early 190. An important Suprene Cour decom on race the sore put market foes nd thi colleye-eactd white calla inter- [rts ina protected potion. And a nw presidents abandonment of bi ‘ominee high post in is ustice Deparanct again eubjugated ol tural Knowdedge to market thinking “The Rehabilitation of Market Forces american lew a never let the conserton of markt actos tots highs lees embrace she ark ina seis of 19608 Supreme Court decions ivoleng race aoe employment. The mos interesting of these was Wer Cove Packing Ca. Avni 1989). ln this case, Alskan “Gamery workers had brought ait agaist compen management onthe [founds the Asian and pate Akan employes were far mor ily coe {own ia urine jot than in het pd managerial postions where ‘nhte employes predominated. The cannery workers suit dd vot alge “Tociminwory itest tt instead, dicriminatory effets. Tec sit eon Toned the cae sue of wheter cv rights a, which aimed a racial ‘culty etualy produced racial qui Ree defied some rough pro Dorsal betwen the percentage of rec goupin the workforce an {hz poccntage found ata hen level of he rgaizaton. Thestakes were fi rile Would civil ights change the rac arucere of buss ocganis: ‘ons? Wonk the cout reir fams of manageent that wou both seo td achieve more proportionate racial repeesentation ta levels of thor fanizaton? Or woul "aily neta” procures connie wo lead w rae ‘ion Ka of rac suaticaton? Tatce Byron White, wering the majority cso i favor of manage- sents existing pli, acknowoged tht the Cour ad interpreted Title “Vv of the Cid ight Ato 958 to probit nt ony iscrminstory in tertons but estenubly unintended et dscriintory ovtcomes* He eed ha the splay’ eeton mechani” ny not ed dey 03 “percentage of seleted applicants who ae noite [ha] significantly lee hon te percentage of qualified applicants who are nonwhite Donates Whie® opinion cerned the capeiy of manapes to ro- ce exactly such racial paris shag dey didn se epeny i ‘ciminatory Luge to d050.72__Unmaking he bic Vnivenisy “Wit accompli his by reeserig the ight of market factors over cal impacts and ober sical considera Ia anporant eater coc the Supreme Cour had raed that a determination of disparate immpect wuld prevail vera management preference unless management ould show business ese.” This was ot cay Yo db, since there was ‘rarely only one Best retbod to mnie profitably, and no theory had ‘er chow that the beat method wat an alhte eect ait. In rae tex therfore, rei otcome had bee factored nt abormanagemet Festions along withthe econoanic interes of employer: Wits opinion Udernied ths prc by reversing priority market cacrnes ha ‘rorty ore rail one. Unkle cannery workers would now eed to $Bow thie "any alternate pracses which (they offer up in this respect ost be ely effective a: pertiones management) chosen ing po Ceducs in achcvng petonen leptimate employes oss” Meseover, "Iliac sch asthe cost or her burdens of proposed alternative ele: ton dvces ae relevant in determining whether they would be equally 2 feces the challenged practi ia serving the employers Iegtimate busines gra "Tis passage marke a Sex change in the relation between socoeural ‘acon and economic. By replacing busines neenity witha mere busines fl White in effi socal drzinaton eed not be nancy ne ‘sry, ust financially desirable, Rca was ether zancally dese or finaly cesar, bu Whit econ sifted the Barden of prot. [Now employees wou ave "persuade Facer that tee alee ‘ive practices which reduce the acally Carats impact of pacts cu rely being ed, would alu eve te employer legtimate interests” As Fustize fon Paul Stevens acted in his dizetng opinion, White had iced the employers lation to prove a practice's “business neces” ‘with wat wan cet rey managements eaunae preference? Ina “ion toh the employer mast be wing tty to jusity the preference the erployer nest not actly suceed in perading the alfeced persons forthe cura! This wat a que bu imporane bow oa negotting rae workin which the concerns of the less powerful pary—whose lsc powers his cane, was rected to ite air could beset afi by mathe cleltions a interpreted solely by management. Ks wort noting ht White sumed that naked employees wood not undetané ‘coneni nd Gann complies, mick hat al Gnancal decisions were Finca the hands of college rad manages. Market Substitute for Cultural Knowledge 73 es decom wt othe for swexping aside the pos 96 a. samplings van al se quan ama oe ee SSS SPs Ths view fa bot upc end oar taped ‘Roprsdecs in wodenic curl Knowle One sjgtt fad beeh ‘fea of crates. acannon th cn dialer {uu sie ner eter ctrl pea sec sd nize ‘ils cone grb Calel sc tes di pina chal Dering ps oe a supe econo, fut ce sovology ad andvoploy by fang om the ne Tl of omen ad tinge comes of aro di {ives crud comen pees The PC wus mere aang hind {inerdscpary fr beg wo ecw wich fmt {alta alow conomc and market dant anend oer or frou Te mpl nguae ef supe Cot crs i {sphere rom ht fn PC polemic, Bree caused th pr and sed ont aot The clr wwe ng o ‘anc to et acdemic rural knowledge Gono se Tough Wards Covtndesed eciuste ape Coe aly sabe knoe mat acrid anager The Cau war fomsed te een th thf Age of lan ‘Sm iy en ol tid as ama Soon Markets and Civil Rights ‘Theeletion of Bill Cinton othe U.S. presidency in November 192 a frst seem ie the triumph of liberalism ovr conseratism ad He 3 gen ‘nal tia we fom the Wold War I generation to that ofthe 1960 {fet it marked someting sary diferent 2 vers of Uberal acceptances ‘fnew ground rls engineered inure pt by ealtare- ars fees. ‘Cntr sco presidentialcrmpaign showed the symptoms eth om. Thre weeks before the New Hamehite primary, Governor Clinton retarmed to his home state of Arkansas to preside over the execution of Ricky Ray Rect, « mentally Gab bac inate who hed been co- "ited of ling white poi fir Je of that year inthe eat ofthe ‘ompign Clinton ied a peech othe National Rainbow Ceaton, ee74 _Unmabig te Poli Uiersity Jacksons organization to denounce the black hip-hop artist Site Sul for sm patie rman she hd made bout whites Thaetnghitself wp against tock gure a American racial police the back le of whites andthe bide ater ofwhiter—Cliton was dp ing the racial embolic deployed by bs 1992 opponent George FLW Bish [the ler’ 1983"Wile Horton” campaign Bushs mos famoosatackad rd denounced the exces racial leniency Governor Michel Dukakis fu shown in supporting weekend furlough progam during which H ton. convicted Mack mitre, ad cited rape and aed robbery. For yes ate Clinton was moving ug such gues before they could Tbemoved aint ir “Thaw who expected Clinton to sift back to an euspoken pro-ci rights postion ater the cecion were sated fr disaypoinines Clinton instead replace the campaign's racial symbols wih 2 mote pstematc bos similar acl suse. Ths lobed a cre cemeat of Cito’: New Democrat vision, which had sgt to mane the party 2 fom its post 190 afin with bor and with lak cv rights. Bie cols and ‘Mack Americans often coded politcal, and yet in the emerging Now corey they were hamped togter a5 ecnomic losers, and social x- ene ones to oot. he politcal pee the cuore wars hale sit ‘Afric Americne a lacing te curl vals eid to sxe in he (osc war lol environment A rested 19805 yuri cuture di he Same tothe blr colbert, which ins Reagan reading was not ‘ring eiberately dintriied in ore to redace bor costs increase short term profit, and restock pri fo he bene of extatvs and ‘harchlders, but was simpy Sling behind he global competion The fale wars relced underandng of the societal dimensions ‘conomic developmen. They smitenewiy Sreredited tradonal hops that increased profit and ccononi rowth would increase cl lan lea to development forall Though Clinton id stengben some cv Fits protections when he ou! do so quel, and defended firme “eton when it wes unr llc in Califor, he shard this som of an ‘eomomic tay that wold rede busines soci costs today ime ‘Gung for amurancs of a bors moro Te ior mart oersare compatible th trong cil igh potions, In protec eights rae the up-front social ents of dang busines put by rang expectation for 2 beer ie chou meine higher ‘ality soil servis ad potecons which sp tum support demands fr Markt Suber Cara Kec _73, Secent oes. Though bss orl ges this investment back inthe forma fof more productive wore, ower hal-care eat, oi ge Sly prefer thats economic interes, borer expec, etre ta ‘ats aor protections, equal opportunity equations ad ected stuctres. ‘Groce clare war on frexanpe lack anger boca more ste _ticonc bead taken office. would ths be consent wth is ror com rites tht he would sje a form of Yoring right tht, by regi, ‘rteral ago ang isin cl ners would have comp ‘ted he concern of ecooaic power tht marked his time in efice “The Gainer Nomination In Apel 1999, the Clinon administration announced the nomination of Unies of Pemnyiani aw pra sama Lani Gainer te pst tom of asstant attorney genera for cd right. The port reed Senate onion, and tated her to become the leading Figure othe enfowce- ‘meat ofc ight ae. Gainer combined practical experience asa federal el ight gator witha substantial coed of academic rear She ad sls ews rem withthe president a itd for many years The Clin- tonid tended Guinier wedding in 1985 and she had socalled with ‘hem in the prod afer Clinton's inauguration Although Gir wap ofa rf of Justice Depart nomics who were expect wo Be can Fila “package ea” an editorial n he Apri 390 eton ofthe Wall Sree Joural edd the eouine nature of ber confirmation by arming her aeademie wotings ad bling her a"quota queen” Guinier spent the next several weeks tang senators and oer fia that sb was in act, oppored wo quota that her academic reese sought alternatives wo he nf that she baived in “one mano vte” inte of repeated pres {into the contrary. This defense and expat ily did nt at ‘er Ae leting the debate go on throughout the mor of May 193, Clin ton wound up paling ber nomination—over her publi prots—before she had. chance to expan her ess ote Set diary Commitee In terms of power politi, this retreat was disaster for Clinton. I taught the Republican opposition that f they attacked ome of his people ‘acd ane long enough-—eve a persona en —be would ack away. Cin ‘on similares from his "pays nthe itary” campaign of tht ist ‘yr of his adminstraio, and having ens dive twice his int year {listen pascly doomed his already ambiguous beat care init7% _Uamaing the ble Unineny ‘the follwing yer. After Guise, Clits victories consisted tho the the North Arnerisn Frce Trade Agreement (994) and welfice reform (1906) tat were deed by Republicans anyway WF the withdewal of CGiniers nominstion wae 2 landmark blunder, why did one of dhe shoe politicians of his grcraton commit? “The vets n he ft a liu was unin to buck the tre wats rail consenni and was oR ley coment ot hinsell. Gir Td reed ths conse cne enema prestbliied nity ht could guts dverty color blnnes and nal (ow market-based) ail in uly, which nant ht racal pani would no foger be waced to de ‘iminaton Although the Rash sina Gls Ceing Crmision ‘ud fund tet the Ameren bandroom remained 95 percent white and ‘hele dnt eld that ich strain equi we forms of external tmoaioring or change ap aes* The sae gic ms appl © po tis ence a maori had bon cable together Uuough aryl proe tha tvked nt ayy ha every ight ops re tht Deed isl atthe ‘pene of the minority Ha met cose o beer tel by making rules in flowin snaps hain et i oppor beni or erie {ea minor thie war ot crimination oF unjust ieualy this was howe rajorty rae worked. Tis announcement of the withawa fa Guinier nominin, Cli ton went out of is way to reject her academia grounded ideas. Though ths stg fre hi onde hat nts no pres his sel read Guinier’ academic artes price omni be, ic allowed him | ate tat "hey esc end themes terpretations hat dono represent ‘he views tat | expres on ci rigs ding ny again and views tha bold very dey Pesed et pain wht he nea, Clinton sa ean give yu am et the Micon Law Review, there was ale aa sale the weaknesses fhe presen remedies aie wer the oting Rigs Act ned nany her aes agro with bar som 1 be suing for principe proportional representational sieves eer emai ht | thin naproprite ae eae remedies and at moc ery iit to defend ‘Now the Supreme Court Ba boul changed te aw ont Ba he wholes of hat ind feet it smo inconsistent) Teergmente that dw make o members ofl aes ll ig ‘mpi Marit ubtttefor Catt Kaowledge 77 Coton wis ely concern hat Gainer was moe race consous than the pltcal mainsre, these dint the econ ton ws, {ruben all hte didnt many le fr by dion.” ‘ine dei that he er fvored cua or sought incre ai aoc og nd hei thng ine pub work to gga cherie ‘She peti th sagan inert ere in ih al tf temember work txt forte common good ba eed ha Sock negraton was what American cena had 7 Yo bl 1 feb" Btn the charge of ging savitrani when agra {Exqwly aepled gly Hradec wring ocd om ing ome sorte amir nds of crimination at ener rm he appara ‘peta in creme mah sed form of yee “ii: vos paral conerred wih Hak minor iris io is in llagpoer amen ralunielien aecan (Stic propa ert rong ches ace voting “to Seen of GATE wort speared ale to gi a scurte seco a Be contro fap tag aloag Te Wy ‘std brn ental Anica Baton, Cito though an ascaly “en del 0 ae aaa ‘themes designe inprove ean bang irda Tesiad Nanas meee a ge ope ‘yu locks the aepropni Hes of onsale Tye SgeolbeciucwaR aT eae RSET Guinier rear wo he radical et tl conversa enc of power sharing Marti ae Kg Je had ‘ated César Chives ha seated any nmber of ter Cl HE enters drat nan ania aden i Te basi con cepa spl and doc A Gainer pt The oes held reward {toe who win br they mst be acepaleftoe wo se" A ataton Jn which he msjonty impos rls ht are ancl othe minonty ‘he eed “the yen ofthe majority” The pia fen Prngs “yet ad ala te” the su of he cme exon fom 3 lengige ae in hs ase, the angge pre of itl mga cae of US rac istory wth whip monopulse ‘Py Inching and rete teri prac majority re had in many < fncine ae mania imped capac in which ny feVarig be bie nee prpeties, dei aly ply in 2 complex soil stem Merced ut of buns Power sharing in cota eplacd acy of ‘Wuner cd ser with enough equity for gp rnin” “Aug Clon tad continually for canton among die ce gous be nantes soe’ ls for tring he pie ‘Biers governance ins Brachy of winner and srs Moc tothe Jp be aed mechanism which the wingers coud ete) De {pound rule othe competion sch that hey wou confine win ed Thoronce bwving won —cret ata! power On the other and. Cutis eal writings dn ped hee that a8 tes sr © ‘ecenry forthe wines be alt exces trom pow “ere harag, or ins ale making, What wa ceaty moe porn a her than eating the winners was he functioning ofthe ove 3 the vig proces ect or everyone adn ani th winners ‘ast far for everyone and norm forthe wie ‘hese an rl or ru ous gin and ai, and canbe defined sr Guiana of deocra pee bes a a ‘Hake seatcaton of went orev She hus ought sepace win ‘Sake wih epee a ing eran” This simple pros cit ‘Eieathreatn ope ti dort otcres egotined ong a he sin pois inching minority groupe and ecova les andthe a forall marginalized, Ving woud hen ot be 2 staforward act Commit between to competing brands bua soc proceso which Ctl factrs—tory,prehogy, power rations atte utp oul ply aon deeling howl the parts wok! wet ne ante. "Tete wor frie unspoken plain of Gin’ thinking ok iw ota markt bits proces of netted terion, might te SStocbe id for the economy fl? Cts of Caimi hat he Seber ong means the polit equivalent of elect rai ing in which managral abort aso be share among eee an ovaj alien poli that Kd fing nh ad toward ri al derpecry In bsins tight fed toward what used Hobe alld thr) democracy oa the very Hast tbe mute replion of imac partial for gods deemed scaly vb Tn defen the ute a aia orhodony rom Guinier igs. ‘Cimon deen he matt verso of Sener 2 ado ead come ‘Sion shor of historical or sac contest. noe woes Clorn deed! the mange tbe unas and he monly Yoon of majority rk, # Mae Sebi for Citar Koonledye 79 ‘version where he winner can math thers tha allow he to kep wine ni ec et rl soc depended on downing rsagnsig {nd reed oma ighy mote eng tha turn epee on te Concentra ower of le sharcholers acl ects ve Un employ x who would have voted asst thie spony, Mansi sver eich marks Gera rode ery, would have been halknged by Guinier’ aninonopoiic, civ righ based action of ‘eran snd consetnsdevion making in groups. ston ty jected he ky ements of Gui’ toatl con ins, quai ioral meno and plaig cv {he aunty atu capabity foe ndentndig bow a Saar ooo aatente {ory we can spect hat witha the cure wea rection of the tural knows eed to understand herds, Gnier wou ave been pyinted tothe Department of ase spd would have helped crete a fore cobeentdacston of rice and cute national ie Ha harap ‘ene the cousry may wel ave had the intelli ear tendo ‘id the smleminde controversies over afzmative ation that domi sarod the mid 15506ee From Affirmative Action to the New Economy ‘pr 1984 care warns had agly scedtd the concept of eal ery sana, had cast ace onslonses a dangerous dvi and Ta nestled market competition asthe best sli vo soil at ue! he ier nomination to pt open a bers it hs seer aleay eked wit res Gace Thus when conscratine ‘Sica an oct hie the spot to firma ation ra day en cout oo Tedoced cultural imeligence sent the ine ad es of these prose. This reluce ligarse Fe pe doco sii understand arma acon and the racklly ended “nthe il of ten mate wo] becomes 2 tern presto, ad the tiger man for he gang” Though Wilson dil not ‘enon afrativ action man eal cigs twas inthe ame month, fad inthe sane spr, that Wit’ sppolatet ie Univers of Califor a Bat ge Wn Comite aed eosin a ac ais action wasn prt another vio pli night have asad why sate leaders bad not alt anew Univers of Ca fora campsin ity years dering» period in whic he ae’ population doublet ale rose tate produc pled send, Ut leaders encour ‘ged them task why sone Chicanos were geting into UC Berkley wth {2D gde pont evorpes On a desper level, the eal war on afrmive ‘hain did na onl ivertatenton froma eowomic polis the culture war tetey aimed the Rights ineaiaran economic policies. To sc thie teed tpundertand the errr ofthe afimate action debate. “Thrpting Airave Action By 1995, several conservative lea oats had been gating campus ues for years an had exon vitor agent rac-conscius programs at the Univerty of Maryan and eee The ise gt national ate ton during tbe Wilkon- Contry campaign tend affirmative acon the ‘Univesiy of Calor, which sce in Jul 1995, and hich rales suppor forte passage of Proposition 209 in Noverber 199, which pro- ibted affirmative ation ial sate government and whose campaign Conn cid "The use was ready to expe fe the racial coneoversies tht emerge fom Governor Pete Wins coe with Proposition 187. Some crit for the new targinged UC adrisions went a family called the Cooks who ‘wee opening the complaint of the 1978 Supreme Court Babe case re {ing eeton rofl member’ prefered medial school (na ‘nist on the Bab cane, he wan rejeted fom UC San Diego but accepted ‘whee Bakke ha sued for admison t UC Davis)” The sue’ le de 3 ing adnan procs Though thy wocine choo ee [ironing hse rtenc and Foeneing Pic Users eee oo nee see ee ar ecaraien ln baal oe senator eae arerapee rey Fees gio ae Ee euimumiienmts err aren er re SE eran eren nasi Ee mien tata ae ea ence layne ttyl ron es Kg on re irate ere ewes 1 Pa tat net wih Ke or See aun se a db aon eg rol open compen SOS ANESG tcc mn ord ned ver naan cls tee wlan oparannceemer ey ceeeree tea cee re enc oy He eee re rerelptre ean eon een mening ee eee oe eect eec one hee peal he fc Raa ecg) Sree Sates dea cw afer ofS at geet dienes en we tcc tren scam ane ely od. ee ae eee cee r ue galled onda fom unerepratd Co ea cme nd or eos Foe Oe ee tua tnd esas er Se ae ee ee paren reer et ang elon vo wee wareercued eo at Fe eet cop a wc clone opti ier acne pine commer erensetip ts ee om enn sn Sere Serer pc ie ft Se cece ese Smee ae en ee ‘rom Affinasive Asian othe New Economy 88 ‘on race and ethnicity, He farther announced the opening of race- and _eerorsted fait and staf recruitment roprams tall comers Tn American poll ie, ie ha to def group tht cen the traditional high grad of idvidualise and musket competion. Ar ‘ents sou the te ate f merit the historical lec of racism an the llc of railed power teltione were geeray correct, bu they lacked the simple i withthe comentonal wim on the ar arma ssi ide, which sid with reat corsiseacy (1) newer discrimi on ‘roonds of race and (2) ensere aleve plying Sd. Cations ofthe ral ‘ews of Matin Lather King Jeon the need for ongoing afrmatve inter: ‘seton naj situations were oustred wih stares abou the cen ‘oF Bac surgeons being prefered over tha of white ena mines ugh ter To the radiona profane action cis that pe need aware eof race to defeat ram, opponents si that wth in-car acs Tare thing othe past waste oak neat step, “beyond race" The [Regen bane on affirmative action i the University of Callorla pase by votes of 14-10 and 15-10, and in the flowing yet, Propostion 209 pas with percent of th ote, and eve cout chalenges ‘The Deinegation of Etes These ergs of firnative ation would have had Is hold onthe Cali ‘om en gnation ha they tee ppb o goverment bin the Caior ia Department of Traseportion or Deparunet of Finance. They bean ‘peer interesting only when appli the highly selective word ofthe os pris Unive of Calvoraia campuses. The sat'vhigher ed ‘ai sem ws in principle open wal paris of meas: wes Pete Woah attended Host LSet a UC Brky hit of 1962), was etl fen hat period, UC agp campuses bale natively sy ‘og inseven wit erage SAT sores nthe 190s Berkeley acre the st majorly inte tants who pid for admission," aw nota seve nthe thirty yeas pit the 195 afirmatve ation debate, piod ln which he sat poplaion had doubled the te had ot bulla singe ew UC cap Sate partly sage ate badge cts ofthe "Won years ha uterine progam expansion whe forcing te uni- Seni int double igi annual increases in tae es a pit of he i ‘res fs UC remsine inexpensive cope toc privteaniresies he Sanforand Cate and is eomparsly hight cmp were6 _Unmahing he Pale University cowed By 195,106 had become ¢ sare resourcing {kel stend both scam and ancl. ‘Ward Convery eacved enormous pe coverage when be inate hist ‘sewof th univesy’adaisons practi with sei fos. thie ‘enc pects aerting a i premise dra pred plas at UC Bete SRAUCLA were ping o mes sux ofc, Connery compte the New York Times thts have ae wre we ting a white ned Asan swith A on 9 whole ba and admin ick and Chi ano with 332° i elas, Connery iawied rejeced white apc tra ei isppoetent to dined alent of col, wae oe nds of scievanert wee air dsxrbe. The governor coveted to th: Tieof thougit ia which lc nt Latin adit tet col deem ws ‘heberefiaies of an ook orm of cha. In an op- piesa oath b= fen he ere! vo, Wilson wrote th lirmaive action bad Beene“ prendy bast on preferential tetment in the Frm of quotas. tht mie ‘rad pede tring factors” He made any ace consis 0 “Sesdsins proces oun Hk“ ite bt pregnaneor "jus chased i Ti once you sewed competion with ite racl or gered fact ing pr your hur the scales, added js ew points ee a (dere cle just copie shot the wrong wy—and jis 008 to {esc be a determining fr inay eis machen yoo were, Wi ‘Se due efotvely akg rica gender "determining cons” ‘Defenders of the UC adenustons procs did point ou that every qu fo ten mes in fat adited 62 UC campus though na asc thei fs cole eampes: Bar stce the ruc eletent inthe Bathe ce td been tha ace auld be considered as only cae rong many fo Conny and Wikom wee now arin wih at ast pins face plas ity tat many UCcampuss wer ont of eompiance wih HakketYpe BK Iecratc sraking ofthe mporane of ce since any Chicano adc? to erkley with 233.a compat rad ave led ite woke fein» ‘Sus with shad to be there because race had ocaidden exertins “he Ard ine the ise for verate white studs as not that ey me ejected ftom UC, brea they woud eve to goo calege a UC vie Ue Ti instead of UC Batley or UCLA. Conn and hit aes trae afmatve sefon ot vo protect white aces 10 higher elueatio ‘to pret white ace totemostexcsve sss “The omer ipc ofthe Saat was to are lower the pie denanting of higher edcaion throogh epee seta dat UC st “Fram Alirmatine Acton othe New Econowy $7 ens of color were unqale,es used, undeserving ise worthy and ‘erly of dobious merit Stade of color who fet stigmatd by ar. ‘mate ation wee largely stigmatized by the ashing of aeration In this pen. As US society incressingy solved dendstriazation with loys and imprisonment rahe than expoyment, and thice-suesdis- oue spread ings of ianerIn igh wee unk Uc undeepreseatd rou clients collapsed: wen te ist pestle ScOOr ae TREY Ba Tal Ca Soa a UC EGET NR DOT fad esl one Back won Tas dest, EHS Gy mo hte ad “cn GEN TW opportuiy tn work to make ned change ad inproveents or reader of color t Bere” bat there wae somthing uncomfortably sida to James Meredith led arr the it lack tds Unity fStop thine yrs aie, though Brooks did ot nel a ‘ional guard core Afr making some suse hi dons send cing een ls 58 Fe ream 9875)" 204, the be a eed An-tfmatve stn leds ha inp saprs att oF Normeing count of uniepeaeted pews in hiepee8 _Varahing he Pi sey sok twas the wa things ought tbe At "the number of undetep aerted ori ing to gn down” Coase rows the Las Anges “Tons bhi nade god sen“ ys ive someone a preference and the Joa that pefeence ye mies ate ping go dwn Cites aac action geal camed, 5 did Connery, hat the tadents fon unrepresented groups hades academically inadequate and had ‘ect unt sci hea of ter more quali white ae Asam i pees Thos rewards or the undeseving were now a 25 en “The Catrre Wt fr the New Eonoany Cts of arnative action sojyed almost unbroken sce inte pesos ‘erwecn the defeat ofthe Guinier “quta qucen” nomination in ery Jane {ood and hc Repub lone ofthe Califoria governor fen Nove: tbr 908 Becae Propesitin 209 wthstod is major court challenges proportions curewieg of rae ae gender- corbae 1 the rreshaough peodacs and brand-new industries of tomorow 1 bs ease compenon amd hierarchy, ap demanded that all om veahr th soles competitive and hierarchic 10 mst the he les saan sos tone soccer expel to lowes ad ess expen TRrutons of the type that mntched thie conrbapon 10 te Nght Haare ruc cuturewaron teal of color blinies matched thi von ‘i clarion oacomes wee sare of fice industria pt eeideae Caloria Red promised decent ih ass fo alin ding fn far mor nied wor the can American migrate ‘tae tans and the Mexican American immigrants 10 the constrain, ‘Sra an! bp tad Sinner Cabtoraia promo 0 ‘a dtc an ere the lege neti of tat bron bdo? ‘rom Affirmative Action o the New Beooomy 9 ine mai wie cs in mi ee fos ‘Stel onl ind sg toy cclteast nearly as white: co Yani sanyn Archon ‘Stinwe yt eum of UC Boe eae mote ron bun om ser, een 198 a 006 hep cps etn 12 cen 2 pnt san ath nd tna ees gow 3 pe po epi foo pone Th tls ps nt fond eaetn ‘Sh ect by apenas ea rg d= "hese gn meen ene sn ral andi ed ety ‘View of the culture warriors. aeGe ‘The Battle for Meritocracy on ee sy rye ate the Yee en ir eee Ne Caer i he a cps cee ad cnet a enact cy xing cee dn, amopali, t woxre ac fo macnn Caran the Me si cy re el ee eas We a paar ant) Hea cae sg en nde Pipi ba sed en woe a a od ote Depa Os we ns ee ha hey rei ened Te Soporte (3) 2 tara el ait lens one yen ec wih cea be intr ng eres suing ba sa awa an Hoe ta TS sol eat hen opt a Lif oped hi a termi da win ba brn ae se mcm er wel in be ig ei pe pa sn xr at Saat ope me af an Kn Sr ner Sed Ca = Cis Nt cna opie seo ee Sa whch rm ws ee of ton pons et tee dean ese gly sable 0 wie, oo the In 4 tne ate Kis sale or Merocrcy 98 ‘est eo ad inthe midst of Governor Pete Wilson's nt-mmgraton ‘onpaigns the nanelt War Moly, est known fr his Easy Rawlins ‘series tio mid-twenteth-cenury black Los Anges, described the sles that drew back ngrants fom places Uke Houston’ poor hid ward You cul at by some pop’ houses that they cameo LA. tee oxt ‘Oer dreams Home is nots pace to dream. A: home you hat do Eke your father did and your moter. Hore an tha everybody lendy Tin wat you ould do anf youd the gh de hing feat ‘heya you ight down io «hoe Yeulvedin that bol Fesered in ie fora wale yt either ace Your hae or you gt ot estar Americ was suposed to alow the popular majority to cmb cot of whatever ole wae i Cal = poate public ‘er oalk Sods Fospials, univeses—that ges larger majority {ott climbing ot. Cabfors was not slooe dhe postwar United Stats, like postwar ance, postwar Meco, ane many other postwar umes. ad bee reba tu to sport arcade base fis population than «ver before Ta the 19905 hopes fo this kind of general development pr SS, Memories of dreams unvealzed endured in expected shapes of ‘hing to cme, Ad they appeared ax snomais and agus aod con textos nthe ei eco ‘A Surprising Popusrity ‘Ones of anaralcs appre dorng the alfimatie action eure war In March 1985, the Los Angles Times published a very ineresting pl found hat the vst majority of Americans hlleved hat rail isciins- ‘on eames an inprtane nationale, Seventy percent of the pols re spoodents conned that they “don think we are dose to eliminating

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