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Chapter 1
Number System
Exercise: 1.1
p
Question 1: Is zero a rational number? Can you write it in the form , where p and q are
q
integers and q 0?
0
Solution: Yes, we may rewrite 0 as (where 0 and 1 are integers and q=1 which is not equal to
1
zero).
21 28 49
+
21
28 7
7
7
7
q1 = (rational number between and
=
=
=
7
7
2
2
2
21 7 28
< <
7 2 7
Second rational number between 3 and 4
21 7
+
21
7 7 2 91
q2 (rational number between and =
=
7
2
2
28
21 91 7 28
<
<
7 28 2 7
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7 28 49
+
7
28 2 7
105
7
q 3 = (rational number between and
=
=
=
2
7
2
2
28
21 91 7 105 28
7 28 2 28
7
21 175 91 7 203 105 217 28
Similarly,
7
56 28 2 56
28
56
7
175 91 7 203 105 217
Hence, the six rational numbers that are all lying between 3 and 4 is
.
, , ,
,
,
56 28 2 56 28 56
3
4
Question 3: Find five rational numbers between and .
5
5
3
4
Solution: Let a and b
5
5
a b
A rational number between a and b =
2
3 4
+
3
4 5 5
7
7
A rational number between and =
=
=
5
5
2
5 2 10
3 7 4
<
<
5 10 5
3 7
+
3
7 5 10 (6 + 7) 13
Now, a rational number between and =
=
=
5
10
2
10 2 20
3 13 7 4
5 20 10 5
25 27 15
3
4
Similarly,
are rational numbers between and .
, ,
40 40 20
5
5
25 13 27 7 15
Hence, required rational numbers are , , , , .
40 20 40 10 20
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Question 4: State whether the following statements are true or false. Give reasons for your
answers.
(i) Every natural number is a whole number.
(ii) Every integer is a whole number.
(iii) Every rational number is a whole number.
Solution:
(i) True, because natural numbers are 1, 2, 3, 4,..., and whole numbers are 0, 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, .., .
OR
1 6 10
(iii) False , , are not whole numbers.
3 7 19
Exercise: 1.2
Question 1: State whether the following statements are true or false. Justify your answers.
(i) Every irrational number is a real number.
(ii) Every point on the number line is of the form m , where m is a natural number.
(iii) Every real number is an irrational number.
Solution:
(i) True (Since, Real number = Rational number + Irrational number)
(ii) False (Since, no negative can be the square root of any natural number)
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(iii) False (Since, rational numbers are also present in the set of real numbers)
Question 2: Are the square roots of all positive integers irrational? If not, give an example of the
square root of a number that is a rational number.
Solution: No, the square roots of all positive integers are not irrational.
For Example,
9 3
OQP = 90
OP 2 OQ 2 PQ 2
22 12
OP 4 1
5
Now, take O as centre OP 5 as radius, draw an arc, which intersects the line at point R.
Hence, the point R represents 5 .
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Now, draw a line segment P2 P3 perpendicular to OP2 . Then draw a line segment P3 P4
perpendicular to OP3 . Continuing in this manner, you can get the line segment Pn 1 Pn by drawing
a line segment of unit length perpendicular to OPn 1 . In This manner, you will have created the
points P2 , P3 ,........., Pn ,......, and joined them to create a beautiful spiral depicting
2, 3, 4,......
Exercise: 1.3
Question 1: Write the following in decimal form and say what kind of decimal expansion each
has
36
(i)
100
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1
(ii)
11
1
(iii) 4
8
3
(iv)
13
2
(v)
11
329
(vi)
400
Solution:
36
(i) Clearly,
can be written as 0.36
100
36
= 0.36
100
(Terminating decimal)
0.0909
11) 100
99
100
99
1
1
0.090909... 0.09
11
(Non-terminating repeating)
1 4 8 1 33
(iii) We have, 4
8
8
8
Dividing 33 by 8, we get
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33
4.125
8
(Terminating)
3
0.230769
13
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2
0.181818... 0.18
11
(Non-terminating repeating)
329/400 = 0.8225
(Terminating)
1
Question 2: You know that 0.142857 . Can you predict what the decimal expansions of
7
2 3 4 5 6
, , , , are, without actually doing the long division. If so; how?
7 7 7 7 7
1
[Hint Study the remainders while finding the value of carefully.]
7
1
Solution: We have, 0.142857
7
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2
1
2
7
7
2 0.142857
2
0.285714
7
3
1
3
7
7
3 0.142857
3
0.428571
7
4
1
4
7
7
4 0.142857
4
0.571428
7
5
1
5
7
7
5 0.142857
5
0.714285
7
6
1
6
7
7
6 0.142857
6
0.857142
7
p
Question3: Express the following in the form
where p and q are integers and q 0 .
q
(i) 0.6
(ii) 0.47
(iii) 0.001
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Solution:
(i) Let
x = 0.6 = 0.666
(i)
(ii)
x = 2/3
(ii) Let
x = 0.47 = 0.4777.
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(iii) Let
x = 0.001 = 0.001001001
(vi)
(vii)
999 x = 1
1
x=
999
p
Question 4: Express 0.99999 in the form . Are you surprised by your answer? With your
q
teacher and classmates discuss why the answer makes sense.
Solution: Let
x = 0.99999
(i)
9
x=
9
x=1
1
Thus,
0.0588235294117647.... , a block of 16 digits is repeated.
17
p
Question 6: Look at several examples of rational numbers in the form q 0 . Where, p and q
q
are integers with no common factors other than 1 and having terminating decimal representations
(expansions). Can you guess what property q must satisfy?
p
Solution: Consider many rational numbers in the form q 0 , where p and q are integers
q
with no common factor other that 1 and having terminating decimal representations.
1 1 5 36 7 19 29
etc.
Let the various such rational numbers be , , , ,
, ,
2 4 8 25 125 20 16
In all cases, we think of the natural number which when multiplied by their respective
denominators gives 10 or a power of 10.
1 1 5 5
0.5
2 2 5 10
1 1 25 25
0.25
4 4 25 100
5 5 125
8 8 125
625
0.625
=
1000
36 36 4 144
1.44
25 25 4 100
7
78
56
0.056
125 125 8 100
19 19 5 95
0.95
20 20 5 100
29 29 625 18125
1.8125
16 16 625 10000
From the above, we find that the decimal expansion of above numbers are terminating. Along
with we see that the denominators of above numbers are in the form 2m 5n , where m and n are
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natural numbers. So, the decimal representation of rational numbers can be represented as a
terminating decimal.
Question 7: Write three numbers whose decimal expansions are non-terminating non-recurring.
Solution: 0.74074007400074000074
0.6650665006650006650000
0.70700700070000
5
0.714285... 0.714285
7
Thus,
9
0.8181... 0.81
11
0.73073007300073000073...
0.7650765007650007650000...
0.80800800080000...
23
(ii)
225
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(iii) 0.3796
(iv) 7.478478...
(v) 1.101001000100001...
Solution:
(i) Irrational (Since, it is not a perfect square.)
(ii) Rational (Since, it is a whole number)
(iii) 0.3796 = Rational (terminating)
(iv) 7.478478 = 7.478 = Rational (non-terminating repeating.)
(v) 1.101001000100001 = Irrational (non-terminating non-repeating.)
Exercise: 1.4
Question 1: Visualize 3.765 on the number line, using successive magnification.
Solution: We know that, 3.765 lies between 3 and 4. So, let us divide the part of the number line
between and 3 and 4 into 10 equal parts and look at the portion between 3.7 and 3.8 through a
magnifying glass. Now 3.765 lies between 3.7 and 3.8 Figure 1. Now, we imagine to divide this
again into ten equal parts. The first mark will represent 3.71, the next 3.72 and soon. To see this
clearly, we magnify this as shown in Figure 2.
Again 3.765 lie between 3.76 and 3.77 Figure 2. So, let us focus on this portion of the number
line Figure 3 and imagine dividing it again into ten equal parts Figure 3. Here, we can visualize
that 3.761 is the first mark and 3.765 is the 5th mark in these subdivisions. We call this process of
visualization of representation of number on the number line through a magnifying glass as the
process of successive magnification.
So, we get seen that it is possible by sufficient successive magnification of visualize the position
(or representation) of a real number with a terminating decimal expansion on the number line.
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4.26 more clearly we divide again between 4.26 and 4.27 into 10 equal parts and visualize the
representation of 4.26 between 4.262 and 4.263 Figure 3.
Now, for a much better visualization between 4.262 and 4.263 is again divided into 10 equal
parts Figure 4. Notice that 4.26 is located closer to 4.263 then to 4.262 at 4.2627.
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Remark We can adopt the process endlessly in this manner and simultaneously
imagining the decrease in the length of the number line in which 4.26 is located.
Exercise: 1.5
Question 1: Classify the following numbers as rational or irrational.
(i) 2 5
(ii) (3 23) 23
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2 7
(iii)
7 7
1
(iv)
2
(v) 2
Solution:
(i) Irrational (Since, 2 is a rational number and
5 is an irrational number)
2 7 2
(iii)
(Rational)
7 7 7
1
(Irrational since, 1 0 is a rational number and
(iv)
2
2 0 is an irrational number)
1
is an irrational number.
Therefore,
2
Since, the quotient of a non-zero rational number with an irrational number is irrational.
(ii) (3 3) (3 3)
(iii) ( 5 2)
(iv) ( 5 2) ( 5 2)
Solution:
(i) (3 3) (2 2)
3(2 2) 3 2 2
63 2 2 3 6
(ii) (3 3) (3 3) 3
2
[ (a b) (a b) a 2 b2 ]
93 6
(iii) ( 5 2)
2
2 5 2 ( 2) 2
[ (a b)2 a 2 2ab b2 ]
5 2 10 2
7 2 10
(iv) ( 5 2) ( 5 2)
52 3
[ (a b) (a b) a 2 b2 ]
Question 3: Recall, is defined as the ratio of the circumference (say c) of a circle to its
c
diameter (say d). That is . This seems to contradict the fact that is irrational. How will
d
you resolve this contradiction?
c 22
Solution: Actually
which is an approximate value of .
d 7
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1
(i)
7
(ii)
1
7 6
(iii)
1
5 2
(iv)
1
7 2
Solution:
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1
7
7
(i)
=
7
7
7
(ii)
1
7 6
7 6
7 6
7 6
2
2
76
7 6
7 6
( 7) ( 6)
2
2
5+ 2
5 2 ( 5) ( 2)
(iii)
5 2
5 2
52
3
1
7 2
7 2
7 2
7 2 ( 7) 2 22
(iv)
7 2
7 2
74
3
Exercise: 1.6
Question 1: Find:
(i) 64
1
2
(ii) 32
1
5
(iii) 125
1
3
Solution:
1
2
1
2
(i) 64 (8 8) 8
1
2
(Since, (a m )n a mn )
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1
5
1
5
(ii) 32 (2 2 2 2 2) 2
1
3
1
3
(iii) 125 (5 5 5) 5
1
3
1
5
Question 2: Find
(i) 9
3
2
(ii) 32
2
5
(iii) 16
3
4
(iv) 125
1
3
Solution:
3
2
3
2 2
(i) 9 (3 ) 3 27
2
5
2
5 5
(ii) 32 (2 ) 22 4
3
4
3
4 4
(iii) 16 (2 ) 23 8
(iv) 125
1
3
(5 )
3
1
3
1
5
5
1
Question 3: Simplify:
2
3
(i) 2 .2
1
5
1
(ii) 3
3
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(iii)
1
2
11
1
4
11
1
2
(iv) 7 .8
1
2
Solution:
2
3
1
5
(i) 2 .2 2
2 1
3 5
(Since, x .x x
a
103
15
a b
13
15
1
1
1
(ii) 3 37 21 321
3
3 3
(iii)
1
2
11
1
4
1
2
11 11
1
4
1 1
2 4
11
(Since, ( x ) x )
a b
2 1
4
11
11
ab
xa
a b
x
(Since, b
)
x
1
4
11
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
(Since, x a . y a ( xy)a )
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